{"pageNumber":"373","pageRowStart":"9300","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10450,"records":[{"id":5222113,"text":"5222113 - 1986 - Population trends, reproductive success, and organochlorine chemical contaminants in waterbirds nesting in Galveston Bay, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T15:53:47.099136","indexId":"5222113","displayToPublicDate":"1986-07-01T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population trends, reproductive success, and organochlorine chemical contaminants in waterbirds nesting in Galveston Bay, Texas","docAbstract":"<p><span>The effects of environmental contaminants on the reproductive success of olivaceous cormorants (</span><i>Phalacrocorax olivaceus</i><span>), laughing gulls (</span><i>Larus atricilla</i><span>), and black skimmers (</span><i>Rhynchops niger</i><span>) nesting in Galveston Bay, Texas were investigated from 1980 through 1982. Populations of cormorants and gulls have remained stable in recent years, but skimmer numbers may have declined. Cormorants produced 1.9 to 2.8 young per pair in nests that remained active throughout the season. Gull and skimmer reproduction was seriously limited by storms and predation. DDE and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residues in carcasses and eggs generally were below levels associated with chronic poisoning and reproductive problems in most species of birds. Possible exceptions were four black skimmer carcasses with DDE concentrations that ranged from 20 to 92</span><i>Μ</i><span>g/g and one olivaceous cormorant carcass with 20</span><i>Μ</i><span>g/g DDE. The generally low levels of dieldrin, chlordane, HCB, toxaphene, and heptachlor epoxide were below those know to affect avian reproduction and survival. Mean DDE residues in cormorant and gull eggs were less than 1.8</span><i>Μ</i><span>g/g. The mean DDE residue in skimmer eggs was less than 3.3</span><i>Μ</i><span>g/g; 12% of the skimmer eggs contained at least 12</span><i>Μ</i><span>g/g DDE, a level known to cause reproductive problems in some avian species. DDE in the eggs of all species declined from 1.5- to 7-fold over the past decade. Polychlorinated biphenyl was detected in all gull and skimmer eggs and in 90% of the cormorant eggs. Residues of PCB in cormorant and skimmer eggs in 1980–82 were lower than in 1970, but the frequency of occurrence in gull eggs increased. Polychlorinated styrenes were recovered in 45% of the cormorant carcasses at levels below 1</span><i>Μ</i><span>g/g. Eggshell thicknesses in all three species were similar to those of eggshells collected before the widespread use of DDT.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01066403","usgsCitation":"King, K.A., and Krynitsky, A.J., 1986, Population trends, reproductive success, and organochlorine chemical contaminants in waterbirds nesting in Galveston Bay, Texas: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 15, no. 4, p. 367-376, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01066403.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196724,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Galveston Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.02724958266313,\n              29.679538230799906\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.02278591098704,\n              29.526248041903656\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.92542207255765,\n              29.486806789489957\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.89794259380346,\n              29.399072787767658\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.90317345904859,\n              29.343539397034448\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.89054963759038,\n              29.28411499891957\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.78397947633034,\n              29.35617409530252\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.47710204861652,\n              29.539833965542783\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.54977620308881,\n              29.573761550427687\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.75189683615997,\n              29.53585615485749\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.68731308660004,\n              29.660973754728264\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.70307542720565,\n              29.793848926246582\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.02724958266313,\n              29.679538230799906\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e3bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Kirke A.","contributorId":17727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Kirke","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krynitsky, Alexander J.","contributorId":81542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krynitsky","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015080,"text":"70015080 - 1986 - An instrument system for monitoring and sampling suspended sediment in the benthic boundary layer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-18T16:21:28.918837","indexId":"70015080","displayToPublicDate":"1986-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An instrument system for monitoring and sampling suspended sediment in the benthic boundary layer","docAbstract":"<p><span>An instrument system has been constructed that can monitor and sample suspended sediment distributions in the benthic boundary layer. It consists of miniature nephelometers and suspended sediment samplers placed within one meter of the seabed. The system is capable of continuously monitoring suspended sediment profiles at eight levels between 14 and 100 cm above the seabed and collecting suspended sediment samples at four levels (20, 50, 70 and 100 cm) at three times during a deployment period.</span></p><p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>The suspended sediment system is designed to fit onto the instrumented tripod GEOPROBE which contains four electromagnetic current meters, pressure sensor, bottom stereo camera, two temperature sensors, transmissometer, and a Savonius rotor current meter. Sensor operation, data recording, and sediment sampling events are synchronized. Thus detailed measurements of the near-bottom flow conditions are made concurrently with suspended sediment measurements. The combined system has been used in sediment transporting environments within San Francisco Bay, California, and Puget Sound, Washington.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(86)90069-1","usgsCitation":"Sternberg, R., Johnson, R., Cacchione, D., and Drake, D., 1986, An instrument system for monitoring and sampling suspended sediment in the benthic boundary layer: Marine Geology, v. 71, no. 3-4, p. 187-199, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(86)90069-1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"199","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223635,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea7ee4b0c8380cd488cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sternberg, R.W.","contributorId":90872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sternberg","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, R.V. II","contributorId":103417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.V.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":370011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1000514,"text":"1000514 - 1986 - Evaluation of coded wire tags for marking lake trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-31T16:37:28.818667","indexId":"1000514","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of coded wire tags for marking lake trout","docAbstract":"<p>Among hatchery-reared lake trout (<i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>) of the 1979-1982 year classes stocked in New York waters of Lake Ontario, more than 3 million fish were marked with a coded wire tag (CWT) plus an adipose fin clip, and 1.5 million with only conventional fin clips. Altogether, 7,640 tags were recovered from fish collected with bottom trawls and gill nets or caught by anglers during 1980-1983. One person was able to extract and decipher 200 or more CWTs per day with about a 1% error rate in reading and recording codes. Presence of the CWT did not affect growth. The adipose fin clip did not regenerate. The occurrence of fish with an adipose fin clip but no CWT resulted primarily from the regeneration of paired fins among fish marked with a combination of the adipose fin and a paired fin. Loss of CWTs between marking and stocking (generally 4-5 months for fish stocked in spring and 1-8 d for fish stocked in fall) declined from nearly 11% for the 1979 year class stocked as fall fingerlings to less than 3% for the 1981 and 1982 year classes - a difference that primarily reflected improvements in instrumentation and tagging technique. The rate of CWT loss after the marked fish were stocked was probably less than 1% per year. The CWT is a reliable method for marking hatchery-reared lake trout. A large number of experimental groups can be uniquely marked, and fish from each group can be accurately identified throughout their life. Use of this technique should greatly facilitate evaluations of genetic strain, hatchery experience, condition at time of stocking, season of stocking, size at stocking, method of stocking and other factors that affect poststocking survival and performance of lake trout stocked in the Great Lakes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1986)6<264:EOCWTF>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Elrod, J.H., and Schneider, C.P., 1986, Evaluation of coded wire tags for marking lake trout: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 6, no. 2, p. 264-271, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1986)6<264:EOCWTF>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"264","endPage":"271","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133142,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fae27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elrod, Joseph H.","contributorId":72737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrod","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, Clifford P.","contributorId":45251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185552,"text":"70185552 - 1986 - Groundwater transport of strontium 90 in a glacial outwash environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T11:54:57","indexId":"70185552","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater transport of strontium 90 in a glacial outwash environment","docAbstract":"<p><span>As part of the investigation of groundwater contamination at a uranium-scrap recovery plant at Wood River Junction, Rhode Island, laboratory experiments led to the development of a model for predicting the transport of strontium 90 in glacial outwash sediments based on an approximate mechanism for ion exchange. The multicomponent system was simplified to two components by regarding all exchangeable cations other than strontium 90 as a single component. The binary ion-exchange parameter was a function of the variable, total ion concentration. A one-dimensional solute transport model was formulated to evaluate the time necessary for natural groundwater flow to remove the strontium 90 contamination plume from the groundwater system to the Pawcatuck River. The finite difference transport equations were solved sequentially for total ion concentrations, then strontium 90 concentrations. Clay-free quartz and feldspar sands at the study site have little potential for strontium 90 sorption, and high calcium, magnesium, and sodium concentrations compete for the few ion exchange sites. As the total ion concentration plume moves out of the system, ion exchange of strontium 90 increases, reducing the strontium 90 concentration in the groundwater. Cleanout times predicted using the binary ion exchange mechanism were about two thirds of those predicted using a constant distribution coefficient. It is suggested that this type of model can simulate solute transport more realistically in many groundwater systems where the total ion concentration is not constant.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i004p00519","usgsCitation":"Kipp, K.L., Stollenwerk, K.G., and Grove, D.B., 1986, Groundwater transport of strontium 90 in a glacial outwash environment: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 4, p. 519-530, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i004p00519.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"519","endPage":"530","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338204,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","city":"Wood River Junction","volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df18e4b05ec79911d201","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kipp, Kenneth L. Jr.","contributorId":189754,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kipp","given":"Kenneth","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grove, David B.","contributorId":74750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70176746,"text":"70176746 - 1986 - Volcano monitoring at the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-05T16:55:51.068078","indexId":"70176746","displayToPublicDate":"1986-03-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcano monitoring at the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","docAbstract":"<p>The island of Hawaii has one of the youngest landscapes on Earth, formed by frequent addition of new lava to its surface. &nbsp;Because Hawaiian are generally nonexplosive and easily accessible, the island has long attracted geologists interested in studying the extraordinary power of volcanic eruptions. &nbsp;The&nbsp;U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), now nearing its 75th anniversary. has been in the forefront of volcanology since the 1900's. &nbsp;This issue of Earthquakes and volcanoes is devoted to the work of the Observatory and its role in studying the most recent eruptions of Hawaii's two currently active volcanoes, Kilauea and Mauna Loa.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Heliker, C.C., Griggs, J.D., Takahashi, T., and Wright, T., 1986, Volcano monitoring at the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 18, no. 1, p. 4-69.","productDescription":"66 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"71","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329308,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawaiian Volcano 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D.","contributorId":174565,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Griggs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Takahashi, T. Jane jtakahashi@usgs.gov","contributorId":4298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takahashi","given":"T. Jane","email":"jtakahashi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":650170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":650171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70185584,"text":"70185584 - 1986 - Modeling contamination of shallow unconfined aquifers through infiltration beds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T11:18:28","indexId":"70185584","displayToPublicDate":"1986-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling contamination of shallow unconfined aquifers through infiltration beds","docAbstract":"<p><span>We model the transport of a simply reactive contaminant through an infiltration bed and underlying shallow, one-dimensional, unconfined aquifer with a plane, steeply sloping bottom in the assumed absence of dispersion and downgradient dilution. The effluent discharge and ambient groundwater flow under the infiltration beds are presumed to form a vertically mixed plume marked by an appreciable radial velocity component in the near field flow region. The near field analysis routes effluent contamination as a single linear reservoir whose output forms a source plane for the one-dimensional, far field flow region downgradient of the facility; the location and width of the source plane reflect the relative strengths of ambient flow and effluent discharge. We model far field contaminant transport, using an existing method of characteristics solution with frame speeds modified by recharge, bottom slope, and linear adsorption, and concentrations reflecting first-order reaction kinetics. The near and far field models simulate transport of synthetic detergents, chloride, total nitrogen, and boron in a contaminant plume at the Otis Air Force Base sewage treatment plant in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, with reasonable accuracy.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i003p00375","usgsCitation":"Ostendorf, D., 1986, Modeling contamination of shallow unconfined aquifers through infiltration beds: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 375-382, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i003p00375.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"375","endPage":"382","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/834290","text":"External Repository"},{"id":338255,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts ","county":"Barnstable County","otherGeospatial":"Otis Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.63316345214844,\n              41.597472596288675\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.37155151367188,\n              41.597472596288675\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.37155151367188,\n              41.792816561051815\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.63316345214844,\n              41.792816561051815\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.63316345214844,\n              41.597472596288675\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63039e4b05ec7991310f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ostendorf, D.W.","contributorId":189794,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ostendorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70208358,"text":"70208358 - 1986 - Dipping reflectors in the Norwegian Sea—ODP Leg 104 drilling results: LEG 104 SCIENTIFIC PARTY","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-05T12:03:27","indexId":"70208358","displayToPublicDate":"1986-02-05T11:32:13","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2545,"text":"Journal of the Geological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dipping reflectors in the Norwegian Sea—ODP Leg 104 drilling results: LEG 104 SCIENTIFIC PARTY","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 104 successfully completed a number of deep drill holes on the Outer V0ring Plateau and the Vering Basin during July and August 1985 (Fig. 1; Eldholm, Thiede, Taylor et al. 1986). One of the principal objectives of the leg was to drill and sample a thick oceanward-dipping wedge of seismic reflectors, known to characterize much of the multichannel seismic (MCS) profile data recorded across ocean-continent transitions in the NE Atlantic north of 55°N. Elsewhere, these reflectors have previously been the target of deep drilling during Legs 48 and 81 of the International Phase of Ocean Drilling IPOD (Montadert, Roberts et al. 1979; Roberts, Schnitker et al. 1984). These efforts met with some success, sampling only the uppermost part of the sequence and identifying a series of tholeiitic lava flows. Over the Outer V~ring Plateau, a number of MCS profiles reveal a distinct change in seismic character at the base of the well-stratified dipping reflector sequence, where an irregular surface characterized by a band of low-frequency, high-amplitude reflectors occurs. This surface is referred to as K. Prior to Leg 104, therefore, relatively little was known regarding the variation in petrographic character of the flows at depth, their evolution and origin, and particularly the character of the material below the reflector sequence. A single deep drillhole (642E) successfully recovered a section through the</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1144/gsjgs.143.6.0911","usgsCitation":"Eldholm, O., Thiede, J., Taylor, E., Bjorklund, K., Bleil, U., Cielsielski, P., Despraries, A., Donnally, D., Froget, C., Goll, R., Henrich, R., Jansen, E., Krissek, L., Kvenvolden, K.A., LeHuray, A., Love, D., Lysne, P., McDonald, T., Mudie, P., Osterman, L.E., Parson, L., Phillips, J., Pittenger, A., Qvale, G., Schoenharting, G., Viereck-Goette, L., Morton, A., and Gibson, I., 1986, Dipping reflectors in the Norwegian Sea—ODP Leg 104 drilling results: LEG 104 SCIENTIFIC PARTY: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 143, no. 6, p. 911-912, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.143.6.0911.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"911","endPage":"912","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":372067,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Voring Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -3.75732421875,\n              60.994423108456154\n            ],\n            [\n              7.778320312499999,\n              60.994423108456154\n            ],\n            [\n              7.778320312499999,\n              65.00722434895742\n            ],\n            [\n              -3.75732421875,\n              65.00722434895742\n            ],\n            [\n              -3.75732421875,\n              60.994423108456154\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"143","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eldholm, O.","contributorId":222220,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eldholm","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24717,"text":"University of Oslo, Norway","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":781577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thiede, Jorn","contributorId":88085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiede","given":"Jorn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, E.","contributorId":222221,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bjorklund, K.","contributorId":222222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bjorklund","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bleil, U.","contributorId":222223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bleil","given":"U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cielsielski, P.","contributorId":222224,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cielsielski","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Despraries, A.","contributorId":222225,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Despraries","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Donnally, D.","contributorId":222226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donnally","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Froget, C.","contributorId":222232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Froget","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Goll, R.","contributorId":222233,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goll","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Henrich, R.","contributorId":222234,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henrich","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Jansen, E.","contributorId":222235,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jansen","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Krissek, L.","contributorId":71788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krissek","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"LeHuray, A.P.","contributorId":63023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeHuray","given":"A.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Love, D.","contributorId":15809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Lysne, P.","contributorId":222236,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lysne","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"McDonald, T.J.","contributorId":222213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6747,"text":"Texas A&M University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":781594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Mudie, P.J.","contributorId":101815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mudie","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Osterman, Lisa E. osterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterman","given":"Lisa","email":"osterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Parson, L.M.","contributorId":69156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parson","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Phillips, J.","contributorId":16532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Pittenger, A.","contributorId":222237,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pittenger","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Qvale, G.","contributorId":222238,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Qvale","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Schoenharting, G.","contributorId":222239,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schoenharting","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Viereck-Goette, L.","contributorId":37641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viereck-Goette","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Morton, A.","contributorId":222240,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morton","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Gibson, I.","contributorId":222241,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gibson","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28}]}}
,{"id":70206360,"text":"70206360 - 1986 - Quaternary glacial stratigraphy and chronology of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-01T06:41:34","indexId":"70206360","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T07:10:27","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary glacial stratigraphy and chronology of Mexico","docAbstract":"<p><span>The volcano Iztaccíhuatl in central Mexico was glaciated twice during the middle Pleistocene, once probably in pre-Illinoian (or pre-Bull Lake) time, and once in late Illinoian (or Bull Lake) time. Glaciation during the late Pleistocene was restricted to the late Wisconsin (or Pinedale). A maximum advance and one readvance are recorded in the early part, and one readvance in the latter part. Three or four small neoglacial advances occurred during the Holocene. Two other volcanoes nearby, Ajusco and Malinche, have a partial record of late Pleistocene and Holocene glaciations. Three others, Popocatépetl, Pico de Orizaba, and Nevado de Toluca, have a full Holocene record of three to five glacial advances during Neoglaciation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(86)90186-1","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"White, S., 1986, Quaternary glacial stratigraphy and chronology of Mexico: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 5, no. C, p. 201-205, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(86)90186-1.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"201","endPage":"205","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368789,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-97.14001,25.87],[-97.52807,24.99214],[-97.70295,24.27234],[-97.77604,22.93258],[-97.87237,22.44421],[-97.69904,21.89869],[-97.38896,21.41102],[-97.18933,20.63543],[-96.52558,19.89093],[-96.29213,19.32037],[-95.90088,18.82802],[-94.83906,18.56272],[-94.42573,18.14437],[-93.54865,18.42384],[-92.78611,18.52484],[-92.03735,18.70457],[-91.4079,18.87608],[-90.77187,19.28412],[-90.53359,19.86742],[-90.45148,20.70752],[-90.27862,20.99986],[-89.60132,21.26173],[-88.54387,21.49368],[-87.65842,21.45885],[-87.05189,21.54354],[-86.81198,21.33151],[-86.84591,20.84986],[-87.38329,20.2554],[-87.62105,19.64655],[-87.43675,19.4724],[-87.58656,19.04013],[-87.83719,18.25982],[-88.09066,18.51665],[-88.30003,18.49998],[-88.49012,18.48683],[-88.84834,17.8832],[-89.02986,18.00151],[-89.15091,17.95547],[-89.14308,17.80832],[-90.06793,17.81933],[-91.00152,17.81759],[-91.00227,17.25466],[-91.45392,17.25218],[-91.08167,16.91848],[-90.71182,16.68748],[-90.60085,16.47078],[-90.43887,16.41011],[-90.46447,16.06956],[-91.74796,16.06656],[-92.22925,15.25145],[-92.08722,15.06458],[-92.20323,14.8301],[-92.22775,14.53883],[-93.35946,15.61543],[-93.87517,15.94016],[-94.69166,16.20098],[-95.25023,16.12832],[-96.05338,15.75209],[-96.55743,15.65352],[-97.26359,15.91706],[-98.01303,16.10731],[-98.94768,16.56604],[-99.6974,16.70616],[-100.8295,17.17107],[-101.66609,17.64903],[-101.91853,17.91609],[-102.47813,17.97575],[-103.50099,18.29229],[-103.91753,18.74857],[-104.99201,19.31613],[-105.49304,19.94677],[-105.7314,20.4341],[-105.39777,20.53172],[-105.50066,20.8169],[-105.27075,21.07628],[-105.26582,21.4221],[-105.60316,21.87115],[-105.69341,22.26908],[-106.02872,22.77375],[-106.90998,23.76777],[-107.91545,24.54892],[-108.4019,25.17231],[-109.2602,25.58061],[-109.44409,25.82488],[-109.29164,26.44293],[-109.80146,26.67618],[-110.39173,27.16211],[-110.64102,27.85988],[-111.17892,27.94124],[-111.75961,28.46795],[-112.22823,28.95441],[-112.27182,29.26684],[-112.80959,30.02111],[-113.16381,30.78688],[-113.14867,31.17097],[-113.87188,31.56761],[-114.20574,31.52405],[-114.77645,31.79953],[-114.9367,31.39348],[-114.77123,30.91362],[-114.6739,30.16268],[-114.33097,29.75043],[-113.58888,29.06161],[-113.42405,28.82617],[-113.27197,28.75478],[-113.14004,28.41129],[-112.9623,28.42519],[-112.76159,27.78022],[-112.45791,27.52581],[-112.24495,27.17173],[-111.61649,26.66282],[-111.28467,25.73259],[-110.98782,25.29461],[-110.71001,24.826],[-110.65505,24.29859],[-110.17286,24.26555],[-109.77185,23.81118],[-109.4091,23.36467],[-109.43339,23.18559],[-109.85422,22.81827],[-110.03139,22.82308],[-110.29507,23.43097],[-110.9495,24.00096],[-111.67057,24.48442],[-112.18204,24.73841],[-112.14899,25.47013],[-112.30071,26.012],[-112.7773,26.32196],[-113.46467,26.76819],[-113.59673,26.63946],[-113.84894,26.90006],[-114.46575,27.14209],[-115.05514,27.72273],[-114.98225,27.7982],[-114.57037,27.74149],[-114.19933,28.115],[-114.16202,28.56611],[-114.93184,29.27948],[-115.51865,29.55636],[-115.88737,30.18079],[-116.25835,30.83646],[-116.72153,31.63574],[-117.12776,32.53534],[-115.99135,32.61239],[-114.72139,32.72083],[-114.815,32.52528],[-113.30498,32.03914],[-111.02361,31.33472],[-109.035,31.34194],[-108.24194,31.34222],[-108.24,31.75485],[-106.50759,31.75452],[-106.1429,31.39995],[-105.63159,31.08383],[-105.03737,30.64402],[-104.70575,30.12173],[-104.45697,29.57196],[-103.94,29.27],[-103.11,28.97],[-102.48,29.76],[-101.6624,29.7793],[-100.9576,29.38071],[-100.45584,28.69612],[-100.11,28.11],[-99.52,27.54],[-99.3,26.84],[-99.02,26.37],[-98.24,26.06],[-97.53,25.84],[-97.14001,25.87]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Mexico\"}}]}","volume":"5","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Sidney","contributorId":220134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Sidney","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70188277,"text":"70188277 - 1986 - Rb-Sr, K-Ar, and stable isotope evidence for the ages and sources of fluid components of gold-bearing quartz veins in the northern Sierra Nevada foothills metamorphic belt, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-05T11:16:52","indexId":"70188277","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rb-Sr, K-Ar, and stable isotope evidence for the ages and sources of fluid components of gold-bearing quartz veins in the northern Sierra Nevada foothills metamorphic belt, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Gold-bearing quartz veins occur in and near major fault zones in deformed oceanic and island-arc rocks west of the main outcrop of the Sierra Nevada composite batholith. Veins typically occupy minor reverse faults that crosscut blueschist to amphibolite-grade metamorphic rocks whose metamorphic ages range from early Paleozoic to Jurassic. Vein micas and carbonate-quartz-mica assemblages that formed by hydrothermal metasomatism of ultramafic wall rocks in the Alleghany, Grass Valley, Washington, and Mother Lode districts yield concordant K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages. The dated veins are significantly younger than prograde metamorphism, penetrative deformation, and accretion of their host rocks to the continental margin. New and previously published mineralization ages from 13 localities in the Sierra foothills range from about 140 to 110 m.y. ago, with mean and median between 120 and 115 m.y. The age relations suggest that mineralizing fluids were set in motion by deep magmatic activity related to the resumption of east-dipping subduction along the western margin of North America following the Late Jurassic Nevadan collision event.CO </span><sub>2</sub><span> -bearing fluids responsible for metasomatism and much of the vein mica, carbonate, albite, and quartz deposition in several northern mines were isotopically heavy (delta </span><sup>18</sup><span> O [asymp] 8-14ppm; delta D between about -10 and -50ppm) and do not resemble seawater, magmatic, or meteoric waters. Metasomatic and vein-filling mica, dolomite, magnesite, and quartz in altered ultramafic rocks generally formed from fluids with similar Sr and O isotope ratios at a given locality. Consistent quartz-mica delta </span><sup>18</sup><span> O fractionations (delta </span><sup>18</sup><span> O (sub Q-M) = 4.5-4.9ppm) from various localities imply uniform equilibration temperatures, probably between 300 degrees and 350 degrees C. On a local (mine) scale, fluids responsible for both carbonate alteration of mafic and ultramafic wall rocks and albitic alteration of felsic and pelitic rocks had similar Sr isotope ratios.Samples from three veins in the central Alleghany district fit a 115.7 + or - 3-m.y. Rb-Sr isochron with a ( </span><sup>87</sup><span> Sr/ </span><sup>86</sup><span> Sr) </span><sub>i</sub><span> value of approximately 0.7119. Inferred </span><sup>87</sup><span> Sr/ </span><sup>86</sup><span> Sr ratios of metasomatic fluids from mines in different parts of the foothills region vary considerably (0.704-0.718), suggesting that Sr was derived from sources ranging from \"western assemblage\" Mesozoic ophiolitic or arc volcanic rocks to early Paleozoic continent-derived clastic rocks of the Shoo Fly Complex. Systematic geographic variations in both Sr and O isotopes can be rationalized by assuming extensive fluid interaction with rocks similar to the ones that are exposed within a few kilometers of the veins, but the ultimate sources of the fluids, and of Au and other constituents, may be independent of these. Isotopically lighter (meteoric?) fluids deposited some late quartz overgrowths and occupied secondary fluid inclusions in earlier vein quartz.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.81.2.296","usgsCitation":"Bohlke, J., and Kistler, R.W., 1986, Rb-Sr, K-Ar, and stable isotope evidence for the ages and sources of fluid components of gold-bearing quartz veins in the northern Sierra Nevada foothills metamorphic belt, California: Economic Geology, v. 81, p. 296-322, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.81.2.296.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"296","endPage":"322","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342087,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59366db0e4b0f6c2d0d7d66c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kistler, R. W.","contributorId":115397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kistler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70014668,"text":"70014668 - 1986 - Aluminum enrichment in silicate melts by fractional crystallization: some mineralogic and petrographic constraints.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-04T21:17:54.314077","indexId":"70014668","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aluminum enrichment in silicate melts by fractional crystallization: some mineralogic and petrographic constraints.","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">The degree of aluminum saturation of an igneous rock may be described by its Aluminum Saturation Index (ASI) defined as the molar ratio Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(CaO + K<sub>2</sub>O + Na<sub>2</sub>O). One suggested origin for mildly peraluminous granites (ASI between 1 and about 1.1) is by fractional crystallization of subaluminous (ASI &lt; 1) magmas; hornblende, having ASI &lt; 0.5, could be a major driving force in such a fractionation process. The efficacy of the process depends not only on precipitation of hornblende and its effective removal from the reacting system, but on the composition and nature of other coprecipitating phases, weighted by their modal abundances in the reactive system. Precipitation of feldspar (ASI = 1), for instance, would retard or even prevent aluminum enrichment in the melt if the ASI of melt is &lt; 1, but would enhance such evolution if the ASI of the melt is &gt; 1. Discussion of the efficacy of any mineral must be made in the context of the total reacting system.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">For hornblende to effectively cause a melt to evolve into a peraluminous composition, it must be able to coexist with peraluminous magmas. Experimental phase equilibrium data show that at pressure &gt; 5 kb hornblende can coexist with strongly peraluminous melts (ASI ˜ 1.5). Scantily phyric volcanic rocks show that hornblende can coexist with granitic magma having ASI ˜ 1.1 –1.2. The aggregate ASI of last-stage minerals of a typical granite is less than this value; therefore, even after hornblende has reacted out, the residual magma may be expected to continue to evolve toward more aluminous compositions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/27.5.1095","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Zen, E., 1986, Aluminum enrichment in silicate melts by fractional crystallization: some mineralogic and petrographic constraints.: Journal of Petrology, v. 27, no. 5, p. 1095-1117, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/27.5.1095.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1095","endPage":"1117","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225910,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e99ae4b0c8380cd48386","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zen, E.","contributorId":101381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zen","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1013595,"text":"1013595 - 1986 - Urea cycle activity and arginine formation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-10T16:23:31.042432","indexId":"1013595","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2403,"text":"Journal of Nutrition","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Urea cycle activity and arginine formation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)","docAbstract":"<p><span>Studies were conducted to determine whether rainbow trout fingerlings possess the ability to synthesize arginine via the urea cycle. Several urea cycle enzymes were detected in trout tissues. An experiment was conducted to determine whether the enzymes increase in response to starvation or in response to dietary protein level (0, 30, 40, 50% protein). Although some effects were observed, they did not appear to be consistent with the function of the urea cycle as a mechanism of detoxifying ammonia in the fish. The activities of kidney arginase and liver and muscle carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) were higher (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.05) when protein was omitted from the diet (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.05) than when it was present but were unaffected by protein level otherwise. The activities of liver arginase and kidney and muscle CPS and ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) were higher (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.05) in starved fish than in fish that received adequate levels of protein. Liver CPS and OTC were lower in starved fish than in fish fed 30% protein. L-[l-</span><sup>14</sup><span>C]ornithine hydrochloride and L-[</span><i>carbamoyl</i><span>-</span><sup>14</sup><span>C]citrulline, injected intraperitoneally, were incorporated into tissue arginine, a finding consistent with arginine biosynthesis via the urea cycle. When one-half of dietary arginine was replaced by equimolar amounts of glutamic acid, ornithine or citrulline, glutamic acid markedly reduced growth (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.05), whereas growth was depressed only slightly by ornithine (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.05) and not depressed by citrulline (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&gt; 0.05). We conclude that trout have a urea cyle that provides for potential arginine biosynthesis.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1093/jn/116.9.1640","usgsCitation":"Chiu, Y.N., Austic, R.E., and Rumsey, G.L., 1986, Urea cycle activity and arginine formation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): Journal of Nutrition, v. 116, no. 9, p. 1640-1650, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/116.9.1640.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1640","endPage":"1650","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129811,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605223","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiu, Y. N.","contributorId":84306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chiu","given":"Y.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Austic, R. E.","contributorId":42558,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Austic","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rumsey, G. L.","contributorId":80604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumsey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70168678,"text":"70168678 - 1986 - The Pacific tsunami warning system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-23T16:43:09","indexId":"70168678","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Pacific tsunami warning system","docAbstract":"<p>Of all natural disasters, tsunamis are among the most terrifying and complex phenomena, responsible for great loss of lives and vast destruction of property. Enormous destruction of coastal communities has taken place throughout the world by such great waves since the beginning of recorded history.</p>\n<p>The impact of tsunamis on human societies can be traced back in written history to 480 BC, when the Minoan civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean was wiped out by great tsunami waves generated by the volcanic explosion of the island of Santorin. In the Pacific Ocean where the majority of these waves have been generated, the historical record, although brief, shows tremendous destruction. In Japan which has one of the most populated coastal regions in the world and a long history of earthquake activity, tsunamis have destroyed entire coastal communities. There is also history of tsunami destruction in Alaska, in Hawaiian Islands, and in South America.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Pararas-Carayannis, G., 1986, The Pacific tsunami warning system: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 18, no. 3, p. 122-130.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"122","endPage":"130","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318352,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56cd90ebe4b0b1892d9e8321","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pararas-Carayannis, G.","contributorId":167160,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pararas-Carayannis","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70168933,"text":"70168933 - 1986 - Halley’s comet; a benevolent visitor to Earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-08T15:27:57","indexId":"70168933","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Halley’s comet; a benevolent visitor to Earth","docAbstract":"<p>In late 1985 and early 1986 a comet was visible to the Earth that has been observed for over 2000 years. One of the most famous of celestial visitors, Comet Halley appeared last in 1910 and will not be seen again until the year 2061. the comet has been the focus of intense studies during the International Halley Watch. A fleet of Soviet, Japanese and European spacecraft was launched specifically for a direct encounter with the comet in March of this year; numerous ground-based astronomical observations are being made, while other investigations are being made from Earth-, Venus- and interplanetary-orbits. In short, Comet Halley will have been one of the most significant scientific occasions of the decade.</p>\n<p>In 1705 Edmund Halley, Professor of Geometry at Oxford University, collected and organized a mass of information on comets observed in 1531, 1607, and 1682, a task for which he had an uncommon genius. He was able to show that the comets had very similar orbits, and correctly drew the conclusion that they were the same object and more importantly that comets could therefore be periodic. He predicted that this comet would again be visible from the Earth in 1759. Since then it has been known as Halley's comet and it has played a significant role in the development of astronomy.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Spall, H., 1986, Halley’s comet; a benevolent visitor to Earth: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 18, no. 2, p. 98-102.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"98","endPage":"102","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318691,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e005d3e4b015c306fd0f36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spall, H.","contributorId":99290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70168935,"text":"70168935 - 1986 - New theories about ancient extinctions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-08T15:47:07","indexId":"70168935","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New theories about ancient extinctions","docAbstract":"<p>The abrupt disappearance of all the dinosaurs about 65 million years ago, along with perhaps half the plant species and other animals, has been one of the great geological mysteries. Clues to the cause of these extinctions have been scarce and open to many interpretations.</p>\n<p>But all this may be changing. Mass extinctions have been very much in the news in the last few years, triggered in large part by the proposal that the extinction of the dinosaurs and marine animals was caused by a catastrophic collision between the Earth and an extra-terrestrial body (bolide). Recently an equally contentious suggestion has been made that mass extinctions have swept the Earth every 26 to 31 million years for at least the last 250 million years-caused by encounters with some kind of extra-terrestrial object such as one of the asteroids or the comets.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Spall, H., 1986, New theories about ancient extinctions: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 18, no. 2, p. 90-92.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"90","endPage":"92","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318693,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e005e7e4b015c306fd0f71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spall, H.","contributorId":99290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70014532,"text":"70014532 - 1986 - Cyclic terpenoids of contemporary resinous plant detritus and of fossil woods, ambers and coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-17T15:52:05.692932","indexId":"70014532","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cyclic terpenoids of contemporary resinous plant detritus and of fossil woods, ambers and coals","docAbstract":"<p><span>Cyclic terpenoids present in the solvent extractable material of fossil woods, ambers and brown coals have been analyzed. The sample series chosen consisted of wood remains preserved in Holocene to Jurassic sediments and a set of of ambers from the Philippines (copalite), Israel, Canada and Dominican Republic. The brown coals selected were from the Fortuna Garsdorf Mine and Miocene formations on Fiji.</span></p><p><span>The fossil wood extracts contained dominant diterpenoid or sesquiterpenoid skeletons, and aromatized species were present at high concentrations, with a major amount of two-ring aromatic compounds. Tricyclic diterpenoids were the predominant compounds in the ambers. Aromatized derivatives were the major components, consisting of one or two aromatic ring species with the abietane and occasionally pimarane skeletons. The saturated structures were comprised primarily of the abietane and pimarane skeletons having from three to five carbon (C<sub>1</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>, etc.) substituents. Kaurane and phyllocladane isomers were present in only minor amounts. Bicyclic sesquiterpenoids as saturated and partial or fully aromatized forms were also common in these samples, but only traces of sesterterpenoids and triterpenoid derivatives were found.</span></p><p><span>The brown coal extracts were composed of major amounts of one- and two-ring aromatized terpenoids, with a greater proportion of triterpenoid derivatives than in the case of the woods and ambers. This was especially noticeable for the German coal, where the triterpenoids were predominant. Open C-ring aromatized structures were also present in this coal. Steroid compounds were not detectable, but some hopanes were found as minor components in the German brown coal.</span></p><p><span>An overview of the skeletal structure classes identified in each sample, as well as the general mass spectrometric characteristics of the unknown compounds are included in the present paper. It can be concluded from these structural distributions that aromatization is the main process for the transformation of terrestrial cyclic terpenoids during diagenesis, constituting a general pathway for all terpenoids.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(86)80025-0","usgsCitation":"Simoneit, B.R., Grimalt, J., Wang, T., Cox, R., Hatcher, P.G., and Nissenbaum, A., 1986, Cyclic terpenoids of contemporary resinous plant detritus and of fossil woods, ambers and coals: Organic Geochemistry, v. 10, no. 4-6, p. 877-889, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(86)80025-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"877","endPage":"889","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225899,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd25e4b0c8380cd4e66c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simoneit, Bernd R. T.","contributorId":51021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simoneit","given":"Bernd","email":"","middleInitial":"R. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grimalt, J.O.","contributorId":51920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimalt","given":"J.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, T.-G.","contributorId":56387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"T.-G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, R.E.","contributorId":87703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nissenbaum, A.","contributorId":103008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nissenbaum","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70014537,"text":"70014537 - 1986 - Nd-Sr-Pb isotope constraints on the sources of west Maui volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-01T18:33:28.873787","indexId":"70014537","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nd-Sr-Pb isotope constraints on the sources of west Maui volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The origin of the Emperor-Hawaiian volcanic chain is attributed to the northwesterly movement of the Pacific plate over a stationary mantle plume (hotspot)1. There has been considerable controversy as to the nature and number of sources of Hawaiian hotspot volcanism. Thus far, most geochemical models have been based on rock suites that are not representative of fully developed volcanoes. Nd and Sr isotope ratios and trace element concentrations of volcanics from Haleakala (Maui), where all three volcanic stages are developed, have been interpreted as reflecting a mixing process of two isotopically distinct sources2,3. In an attempt to test our earlier multiple-source model4, we have analysed Pb, Sr and Nd isotope ratios in volcanics from West Maui, the only other volcano with a complete volcanic record. Our results, presented here, indicate at least three isotopically distinct sources, one of which is heterogeneous with respect to Pb. Furthermore, the inferred depleted source for post-erosional volcanics has a Pb and Sr isotope composition intermediate between those of depleted and enriched mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB, N-type and P-type), suggesting that this source is also heterogeneous. ?? 1986 Nature Publishing Group.","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/319478a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Hegner, E., Unruh, D., and Tatsumoto, M., 1986, Nd-Sr-Pb isotope constraints on the sources of west Maui volcano, Hawaii: Nature, v. 319, no. 6053, p. 478-480, https://doi.org/10.1038/319478a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"478","endPage":"480","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Haleakala volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.280517578125,\n              20.675190117067377\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.21253967285156,\n              20.675190117067377\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.21253967285156,\n              20.72978628596697\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.280517578125,\n              20.72978628596697\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.280517578125,\n              20.675190117067377\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"319","issue":"6053","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63c5e4b0c8380cd726a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hegner, E.","contributorId":32304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hegner","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Unruh, D.","contributorId":89291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70015523,"text":"70015523 - 1986 - Radarclinometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015523","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1429,"text":"Earth, Moon and Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radarclinometry","docAbstract":"A mathematical theory and a corresponding algorithm have been developed to derive topographic maps from radar images as photometric arrays. Thus, as radargrammetry is to photogrammetry, so radarclinometry is to photoclinometry. Photoclinometry is endowed with a fundamental indeterminacy principle even for terrain homogeneous in normal albedo. This arises from the fact that the geometric locus of orientations of the local surface normal that is consistent with a given reflected specific-intensity of radiation is more complicated than a fixed line in space. For a radar image, the locus is a cone whose half-angle is the incidence angle and whose axis contains the radar. The indeterminacy is removed throughout a region if one possesses a control profile as a boundary-condition. In the absence of such ground-truth, a point-boundary-condition will suffice only in conjunction with a heuristic assumption, such as that the strike-line runs perpendicularly to the line-of-sight. In the present study I have implemented a more reasonable assumption which I call 'the hypothesis of local cylindricity'. Firstly, a general theory is derived, based solely on the implicit mathematical determinacy. This theory would be directly indicative of procedure if images were completely devoid of systematic error and noise. The theory produces topography by an area integration of radar brightness, starting from a control profile, without need of additional idealistic assumptions. But we have also theorized separately a method of forming this control profile, which method does require an additional assumption about the terrain. That assumption is that the curvature properties of the terrain are locally those of a cylinder of inferable orientation, within a second-order mathematical neighborhood of every point of the terrain. While local strike-and-dip completely determine the radar brightness itself, the terrain curvature determines the brightness-gradient in the radar image. Therefore, the control profile is formed as a line integration of brightness and its local gradient starting from a single point of the terrain where the local orientation of the strike-line is estimated by eye. Secondly, and independently, the calibration curve for pixel brightness versus incidence-angle is produced. I assume that an applicable curve can be found from the literature or elsewhere so that our problem is condensed to that of properly scaling the brightness-axis of the calibration curve. A first estimate is found by equating the average image brightness to the point on the brightness axis corresponding to the complement of the effective radar depression-angle, an angle assumed given. A statistical analysis is then used to correct, on the one hand, for the fact that the average brightness is not the brightness that corresponds to the average incidence angle, as a result of the non-linearity of the calibration curve; and on the other hand, we correct for the fact that the average incidence angle is not the same for a rough surface as it is for a flat surface (and therefore not the complement of the depression angle). Lastly, the practical modifications that were interactively evolved to produce an operational algorithm for treating real data are developed. They are by no means considered optimized at present. Such a possibility is thus far precluded by excessive computer-time. Most noteworthy in this respect is the abandonment of area integration away from a control profile. Instead, the topography is produced as a set of independent line integrations down each of the parallel range lines of the image, using the theory for control-profile formation. An adaptive technique, which now appears excessive, was also employed so that SEASAT images of sand dunes could be processed. In this, the radiometric calibration was iterated to force the endpoints of each profile to zero elevation. A secondary algorithm then employed line-averages of appropriate quantities to adjust the mean t","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth, Moon and Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00055161","issn":"01679295","usgsCitation":"Wildey, R., 1986, Radarclinometry: Earth, Moon and Planets, v. 36, no. 3, p. 217-247, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055161.","startPage":"217","endPage":"247","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205398,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00055161"},{"id":223668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a938be4b0c8380cd80eb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wildey, R.L.","contributorId":9700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildey","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015677,"text":"70015677 - 1986 - Deformation of poorly consolidated sediment during shallow emplacement of a basalt sill, Coso Range, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T15:41:24","indexId":"70015677","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation of poorly consolidated sediment during shallow emplacement of a basalt sill, Coso Range, California","docAbstract":"<p>A 150-m-long, wedge-shaped unit of folded and faulted marly siltstone crops out between undeformed sedimentary rocks on the north flank of the Coso Range, California. The several-meter-thick blunt end of this wedge abuts the north margin of a basaltic sill of comparable thickness. Chaotically deformed siltstone crops out locally at the margin of this sill, and at one locality breccia pipes about one meter in diameter crosscut the sill. The sill extends about 1 km south up the paleoslope, where it merges through continuous outcrop with a lava flow that in turn extends 1.4 km to a vent area marked by more than 100 m of agglutinate and scoria. Apparently, lava extruded at this vent flowed onto unconsolidated sediments, burrowed into them, and fed a sill at about 40 m depth within the sedimentary sequence. The sill initially propagated by wedging between sedimentary beds, but eventually began to push some beds ahead of itself, forming a remarkable train of folds in the process. The sediments apparently were wet at the time of sill emplacement, because hydrothermal alteration is common near the contact between the two rock types and because the breccia pipes that crosscut the sill apparently resulted from phreatic explosions of pore water heated at the base of the cooling sill. Comparison of deformation of the host material at the Coso locality with that reportedly caused by emplacement of sills elsewhere indicates that the character of deformation differs greatly among the various localities. The specific response of host material depends upon such parameters as initial properties of magma and host material, rate of sill growth and attendant rate of strain of host material, and depth of sill emplacement. Some properties may change considerably during an intrusive-deformational episode, thus complicating accurate reconstruction of such an event.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01046545","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., Bacon, C., and Delaney, P., 1986, Deformation of poorly consolidated sediment during shallow emplacement of a basalt sill, Coso Range, California: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 48, no. 2-3, p. 97-107, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01046545.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"107","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205408,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046545"}],"volume":"48","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe49e4b0c8380cd4ec43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Delaney, P.T.","contributorId":69980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delaney","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70015698,"text":"70015698 - 1986 - Improved method for correlating late Pleistocene/Holocene records from the Bering Sea: Application of a biosiliceous/geochemical stratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-25T15:36:53.668883","indexId":"70015698","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1369,"text":"Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved method for correlating late Pleistocene/Holocene records from the Bering Sea: Application of a biosiliceous/geochemical stratigraphy","docAbstract":"<p>The combination of high-resolution siliceous biostratigraphy and radiocarbon dating provides a mechanism for detailed assessment of the depositional history in late Pleistocene sediments from the Bering Sea where average accumulation rates are uncharacteristically high compared to rates calculated for most other ocean basins. Vital to the development of this stratigraphy was the recognition that the abundance pattern of the radiolarian species<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Cycladophora davisiana</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in Bering Sea cores is quite similar to this species' previously correlated abundance curve in a late Pleistocene/Holocene record from the northwest Pacific.</p><p>Comparison of this high-resolution stratigraphy with other recently developed floral and lithologic stratigraphies for late Pleistocene Bering Sea sediments shows that the various stratigraphies do not always yield identical results when applied to a particular sediment sequence. With this new stratigraphy based upon a combination of siliceous microfaunal abundance patterns and radiocarbon dating, one can identify reworking, discontinuities and other interruptions in the depositional sequence more precisely than with previously devised stratigraphies, thereby improving the correlation techniques for comparison of late Pleistocene/Holocene records from this marginal sea.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0198-0149(86)90020-8","usgsCitation":"Morley, J., and Robinson, S., 1986, Improved method for correlating late Pleistocene/Holocene records from the Bering Sea: Application of a biosiliceous/geochemical stratigraphy: Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 33, no. 9, p. 1203-1211, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(86)90020-8.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1203","endPage":"1211","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224219,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              179.89471800680292,\n              61.00803239171765\n            ],\n            [\n              167.53646605889793,\n              60.04109057086902\n            ],\n            [\n              164.86589962533395,\n              55.877336989592635\n            ],\n            [\n              150,\n              45\n            ],\n            [\n              175.71426956951274,\n              46.111089686937845\n            ],\n            [\n              179.28366382390857,\n              53.31108887748721\n            ],\n            [\n              179.89471800680292,\n              61.00803239171765\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -179.9,\n              64.23665065262034\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.9,\n              53\n            ],\n            [\n              -160,\n              53\n            ],\n            [\n              -160,\n              64.23665065262034\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.9,\n              64.23665065262034\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a395ae4b0c8380cd618bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morley, J. J.","contributorId":14956,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morley","given":"J. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Stephen","contributorId":220277,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015726,"text":"70015726 - 1986 - Estimating monthly streamflow values by cokriging","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015726","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating monthly streamflow values by cokriging","docAbstract":"Cokriging is applied to estimation of missing monthly streamflow values in three records from gaging stations in west central Virginia. Missing values are estimated from optimal consideration of the pattern of auto- and cross-correlation among standardized residual log-flow records. Investigation of the sensitivity of estimation to data configuration showed that when observations are available within two months of a missing value, estimation is improved by accounting for correlation. Concurrent and lag-one observations tend to screen the influence of other available observations. Three models of covariance structure in residual log-flow records are compared using cross-validation. Models differ in how much monthly variation they allow in covariance. Precision of estimation, reflected in mean squared error (MSE), proved to be insensitive to this choice. Cross-validation is suggested as a tool for choosing an inverse transformation when an initial nonlinear transformation is applied to flow values. ?? 1986 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00899744","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Solow, A., and Gorelick, S., 1986, Estimating monthly streamflow values by cokriging: Mathematical Geology, v. 18, no. 8, p. 785-809, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00899744.","startPage":"785","endPage":"809","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205416,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00899744"},{"id":223785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b2ee4b0c8380cd525ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solow, A.R.","contributorId":9404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solow","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorelick, S.M.","contributorId":21589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70180942,"text":"70180942 - 1986 - What won't Turnstones eat?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:34:59","indexId":"70180942","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1079,"text":"British Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"What won't Turnstones eat?","docAbstract":"<p>The Turnstone <i>Arenaria interpres</i> probably has one of the most varied diets of any wader species. Besides the 'normal' foods taken (see, e.g., Prater 1972, Nettleship 1973, Jones 1975), a considerable variety of 'unusual' foods and feeding behaviours has also been reported. Items taken include soap, gull excrement, dog food, potato peels, cheese, oatmeal, and the flesh of dead animals, including birds, a sheep Ovis, a wolf Lupus, a cat Felis, and a human corpse (Bell 1961; Campbell 1966; King 1961, 1964, 1982; King 1982; MacDonald &amp; Parmelee 1962; Mercer 1966; Selway &amp; Kendall 1965; Spencer 1966).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The British Birds Charitable Trust","usgsCitation":"Gill, R., 1986, What won't Turnstones eat?: British Birds, v. 79, p. 402-403.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"402","endPage":"403","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335078,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://britishbirds.co.uk/article/notes-921/"}],"volume":"79","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c50e4b0efcedb741126","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015587,"text":"70015587 - 1986 - Effect of sediment depth and sediment type on the survival of Vallisneria americana Michx grown from tubers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-03T17:39:31.343661","indexId":"70015587","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":861,"text":"Aquatic Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Effect of sediment depth and sediment type on the survival of <i>Vallisneria americana</i> Michx grown from tubers","title":"Effect of sediment depth and sediment type on the survival of Vallisneria americana Michx grown from tubers","docAbstract":"<p>Sedimentation resulting from storms may have been one of the reasons for the elimination of submersed aquatic vegetation from the tidal Potomac River in the late 1930's. Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the effects of different depths of overlying sediment and composition of sediment on the survival of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Vallisneria americana</i><span>&nbsp;</span>Michx (wildcelery) grown from tubers. Survival of plants grown from tubers decreased significantly with increasing sediment depth. Survival of tubers declined from 90% or more when buried in 10 cm to no survival in greater than 25 cm of sediment. Survival with depth in sand was significantly lower than in silty clay.</p><p>Field investigation determined that the majority of tubers in<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Vallisneria</i><span>&nbsp;</span>beds are distributed between 10 and 20 cm in depth in silty clay and between 5 and 15 cm in depth in sand. Based on the field distribution of tubers and on the percent survival of plants growing from tubers at each depth in the laboratory experiment, we suggest that the deposition of 10 cm or more of sediment by severe storms such as occurred in the 1930s could contribute to the loss of vegetation in the tidal Potomac River.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-3770(86)90059-8","usgsCitation":"Rybicki, N.B., and Carter, V., 1986, Effect of sediment depth and sediment type on the survival of Vallisneria americana Michx grown from tubers: Aquatic Botany, v. 24, no. 3, p. 233-240, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(86)90059-8.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223995,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0606e4b0c8380cd510a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rybicki, Nancy B. 0000-0002-2205-7927 nrybicki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2205-7927","contributorId":2142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rybicki","given":"Nancy","email":"nrybicki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, Virginia","contributorId":12018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Virginia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015568,"text":"70015568 - 1986 - Stick slip, charge separation and decay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015568","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stick slip, charge separation and decay","docAbstract":"Measurements of charge separation in rock during stable and unstable deformation give unexpectedly large decay times of 50 sec. Time-domain induced polarization experiments on wet and dry rocks give similar decay times and suggest that the same decay mechanisms operate in the induced polarization response as in the relaxation of charge generated by mechanical deformation. These large decay times are attributed to electrochemical processes in the rocks, and they require low-frequency relative permittivity to be very large, in excess of 105. One consequence of large permittivity, and therefore long decay times, is that a significant portion of any electrical charge generated during an earthquake can persist for tens or hundreds of seconds. As a result, electrical disturbances associated with earthquakes should be observable for these lengths of time rather than for the milliseconds previously suggested. ?? 1986 Birka??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00877218","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Lockner, D., Byerlee, J., Kuksenko, V., and Ponomarev, A., 1986, Stick slip, charge separation and decay: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 124, no. 3, p. 601-608, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00877218.","startPage":"601","endPage":"608","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205392,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877218"},{"id":223611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"124","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b983de4b08c986b31bf0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuksenko, V.S.","contributorId":21694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuksenko","given":"V.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ponomarev, A.V.","contributorId":45465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponomarev","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70015191,"text":"70015191 - 1986 - Genesis of the Spar Lake strata-bound copper-silver deposit, Montana: Part I. Controls inherited from sedimentation and preore diagenesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T16:57:01.735791","indexId":"70015191","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genesis of the Spar Lake strata-bound copper-silver deposit, Montana: Part I. Controls inherited from sedimentation and preore diagenesis","docAbstract":"<p><span>Mineable zones of the Spar Lake deposit occur where argentiferous copper sulfides and native silver formed cements and replaced certain earlier cements and clasts in the gently dipping middle quartzite beds of the upper member of the Revett Formation, middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup. The copper sulfides and native silver are part of a large, zoned system of authigenic ore and gangue minerals at Spar Lake. Mineral zone boundaries of ore and gangue phases cross all five stratigraphic units of the upper member.Deduced depositional environments for the host sedimentary rocks include beach and near-shore slope environments for the lower quartzite beds and subtidal(?) channels for the middle quartzite beds. The deposit must be epigenetic because mineral zone boundaries cross every facies in the sequence of beach and nearshore slope sediments.Mineral zonation has been mapped, and seven major associations, each named for its most abundant sulfide and/or most characteristic gangue cement, are recognized. Zones that appear to be developed on a regional scale include, in spatial order, pyrite-calcite, chalcopyrite-ankerite, and the lavender (hematitic) zone. Minor concentrations of base and precious metals occur along boundaries between the hematite and chalcopyrite-ankerite zones, and between the chalcopyrite-ankerite and pyrite-calcite zones; however, at the major concentrations of metals in the Revett Formation, including the Spar Lake deposit, additional mineral zones are developed between the chalcopyrite-ankerite and pyrite-calcite regional zones. Mineral zones at the deposit are, from northwest to southeast: pyrite-calcite, galena-calcite, chalcopyrite-calcite, bornite-calcite, chalcocite-chlorite, and chalcopyrite-ankerite. Gangue minerals, including carbonates, Fe-Ti oxides, chlorite, barite, authigenic feldspars, and apatite, are zonally distributed with boundaries parallel to the sulfide-mineral zone boundaries. Bornite-calcite and chalcocite-chlorite zones form ore grades in certain, but not all, quartzite intervals.As observed at unmetamorphosed deposits where sulfide-mineral zonation is similar, some pyrite-calcite-zone minerals were probably replaced by galena-calcite-zone minerals, which were probably succeeded, in sequence, by minerals of the chalcopyrite-calcite, bornite-calcite, and chalcocite-chlorite zones. This inferred paragenesis suggests that the chalcocite-chlorite zone is more proximal to the source of ore solutions than the galena-calcite or pyrite-calcite zones. The subeconomic chalcopyrite-ankerite zone, found farthest to the southeast at the Spar Lake deposit, was apparently even more proximal to the source than ore. Ore deposition took place during diagenesis from solutions that migrated upward and laterally through the sediments from a southeasterly source.The distributions of mineral zones and ore grades were controlled by two factors, one inherited from sedimentation and the other from preore diagenesis. All mineral zones spread out within coarser grained portions of quartzite units, suggesting that lateral migration of ore solutions was controlled by primary permeability of the sediments. However, high grades of copper and silver are found only in certain of the coarser grained beds. The distributions of higher grades suggest that ore mineral abundances reflect the abundances of preore diagenetic phases which were involved in the ore precipitation reactions. Preore reactant phases were evidently more abundant in sandstones deposited in subtidal(?) channels (the ore-grade middle quartzite beds) than in sandstones deposited in beach and nearshore slope environments (the lower quartzite beds). The identity of the reactant phases and the processes that resulted in their concentration at the site of later ore deposition remain unknown, although a preore sulfide- and hydrocarbon-bearing pore fluid appears to be the best hypothesis as to the identity of the reactants.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.81.8.1899","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Hayes, T.S., and Einaudi, M., 1986, Genesis of the Spar Lake strata-bound copper-silver deposit, Montana: Part I. Controls inherited from sedimentation and preore diagenesis: Economic Geology, v. 81, no. 8, p. 1899-1931, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.81.8.1899.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"1899","endPage":"1931","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224355,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a155ce4b0c8380cd54d97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, T. S.","contributorId":14001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Einaudi, M.T.","contributorId":27201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einaudi","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015094,"text":"70015094 - 1986 - Simulation of fluid flow and energy transport processes associated with high-level radioactive waste disposal in unsaturated alluvium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T11:30:11","indexId":"70015094","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of fluid flow and energy transport processes associated with high-level radioactive waste disposal in unsaturated alluvium","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many parts of the Great Basin have thick zones of unsaturated alluvium which might be suitable for disposing of high-level radioactive wastes. A mathematical model accounting for the coupled transport of energy, water (vapor and liquid), and dry air was used to analyze one-dimensional, vertical transport above and below an areally extensive repository. Numerical simulations were conducted for a hypothetical repository containing spent nuclear fuel and located 100 m below land surface. Initial steady state downward water fluxes of zero (hydrostatic) and 0.0003 m yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>were considered in an attempt to bracket the likely range in natural water flux. Predicted temperatures within the repository peaked after approximately 50 years and declined slowly thereafter in response to the decreasing intensity of the radioactive heat source. The alluvium near the repository experienced a cycle of drying and rewetting in both cases. The extent of the dry zone was strongly controlled by the mobility of liquid water near the repository under natural conditions. In the case of initial hydrostatic conditions, the dry zone extended approximately 10 m above and 15 m below the repository. For the case of a natural flux of 0.0003 m yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>the relative permeability of water near the repository was initially more than 30 times the value under hydrostatic conditions, consequently the dry zone extended only about 2 m above and 5 m below the repository. In both cases a significant perturbation in liquid saturation levels persisted for several hundred years. This analysis illustrates the extreme sensitivity of model predictions to initial conditions and parameters, such as relative permeability and moisture characteristic curves, that are often poorly known.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i005p00765","usgsCitation":"Pollock, D.W., 1986, Simulation of fluid flow and energy transport processes associated with high-level radioactive waste disposal in unsaturated alluvium: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 5, p. 765-775, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i005p00765.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"765","endPage":"775","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf58e4b0c8380cd8753a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollock, David W. dwpolloc@usgs.gov","contributorId":4248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollock","given":"David","email":"dwpolloc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}