No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96671","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J.P., and Camara, B., 1996, The most recent eruptions of Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii; an annotated bibliography: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-671, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96671.","productDescription":"72 p.","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0671/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52814,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0671/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hualalai Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.0772705078125,\n 19.623185718036478\n ],\n [\n -155.7160949707031,\n 19.623185718036478\n ],\n [\n -155.7160949707031,\n 19.87522588708924\n ],\n [\n -156.0772705078125,\n 19.87522588708924\n ],\n [\n -156.0772705078125,\n 19.623185718036478\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649de1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. P.","contributorId":69992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Camara, Bobby","contributorId":72022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camara","given":"Bobby","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22872,"text":"ofr96661 - 1996 - Nitrogen-loading capacities of some clinoptilolite-rich rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:50","indexId":"ofr96661","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-661","title":"Nitrogen-loading capacities of some clinoptilolite-rich rocks","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96661","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Desborough, G.A., and Crock, J., 1996, Nitrogen-loading capacities of some clinoptilolite-rich rocks: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-661, ii, 17 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96661.","productDescription":"ii, 17 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0661/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52286,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0661/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db6971ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Desborough, G. A.","contributorId":34527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22128,"text":"ofr96702 - 1996 - Sample characterizations and strength measurements of serpentinite gouges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:01","indexId":"ofr96702","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-702","title":"Sample characterizations and strength measurements of serpentinite gouges","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96702","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Moore, D., Lockner, D., Summers, R., and Byerlee, J., 1996, Sample characterizations and strength measurements of serpentinite gouges: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-702, 88 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96702.","productDescription":"88 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0702/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51577,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0702/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fded0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Diane E. 0000-0002-8641-1075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-1075","contributorId":106496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Diane E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Summers, R.","contributorId":65483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Summers","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25827,"text":"wri964177 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of southern Florida: An overview of available information on surface- and ground-water quality and ecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T20:56:18.819117","indexId":"wri964177","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4177","title":"Water-quality assessment of southern Florida: An overview of available information on surface- and ground-water quality and ecology","docAbstract":"This report summarizes water-quality conditions, issues of concern, and management efforts underway in southern Florida. The report is designed to provide a conceptual framework for the Southern Florida National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) study that began in 1994. The report makes reference to the most important water-quality literature pertaining to southern Florida, to water-quality studies that are underway or planned, and to topics which are of high priority in the study unit. These topics include: the availability and suit ability of water for competing demands; nutrient enrichment of the Everglades; transport, degradation, and effects of pesticides; and the sources and cycling of mercury in the ecosystem. The report also includes a retrospective analysis and conceptual presentation of nutrient loading, which is a high priority for the national NAWQA Program and for regional water-quality managers. Nutrient contributions from point and nonpoint sources are estimated for nine basins in the study area and are discussed in relation to land use. Fertilizer is the dominant source of phosphorus in eight basins and the dominant source of nitrogen in at least five basins. Atmospheric sources of nitrogen contribute more than 20 percent of the total nitrogen input to all basins and are the dominant source of nitrogen input to Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades. Nutrient loads are also estimated in selected canal and river outflows in southern Florida to provide a spatial overview of the magnitude of nutrient loading to coastal waters. Annual phosphorus loads from the Peace River are the highest in the study unit; annual phosphorus loads from the Caloosahatchee River and the major Palm Beach canals are also high, compared to other parts of southern Florida. Estimated annual loads of phosphorus from parts of the Big Cypress Basin and the S-12 water-control structures of the Tamiami Canal are low compared with estimated phosphorus loads in outflows in the northern part of the study unit. Annual nitrogen loads in southern Florida were highest in outflows from the Caloosahatchee River Basin and the major Palm Beach canals. Nitrogen loads in outflows from parts of the Big Cypress subbasin were lower than those estimated to the north.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964177","usgsCitation":"Haag, K.H., Miller, R.L., Bradner, L.A., and McCulloch, D.S., 1996, Water-quality assessment of southern Florida: An overview of available information on surface- and ground-water quality and ecology: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4177, vi, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964177.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393469,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48522.htm"},{"id":54576,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4177/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4177/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":2055,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fl.water.usgs.gov/Abstracts/wri96_4177_haag.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.41943359375,\n 25.025884063244828\n ],\n [\n -79.82666015625,\n 25.025884063244828\n ],\n [\n -79.82666015625,\n 28.76765910569123\n ],\n [\n -82.41943359375,\n 28.76765910569123\n ],\n [\n -82.41943359375,\n 25.025884063244828\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cde4b07f02db544e3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haag, K. H.","contributorId":67925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haag","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradner, L. A.","contributorId":21925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradner","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCulloch, D. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96523","usgsCitation":"Johnson, A., Fleming, R.W., Cruikshank, K.M., and Packard, R.F., 1996, Coactive fault of the Northridge earthquake, Granada Hills area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-523, Report: 66 p.; 3 Plates: 36.28 × 23.38 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96523.","productDescription":"Report: 66 p.; 3 Plates: 36.28 × 23.38 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410294,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19400.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0523/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51221,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0523/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51220,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0523/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51219,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0523/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51218,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0523/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Granada Hills area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.522,\n 34.297\n ],\n [\n -118.522,\n 34.272\n ],\n [\n -118.453,\n 34.272\n ],\n [\n -118.453,\n 34.297\n ],\n [\n -118.522,\n 34.297\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49bee4b07f02db5d1066","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, A. M.","contributorId":48903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleming, R. W.","contributorId":89110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cruikshank, K. M.","contributorId":56672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cruikshank","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Packard, R. F.","contributorId":74779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Packard","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25915,"text":"wri964144 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: Shallow ground-water quality of a land-use area in the San Luis Valley, south-central Colorado, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T22:36:56.700068","indexId":"wri964144","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4144","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: Shallow ground-water quality of a land-use area in the San Luis Valley, south-central Colorado, 1993","docAbstract":"This report describes the quality of shallow ground water in an agricultural area in the San Luis Valley, Colorado, and discusses how natural and human factors affect the quality of shallow ground water. Thirty-five wells were installed, and water samples were collected from these wells and analyzed for selected dissolved common constituents, nutrients, trace elements, radionuclides, and synthetic organic compounds. The San Luis Valley is a high intermontane valley that is partially drained by the Rio Grande. The San Luis Valley land-use study area was limited to a part of the valley where the depth to water is generally less than 25 feet. The area where the 35 monitor wells were installed was further limited to the part of the study area where center-pivot overhead sprinklers are used to irrigate crops. Precipitation, runoff from adjacent mountainous areas, and ground-water inflow from the adjacent mountainous areas are the main sources of water to the aquifers in the San Luis Valley. Discharge of water from the shallow, unconfined aquifer in the valley is mainly from evapotranspiration. The dominant land use in the San Luis Valley is agriculture, although nonirrigated land and residential land are interspersed with agricultural land. Alfalfa, native hay, barley, wheat, potatoes, and other vegetables are the main crops. Dissolved-solids concentrations in shallow ground water sampled ranged from 75 to 1,960 milligrams per liter. The largest median concentration of cations was for calcium, and the largest median concentration of anions was for bicarbonate in shallow ground water in the San Luis Valley. Calcium concentrations ranged from 7.5 to 300 milligrams per liter, and bicarbonate concentrations ranged from 28 to 451 milligrams per liter. Nitrite plus nitrate concentrations ranged from less than 0.1 to 58 milligrams per liter as N; water from 11 wells had nitrite plus nitrate concentrations greater than 10 milligrams per liter as N. With the exception of the following trace elements--aluminum, barium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, and uranium--the concentrations of trace elements were less than 10 micrograms per liter in 90 percent of the samples. All trace-element concentrations measured were below the maximum contaminant levels set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Five samples exceeded the proposed maximum contaminant level of 0.02 milligram per liter for uranium. All samples collected exceeded the proposed maximum contaminant level for radon-222. The volatile organic compound methyltertbutylether was detected in one sample at a concentration of 0.6 microgram per liter. Of the pesticides analyzed for, one or more were detected in water from 5 of the 35 wells sampled. Metribuzin was the most commonly detected pesticide and was detected in water from three wells at concentrations ranging from an estimated 0.005 to 0.017 microgram per liter. Metolachlor (detected in one sample at a concentration of 0.072 microgram per liter), prometon (detected in one sample at a concentration of 0.01 microgram per liter), and p,p'-DDE (detected in one sample at an estimated concentration of 0.002 microgram per liter) were the other pesticides detected. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency lifetime health advisory for metolachlor, metribuzin, and prometon is 100 micrograms per liter, which is much larger than the concentrations measured in the shallow ground water sampled for this study. The elevated nitrite plus nitrate concentrations in shallow ground water are indicative of leaching of fertilizers from the land surface. This conclusion is consistent with conclusions made in other investigations of the San Luis Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964144","usgsCitation":"Anderholm, S., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: Shallow ground-water quality of a land-use area in the San Luis Valley, south-central Colorado, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4144, ix, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964144.","productDescription":"ix, 94 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410751,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48491.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54676,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4144/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4144/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Luis Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.5472,\n 37.9286\n ],\n [\n -106.325,\n 37.9286\n ],\n [\n -106.325,\n 37.025\n ],\n [\n -105.5472,\n 37.025\n ],\n [\n -105.5472,\n 37.9286\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb532","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderholm, S. K.","contributorId":69149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"S. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22438,"text":"ofr96701 - 1996 - Slope stability of proposed ski facilities at the southeast side of Snodgrass Mountain, Gunnison County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr96701","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-701","title":"Slope stability of proposed ski facilities at the southeast side of Snodgrass Mountain, Gunnison County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Part of the proposed expansion of ski facilities at Crested Butte Mountain Resort, Gunnison County, Colorado, is in an area underlain by landslide deposits that are on the southeast side of Snodgrass Mountain. Except for localized movement, the landslides do not appear to be moving at present or to have moved in the past several decades. Shallow sliding and debris flows have occurred in similar materials nearby and are likely to occur in the landslide deposits during the 50-100 year life of the proposed facilities. Hazards related to debris flow, shallow slumping, and expansive soils in the deposits can be reduced by appropriate engineering and remedial measures but maintenance for the proposed facility may become costly. Snow making is likely to aggravate the hazards of shallow slumping, deep-seated sliding, and debris flow. Reactivation and deep-seated movement of a 1.6-million-m3 slide at the east side of the deposits would damage or destroy a proposed gondola, ski lift N-3, and related facilities. Moving the gondola and lift off the slide and prohibiting snow making on the slide will protect the gondola and lift and reduce the chances of debris-flow damage to a proposed development near the toe of the slide. Insufficient data are available to assess the current or future stability of the landslides or to evaluate possible mitigation strategies; detailed stability analyses are needed before developing any facilities on the landslide deposits.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96701","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Baum, R.L., 1996, Slope stability of proposed ski facilities at the southeast side of Snodgrass Mountain, Gunnison County, Colorado (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-701, 10 p. : maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96701.","productDescription":"10 p. : maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1493,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/701/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f0e4b07f02db5ee11c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21633,"text":"ofr96295 - 1996 - Biogeochemistry of lichens and mosses in and near Mt. Zirkel Wilderness, Routt National Forest, Colorado; influences of coal-fired power plant emissions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:58","indexId":"ofr96295","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-295","title":"Biogeochemistry of lichens and mosses in and near Mt. Zirkel Wilderness, Routt National Forest, Colorado; influences of coal-fired power plant emissions","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96295","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Jackson, L.L., Geiser, L., Blett, T., Gries, C., and Haddow, D., 1996, Biogeochemistry of lichens and mosses in and near Mt. Zirkel Wilderness, Routt National Forest, Colorado; influences of coal-fired power plant emissions: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-295, ix, 162 :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96295.","productDescription":"ix, 162 :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0295/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51190,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0295/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625a99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, L. L.","contributorId":39366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geiser, Linda","contributorId":26721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geiser","given":"Linda","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blett, Tamara","contributorId":61070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blett","given":"Tamara","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gries, Corinna","contributorId":106525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gries","given":"Corinna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haddow, Dennis","contributorId":68772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haddow","given":"Dennis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":22546,"text":"ofr96500 - 1996 - Geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":22546,"text":"ofr96500 - 1996 - Geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska","indexId":"ofr96500","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5739,"text":"pp1581 - 1997 - Geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska","indexId":"pp1581","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":5739,"text":"pp1581 - 1997 - Geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska","indexId":"pp1581","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:04","indexId":"ofr96500","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-500","title":"Geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Copper River, located in southcentral Alaska, drains an area of more than 24,000 square miles. About 30 miles above its mouth, this large river enters Miles Lake, a proglacial lake formed by the retreat of Miles Glacier. Downstream from the outlet of Miles Lake, the Copper River flows past the face of Childs Glacier before it enters a large, broad, alluvial flood plain. The Copper River Highway traverses this flood plain and in 1996, 11 bridges were located along this section of the highway. These bridges cross parts or all of the Copper River and in recent years, some of these bridges have sustained serious damage due to the changing course of the Copper River. Although the annual mean discharge of the lower Copper River is 57,400 cubic feet per second, most of the flow occurs during the summer months from snowmelt, rainfall, and glacial melt. Approximately every six years, an outburst flood from Van Cleve Lake, a glacier-dammed lake formed by Miles Glacier, releases approximately 1 million acre-feet of water into the Copper River. At the peak outflow rate from Van Cleve Lake, the flow of the Copper River will increase an additional 140,000 and 190,000 cubic feet per second. Bedload sampling and continuous seismic reflection were used to show that Miles Lake traps virtually all the bedload being transported by the Copper River as it enters the lake from the north. The reservoir-like effect of Miles Lake results in the armoring of the channel of the Copper River downstream from Miles Lakes, past Childs Glacier, until it reaches the alluvial flood plain. At this point, bedload transport begins again. The lower Copper River transports 69 million tons per year of suspended sediment, approximately the same quantity as the Yukon River, which drains an area of more than 300,000 square miles. By correlating concurrent flows from a long-term streamflow- gaging station on the Copper River with a short-term streamflow-gaging station at the outlet of Miles Lake, long-term flow characteristics of the lower Copper River were synthesized. Historical discharge and cross-section data indicate that as late as 1970, most of the flow of the lower Copper River was through the first three bridges of the Copper River Highway as it begins to traverse the alluvial flood plain. In the mid 1980's, a percentage of the flow had shifted away from these three bridges and in 1995, only 51 percent of the flow of the Copper River passed through them. Eight different years of aerial photography of the lower Copper River were analyzed using Geographical Information System techniques. This analysis indicated that no major channel changes were caused by the 1964 earthquake. A flood in 1981 that had a recurrence interval of more than 100 years caused significant channel changes in the lower Copper River. A probability analysis of the lower Copper River indicated stable areas and the long-term locations of channels. By knowing the number of times a particular area has been occupied by water and the last year an area was occupied by water, areas of instability can be located. A Markov analysis of the lower Copper River indicated that the tendency of the flood plain is to remain in its current state. Large floods of the magnitude of the 1981 event are believed to be the cause of major changes in the lower Copper River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96500","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., 1996, Geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-500, 123 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96500.","productDescription":"123 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0500/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52039,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0500/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c2e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, T. P.","contributorId":103289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23422,"text":"ofr96350 - 1996 - Assessment of scour-critical data collected at selected bridges and culverts in South Carolina, 1990-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T13:16:57","indexId":"ofr96350","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-350","title":"Assessment of scour-critical data collected at selected bridges and culverts in South Carolina, 1990-92","docAbstract":"Data at bridges and culverts were collected at 3,506 stream crossings in South Carolina during 1990-92. The data include general information unique to the structure; structural data; and hydraulic, geomorphic, and vegetation information. The data are stored in the U.S. Geological Survey South Carolina District Bridge-Scour Data Base. Observed- and potential-scour indexes were computed from the applicable data variables. Sites with observed-scour indexes exceeding ten and (or) potential-scour indexes exceeding 20 are considered to have significant scour-related problems. Of the 3,506 sites inspected, 257 sites had an observed-scour index exceeding ten, 214 sites had a potential-scour index exceeding 20, and 85 sites had observed- and potential-scour indexes exceeding both threshold values.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96350","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hurley, N., 1996, Assessment of scour-critical data collected at selected bridges and culverts in South Carolina, 1990-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-350, vi, 119 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96350.","productDescription":"vi, 119 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671e98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hurley, N.M. Jr.","contributorId":57105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurley","given":"N.M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22044,"text":"ofr96674 - 1996 - Preliminary mapping of overwash from Hurricane Fran, September 5, 1996, Cape Fear to Bogue Inlet, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-28T20:18:46.768611","indexId":"ofr96674","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-674","title":"Preliminary mapping of overwash from Hurricane Fran, September 5, 1996, Cape Fear to Bogue Inlet, North Carolina","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96674","usgsCitation":"Stumpf, R.P., Krohn, M.D., Morgan, K.L., Peterson, R.L., and Wiese, D., 1996, Preliminary mapping of overwash from Hurricane Fran, September 5, 1996, Cape Fear to Bogue Inlet, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-674, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96674.","productDescription":"5 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411138,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18671.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":51504,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0674/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153835,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0674/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Bogue Inlet, Cape Fear","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.0659043801384,\n 34.59148745931542\n ],\n [\n -78.27061535174185,\n 34.59148745931542\n ],\n [\n -78.27061535174185,\n 33.816563461746625\n ],\n [\n -77.0659043801384,\n 33.816563461746625\n ],\n [\n -77.0659043801384,\n 34.59148745931542\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cea5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stumpf, R. P.","contributorId":30649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stumpf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krohn, M. D.","contributorId":51250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morgan, K. L.","contributorId":79354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, Russell L.","contributorId":55045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wiese, Dana","contributorId":7562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiese","given":"Dana","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":29349,"text":"wri964202 - 1996 - Effect of ice formation and streamflow on salmon incubation habitat in the lower Bradley River, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri964202","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4202","title":"Effect of ice formation and streamflow on salmon incubation habitat in the lower Bradley River, Alaska","docAbstract":"A minimum flow of 40 cubic feet per second is required in the lower Bradley River, near Homer, Alaska, from November 2 to April 30 to ensure adequate salmon egg incubation habitat. The study that determined this minimum flow did not account for the effects of ice formation on habitat. An investigation was made during periods of ice formation. Hydraulic properties and field water-quality data were measured in winter only from March 1993 to April 1995 at six transects in the lower Bradley River. Discharge in the lower Bradley River ranged from 42.6 to 73.0 cubic feet per second (average 57 cubic feet per second) with ice conditions ranging from near ice free to 100 percent ice cover. Stream water velocity and depth were adequate for habitat protection for all ice conditions and discharges. No relation was found between percent ice cover and mean velocity and depth for any given discharge and no trends were found with changes in discharge for a given ice condition. Velocity distribution within each transect varied significantly from one sampling period to the next. Mean depth and velocity at flows of 40 cubic feet per second or less could not be predicted. No consistent relation was found between the amount of wetted perimeter and percent ice cover. Intragravel-water temperature was slightly warmer than surface-water temperature. Surface and intragravel-water dissolved-oxygen levels were adequate for all flows and ice conditions. No apparent relation was found between dissolved-oxygen levels and streamflow or ice conditions. Excellent oxygen exchange was indicated throughout the study reach. Stranding potential of salmon fry was found to be low throughout the study reach. The limiting factors for determining the minimal acceptable flow limit appear to be stream-water velocity and depth, although specific limits could not be estimated because of the high flows that occurred during this study.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964202","usgsCitation":"Rickman, R.L., 1996, Effect of ice formation and streamflow on salmon incubation habitat in the lower Bradley River, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4202, vi, 34, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964202.","productDescription":"vi, 34, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4202/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58202,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4202/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625259","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rickman, R. L.","contributorId":24803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rickman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30203,"text":"wri964188 - 1996 - Geochemical properties and saline-water intrusion in the Valle de Yabucoa alluvial aquifer, southeastern Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"wri964188","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4188","title":"Geochemical properties and saline-water intrusion in the Valle de Yabucoa alluvial aquifer, southeastern Puerto Rico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964188","usgsCitation":"Troester, J., and Richards, R., 1996, Geochemical properties and saline-water intrusion in the Valle de Yabucoa alluvial aquifer, southeastern Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4188, vi, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964188.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4188/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58992,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4188/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adee2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Troester, J.W.","contributorId":90750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troester","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richards, R.T.","contributorId":77974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27231,"text":"wri964168 - 1996 - Factors affecting phosphorus transport at a conventionally-farmed site in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1992-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-26T16:11:51","indexId":"wri964168","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4168","title":"Factors affecting phosphorus transport at a conventionally-farmed site in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1992-95","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Land and Water Conservation of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection conducted a cooperative study to determine the effects of manure application and antecedent soil-phosphorus concentrations on the transport of phosphorus from the soil of a typical farm site in Lancaster County, Pa., from September 1992 to March 1995. The relation between concentrations of soil phosphorus and phosphorus transport needs to be identified because excessive phosphorus concentrations in surface-water bodies promote eutrophication.
The objective of the study was to quantify and determine the significance of chemical, physical, and hydrologic factors that affected phosphorus transport. Three study plots less than 1 acre in size were tilled and planted in silage corn. Phosphorus in the form of liquid swine and dairy manure was injected to a depth of 6-8 inches on two of the three study plots in May 1993 and May 1994. Plot 1 received no inputs of phosphorus from manure while plots 2 and 3 received an average of 56 and 126 kilograms of phosphorus per acre, respectively, from the two manure applications. No other fertilizer was applied to any of the study plots. From March 30, 1993, through December 31, 1993, and March 10, 1994, through August 31, 1994 (the study period), phosphorus and selected cations were measured in precipitation, manure, soil, surface runoff, subsurface flow (at 18 inches below land surface), and corn plants before harvest. All storm events that yielded surface runoff and subsurface flow were sampled. Surface runoff was analyzed for dissolved (filtered through a 0.45-micron filter) and total concentrations. Subsurface flow was only analyzed for dissolved constituents. Laboratory soil-flask experiments and geochemical modeling were conducted to determine the maximum phosphate retention capacity of sampled soils after manure applications and primary mineralogic controls in the soils that affect phosphate equilibrium processes.
Physical characteristics, such as particle-size distributions in soil, the suspended sediment and particle-size distribution in surface runoff, and surface topography, were quantified. Hydrologic characteristics, such as precipitation intensity and duration, volumes of surface runoff, and infiltration rates of soil, were also monitored during the study period. Volumes of surface runoff differed by plot.
Volumes of surface runoff measured during the study period from plots 1 (0.43 acres), 2 (0.23 acres), and 3 (0.28 acres) were 350,000, 350,000, and 750,000 liters per acre, respectively. About 90 percent of the volume of surface runoff occurred after October 1993 because of the lack of intense precipitation from March 30, 1993, through November 30, 1993. For any one precipitation amount, volumes of surface runoff increased with an increase in the maximum intensity of precipitation and decreased with an increase in storm duration. The significantly higher volume of surface runoff for plot 3 relative to plots 1 and 2 was probably caused by lower infiltration rates on plot 3.
Soil concentrations of plant-available phosphorus (PAP) for each study plot were high (31-60 parts per million) to excessive (greater than 60 parts per million) for each depth interval (0-6, 6-12, and 12- 24 inches) and sampling period except for some samples collected at depths of 12-24 inches. The high levels of PAP before manure applications made it difficult to detect any changes in the concentration of soil PAP caused by manure applications. Manure applications to the study area prior to this study resulted in relatively high concentrations of soil PAP; however, the manure applications to plot 3 during the study period did cause an increase in the soil concentration of PAP after the second manure application. The percentages of total phosphorus in plant-available and inorganic forms were about 5 and 80 percent, respectively, in the 0-24--inch depth interval of soil on the study plots. Concentrations of total phosphorus on sand, silt, and clay particles from soil were 700, 1,000, and 3,400 parts per million, respectively. About 70 percent of the total mass of phosphorus in soil to a depth of 24 inches was associated with silt and clay particles.
Soil-flask experiments indicated that soils from the study plots were not saturated with respect to phosphorus. Soils had the capacity to retain 694 to 1,160 milligrams of phosphorus per kilogram of soil. The measured retention capacity probably exceeded the actual retention capacity of soil because laboratory conditions optimized the contact time between soil and test solutions.
Geochemical modeling indicated that the primary mineralogical controls on the concentration of dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff and subsurface flow were aluminum and iron oxides and strengite (if it exists). Aluminum and iron oxides bind phosphate in solution and strengite is an iron-phosphate mineral. The mineralization of organic phosphorus into dissolved inorganic forms could also supply phosphorus to surface runoff and subsurface flow.
Phosphorus inputs to the plots during the study period were from precipitation and manure. Phosphorus inputs from precipitation were negligible. The loads of phosphorus to the plots from manure applications in May 1993 and May 1994 were 112 and 251 kilograms per acre for plots 2 and 3, respectively; about 60 percent of the load occurred in 1994.
Phosphorus outputs in surface runoff differed between study plots. The cumulative yields of total phosphorus during the study period for plots 1, 2, and 3 were 1.12, 1.24, and 1.69 kilograms per acre, respectively. Differences between plots were primarily evident for dissolved yields of phosphorus. The percentage of the total phosphorus output in surface runoff that was in the dissolved phase varied from 6 percent for plot 1 to 26 percent for plot 3.
The cumulative yields of dissolved phosphorus from plots 2 and 3 were 135 and 500 percent greater, respectively, than the dissolved yield from plot 1. Even though volumes of surface runoff were different on the plots, the primary cause of the difference between plots in the yield of dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff was differences in the concentration of dissolved phosphorus. After the second manure application, concentrations of dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff on plots 2 and 3 were significantly higher than the concentration for plot 1.
An increase in the concentration of dissolved phosphorus in subsurface flow from plots 2 and 3 was measured after manure applications. The mean concentrations of dissolved phosphorus in subsurface flow after the first manure application were 0.29, 0.57, and 1.45 milligrams per liter of phosphorus for plots 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
The loss of dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff was related to the soil concentration of PAP. The model relating dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff to soil PAP indicated that concentrations of dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff would exceed 0.1 milligram per liter if soil concentrations of PAP exceeded 9 parts per million; this PAP concentration was exceeded by each study plot. Over 50 percent of the variation of dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff was explained by soil concentrations of PAP in the 0-6-inch depth interval.
The loss of suspended phosphorus in surface runoff was primarily affected by the particle-size distribution of suspended sediment in surface runoff. Surface runoff was enriched with fines relative to the soil matrix. Generally, over 90 percent of sediment in runoff was comprised of silt and clay particles; only 50-60 percent of particle sizes from the intact soil matrix were in the silt- to clay-size range. Concentrations of suspended phosphorus in surface runoff were not significantly related to soil concentrations of total phosphorus in the 0-6-inch depth interval.
Concentrations of dissolved phosphorus in subsurface flow were also related to soil concentrations of PAP. The relation indicated that dissolved concentrations of phosphorus in subsurface flow would exceed 0.1 milligram per liter if soil concentrations of PAP in the 0-6-inch depth interval of soil were greater than 49 parts per million; this PAP concentration was exceeded by each study plot.
The significant relation of high concentrations of dissolved phosphorus in water to soil concentrations of PAP indicated that soils with comparable concentrations of soil PAP would be potential sources of dissolved phosphorus to surface water and subsurface water tables. The percentage of the total phosphorus lost from a system in the dissolved form increased as soil concentrations of PAP increased. This indicates that best-management practices to reduce phosphorus losses from this system not only need to target suspended forms of phosphorus but also dissolved forms. Practices aimed at reducing the loss of dissolved phosphorus from the system increase in importance with an increase in soil concentrations of PAP.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964168","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Land and Water Conservation","usgsCitation":"Galeone, D.G., 1996, Factors affecting phosphorus transport at a conventionally-farmed site in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1992-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4168, vii, 93 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964168.","productDescription":"vii, 93 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56099,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4168/wri19964168.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1996-4168"},{"id":123174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4168/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
The U.S. Geological Survey began full-scale implementation of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program in 1991. The purposes of NAWQA are to describe the status and trends in the quality of the Nation's water resources and aquatic ecosystems, and to determine factors affecting water quality at local, regional, and national scales. The Upper Mississippi River (UMIS) NAWQA study unit, which includes all of the surface drainage to the Mississippi River Basin upstream from Lake Pepin, encompasses 47,000 mi2. The study characterizes the geographic and seasonal distribution of water quality and aquatic biota in relation to anthropogenic activities and natural features. The initial phase of the UMIS study, during 1994-99, is focused on an area in Minnesota and Wisconsin that includes the seven-county Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul) metropolitan area. This report summarizes selected sources of information that are being used to aid in understanding water-quality issues and processes that form the basis of the sampling design for the study. This literature review includes sources of information about surface- and ground-water hydrology, water quality, and aquatic biology and ecology.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri964149","usgsCitation":"Andrews, W., Fallon, J.D., Kroening, S., Lee, K.E., and Stark, J., 1996, Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Review of selected literature: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4149, vi, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964149.","productDescription":"vi, 21 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392984,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Sites were selected to represent a range of stream sizes and ecoregions within the basin. Physical and chemical characteristics (classified in data sets of instream habitat, terrestrial habitat, hydrology, and water quality) were determined for various sites for periods ranging from two to 48 years. Instream habitat measurements were made from 1993 through 1995 for 31 reaches at 19 sites. Terrestrial habitat measures of land use/land cover, soils, and riparian zones were determined from a geographical information system coverage for 23 reaches at 14 sites. The geographical information system coverage used data from aerial photographs taken from 1990 and 1991, National Wetlands Inventory data, soils maps from the Natural Resource Conservation Service, and data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture soils data base. Water chemistry data were collected from 14 sites in the basin from 1993 through 1994. Hydrologic variability was determined from U.S. Geological Survey gaging records. Correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and principal components analysis were used to determine representative variables which accounted for the most variation in each data set. The representative variables and the fish community data were analyzed with canonical correspondence analysis to determine the relative effect of each source of environmental influence on fish community composition. Instream habitat, terrestrial habitat, and hydrologic variability were analyzed together. Water chemistry data were analyzed separately due to a lack of corresponding sites.
\nWithin the instream habitat data set, measures of habitat volume (channel width and depth) and habitat diversity were most significant in explaining the variability of the fish communities. The amount of nonagricultural land and riparian zone integrity from the terrestrial habitat data set were also useful in explaining fish community composition. Variability of mean monthly discharge and the frequency of high and low discharge events during the three years prior to fish sampling were the most influential of the hydrologic variables.The first two axes of the canonical correspondence analysis accounted for 43.3 percent of the variation in the fish community and 52.5 percent of the variation in the environmental-species relation. Water-quality indicators such as the percent of fine material in suspended sediment, minimum dissolved oxygen concentrations, minimum concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, and the range of concentrations of major ions and nutrients were the variables that were most important in the canonical correspondence analysis of water-quality data with fish. No single environmental variable or data set appeared to be more important than another in explaining variation in the fish community. The environmental factors affecting the fish communities of the Red River of the North are interrelated. For the most part, instream environmental conditions (instream habitat, hydrology, and water chemistry) appear to be more important in explaining variability in fish community composition than factors related to the agricultural nature of the basin.
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L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27968,"text":"wri964193 - 1996 - Geology, hydrology, and ground-water flow near the Akron municipal well, Erie County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri964193","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4193","title":"Geology, hydrology, and ground-water flow near the Akron municipal well, Erie County, New York","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964193","usgsCitation":"Kappel, W.M., and Miller, T.S., 1996, Geology, hydrology, and ground-water flow near the Akron municipal well, Erie County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4193, v, 21 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964193.","productDescription":"v, 21 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4193/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56786,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4193/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c648","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kappel, William M.","contributorId":18754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kappel","given":"William","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Todd S.","contributorId":85623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27687,"text":"wri964259 - 1996 - Streamflow and Suspended-Sediment Loads Before and During Highway Construction, North Halawa, Haiku, and Kamooalii Drainage Basins, Oahu, Hawaii, 1983-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri964259","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4259","title":"Streamflow and Suspended-Sediment Loads Before and During Highway Construction, North Halawa, Haiku, and Kamooalii Drainage Basins, Oahu, Hawaii, 1983-91","docAbstract":"Concern over potential effects from construction of the H-3 highway on Oahu, Hawaii, prompted a long-term study of streamflow and suspended-sediment transport at a network of five stream-gaging stations along the highway route. This report presents results for 1983-91, which included pre-construction and construction periods at all stream-gaging stations.\r\n\r\nAnnual rainfall, streamflow, and suspended-sediment loads were generally higher during construction than before construction. Data collected before and during construction were compared using analysis of covariance to determine whether streamflow and suspended-sediment loads changed significantly during construction after accounting for effects of increased rainfall.\r\n\r\nStreamflow at stream-gaging stations was compared with streamflow at an index stream-gaging station unaffected by construction. Streamflow data were divided into low- and high-flow classes, and the two flow classes were analyzed separately. Low flows increased 117 percent during construction at one station. This increase probably was related to the removal of vegetation for highway construction. Low flows decreased 28 percent at another station, probably as a result of increased ground-water withdrawals and highway construction activities. No significant changes in low flows were detected at the other stations, and no significant changes in high flows were detected at any stations.\r\n\r\nSuspended-sediment loads increased significantly during construction at three stations. Highway construction contributed between 56 and 76 percent of the suspended-sediment loads measured at these stations during construction. Loads did not change significantly at a station downstream of a reservoir, and loads decreased at a station downstream of a drainage basin that was heavily used for agriculture before construction.\r\n\r\nSuspended-sediment concentrations were used to assess compliance with applicable State water-quality standards. State water-quality standards for suspended sediment frequently were exceeded during construction. Standards occasionally were exceeded before construction.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri964259","usgsCitation":"Hill, B.R., 1996, Streamflow and Suspended-Sediment Loads Before and During Highway Construction, North Halawa, Haiku, and Kamooalii Drainage Basins, Oahu, Hawaii, 1983-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4259, iv, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964259.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4259/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56539,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4259/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Barry R.","contributorId":57494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}