An urban land-use study of the shallow water-bearing zones of the Woodbine aquifer outcrop area began in 1993 as a part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program for the Trinity River Basin. Thirty-eight wells located within predominantly commercial or residential settings were selected for this study. Water samples were collected from each well and analyzed for 186 waterquality constituents. A brief description of the study area and the Woodbine aquifer, a description of the installation and design of the wells used, and the water-quality data obtained from this study are included in this report. The well description includes the locations of the 38 wells used in the study, the well design of the 28 U.S. Geological Survey-installed wells, and the lithological logs. Laboratory analyses of water samples include major inorganic constituents, nutrients, trace elements, tritium, organic carbon, phenols, methyl blue active substance, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds. Field measurements (specific conductance, pH, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentration) were measured at each site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96413","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Reutter, D., 1996, National Water-Quality Assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas - Well and Water-Quality Data from the Outcrop of the Woodbine Aquifer in Urban Tarrant County, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-413, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96413.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1993-01-01","temporalEnd":"1993-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53425,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0413/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0413/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":11558,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://tx.usgs.gov/projects/trin/pubs/pdf/ofr-96-413.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b2fe4b07f02db6b4076","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reutter, David C. dreutter@usgs.gov","contributorId":5441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reutter","given":"David C.","email":"dreutter@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24219,"text":"ofr96662 - 1996 - Gravity and magnetic anomalies in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain and their geologic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-23T19:33:39.087906","indexId":"ofr96662","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-662","title":"Gravity and magnetic anomalies in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain and their geologic implications","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96662","usgsCitation":"Ponce, D., and Oliver, H.W., 1996, Gravity and magnetic anomalies in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain and their geologic implications: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-662, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96662.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407283,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18667.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":53353,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0662/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0662/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.625,\n 36.625\n ],\n [\n -115.858,\n 36.625\n ],\n [\n -115.858,\n 37.375\n ],\n [\n -116.625,\n 37.375\n ],\n [\n -116.625,\n 36.625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db67222b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ponce, D. A. 0000-0003-4785-7354","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-7354","contributorId":104019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponce","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oliver, H. W.","contributorId":85570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30103,"text":"wri964214 - 1996 - Field screening of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in and near Walker River Indian Reservation, Nevada 1994-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-14T12:04:43","indexId":"wri964214","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4214","title":"Field screening of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in and near Walker River Indian Reservation, Nevada 1994-95","docAbstract":"A study was begun in 1994 to determine whether the quality of irrigation drainage from the Walker River Indian Reservation, Nevada, has caused or has potential to cause harmful effects on human health or on fish and wildlife, or may adversely affect the suitability of the Walker River for other beneficial uses. Samples of water, bottom sediment, and biota were collected during June-August 1994 (during a drought year) from sites upstream from and on the Walker River Indian Reservation for analyses of trace elements. Other analyses included physical characteristics, major dissolved constituents, selected species of water-soluble nitrogen and phosphorus, and selected pesticides in bottom sediment. Water samples were collected again from four sites on the Reservation in August 1995 (during a wetterthan- average year) to provide data for comparing extreme climatic conditions.
Water samples collected from the Walker River Indian Reservation in 1994 equaled or exceeded the Nevada water-quality standard or level of concern for at least one of the following: water temperature, pH, dissolved solids, unionized ammonia, phosphate, arsenic, boron, chromium, lead, and molybdenum; in 1995, only a single sample from one site exceeded a Nevada water-quality standard for molybdenum. Levels of concern for trace elements in bottom sediment collected in 1994 were equaled or exceeded for arsenic, iron, manganese, and zinc. Concentrations of organochiorine pesticide residues in bottom sediment were below analytical reporting limits. Levels of concern for trace-elements in samples of biota were equaled or exceeded for arsenic, boron, copper, and mercury. Results of toxicity testing indicate that only water samples from Walker Lake caused a toxic response in test bacteria.
Arsenic and boron concentrations in water, bottom sediment, and biological tissue exceeded levels of concern throughout the Walker River Basin, but most commonly in the lower Walker River Basin. Mercury also was elevated in several biological samples collected throughout the Basin, although concentrations in water and bottom sediment were below analytical reporting limits. Sources of arsenic, boron, and mercury in the Basin are uncertain, but ambient levels reported for a variety of sample matrices collected from western Nevada generally exceed ranges cited as natural background levels. Because these potentially toxic constituents exceeded concern levels in areas that do not directly receive irrigation drainage, concentrations measured in samples collected for this study may not necessarily be attributable to agricultural activities.
Diversion of river water for irrigation may have greater effects on beneficial uses of water and on fish and wildlife than does drainage from agricultural areas on the Reservation. In 1994, agricultural water consumption precluded dilution of ground-water seepage to the river channel. This resulted in concentrations of potentially toxic solutes that exceeded levels of concern. Diversion of irrigation water also may have facilitated leaching of potentially toxic solutes from irrigated soil on the Reservation, but during this study all water applied for irrigation on the Reservation was either consumed by evapotranspiration or infiltrated to recharge shallow ground water. No irrigation drainage was found on the Reservation during this study. However, because 1994 samples of ground-water seepage to the Walker River channel exceeded at least six Nevada waterquality standards, water-quality problems may result should ground-water levels rise enough to cause ground-water discharge to the agricultural drain on the Reservation. Nevertheless, the potential for adverse effects from irrigation drainage on the Reservation is believed to be small because surface-water rights for the Walker River Indian Reservation amount to only 2 percent of total surface- water rights in the entire Walker River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Carson City, Nevada","doi":"10.3133/wri964214","usgsCitation":"Thodal, C.E., and Tuttle, P., 1996, Field screening of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in and near Walker River Indian Reservation, Nevada 1994-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4214, iv, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964214.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p.","numberOfPages":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri964214.jpg"},{"id":330872,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4214/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.54498291015625,\n 37.99832709721297\n ],\n [\n -119.54498291015625,\n 39.18969082109678\n ],\n [\n -118.57543945312501,\n 39.18969082109678\n ],\n [\n -118.57543945312501,\n 37.99832709721297\n ],\n [\n -119.54498291015625,\n 37.99832709721297\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5255","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thodal, Carl E. 0000-0003-0782-3280 cethodal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-3280","contributorId":2292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thodal","given":"Carl","email":"cethodal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tuttle, Peter L.","contributorId":89933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"Peter L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25850,"text":"wri964136 - 1996 - Water quality of selected streams in Baldwin County, Alabama, September 1994-April 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T20:14:18.973351","indexId":"wri964136","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4136","title":"Water quality of selected streams in Baldwin County, Alabama, September 1994-April 1996","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964136","usgsCitation":"Mooty, W., Pearman, J., Moreland, R.S., and Clark, A.E., 1996, Water quality of selected streams in Baldwin County, Alabama, September 1994-April 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4136, v, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964136.","productDescription":"v, 60 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410730,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48485.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54593,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4136/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158393,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4136/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","county":"Baldwin County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88,\n 30.2292\n ],\n [\n -87.3903,\n 30.2292\n ],\n [\n -87.3903,\n 31.2872\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 31.2872\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 30.2292\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f998a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooty, W. S.","contributorId":55837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooty","given":"W. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearman, J. L.","contributorId":76353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearman","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moreland, R. S.","contributorId":79513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moreland","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, A. E.","contributorId":26726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25690,"text":"wri964145 - 1996 - Occurrence of the gasoline oxygenate MTBE and BTEX compounds in urban stormwater in the United States, 1991-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T11:07:49","indexId":"wri964145","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4145","title":"Occurrence of the gasoline oxygenate MTBE and BTEX compounds in urban stormwater in the United States, 1991-95","docAbstract":"Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline oxygenate. Oxygenates such as MTBE, when added to gasoline, increase the gasoline's oxygen level and decrease vehicular carbon monoxide emissions and ozone levels in the atmosphere. MTBE disperses rapidly in water, was the second most frequently detected volatile organic compound (VOC) in a study of shallow urban ground water, and is less biodegradable than common gasoline compounds, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylene (BTEX). Urban Stormwater is a possible source of MTBE found in shallow ground water.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) sampled stormwater in 16 cities and metropolitan areas that are required to obtain permits to discharge Stormwater from their municipal storm-sewer system into surface water. Concentrations of 62 VOCs, including MTBE and BTEX compounds, were measured in 592 Stormwater samples collected in these cities and metropolitan areas from 1991 through 1995. Concentration data for MTBE and BTEX compounds in stormwater were compiled and analyzed, and the findings are summarized in this report. This effort was part of an interagency assessment of the scientific basis and effectiveness of the Nation's oxygenated fuel program and was coordinated by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President.
MTBE was the seventh most frequently detected VOC in urban Stormwater, following toluene, total xylene, chloroform, total trimethylbenzene, tetrachloroethene, and naphthalene. MTBE was detected in 6.9 percent (41 of 592) of Stormwater samples collected. When detected, concentrations of MTBE ranged from 0.2 to 8.7 micrograms per liter (µg/L), with a median of 1.5 µg/L. All detections of MTBE were less than the lower limit of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) draft lifetime health advisory (20 µg/L) for drinking water. Eighty-three percent of all detections of MTBE in Stormwater were in samples collected during the October through March season of each year (1991-95), which corresponds with the expected seasonal use of oxygenated gasoline in areas where carbon monoxide exceeds established air-quality standards. The median concentration of MTBE and benzene for all samples was statistically different and higher in samples collected during the October through March season than samples collected during the April through September season. Sixty-six percent of all MTBE detections occurred with BTEX compounds, and a proportionate increase in concentrations was found when these compounds occurred together. The proportionate increase could indicate a common source of MTBE and BTEX for those samples. Toluene and total xylene were the most frequently detected BTEX compounds and the most frequently detected VOCs in these investigations. Detected concentrations of toluene and total xylene ranged from 0.2 to 6.6 µg/L and 0.2 to 15 µg/L with median concentrations of 0.3 and 0.4 iig/L, respectively
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964145","usgsCitation":"Delzer, G.C., Zogorski, J.S., Lopes, T.J., and Bosshart, R.L., 1996, Occurrence of the gasoline oxygenate MTBE and BTEX compounds in urban stormwater in the United States, 1991-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4145, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964145.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":54455,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4145/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4145/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db6921a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delzer, Gregory C. 0000-0002-7077-4963 gcdelzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-4963","contributorId":986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delzer","given":"Gregory","email":"gcdelzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zogorski, John S. jszogors@usgs.gov","contributorId":189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"John","email":"jszogors@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":194674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lopes, Thomas J. tjlopes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"Thomas","email":"tjlopes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":194676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bosshart, Robin L.","contributorId":212712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bosshart","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24758,"text":"ofr96256 - 1996 - Mineral resource assessment of the Custer National Forest in the Pryor Mountains, Carbon County, south-central Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-17T19:41:15.549644","indexId":"ofr96256","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-256","title":"Mineral resource assessment of the Custer National Forest in the Pryor Mountains, Carbon County, south-central Montana","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96256","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Van Gosen, B.S., Wilson, A., Hammarstrom, J.M., and Kulik, D.M., 1996, Mineral resource assessment of the Custer National Forest in the Pryor Mountains, Carbon County, south-central Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-256, iii, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96256.","productDescription":"iii, 76 p.","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391811,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22950.htm"},{"id":53784,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0256/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0256/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Carbon County","otherGeospatial":"Custer National Forest, Pryor Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.638,\n 45.09\n ],\n [\n -108.312,\n 45.09\n ],\n [\n -108.312,\n 45.217\n ],\n [\n -108.638,\n 45.217\n ],\n [\n -108.638,\n 45.09\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Gosen, B. S. 0000-0003-4214-3811","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3811","contributorId":97907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Gosen","given":"B.","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, A.B. 0000-0002-9737-2614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-2614","contributorId":63818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"A.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammarstrom, J. M.","contributorId":34513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kulik, D. M.","contributorId":46948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulik","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28528,"text":"wri964019 - 1996 - Analysis of aquifer tests to determine hydrologic and water-quality conditions in stratified-drift and riverbed sediments near a former municipal well, Milford, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:48","indexId":"wri964019","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4019","title":"Analysis of aquifer tests to determine hydrologic and water-quality conditions in stratified-drift and riverbed sediments near a former municipal well, Milford, New Hampshire","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964019","usgsCitation":"Mack, T.J., and Harte, P., 1996, Analysis of aquifer tests to determine hydrologic and water-quality conditions in stratified-drift and riverbed sediments near a former municipal well, Milford, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4019, iv, 77 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964019.","productDescription":"iv, 77 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4019/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57325,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4019/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680a28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":39814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harte, P. T. 0000-0002-7718-1204","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-1204","contributorId":36143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harte","given":"P. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27493,"text":"wri964180 - 1996 - Water-quality reconnaissance of ground water in the inhabited outer islands of Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia, 1984-85","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T14:15:13","indexId":"wri964180","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4180","title":"Water-quality reconnaissance of ground water in the inhabited outer islands of Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia, 1984-85","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance of ground-water quality in 24 inhabited outer islands in Chuuk State was made between January 1984 and October 1985. Most of the islands are part of low-lying coral atolls within the Western, Namonuito, Hall, and Mortlock Island Groups. A total of 648 wells were located and sampled for temperature and specific conductance. A few miscellaneous sites such as taro patches also were sampled. The nitrate concentration was determined for 308 water samples. To develop a relation between specific conductance and chloride concentration, the chloride concentration was determined for 63 water samples. In addition, 21 water samples were analyzed for major and trace constituent ion concentrations.
Chloride and nitrate are the primary constituents affecting the potability of ground water in the inhabited outer islands of Chuuk State. The source of chloride in ground water is seawater, whereas nitrate is derived from plant and animal waste materials. The chloride concentrations in many well waters exceed the World Health Organization guideline for drinking water, particularly in wells near the shoreline or on small islands. In addition, the nitrate concentrations in some well waters exceeded the World Health Organization guideline for drinking water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964180","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Government of Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia","usgsCitation":"Hamlin, S.N., and Takasaki, K.J., 1996, Water-quality reconnaissance of ground water in the inhabited outer islands of Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia, 1984-85: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4180, vi, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964180.","productDescription":"vi, 77 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4180/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56343,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4180/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Federated States of Micronesia","state":"Chuuk State","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 128.671875,\n -1.625758360412755\n ],\n [\n 176.748046875,\n -1.625758360412755\n ],\n [\n 176.748046875,\n 19.31114335506464\n ],\n [\n 128.671875,\n 19.31114335506464\n ],\n [\n 128.671875,\n -1.625758360412755\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4888e4b07f02db51aaf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamlin, Scott N.","contributorId":27040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamlin","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takasaki, Kiyoshi J.","contributorId":105700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takasaki","given":"Kiyoshi","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30346,"text":"wri964112 - 1996 - Analysis of the magnitude and frequency of peak discharge and maximum observed peak discharge in New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:56","indexId":"wri964112","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4112","title":"Analysis of the magnitude and frequency of peak discharge and maximum observed peak discharge in New Mexico","docAbstract":"Equations for estimating the magnitude of peak discharges for \r\nrecurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 years were \r\nupdated for New Mexico. The equations represent flood response \r\nfor eight distinct physiographic regions of New Mexico. \r\nAdditionally, a regional equation was developed for basins less \r\nthan 10 square miles and below 7,500 feet in mean basin elevation. \r\nFlood-frequency relations were updated for 201 gaging stations on \r\nunregulated streams in New Mexico and the bordering areas of \r\nadjacent States. The analysis described in this report used data \r\ncollected through 1993. A low-discharge threshold was applied to \r\nfrequency analysis of 140 gaging stations. Inclusion of these low \r\npeak flows affects the fitting of the lower tail and the upper \r\ntail of the distribution.\r\n\r\n Peak discharges can be estimated at an ungaged site on a \r\nstream that has a gaging station upstream or downstream. These \r\nestimates are derived using the drainage-area ratio and the \r\ndrainage-area exponent from the regional regression equation of \r\nthe respective region.\r\n\r\n Flood-frequency estimates for 201 gaged sites were weighted by \r\nestimates from the regional regression equation. The observed, \r\npredicted, and weighted flood-frequency data were computed for \r\neach gaging station. \r\n\r\n A maximum observed peak discharge as related to drainage \r\narea was determined for eight physiographic regions in New \r\nMexico. Peak-discharge data collected at 201 gaging stations were \r\nused to develop a maximum peak-discharge relation as an \r\nalternative method of estimating the peak discharge of an extreme \r\nevent.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964112","usgsCitation":"Waltemeyer, S., 1996, Analysis of the magnitude and frequency of peak discharge and maximum observed peak discharge in New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4112, iv, 79 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964112.","productDescription":"iv, 79 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126763,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4112/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59138,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4112/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680090","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waltemeyer, S. D.","contributorId":65857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waltemeyer","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23532,"text":"ofr96540 - 1996 - Alaska resource data file: Iditarod quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-28T15:15:59.221318","indexId":"ofr96540","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-540","title":"Alaska resource data file: Iditarod quadrangle","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96540","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Keith, W.J., and Miller, M., 1996, Alaska resource data file: Iditarod quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-540, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96540.","productDescription":"35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":52820,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0540/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":388923,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37187.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156078,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0540/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1609,"rank":3,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Iditarod quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159,\n 63\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 63\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -159,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -159,\n 63\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c725","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, W. J.","contributorId":41827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"W.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":89523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21696,"text":"ofr96393 - 1996 - Concentrations of selected herbicides, herbicide metabolites, and nutrients in outflow from selected midwestern reservoirs, April 1992 through September 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T14:18:48","indexId":"ofr96393","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-393","title":"Concentrations of selected herbicides, herbicide metabolites, and nutrients in outflow from selected midwestern reservoirs, April 1992 through September 1993","docAbstract":"This data set consists of digital aquifer boundaries for the High Plains aquifer in the central United States. The High Plains aquifer extends from south of 32 degrees to almost 45 degrees north latitude and from 96 degrees 30 minutes to almost 104 degrees west longitude. The area covers 174,000 square miles and is present in Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming, and South Dakota.\r\nThis digital data set was created by digitizing the aquifer boundaries from a 1:1,000,000 base map created by the High Plains RASA project (Gutentag and others, 1984).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96393","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Scribner, E., Goolsby, D.A., Thurman, E., Meyer, M.T., and Battaglin, W., 1996, Concentrations of selected herbicides, herbicide metabolites, and nutrients in outflow from selected midwestern reservoirs, April 1992 through September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-393, iv, 128 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96393.","productDescription":"iv, 128 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51232,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0393/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0393/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-104.057698,44.997431],[-104.043814,45.868385],[-103.668479,45.945242],[-96.571871,45.871846],[-96.82616,45.654164],[-96.452315,45.208986],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.591213,43.500514],[-96.439335,43.113916],[-96.630311,42.770885],[-96.396107,42.484095],[-96.272901,42.047281],[-96.129186,41.965136],[-96.081843,41.580407],[-95.850188,41.184798],[-95.885349,40.721093],[-95.41932,40.048442],[-94.916918,39.836138],[-95.113077,39.559133],[-94.615834,39.160003],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-94.431822,35.397652],[-94.485528,33.663388],[-94.386086,33.544923],[-94.070395,33.574561],[-94.0427,32.056012],[-93.523248,31.037842],[-93.765822,30.333318],[-93.702436,30.112721],[-93.922744,29.818808],[-93.852868,29.675885],[-94.731047,29.369141],[-94.532348,29.5178],[-94.767246,29.525523],[-94.724616,29.774766],[-94.965963,29.70033],[-94.894234,29.338],[-95.16525,29.113566],[-94.73132,29.338066],[-94.803695,29.279237],[-96.341617,28.417334],[-95.983106,28.641942],[-96.221784,28.580364],[-96.287942,28.683164],[-96.473694,28.57324],[-96.664534,28.696904],[-96.481836,28.407844],[-96.790235,28.383926],[-96.898123,28.152881],[-97.21535,28.076575],[-97.040618,28.028708],[-97.183455,27.833231],[-97.354614,27.849572],[-97.296598,27.613947],[-97.399398,27.344735],[-97.640111,27.270943],[-97.485149,27.250841],[-97.552325,26.867633],[-97.145567,25.971132],[-97.36542,25.849826],[-99.110855,26.426278],[-99.452316,27.062669],[-99.556812,27.614336],[-99.841708,27.766464],[-100.280518,28.267969],[-100.785521,29.228137],[-101.441059,29.753451],[-102.341033,29.869305],[-102.698347,29.695591],[-102.944911,29.18882],[-103.227801,28.991532],[-104.46652,29.609296],[-104.924796,30.604832],[-106.158218,31.438885],[-106.381039,31.73211],[-108.208394,31.783599],[-108.208573,31.333395],[-109.050044,31.332502],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-111.055199,45.001321],[-104.057698,44.997431]]],[[[-97.240849,26.411504],[-97.383531,26.875521],[-97.366771,27.333276],[-96.946988,28.026522],[-96.403206,28.371475],[-96.929053,27.99044],[-97.276091,27.472145],[-97.370731,26.909706],[-97.161471,26.088705],[-97.240849,26.411504]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Colorado\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5160","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, E.A.","contributorId":50925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":24344,"text":"ofr96215 - 1996 - Assessment of petroleum-hydrocarbon contamination in the surficial sediments and ground water at three former underground storage tank locations, Fort Jackson, South Carolina, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T13:10:22","indexId":"ofr96215","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-215","title":"Assessment of petroleum-hydrocarbon contamination in the surficial sediments and ground water at three former underground storage tank locations, Fort Jackson, South Carolina, 1995","docAbstract":"Ground-water and sediment contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons resulting from leaks and overfills was detected during tank removal activities at three former underground storage tank locations at Fort Jackson, near Columbia, South Carolina. Investigations were initiated to assess the effect of contamination to the surficial aquifer at Sites 1062, 2438, and 2444. These investigations involved the installation of permanent monitoring wells and the collection and analysis of sediment and ground-water samples at the three sites. Water-level data were collected at all sites to determine hydraulic gradients and the direction of ground-water flow. In addition, aquifer tests were made at Site 1062 to determine the hydraulic conductivity of the surficial aquifer at that site. Sediment borings were made at the three sites to collect subsurface-sediment samples for lithologic description and laboratory analyses, and for the installation of ground-water monitoring wells. Laboratory analyses of sediment samples collected from boreholes at Site 1062 indicated elevated concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons at three locations. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons - Diesel Range Organics were detected at one borehole at a concentration of 388,000 micrograms per kilogram. Total benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene concentrations in sediment from the site ranged from less than 350 to over 100,000 micrograms per kilogram. Total lead was detected at concentrations ranging from 2,900 to 5,900 micrograms per kilogram. Petroleum hydrocarbons were detected at Site 2438 in one borehole at a trace concentration of 112 micrograms per kilogram of para- and meta-xylenes. No concentrations exceeding the detection limits were reported for petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment samples collected from Site 2444; however, total lead was detected in sediment samples from two boreholes, each at concentrations of 600 micrograms per kilogram. Ground-water samples were collected from each site for laboratory analysis and field-property determinations. Petroleum hydrocarbons and lead were detected at concentrations exceeding regulatory limits for drinking water in ground water from Site 1062 only. Petroleum hydrocarbons were detected in ground water from three wells at Site 1062, with the highest concentrations occurring in the area of the former underground storage tanks. Benzene was detected at concentrations as much as 28 micrograms per liter; toluene as much as 558 micrograms per liter; para- and meta-xylenes as much as 993 micrograms per liter; and naphthalene as much as 236 micrograms per liter. Ethylbenzene and ortho-xylene were detected in one well at concentrations of 70 and 6 micrograms per liter, respectively. Dissolved lead was detected in ground water from four wells at concentrations from 5 to 152 micrograms per liter. Analysis of ground-water samples collected from Sites 2438 and 2444 showed little evidence of petroleum-hydrocarbon contamination. Petroleum hydrocarbons were not detected in any of the ground-water samples collected from Site 2438. With the exception of a low concentration of naphthalene (11 micrograms per liter) detected in ground water from one well, petroleum hydrocarbons and lead were not detected in ground water collected from Site 2444.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96215","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robertson, J., 1996, Assessment of petroleum-hydrocarbon contamination in the surficial sediments and ground water at three former underground storage tank locations, Fort Jackson, South Carolina, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-215, vi, 73 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96215.","productDescription":"vi, 73 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0215/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53444,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0215/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Richland County","city":"Fort Jackson","otherGeospatial":"Lake Katherine, Wood Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.03858947753905,\n 33.96756595798909\n ],\n [\n -81.03858947753905,\n 34.13766755862196\n ],\n [\n -80.79757690429686,\n 34.13766755862196\n ],\n [\n -80.79757690429686,\n 33.96756595798909\n ],\n [\n -81.03858947753905,\n 33.96756595798909\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d8b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, J. F.","contributorId":11194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21702,"text":"ofr96479 - 1996 - Criteria and methods for fracture-trace analysis of the New Hampshire bedrock aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:45","indexId":"ofr96479","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-479","title":"Criteria and methods for fracture-trace analysis of the New Hampshire bedrock aquifer","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96479","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Clark, S.F., Moore, R.B., Ferguson, E.W., and Picard, M.Z., 1996, Criteria and methods for fracture-trace analysis of the New Hampshire bedrock aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-479, iii, 12 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96479.","productDescription":"iii, 12 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0479/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51235,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0479/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6833c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, S. F. Jr.","contributorId":32577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, R. B.","contributorId":98720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferguson, E. W.","contributorId":8519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Picard, M. Z.","contributorId":104951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Picard","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":21751,"text":"ofr95124 - 1996 - Distribution of lithostratigraphic units within the central block of Yucca Mountain, Nevada; a three-dimensional computer-based model, version YMP.R2.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-07T16:04:01","indexId":"ofr95124","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-124","title":"Distribution of lithostratigraphic units within the central block of Yucca Mountain, Nevada; a three-dimensional computer-based model, version YMP.R2.0","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95124","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Buesch, D., Nelson, J.E., Dickerson, R.P., Drake, R., Spengler, R., Geslin, J.K., Moyer, T.C., and San Juan, C.A., 1996, Distribution of lithostratigraphic units within the central block of Yucca Mountain, Nevada; a three-dimensional computer-based model, version YMP.R2.0: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-124, iv, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95124.","productDescription":"iv, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0124/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51253,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0124/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db6409b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buesch, D.C. 0000-0002-4978-5027","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-5027","contributorId":73633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buesch","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, James E.","contributorId":205480,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dickerson, Robert P.","contributorId":6461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drake, Ronald M. II rmdrake@usgs.gov","contributorId":168352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Ronald M.","suffix":"II","email":"rmdrake@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":737448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Spengler, Richard W.","contributorId":91498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spengler","given":"Richard W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Geslin, Jeffrey K.","contributorId":20771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geslin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moyer, Thomas C.","contributorId":58661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyer","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"San Juan, Carma A. 0000-0002-9151-1919 csanjuan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9151-1919","contributorId":1146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"San Juan","given":"Carma","email":"csanjuan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":737452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":24567,"text":"ofr96463 - 1996 - Overview of surface-water resources at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center Kodiak, Alaska, 1987-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-26T21:20:29.73604","indexId":"ofr96463","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-463","title":"Overview of surface-water resources at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center Kodiak, Alaska, 1987-89","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data at a U.S. Coast Guard Support Center on Kodiak Island, Alaska, were collected from 1987 though 1989 to determine hydrologic conditions and if contamination of soils, ground water, or surface water has occurred. This report summarizes the surface-water-discharge data collected during the study and estimates peak, average, and low-flow values for Buskin River near its mouth. Water-discharge measurements were made at least once at 48 sites on streams in or near the Center. Discharges were measured in the Buskin River near its mouth five times during 1987-89 and ranged from 27 to 367 cubic feet per second. Tributaries of Buskin River below Buskin Lake that had discharges greater than 1 cubic foot per second include Bear Creek, Alder Creek, Magazine Creek, Devils Creek and an outlet from Lake Louise. Streams having flows generally greater than 0.1 cubic foot per second but less than 1 cubic foot per second include an unnamed tributary to Buskin River, an unnamed tributary to Lake Catherine and a drainage channel at Kodiak airport. Most other streams flowing into Buskin River, and all streams on Nyman Peninsula, usually had little or no flow except during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. During a low-flow period in February 1989, discharge measurements in Buskin River and its tributaries indicate that three reaches of Buskin River below Buskin Lake lost water to the ground-water system, whereas two reaches gained water; the net gain in streamflow attributed to ground-water inflow at a location near the mouth was estimated to be 2.2 cubic feet per second. The 100-year peak flow for Buskin River near its mouth was estimated to be 4,460 cubic feet per second. Average discharge was estimated to be 125 cubic feet per second and the 7-day 10-year low flow was estimated to be 5.8 cubic feet per second.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96463","usgsCitation":"Solin, G., 1996, Overview of surface-water resources at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center Kodiak, Alaska, 1987-89: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-463, Report: iv, 18 p.; 2 Plates: 32.22 × 32.04 inches and 33.01 × 32.90 inchies, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96463.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 18 p.; 2 Plates: 32.22 × 32.04 inches and 33.01 × 32.90 inchies","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":53616,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0463/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53615,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0463/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53614,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0463/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0463/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":407369,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19170.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Kodiak","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.55065917968747,\n 57.72028585677205\n ],\n [\n -152.43942260742188,\n 57.72028585677205\n ],\n [\n -152.43942260742188,\n 57.7920887227692\n ],\n [\n -152.55065917968747,\n 57.7920887227692\n ],\n [\n -152.55065917968747,\n 57.72028585677205\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689b70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solin, G. L.","contributorId":106132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solin","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32017,"text":"ofr96542A - 1996 - Geochemical data from Colombia; Part A, General discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T17:50:05","indexId":"ofr96542A","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-542","chapter":"A","title":"Geochemical data from Colombia; Part A, General discussion","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96542A","usgsCitation":"Orris, G.J., 1996, Geochemical data from Colombia; Part A, General discussion: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-542, 13 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96542A.","productDescription":"13 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0542a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60175,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0542a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3af","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Oland, Gustav P.","contributorId":73247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oland","given":"Gustav P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745418,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Orris, Greta J. 0000-0002-2340-9955 greta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-9955","contributorId":3472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orris","given":"Greta","email":"greta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27582,"text":"wri964182 - 1996 - Hydrogeology of the area near the J4 test cell, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri964182","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4182","title":"Hydrogeology of the area near the J4 test cell, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee","docAbstract":"The U.S. Air Force operates a major aerospace systems testing facility at Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) in Coffee County, Tennessee. Dewatering operations at one of the test facilities, the J4 test cell, has affected the local ground-water hydrology. The J4 test cell is approximately 100 feet in diameter, extends approximately 250 feet below land surface, and penetrates several aquifers. Ground water is pumped continuously from around the test cell to keep the cell structurally intact. Because of the test cell's depth, dewatering has depressed water levels in the aquifers surrounding the site. The depressions that have developed exhibit anisotropy that is controlled by zones of high permeability in the aquifers. Additionally, contaminants - predominately volatile organic compounds - are present in the ground-water discharge from the test cell and in ground water at several other Installation Restoration Program (IRP) sites within the AEDC facility. The dewatering activities at J4 are drawing these contaminants from the nearby sites. The effects of dewatering at the J4 test cell were investigated by studying the lithologic and hydraulic characteristics of the aquifers, investigating the anisotropy and zones of secondary permeability using geophysical techniques, mapping the potentiometric surfaces of the underlying aquifers, and developing a conceptual model of the ground-water-flow system local to the test cell. Contour maps of the potentiometric surfaces in the shallow, Manchester, and Fort Payne aquifers (collectively, part of the Highland Rim aquifer system) show anisotropic water-level depressions centered on the J4 test cell. This anisotropy is the result of features of high permeability such as chert-gravel zones in the regolith and fractures, joints, and bedding planes in the bedrock. The presence of these features of high permeability in the Manchester aquifer results in complex flow patterns in the Highland Rim aquifers near the J4 test cell. The occurrence, distribution, and orientation of these features has a great effect on ground-water flow to the J4 test cell. The depression caused by dewatering extends out horizontally through the aquifers along the most permeable pathways. Since the aquifers above the Chattanooga Shale are not separated by distinct confining units, areas in adjacent aquifers above and below these zones of high permeability in the Manchester aquifer are also dewatered. Conditions in all Highland Rim aquifers approximate steady-state equilibrium because ground-water withdrawal at the test cell has been continuous since the late 1960's. The average ground-water discharge from the dewatering system at the J4 test cell was 105 gallons per minute, for 1992-95. The ground-water capture areas in each aquifer extend into all or parts of landfill #2 and leaching pit #2 (IRP site 1), the main testing area (IRP site 7), and the old fire training area (IRP site 10). IRP sites 8 and 12 are outside the ground-water capture areas. Of the 35 sampled wells in the J4 area, 10 produced water samples containing chlorinated organic compounds such as 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), and trichloroethylene (TCE) in concentrations which exceeded the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL's) for public water-supply systems. The highest concentrations were detected in samples from well AEDC-274 with 45 micrograms per liter (mg/L) 1,2-DCA, 320 mg/L 1,1-DCE, and 1,200 mg/L TCE. These compounds are synthetic and do not occur naturally in the environment. A sample of the ground-water discharge from the J4 test cell also contained concentrations of these compounds that exceed MCL's. Chlorinated organic compounds, including 1,2-DCA; 1,1-DCE; and TCE also have been detected at IRP sites 1, 7, 8, nd 10. The six dewatering wells surrounding the J4 test cell penetrate the Chattanooga Shale and are open to the Highland Rim aquifer system, there","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/wri964182","usgsCitation":"Haugh, C., 1996, Hydrogeology of the area near the J4 test cell, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4182, v, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964182.","productDescription":"v, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4182/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56438,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649739","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haugh, C.J.","contributorId":24380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugh","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22617,"text":"ofr96472 - 1996 - Spatial and temporal distribution of specific conductance, boron, and phosphorus in a sewage-contaminated aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T16:32:21","indexId":"ofr96472","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-472","title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of specific conductance, boron, and phosphorus in a sewage-contaminated aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Spatial and temporal distributions of specific conductance, boron, and phosphorus were determined in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The source of contamination is secondarily treated sewage that has been discharged onto rapid- infiltration sand beds at the Massachusetts Military Reservation since 1936. Contaminated ground water containing as much as 2 milligrams per liter of dissolved phosphorus is discharging into Ashumet Pond, and there is concern that the continued discharge of phosphorus into the pond will accelerate eutrophication of the pond. Water-quality data collected from observation wells and multilevel samplers from June through July 1995 were used to delineate the spatial distributions of specific conductance, boron, and phosphorus. Temporal distributions were determined using sample-interval-weighted average concen- trations calculated from data collected in 1993, 1994, and 1995. Specific conductances were greater than 400 microsiemens per centimeter at 25C as far as 1,200 feet downgradient from the infiltration beds. Boron concentrations were greater than 400 micrograms per liter as far as 1,800 feet down- gradient from the beds and phosphorus concen- trations were greater than 3.0 milligrams per liter as far as 1,200 feet from the beds. Variability in distributions of specific conductance and boron concentrations is attributed to the history and distribution of sewage disposal onto the infiltration beds. The distribution of phosphorus concentrations also is related to the history and distribution of sewage disposal onto the beds but additional variability is caused by chemical interactions with the aquifer materials. Temporal changes in specific conductance and boron from 1993 to 1995 were negligible, except in the lower part of the plume (below an altitude of about 5 feet above sea level), where changes in weighted-average specific conductance were greater than 100 microsiemens per centimeter at 25C. Temporal changes in phosphorus generally were small except in the lower part of the plume, where weighted-average phosphorus concentrations decreased more than 1.3 milligrams per liter from 1993 to 1994. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in specific conductance. High concen- trations of phosphorus associated with low and moderate specific conductances possibly are the result of rapid phosphorus desorption in response to an influx of uncontaminated ground water. As a result of the cessation of sewage disposal in December 1995, clean, oxygenated water moving into contaminated parts of the aquifer may cause rapid desorption of sorbed phosphorus and temporarily result in high dissolved phosphorus concentrations in the aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96472","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Bussey, K., and Walter, D.A., 1996, Spatial and temporal distribution of specific conductance, boron, and phosphorus in a sewage-contaminated aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-472, iv, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96472.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":52085,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0472/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0472/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.7794189453125,\n 41.6154423246811\n ],\n [\n -69.89501953125,\n 41.6154423246811\n ],\n [\n -69.89501953125,\n 42.1104489601222\n ],\n [\n -70.7794189453125,\n 42.1104489601222\n ],\n [\n -70.7794189453125,\n 41.6154423246811\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6975ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bussey, K.W.","contributorId":48210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bussey","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walter, D. A.","contributorId":75179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23033,"text":"ofr96667 - 1996 - Aeromagnetic map of the Longview area, southwest Washington and northwest Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:58","indexId":"ofr96667","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-667","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Longview area, southwest Washington and northwest Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"The Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96667","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Finn, C., 1996, Aeromagnetic map of the Longview area, southwest Washington and northwest Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-667, 1 map :col. ;14 x 16 cm. +1 text (3 leaves ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96667.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;14 x 16 cm. +1 text (3 leaves ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0667/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52409,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0667/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691e9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, C. A. 0000-0002-6178-0405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":93917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23089,"text":"ofr94358 - 1996 - Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric method for the determination of dissolved trace elements in natural water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:53:31","indexId":"ofr94358","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-358","title":"Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric method for the determination of dissolved trace elements in natural water","docAbstract":"An inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of dissolved Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl, U, V, and Zn in natural waters. Detection limits are generally in the 50-100 picogram per milliliter (pg/mL) range, with the exception of As which is in the 1 microgram per liter (ug/L) range. Interferences associated with spectral overlap from concomitant isotopes or molecular ions and sample matrix composition have been identified. Procedures for interference correction and reduction related to isotope selection, instrumental operating conditions, and mathematical data processing techniques are described. Internal standards are used to minimize instrumental drift. The average analytical precision attainable for 5 times the detection limit is about 16 percent. The accuracy of the method was tested using\r\na series of U.S. Geological Survey Standard Reference Water Standards (SWRS), National Research Council Canada Riverine Water Standard, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Trace Elements in Water Standards. Average accuracies range from 90 to 110 percent of the published mean values.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr94358","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Garbarino, J., and Taylor, H.E., 1996, Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric method for the determination of dissolved trace elements in natural water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-358, v, 49 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94358.","productDescription":"v, 49 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0358/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":8229,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/SW_inorganic/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8228,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/SW_inorganic/download/MSMethod.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52459,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0358/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eef2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garbarino, J.R.","contributorId":76326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29079,"text":"wri964248 - 1996 - Karst hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the Cave Springs basin near Chattanooga, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri964248","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4248","title":"Karst hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the Cave Springs basin near Chattanooga, Tennessee","docAbstract":"The Cave Springs ground-water basin, located near Chattanooga, Tennessee, was chosen as one of the Valley and Ridge physiographic province type area studies for the Appalachian Valley-Piedmont Regional Aquifer-System Analysis study in 1990. Karstic Paleozoic carbonate rocks, residual clay-rich regolith, and coarse alluvium form the aquifer framework. Recharge from rainfall dispersed over the basin enters the karst aquifer through the thick regolith. The area supplying recharge to the Cave Springs Basin is approximately 7 square miles. Recharge from North Chickamauga Creek may contribute recharge to the Cave Springs Basin along losing reaches. The flow medium consists of mixed dolomite and limestone with cavernous and fracture porosity. Flow type as determined by the coefficient of variation of long-term continuous specific conductance (18 and 15 percent) from two wells completed in cavernous intervals about 150 feet northeast of Cave Springs, indicates an aquifer with conduit flow. Flow type, based on the ratio (6:1) of spring flood-flow discharge to spring base-flow discharge, indicates an aquifer with diffuse flow. Conduit flow probably dominates the aquifer system west of Cave Springs Ridge from the highly transmissive, unconfined, alluvium capped aquifer and along losing reaches of North Chickamauga Creek. Diffuse flow probably predominates in the areas along and east of Cave Springs Ridge covered with the thick, clay-rich regolith that forms a leaky confining layer. Based on average annual long-term precipitation and runoff records, the amount of water available for recharge to Cave Springs is 11.8 cubic feet per second. The mean annual long-term discharge of Cave Springs is 16.4 cubic feet per second which leaves 4.6 cubic feet per second of recharge unaccounted for. As determined by low-flow stream discharge measurements, recharge along losing reaches of North Chickamauga Creek may be an important source of unaccounted-for-recharge to the Cave Springs Basin. Selected ground-water samples in the study area are characterized by calcium bicarbonate type water and calcium magnesium bicarbonate type water. Calcium bicarbonate type water characterizes Lick Branch and Poe Branch. North Chickamauga Creek water is calcium magnesium sulfate type water and reflects interaction with the pyrite-containing siliciclastic rocks of the Cumberland Plateau or acid mine drainage. Seasonal high spring discharge is associated with lower specific conductance and lower temperatures, which lag in response to increasing spring discharge by approximately 2 months. Seasonal decrease in spring discharge is accompanied by an incident increase in specific conductance and temperature increase, which leads by about 4 months.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964248","usgsCitation":"Pavlicek, D., 1996, Karst hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the Cave Springs basin near Chattanooga, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4248, v, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964248.","productDescription":"v, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124348,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4248.jpg"},{"id":2313,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri96-4248","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4848","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pavlicek, D.J.","contributorId":23590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavlicek","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":66980,"text":"i2495 - 1996 - Stratigraphic framework of Cambrian and Ordovician rocks in the central Appalachian basin from Fayette County, Ohio to Botetourt County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-27T19:25:57.040428","indexId":"i2495","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2495","title":"Stratigraphic framework of Cambrian and Ordovician rocks in the central Appalachian basin from Fayette County, Ohio to Botetourt County, Virginia","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2495","usgsCitation":"Ryder, R., Repetski, J.E., and Harris, A.G., 1996, Stratigraphic framework of Cambrian and Ordovician rocks in the central Appalachian basin from Fayette County, Ohio to Botetourt County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2495, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2495.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":189977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":108309,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13030.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13030"},{"id":6097,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2495/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"central Appalachian basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.467,\n 39.667\n ],\n [\n -83.467,\n 37.333\n ],\n [\n -79.6830,\n 37.333\n ],\n [\n -79.6830,\n 39.667\n ],\n [\n -83.467,\n 39.667\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aedad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, Robert T.","contributorId":77918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Robert T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Repetski, John E. 0000-0002-2298-7120 jrepetski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-7120","contributorId":2596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"John","email":"jrepetski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":275403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harris, Anita G.","contributorId":50162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Anita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24123,"text":"ofr9220I - 1996 - Ophiolitic complexes and associated rocks in the UST-Belaya Mountains and Algan Ridge, Russian Far East","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"ofr9220I","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-20","chapter":"I","title":"Ophiolitic complexes and associated rocks in the UST-Belaya Mountains and Algan Ridge, Russian Far East","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9220I","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Palandzhyan, S., and Dmitrenko, G., 1996, Ophiolitic complexes and associated rocks in the UST-Belaya Mountains and Algan Ridge, Russian Far East: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-20, 7 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9220I.","productDescription":"7 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0020i/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53277,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0020i/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53278,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0020i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db69146b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palandzhyan, S.A.","contributorId":49829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palandzhyan","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dmitrenko, G.G.","contributorId":97144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dmitrenko","given":"G.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24376,"text":"ofr96544 - 1996 - Pliocene planktic foraminifer census data from DSDP Site 592, Southwest Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr96544","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-544","title":"Pliocene planktic foraminifer census data from DSDP Site 592, Southwest Pacific Ocean","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96544","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robinson, M.M., and Dowsett, H.J., 1996, Pliocene planktic foraminifer census data from DSDP Site 592, Southwest Pacific Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-544, 4 leaves :map ;28 cm.; 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96544.","productDescription":"4 leaves :map ;28 cm.; 6 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0544/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53472,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0544/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e7b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Marci M. 0000-0002-9200-4097 mmrobinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9200-4097","contributorId":2082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Marci","email":"mmrobinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowsett, Harry J. 0000-0003-1983-7524 hdowsett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"Harry","email":"hdowsett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}