A study of the hydrogeology and an analysis of the ground-water-flow system near Sagamore Marsh, southeastern Massachusetts, was undertaken to improve the understanding of the current (1994 95) hydrogeologic conditions near the marsh and how the ground-water system might respond to proposed changes in the tidal-stage regime of streams that flood and drain the marsh. Sagamore Marsh is in a coastal area that is bounded to the east by Cape Cod Bay and to the south by the Cape Cod Canal. The regional geology is characterized by deltaic and glaciolacustrine sediments. The sediments consist of gravel, sand, silt, and clay and are part of the Plymouth-Carver regional aquifer system. The glacial sediments are hounded laterally by marine sand, silt, and clay along the coast. The principal aquifer in the area consists of fine to coarse glacial sand and is locally confined by fine-grained glaciolacustrine deposits consisting of silt and sandy clay and fine-grained salt-marsh sediments consisting of peat and clay. The aquifer is underlain by finer grained glaciolacustrine sediments in upland areas and by marine clay along the coast.
Shallow ground water discharges primarily along the edge of the marsh, whereas deeper ground water flows beneath the marsh and discharges to Cape Cod Bay. Tidal pulses originating from Cape Cod Bay and from tidal channels in the marsh are rapidly attenuated in the subsurface. Tidal ranges in Cape Cod Bay and in the tidal channels were on the order of 9 and 1.5 feet, respectively, whereas tidal ranges in the ground-water levels were less than 0.2 foot. Tidal pulses measured in the water table beneath a barrier beach between the marsh and Cape Cod Bay were more in phase with tidal pulses from Cape Cod Bay than with tidal pulses from the tidal channels in Sagamore Marsh, whereas tidal pulses in the regional aquifer were more in phase with tidal pulses from the tidal channels.
A 5-day aquifer test at a public-supply well adjacent to the marsh gave a transmissivity of the regional aquifer of 9,300 to 10,900 feet squared per day and a hydraulic conductivity of 181 to 213 feet per day, assuming a saturated thickness of the aquifer of 51.3 feet. The regional aquifer became unconfined near the pumped well during the test. The ratio of tidal ranges in the tidal channel to the ranges in the underlying aquifer at two sites (the lower and upper marsh) indicated aquifer diffusivities for the marsh sediments of 380 and 170 feet squared per day; these values correspond to hydraulic conductivities of 2.5 x 10-3 and 1.7 x 10-3 feet per day, respectively. The maximum distances from the tidal channel at the lower and upper marsh sites where tidal ranges would exceed 0.01 foot, as calculated from aquifer diffusivities and current (1995) tidal ranges in the tidal channels, were 24.4 and 26.7 feet, respectively. The maximum distances from the tidal channel where tidal pulses in the ground water would exceed 0.01 foot, using potential increased tidal stages resulting from proposed tidal-stage modifications and predicted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, were 37.1 and 42.0 feet, respectively.
A numerical model of the marsh and surrounding aquifer system indicated that the contributing area for the supply well adjacent to the marsh, for current (1994) pumping conditions, extends toward Great Herring Pond, about 2 miles northwest (upgradient) of the well, and does not extend beneath the marsh. The model also indicates that the predicted increases in tidal stages in the marsh will have a negligible effect on local ground-water levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964200","usgsCitation":"Walter, D.A., Masterson, J.P., and Barlow, P.M., 1996, Hydrogeology and analysis of ground-water-flow system, Sagamore Marsh area, southeastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4200, v, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964200.","productDescription":"v, 41 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345232,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4200/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4200/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Sagamore Marsh","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6275e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":171510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":203112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barlow, Paul M. 0000-0003-4247-6456 pbarlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6456","contributorId":1200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Paul","email":"pbarlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":66980,"text":"i2495 - 1996 - Stratigraphic framework of Cambrian and Ordovician rocks in the central Appalachian basin from Fayette County, Ohio to Botetourt County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-27T19:25:57.040428","indexId":"i2495","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2495","title":"Stratigraphic framework of Cambrian and Ordovician rocks in the central Appalachian basin from Fayette County, Ohio to Botetourt County, Virginia","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2495","usgsCitation":"Ryder, R., Repetski, J.E., and Harris, A.G., 1996, Stratigraphic framework of Cambrian and Ordovician rocks in the central Appalachian basin from Fayette County, Ohio to Botetourt County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2495, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2495.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":189977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":108309,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13030.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13030"},{"id":6097,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2495/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"central Appalachian basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.467,\n 39.667\n ],\n [\n -83.467,\n 37.333\n ],\n [\n -79.6830,\n 37.333\n ],\n [\n -79.6830,\n 39.667\n ],\n [\n -83.467,\n 39.667\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aedad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, Robert T.","contributorId":77918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Robert T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Repetski, John E. 0000-0002-2298-7120 jrepetski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-7120","contributorId":2596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"John","email":"jrepetski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":275403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harris, Anita G.","contributorId":50162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Anita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27189,"text":"wri964152 - 1996 - An application of bioassessment metrics and multivariate techniques to evaluate central Nebraska streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:27","indexId":"wri964152","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4152","title":"An application of bioassessment metrics and multivariate techniques to evaluate central Nebraska streams","docAbstract":"Ninety-one stream sites in central Nebraska were classified into four clusters on the basis of a cluster analysis (TWINSPAN) of macroinvertebrate data. Rapid bioassessment protocol scores for macroinvertebrate species were significantly different among sites grouped by teh first division into two clusters. This division may have distinguished sites on the basis of water-quality imparement. Individual metrics that differed between clusters of sites were the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index, the number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa, and the ratio of individuals in EPT to Chironomidae taxa. Canonical correspondence analysis of 57 of 91 sites showed that stream width, site altitude, latitude, soil permeability, water temperature, and mean annual precipitation were the most important environmental variables describing variance in the species-environment relation. Stream width and soil permeability reflected streamflow characteristics of a site, whereas site altitude and latitude were factors related to general climatic conditions. Mean annual precipitation related to both streamflow and climatic conditions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964152","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, S., 1996, An application of bioassessment metrics and multivariate techniques to evaluate central Nebraska streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4152, iv, 12 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964152.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4152/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56064,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4152/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685730","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, S.A.","contributorId":9246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27152,"text":"wri964128 - 1996 - Low-flow characteristics of Indiana streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-16T13:13:29","indexId":"wri964128","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4128","title":"Low-flow characteristics of Indiana streams","docAbstract":"Knowledge of low-flow characteristics of streams is essential for management of water resources. Low-flow characteristics are presented for 229 continuous-record, streamflow-gaging stations and 285 partial-record stations in Indiana. Low- flow-frequency characteristics were computed for 210 continuous-record stations that had at least 10 years of record, and flow-duration curves were computed for all continuous-record stations. Low-flow-frequency and flow-duration analyses are based on available streamflow records through September 1993. Selected low-flow-frequency curves were computed for annual low flows and seasonal low flows. The four seasons are represented by the 3-month groups of March-May, June-August, September-November, and December- February. The 7-day, 10-year and the 7-day, 2 year low flows were estimated for 285 partial-record stations, which are ungaged sites where streamflow measurements were made at base flow. The same low-flow characteristics were estimated for 19 continuous-record stations where less than 10 years of record were available. Precipitation and geology directly influence the streams in Indiana. Streams in the northern, glaciated part of the State tend to have higher sustained base flows than those in the nonglaciated southern part. Flow at several of the continuous-record gaging stations is affected by some form of regulation or diversion. Low-flow characteristics for continuous-record stations at which flow is affected by regulation are determined using the period of record affected by regulation; natural flows prior to regulation are not used.
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K. 0000-0002-0107-3848","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-3848","contributorId":40633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowler","given":"K.","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, J.T.","contributorId":97489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30404,"text":"wri964154 - 1996 - Low-flow characteristics and profiles for selected streams in the Roanoke River basin, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T14:25:07","indexId":"wri964154","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4154","title":"Low-flow characteristics and profiles for selected streams in the Roanoke River basin, North Carolina","docAbstract":"An understanding of the magnitude and frequency of low-flow discharges is an important part of protecting surface-water resources and planning for municipal and industrial economic expansion. Low-flow characteristics are summarized for 22 continuous-record gaging stations in North Carolina (19 sites) and Virginia (3 sites) and 60 partial-record gaging stations in the North Carolina Roanoke River Basin. Records of discharge collected through the 1994 water year are used. Flow characteristics included in the summary are (1) average annual unit flow, (2) 7Q10 low-flow discharge, the minimum average discharge for a 7 consecutive-day period occurring, on average, once in 10 years; (3) 30Q2 low-flow discharge; (4) W7Q10 low-flow discharge, similar to 7Q10 discharge except that flow during November through March only is considered; and (5) 7Q2 low-flow discharge. The potential for sustaining base flows is moderate to high in the western part of the basin as well as in the eastern and western fringes of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain physiographic provinces, respectively. Areas of low potential for sustaining base flow exist in the central part of the basin (between eastern Caswell County and western Warren County), where soils have low infiltration rates, and in lower regions of the Coastal Plain, where small streams tend to have zero flow during prolonged drought.
Drainage area and low-flow discharge profiles are presented for 10 streams in the Roanoke River Basin in North Carolina and reflect a wide range in basin size, characteristics, and streamflow conditions. The selected streams are Town Fork Creek, Hogans Creek, Mayo River, Buffalo Creek, Smith River, Country Line Creek, Dan River, Marlowe Creek, Hyco River, and Roanoke River. The drainage-area profiles show the increases in drainage areas as streams travel their course in the basin. At the mouths of streams profiled, the drainage areas range from 22 miles to about 9,700 miles. Low-flow discharges for each stream include 7Q10, 30Q2, W7Q10, and 7Q2 discharges in a continuous profile with contributions from major tributaries included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964154","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Division of Environmental Management of the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Weaver, J.C., 1996, Low-flow characteristics and profiles for selected streams in the Roanoke River basin, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4154, Report: iv, 56 p.; 1 Plate: 23.40 x 12.37 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964154.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 56 p.; 1 Plate: 23.40 x 12.37 inches","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4154/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59173,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4154/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361507,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4154/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Roanoke River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.7103271484375,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.7103271484375,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.39593505859375,\n 35.833401703805094\n ],\n [\n -77.12677001953125,\n 35.69968630125204\n ],\n [\n -76.82601928710938,\n 35.71083783530009\n ],\n [\n -76.651611328125,\n 35.91685961322499\n ],\n [\n -76.77383422851562,\n 36.010228040656735\n ],\n [\n -77.04437255859375,\n 36.1312200154285\n ],\n [\n -77.41653442382812,\n 36.43896124085945\n ],\n [\n -77.56484985351562,\n 36.493077506552744\n ],\n [\n -78.3984375,\n 36.54053616262899\n ],\n [\n -79.40917968749999,\n 36.55377524336089\n ],\n [\n -80.37597656249999,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -80.32516479492188,\n 36.14896463588831\n ],\n [\n -79.76898193359375,\n 36.1312200154285\n ],\n [\n -79.46273803710938,\n 36.33393438759289\n ],\n [\n -79.12490844726562,\n 36.379279167407965\n ],\n [\n -79.03358459472656,\n 36.377620677623874\n ],\n [\n -78.89076232910156,\n 36.387571085823566\n ],\n [\n -78.83308410644531,\n 36.40359962073253\n ],\n [\n -77.39593505859375,\n 35.833401703805094\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6358fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weaver, J. Curtis 0000-0001-7068-5445 jcweaver@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-5445","contributorId":2229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"J.","email":"jcweaver@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Curtis","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":203193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26684,"text":"wri964083 - 1996 - Shallow ground-water quality in selected agricultural areas of south-central Georgia, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T13:11:20","indexId":"wri964083","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4083","title":"Shallow ground-water quality in selected agricultural areas of south-central Georgia, 1994","docAbstract":"The Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain National Water-Quality Assessment Program began an agricultural land-use study in March 1994. The study area is located in the upper Suwannee River basin in Tift, Turner, Worth, Irwin, Wilcox, and Crisp Counties, Ga. Twenty-three shallow monitoring wells were installed in a 1,335-square- mile area characterized by intensive row-crop agriculture (peanuts, corn, cotton, and soybeans). The study focused on recently recharged shallow ground water in surficial aquifers to assess the relation between land-use activities and ground- water quality. All wells were sampled in March and April (spring) 1994, and 14 of these wells were resampled in August (summer) 1994. Shallow ground water in the study area is characterized by oxic and acidic conditions, low bicarbonate, and low dissolved-solids concentrations. The median pH of shallow ground water was 4.7 and the median bicarbonate concentration was 1.7 mg/L (milligrams per liter). Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 3.0 to 8.0 mg/L. The median dissolved-solids concentration in samples collected in the spring was 86 mg/L. Major inorganic ion composition was generally mixed with no dominant cation; nitrate was the dominant anion (greater than 60 percent of the anion composition) in 14 of 23 samples. Only concentrations of bicarbonate, dissolved organic carbon, and nitrate had significant differences in concentrations between samples collected in the spring and the background samples. However, median concentrations of some of the major ingredients in fertilizer (including magnesium, chloride, nitrate, iron, and manganese) were higher in water samples from agricultural wells than in background samples. The median concentration of dissolved solids in ground-water samples collected in the spring (86 mg/L) was more than double the median concentration (41 mg/L) of the background samples. The median nitrate as nitrogen concentration of 6.7 mg/L in the spring samples reflects the effects of agricultural activities on ground-water quality. Samples from 30 percent of the wells exceeded the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrate in drinking water (10 mg/L as N). Nitrogen isotope ratios ranged from 2.4 to 9.0 parts per thousand and indicate that most nitrogen in shallow ground water is probably from inorganic fertilizer. In addition, nitrate concentrations were positively correlated (p-values all less than 0.01) with concentrations of some of the major ingredients in fertilizer, such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and chloride, and with values of specific conductance. Concentrations of pesticides and volatile organic compounds, detected in samples from 11 wells, were all below the MCLs. Of these constituents, only alachlor, metolachlor, metribuzin, toluene, benzene, and methyl chloride were detected in ground water at concentrations that ranged from 0.01 to 1.0 mg/L (micrograms per liter). Maximum concentrations of 1.0 mg/L of metolachlor and toluene were detected in two wells. Radon concentrations ranged from 530 to 1,400 pCi/L (picocuries per liter), exceeding the proposed MCL of 300 pCi/L in all samples; the median concentration was 1,000 pCi/L.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964083","usgsCitation":"Crandall, C.A., 1996, Shallow ground-water quality in selected agricultural areas of south-central Georgia, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4083, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964083.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55548,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4083/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4083/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.7210693359375,30.704058230919504],[-84.90234375,30.543338954230222],[-85.0177001953125,30.24957724046765],[-84.803466796875,30.164126343161097],[-84.627685546875,29.935895213372444],[-84.57275390625,29.859701442126756],[-84.44091796875,29.859701442126756],[-84.29809570312499,29.859701442126756],[-84.2926025390625,30.012030680358613],[-84.17724609375,30.035811042667792],[-83.990478515625,30.050076521698735],[-83.7322998046875,29.893043385434165],[-83.6224365234375,29.76914573606667],[-83.51806640624999,29.602118211647333],[-83.397216796875,29.415675471217877],[-83.2489013671875,29.377388403478992],[-83.1610107421875,29.233683670282787],[-83.0841064453125,29.1281717828162],[-82.8753662109375,29.10897615145302],[-82.77099609375,28.945668833650508],[-82.75451660156249,28.815799886487298],[-82.694091796875,28.671310915880834],[-82.694091796875,28.492833128965096],[-82.8094482421875,28.265682390146477],[-82.891845703125,28.164032516628076],[-82.869873046875,27.955591004642553],[-82.8973388671875,27.790491224830877],[-82.7874755859375,27.68352808378776],[-82.75451660156249,27.552111841284695],[-80.299072265625,27.571590861376308],[-80.2935791015625,27.649472352561876],[-80.37597656249999,27.848790459862073],[-80.52429199218749,28.105903469076186],[-80.540771484375,28.20760859532738],[-80.540771484375,28.318888915773826],[-80.5133056640625,28.386567819657213],[-80.46936035156249,28.44454394857482],[-80.518798828125,28.647210004919998],[-80.6341552734375,28.815799886487298],[-80.771484375,29.065772888415406],[-81.0406494140625,29.439597566602902],[-81.1614990234375,29.807284450222504],[-81.27685546875,30.107117887092357],[-81.3592529296875,30.5764500266181],[-81.34277343749999,30.873940237887624],[-81.32080078125,31.052933985705163],[-81.23291015625,31.22689446881399],[-81.19445800781249,31.358327833411312],[-81.14501953125,31.48020882071693],[-81.03515625,31.648705289976853],[-80.958251953125,31.835565983656227],[-80.85937499999999,31.94750122367064],[-80.782470703125,32.00341778396365],[-80.8978271484375,32.0732655510424],[-81.046142578125,32.115148622612445],[-81.1175537109375,32.16166284018013],[-81.112060546875,32.2546200600072],[-81.0955810546875,32.30570601389429],[-81.177978515625,32.43097672054704],[-81.1669921875,32.47732919639942],[-81.24938964843749,32.537551746769],[-81.34277343749999,32.59773394005744],[-81.4031982421875,32.648625783736726],[-81.39770507812499,32.76880048488168],[-81.4031982421875,32.86574639547474],[-81.441650390625,32.95797741405952],[-81.4801025390625,33.04550781490999],[-81.5899658203125,33.1329513125159],[-81.73278808593749,33.15594830078649],[-81.88110351562499,33.330528249028085],[-82.06787109374999,33.41310221370827],[-82.28759765625,33.348884792201694],[-82.5732421875,33.22949814144951],[-83.056640625,33.25706340236547],[-83.33129882812499,33.0178760185549],[-83.507080078125,32.80574473290688],[-83.82568359375,32.722598604044066],[-83.66638183593749,32.263910555201306],[-83.7652587890625,32.05464469054932],[-83.8421630859375,31.76086695137955],[-84.19921875,31.353636941500987],[-84.6826171875,30.869225348040825],[-84.7210693359375,30.704058230919504]]]}}]}\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f41af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crandall, C. 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The results are provided in tabular and graphical formats. The 100-year flood-plain maps and flood profiles provide water-resource managers of the Savannah River Site with a technical basis for making flood-plain management decisions that could minimize future flood problems and provide a basis for designing and constructing drainage structures along roadways. A hydrologic analysis was made to estimate the 100-year recurrence- interval flow for Upper Three Runs and its tributaries. The analysis showed that the well-drained, sandy soils in the head waters of Upper Three Runs reduce the high flows in the stream; therefore, the South Carolina upper Coastal Plain regional-rural-regression equation does not apply for Upper Three Runs. Conse- quently, a relation was established for 100-year recurrence-interval flow and drainage area using streamflow data from U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations on Upper Three Runs. This relation was used to compute 100-year recurrence-interval flows at selected points along the stream. The regional regression equations were applicable for the tributaries to Upper Three Runs, because the soil types in the drainage basins of the tributaries resemble those normally occurring in upper Coastal Plain basins. This was verified by analysis of the flood-frequency data collected from U.S. Geological Survey gaging station 02197342 on Fourmile Branch. Cross sections were surveyed throughout each reach, and other pertinent data such as flow resistance and land-use were col- lected. The surveyed cross sections and computed 100-year recurrence-interval flows were used in a step-backwater model to compute the 100-year flood profile for Upper Three Runs and its tributaries. The profiles were used to delineate the 100-year flood plain on topographic maps. The Savannah River forms the southwestern border of the Savannah River Site. Data from previously published reports were used to delineate the 100-year flood plain for the Savannah River from the downstream site boundary at the mouth of Lower Three Runs at river mile 125 to the upstream site boundary at river mile 163.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri964014","usgsCitation":"Lanier, T.H., 1996, Determination of the 100-year flood plain on Upper Three Runs and selected tributaries, and the Savannah River at the Savannah River site, South Carolina, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4014, Report: v, 65 p.; 3 Plates: 41.59 x 34.10 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964014.","productDescription":"Report: v, 65 p.; 3 Plates: 41.59 x 34.10 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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The long-term goals of this program are to (1) provide a nationally consistent description of current water-quality conditions for a large part of the Nation's water resources; (2) define. long-term trends (or lack of trends) in water quality; and (3) identify, describe, and explain, as possible, the major factors that affect the observed water-quality conditions and trends.
\nTo fulfill the goals of the NAWQA program, the USGS plans to examine 60 areas (study units) across the United States during full implementation of the program. In 1991, the NAWQA program went into full implementation with the intensive investigation of 20 of these study units; one of these study units is the Western Lake Michigan Drainages (WMIC) study unit.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964012","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., and Saad, D.A., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the western Lake Michigan drainages: Analysis of available information on nutrients and suspended sediment, water years 1971-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4012, xiv, 165 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964012.","productDescription":"xiv, 165 p.","numberOfPages":"182","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410754,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48381.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58249,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4012/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4012/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.7373046875,\n 46.10370875598026\n ],\n [\n -86.94580078125,\n 46.49839225859763\n ],\n [\n -89.9560546875,\n 45.69083283645816\n ],\n [\n -89.97802734375,\n 44.5278427984555\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 42.76314586689494\n ],\n [\n -89.49462890625,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 42.45588764197166\n ],\n [\n -87.82470703125,\n 42.48830197960227\n ],\n [\n -87.47314453125,\n 42.601619944327965\n ],\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 43.83452678223684\n ],\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 44.19795903948531\n ],\n [\n -87.099609375,\n 44.824708282300236\n ],\n [\n -86.55029296875,\n 45.506346901083425\n ],\n [\n -85.7373046875,\n 46.10370875598026\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6965","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saad, D. A.","contributorId":85212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44727,"text":"wri944083 - 1996 - Geohydrology, yield, and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the Pemigewasset River basin, central New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:12","indexId":"wri944083","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4083","title":"Geohydrology, yield, and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the Pemigewasset River basin, central New Hampshire","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri944083","usgsCitation":"Cotton, J.E., and Olimpio, J.R., 1996, Geohydrology, yield, and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the Pemigewasset River basin, central New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4083, 10 maps on five sheets, both sides : some col. ; 120 x 85 cm. or smaller, on sheets 134 x 91 cm. and 111 x 91 cm., folded in envelope 33 x 25 cm. + 1 text (vi, 167 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944083.","productDescription":"10 maps on five sheets, both sides : some col. ; 120 x 85 cm. or smaller, on sheets 134 x 91 cm. and 111 x 91 cm., folded in envelope 33 x 25 cm. + 1 text (vi, 167 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4083/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":82019,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4083/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82020,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4083/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82021,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4083/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82022,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4083/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82023,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4083/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82024,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4083/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82025,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4083/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82026,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4083/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82027,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4083/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82028,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4083/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82029,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4083/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a873e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cotton, John E.","contributorId":99106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cotton","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olimpio, Joseph R.","contributorId":57878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olimpio","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25871,"text":"wri964035 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the chromic acid pit site, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T21:02:40.680211","indexId":"wri964035","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4035","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the chromic acid pit site, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas","docAbstract":"The Chromic Acid Pit site is an inactive waste disposal site \r\nthat is regulated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of \r\n1976. The 2.2-cubic-yard cement-lined pit was operated from 1980 \r\nto 1983 by a contractor to the U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery \r\nCenter and Fort Bliss. The pit, located on the Fort Bliss military \r\nreservation, in El Paso, Texas, was used for disposal and \r\nevaporation of chromic acid waste generated from chrome plating \r\noperations. The site was certified closed in 1989 and the Texas \r\nNatural Resources Conservation Commission issued Permit Number \r\nHW-50296 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Permit Number \r\nTX4213720101), which approved and implemented post-closure care \r\nfor the Chromic Acid Pit site. In accordance with an approved \r\npost-closure plan, the U.S. Geological Survey is cooperating with \r\nthe U.S. Army in evaluating hydrogeologic conditions and ground-\r\nwater quality at the site. One upgradient and two downgradient \r\nground-water monitoring wells were installed adjacent to the \r\nchromic acid pit by a private contractor. Quarterly ground-water \r\nsampling of these wells by the U.S. Geological Survey began in \r\nDecember 1993.\r\n\r\n The Chromic Acid Pit site is situated in the Hueco Bolson \r\nintermontane valley. The Hueco Bolson is a primary source of \r\nground water in the El Paso area. City of El Paso and U.S. Army \r\nwater-supply wells are located on all sides of the study area and \r\nare completed 600 to more than 1,200 feet below land surface. The \r\nground-water level in the area of the Chromic Acid Pit site has \r\ndeclined about 25 feet from 1982 to 1993. Depth to water at the \r\nChromic Acid Pit site in September 1994 was about 284 feet below \r\nland surface; ground-water flow is to the southeast.\r\n\r\n Ground-water samples collected from monitoring wells at the \r\nChromic Acid Pit site contained dissolved-solids concentrations \r\nof 442 to 564 milligrams per liter. Nitrate as nitrogen \r\nconcentrations ranged from 2.1 to 2.7 milligrams per liter; \r\nnitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen concentrations ranged from 2.3 \r\nto 3.0 milligrams per liter. Nitrate concentrations are \r\nabnormally high in the Old Mesa well field located about 5,000 \r\nfeet southwest of the Chromic Acid Pit site. Volatile and \r\nsemivolatile organic compounds in water samples were analyzed for \r\nthe first sampling round; no confirmed volatile or semivolatile \r\norganic compounds were detected above the laboratory reporting \r\nlimits. Total chromium concentrations ranged from 0.0099 to 0.092 \r\nmilligram per liter; dissolved chromium concentrations ranged \r\nfrom 0.0068 to 0.0094 milligram per liter. Overall, water-quality \r\ncharacteristics in water from the chromic acid pit ground-water \r\nmonitoring wells are similar to those in the surrounding area. \r\nDetected chemical concentrations in water from the chromic acid \r\npit monitoring wells during the four sampling periods were below \r\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency-established maximum \r\ncontaminant levels for public drinking water supplies.\r\n\r\n Statistical analyses were performed on 39 of the chemical \r\nconstituents analyzed for in ground water from the chromic acid \r\npit monitoring wells. Concentrations of chloride and fluoride \r\nwere significantly less in water from the downgradient wells than \r\nin water from the upgradient well, whereas concentrations of \r\nnitrate as nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, and \r\ndissolved solids were significantly greater in water from the \r\ndowngradient wells than in water from the upgradient well. \r\nConcentrations of nitrate as nitrogen were significantly \r\ndifferent in water from the two downgradient wells. Differences \r\ndetected through statistical analysis of chemical constituents of \r\nwater in the chromic acid pit monitoring wells did not appear to \r\nindicate a release of hazardous chemicals from the chromic acid \r\npit. There was no indication of ground-water contamination in \r\neither downgradient well.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964035","usgsCitation":"Abeyta, C.G., and Thomas, C.L., 1996, Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the chromic acid pit site, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4035, vi, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964035.","productDescription":"vi, 67 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":54624,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394277,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48400.htm"},{"id":123102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4035/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"El Paso","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.4405,\n 31.8597\n ],\n [\n -106.3728,\n 31.8597\n ],\n [\n -106.3728,\n 31.8178\n ],\n [\n -106.4405,\n 31.8178\n ],\n [\n -106.4405,\n 31.8597\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a2bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abeyta, Cynthia G.","contributorId":52187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abeyta","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, C. L.","contributorId":43802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27430,"text":"wri964046 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic factors that affect the flowpath of water in selected zones of the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-20T10:26:30","indexId":"wri964046","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4046","title":"Hydrogeologic factors that affect the flowpath of water in selected zones of the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas","docAbstract":"The Edwards aquifer in the San Antonio region supplies drinking water for more than 1 million people. Proper development and protection of the aquifer is a high priority for local and State authorities. To better understand the flow of water in two major flowpaths in the Edwards aquifer, stratigraphic, structural, hydrologic, and geochemical data were analyzed. The western Medina flowpath is in parts of Uvalde, Medina, and Bexar Counties, and the eastern flowpath is in northern Bexar and central Comal Counties.
A major hydrogeologic factor that affects the pattern of flow in the Edwards aquifer is the spatial and temporal distribution of recharge. Other hydrogeologic factors that affect flowpaths include internal boundaries and the location and rate of spring discharge. The relative displacement of faults and the high permeability layers have substantial control on the discharge at springs and on the flowpaths in the Edwards aquifer.
Analysis of the estimated recharge to the Edwards aquifer during 1982 89 indicated that during years of substantial precipitation, a large part of the net recharge probably is diffuse infiltration of precipitation over large parts of the recharge area. During years with below-normal precipitation, most recharge is leakage from rivers and streams that drain the catchment subbasins.
In the western Medina flowpath, concentrations of major ions indicate saturation of calcite and undersaturation of dolomite the two minerals that constitute most of the Edwards aquifer matrix. Concentrations of dissolved calcium, alkalinity, and dissolved chloride in the eastern flowpath are greater than those in the western Medina flowpath. These upward trends in concentrations might result in part from: (1) increased development in the recharge area, (2) mineralized effluent from developed areas, or (3) increased dissolution of aquifer material.
Tritium data from wells sampled in and near the western Medina flowpath indicate no vertical stratification of flow. Tritium concentrations in the recharge area of the western Medina flowpath are smaller than would be expected from previous studies and for the amount of recharge the area presumably received since 1952.
Stable-isotopic data indicate that the water in the Edwards aquifer is meteoric and, except in one known area, has not been subjected to substantial evaporation or other isotope-fractionating processes. Evaporation of water from Medina Lake results in a heavier stable-isotopic ratio in lake water, which subsequently recharges the Edwards aquifer. The stable-isotopic data indicate that lake water does not enter either of the two flowpaths.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri964046","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Groschen, G.E., 1996, Hydrogeologic factors that affect the flowpath of water in selected zones of the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4046, Report: vi, 73 p.; 3 Plates: 25.00 x 17.82 inches or less, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964046.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 73 p.; 3 Plates: 25.00 x 17.82 inches or less","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56292,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360603,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4046/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360604,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4046/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360605,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4046/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Aquifer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db628749","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groschen, George E.","contributorId":99132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groschen","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52519,"text":"ofr96649_1996 - 1996 - Flood tracking chart, Amite River basin, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T11:10:20","indexId":"ofr96649_1996","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-649","title":"Flood tracking chart, Amite River basin, Louisiana","docAbstract":"The Amite River Basin flood tracking chart is designed to assist emergency response officials and the local public in making informed decisions about the safety of life and property during floods along the Amite and Comite Rivers and Bayou Manchac in southeastern Louisiana. This chart is similar in concept to the charts used to track hurricanes; the user can record the latest river stage information at selected gaging stations and the latest flood crest predictions. The latest stage data can be compared to historical flood peaks as well as to the slab or pier elevation of a threatened property. The chart also discusses how to acquire the latest river stage data from the Internet and a recorded voice message.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96649_1996","usgsCitation":"Callender, L., McCallum, B.E., and Brazelton, S.R., 1996, Flood tracking chart, Amite River basin, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-649, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96649_1996.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330833,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0649/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Amite River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n 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bemccall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-0343","contributorId":1591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCallum","given":"Brian","email":"bemccall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":245484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brazelton, Sebastian R.","contributorId":56621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brazelton","given":"Sebastian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26119,"text":"wri954225 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and simulated ground-water flow through the unconsolidated aquifers of northeastern St. Joseph County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-06T12:02:57","indexId":"wri954225","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4225","title":"Hydrogeology and simulated ground-water flow through the unconsolidated aquifers of northeastern St. Joseph County, Indiana","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey investigated ground-water resources of northeastern St. Joseph County, Indiana, during 1990-93. The investigation included field measurements of water levels and numerical models of ground-water flow. This report documents results of that work and includes descriptions of (1) hydrogeologic framework, (2) water levels, (3) model sensitivity to variations in hydrogeologic parameters, (4) simulated aquifer response to increased ground-water withdrawals, (5) recharge areas for significant water- withdrawal facilities, (6) flow paths and discharge points for ground-water solutes originating beneath known contamination sites. Water-level data indicated (1) regional ground- water flow towards the St. Joseph River, (2) depth to water is small in the St. Joseph aquifer system compared to that in the Hilltop and Nappanee aquifer systems, (3) water levels in deep and shallow parts of the aquifer system are not equal where a confining unit is present. Model results indicate increasing withdrawals by 50 percent at significant water-withdrawal facilities would cause drawdowns less than 6 feet in the 1/4-square-mile area surrounding pumping sites. The response of Juday Creek and the St. Joseph River to increased ground-water pumpage is reductions of ground-water contribution to streamflow of 23 percent and 6 percent, respectively. Particle-tracking analyses indicate flow paths for solutes originating beneath known contamination sites may pass near to, or be intercepted by, significant water-withdrawal facilities. Most particles are discharged to the St. Joseph River but some may be discharged to Juday Creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954225","usgsCitation":"Bayless, E.R., and Arihood, L.D., 1996, Hydrogeology and simulated ground-water flow through the unconsolidated aquifers of northeastern St. Joseph County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4225, v, 47 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954225.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54922,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4225/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4225/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Saint Joseph","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-86.2255,41.7615],[-86.0624,41.7619],[-86.0598,41.4999],[-86.0592,41.4935],[-86.0593,41.479],[-86.0789,41.479],[-86.0979,41.4791],[-86.1181,41.4792],[-86.1273,41.4792],[-86.1421,41.4792],[-86.1562,41.4793],[-86.234,41.479],[-86.3063,41.4787],[-86.3302,41.4778],[-86.3492,41.4778],[-86.378,41.4774],[-86.4356,41.4765],[-86.4559,41.4765],[-86.4645,41.4765],[-86.4669,41.4765],[-86.4669,41.4616],[-86.4669,41.4339],[-86.5245,41.4339],[-86.5245,41.5201],[-86.5012,41.5206],[-86.5,41.5287],[-86.4982,41.531],[-86.4982,41.5669],[-86.4865,41.5769],[-86.4871,41.649],[-86.5068,41.6499],[-86.5264,41.6499],[-86.5264,41.6572],[-86.5258,41.6731],[-86.5252,41.7085],[-86.524,41.7603],[-86.4526,41.7599],[-86.2846,41.7611],[-86.2255,41.7615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Saint Joseph\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625295","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayless, E. Randall 0000-0002-0357-3635","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-3635","contributorId":42586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arihood, L. D. 0000-0001-5792-3699","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5792-3699","contributorId":74388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arihood","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25440,"text":"wri954232 - 1996 - Detailed study of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Klamath Basin, California and Oregon, 1990-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T14:35:25","indexId":"wri954232","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4232","title":"Detailed study of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Klamath Basin, California and Oregon, 1990-92","docAbstract":"The effect of irrigation drainage on the water quality and wildlife of the Klamath Basin in California and Oregon was evaluated during 1990-92 as part of the National Irrigation Water Quality Program of the U.S. Department of the Interior. The study focused on land serviced by the Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Project, which supplies irrigation water to agricultural land in the Klamath Basin and the Lost River Basin. The Tule Lake and Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuges, managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, are in the study area. These refuges provide critical resting and breeding habitat for waterfowl on the Pacific flyway and are dependent on irrigation drainwater from upstream agriculture for most of their water supply.
Water-quality characteristics throughout the study area were typical of highly eutrophic systems during the summer months of 1991 and 1992. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations and pH tended to fluctuate each day in response to diurnal patterns of photosynthesis, and frequently exceeded criteria for protection of aquatic organisms.
Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were generally at or above threshold levels characteristic of eutrophic lakes and streams. At most sites the bulk of dissolved nitrogen was organically bound. Elevated ammonia concentrations were common in the study area, especially downstream of drain inputs. High pH of water increased the toxicity of ammonia, and concentrations exceeded criteria at sites upstream and downstream of irrigated land. Concentrations of ammonia in samples from small drains on the Tule Lake refuge leaseland were higher than those measured in the larger, integrating drains at primary monitoring sites. The mean ammonia concentration in leaseland drains [1.21 milligrams per liter (mg/L)] was significantly higher than the mean concentration in canals delivering water to the leaseland fields (0.065 mg/L) and higher than concentrations reported to be lethal to Daphnia magna (median lethal concentration of 0.66 mg/L). Dissolved-oxygen concentrations also were lower, and Daphnia survivability measured during in situ bioassays was correspondingly lower in the leaseland drains than in water delivery canals.
In static laboratory bioassays, water samples collected at the primary monitoring sites caused toxicity in up to 78 percent of Lemna minor tests, in up to 49 percent of Xenopus laevis tests, in 17 percent and 8 percent of Hyalella azteca and Pimephales promelas tests, respectively, and 0 percent in Daphnia magna tests. In situ exposure at the sites caused mortality in more than 83 percent of Pimephales tests and in more than 41 percent of Daphnia and Hyalella tests. Much of the observed toxicity appears to have been caused by low dissolved oxygen, high pH, and ammonia. Although water in the study area was toxic to a variety of organisms, no statistically significant differences in the degree of toxicity between sites were observed above or below irrigated agricultural land in any of the bioassays.
Pesticides were frequently detected in water samples collected at the monitoring sites during the 1991 and 1992 irrigation seasons. Among the most frequently detected compounds were the herbicides simazine, metribuzin, EPTC, and metolachlor and the insecticide terbufos. All the insecticides detected were at concentrations substantially below acute toxicity values reported for aquatic organisms.
The herbicide acrolein has been used extensively in the basin to manage aquatic plant growth in irrigation canals and drains. The concentration of acrolein was monitored in a canal near Tule Lake after an application in order to evaluate the potential for the pesticide to be transported to refuge waters. Although acrolein concentrations were toxic to fish in the channels adjacent to Tule Lake, very little of the canal water entered the refuge during the monitoring period.
Organochlorine pesticide concentrations in 25 surficial sediment samples collected in 1990 were below baseline levels commonly found in soils and sediment. Seventeen sediment samples were analyzed for chlorophenoxy acid herbicides and two samples were analyzed for organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in 1992. No pesticides were detected in any of these samples.
Residues of the trace elements selenium, mercury, and arsenic in algae, invertebrates, fish, and avian eggs revealed no bioaccumulation problems. Concentrations of organochlorine compounds, especially of p,p' DDE, were associated with a mean 11-percent eggshell thinning in white-faced ibis. However, ibis populations appear to be increasing, and some eggs of ibis were relatively low in DDE concentration. DDE concentrations in eggs of western grebes were not as high as in the eggs of ibis. Concentrations and types of organochlorine compounds detected in grebe and ibis eggs were highly variable, indicating that the birds were exposed to these compounds outside the basin.
Fish and invertebrates inhabiting drainwater were representative of pollution-tolerant species assemblages. The aquatic communities retained little of their historic ecological structure. Extensive hydrologic modifications and hypereutrophic conditions in Klamath Basin waterways have degraded the quality of aquatic habitat and altered aquatic communities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954232","usgsCitation":"Dileanis, P.D., Schwarzbach, S.E., and Bennett, J., 1996, Detailed study of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Klamath Basin, California and Oregon, 1990-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4232, vii, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954232.","productDescription":"vii, 68 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4232/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54170,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4232/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 41.75\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 41.75\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 42.3\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 42.3\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 41.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667afe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dileanis, Peter D. dileanis@usgs.gov","contributorId":71541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dileanis","given":"Peter","email":"dileanis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":193704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwarzbach, Steven E. steven_schwarzbach@usgs.gov","contributorId":1025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarzbach","given":"Steven","email":"steven_schwarzbach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, Jewel","contributorId":28632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Jewel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25869,"text":"wri954217 - 1996 - Geohydrologic site characterization of the municipal solid waste landfill facility, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-16T21:15:01.036973","indexId":"wri954217","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4217","title":"Geohydrologic site characterization of the municipal solid waste landfill facility, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso County, Texas","docAbstract":"Geohydrologic conditions of the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Facility (MSWLF) on the U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso County, Texas, were evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army. The 106.03-acre MSWLF has been in operation since January 1974. The landfill contains household refuse, Post solid wastes, bulky items, grass and tree trimmings from family housing, refuse from litter cans, construction debris, classified waste (dry), dead animals, asbestos, and empty oil cans.
The MSWLF, located about 1,200 feet east of the nearest occupied structure, is estimated to receive an average of approximately 56 tons of municipal solid waste per day and, at a fill rate of 1-4 acres per year, is expected to reach its capacity by the year 2004. The MSWLF is located in the Hueco Bolson, 4 miles east of the Franklin Mountains. Elevations at the MSWLF range from 3,907 to 3,937 feet above sea level. The climate at the MSWLF and vicinity is arid continental, characterized by an abundance of sunny days, high summer temperatures, relatively cool winters typical of arid areas, scanty rainfall, and very low humidity throughout the year. Average annual temperature near the MSWLF and vicinity is 63.3 degrees Fahrenheit and annual precipitation is 7.8 inches. Potential evaporation in the El Paso area was estimated to be 65 inches per year. Soils at and adjacent to the MSWLF are nearly level to gently sloping, have a fine sandy loam subsoil, and are moderately deep over caliche.
The MSWLF is underlain by Hueco Bolson deposits of Tertiary age and typically are composed of unconsolidated to slightly consolidated interbedded sands, clay, silt, gravel, and caliche. Individual beds are not well defined and range in thickness from a fraction of an inch to about 100 feet. The primary source of ground water in the MSWLF area is in the deposits of the Hueco Bolson. A relatively thick vadose zone of approximately 300 feet overlies the aquifer of the Hueco Bolson deposits in the vicinity of the MSWLF. A deep water table prevails for all of the study area. Whether any perched water zones exist below the MSWLF is unknown. Under current conditions, extensive ground-water development by the City of El Paso encompasses the MSWLF. Hydraulic characteristics of the Hueco Bolson vary significantly as a result of the nonuniform nature of the individual beds. Wells in the vicinity of the MSWLF range in depth from about 600 feet to greater than 1,200 feet. Recharge resulting from direct infiltration of precipitation is minor due to the high evaporation and low precipitation rates. The hydraulic gradient in the vicinity of the MSWLF is generally to the south but may vary due to pumpage of a well located on the northeast corner of the perimeter boundary. Ground-water monitoring data for the MSWLF vicinity show a water-level decline of 55.65 feet from November 1958 to December 1987. Depth to water at the northeast corner of the MSWLF as of July 26, 1994, was 325.8 feet below land surface.
The city-operated Shearman Well Field, located north of the MSWLF, is a primary source of ground water for the City of El Paso. The test-pumping rate of well JL-49-05-914 (the well nearest to the MSWLF having test-pumping data) was 1,972 gallons per minute on July 20, 1992; the static water level prior to pumping was 317.54 feet below land surface. El Paso Water Utilities reports that the pumping level after 8 hours of pumping was 367.80 feet below land surface, resulting in a drawdown of 50.26 feet, transmissivity of 22,200 feet squared per day (166,000 gallons per day per foot), and specific capacity of 39.2 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown. After the well was shut off, the well recovered to a static water level of 317.46 feet below land surface on July 21, 1992.
Ground water in the El Paso area is chemically suitable for most uses. El Paso Water Utilities reports that concentrations of dissolved solids in the vicinity of the MSWLF generally range from 297 to 625 milligrams per liter (wells JL-49-05-904 and JL-49-05-915, respectively).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954217","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Army, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center, and Fort Bliss","usgsCitation":"Abeyta, C.G., 1996, Geohydrologic site characterization of the municipal solid waste landfill facility, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4217, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954217.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424453,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48305.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54622,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4217/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":119121,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4217/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"El Paso County","otherGeospatial":"Fort Bliss","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.3972,\n 31.8847\n ],\n [\n -106.3972,\n 31.8764\n ],\n [\n -106.3883,\n 31.8764\n ],\n [\n -106.3883,\n 31.8847\n ],\n [\n -106.3972,\n 31.8847\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8de2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abeyta, Cynthia G.","contributorId":52187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abeyta","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28389,"text":"wri964156 - 1996 - Radon in ground water of the lower Susquehanna and Potomac River basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-02T19:39:39.391899","indexId":"wri964156","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4156","title":"Radon in ground water of the lower Susquehanna and Potomac River basins","docAbstract":"Ground-water samples collected from 267 wells were analyzed for radon as part of a water-quality reconnaissance of subunits of the Lower Susquehanna and Potomac River Basins conducted by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. Radon is a product of the radioactive decay of uranium. Airborne radon has been cited by the Surgeon General of the United States as the second-leading cause of lung cancer and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has identified ground-water supplies as possible contributing sources of indoor radon. Eighty percent of ground-water samples collected for this study were found to contain radon at activities greater than 300 pCi/L (picocuries per liter), the USEPA's proposed Maximum Contaminant Level for radon in drinking water, and 31 percent of samples contained radon at activities greater than 1,000 pCi/L. The 10 subunits where samples were collected were grouped into three classes - median ground-water radon activity less than 300 pCi/L, between 300 pCi/L and 1,000 pCi/L, and greater than 1,000 pCi/L. Subunits underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont Physiographic Province typically have the highest median ground-water radon activities (greater than 1,000 pCi/L); although there is a large variation in radon activities within most of the subunits. Lower median radon activities (between 300 pCi/L and 1,000 pCi/L) were found in ground water in subunits underlain by limestone and dolomite. Of three subunits underlain by sandstone and shale, one fell into each of the three radon-activity classes. The large variability within these subunits may be attributed to the fact that the uranium content of sandstone and shale is related to the uranium content of the sediments from which they formed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964156","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, B., and Ator, S.W., 1996, Radon in ground water of the lower Susquehanna and Potomac River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4156, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964156.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391280,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48501.htm"},{"id":159560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4156/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57190,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4156/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2282,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir_96-4156/report.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"lower Susquehanna and Potomac River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.5833,\n 37.9\n ],\n [\n -75.8167,\n 37.9\n ],\n [\n -75.8167,\n 40.9167\n ],\n [\n -79.5833,\n 40.9167\n ],\n [\n -79.5833,\n 37.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64987c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, Bruce D. 0000-0002-7180-4319 blindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7180-4319","contributorId":434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"Bruce D.","email":"blindsey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":199716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ator, Scott W. 0000-0002-9186-4837 swator@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9186-4837","contributorId":781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ator","given":"Scott","email":"swator@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":375,"text":"Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":199717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29781,"text":"wri964120 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of Valley Forge National Historical Park, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T10:35:17","indexId":"wri964120","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4120","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of Valley Forge National Historical Park, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Valley Forge National Historical Park is just southwest of the Commodore Semiconductor Group (CSG) National Priorities List (Superfund) Site, a source of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) in ground water. The 7.5-square-mile study area includes the part of the park in Lower Providence and West Norriton Townships in Montgomery County, Pa., and surrounding vicinity. The park is underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Upper Triassic age stockton Formation. A potentiometric-surface map constructed from water levels measured in 59 wells shows a cone of depression, approximately 0.5 mile in diameter, centered near the CSG Site. The cone of depression is caused by the pumping of six public supply wells. A ground-water divide between the cone of depression and Valley Forge National Historical Park provides a hydraulic barrier to the flow of ground water and contaminants from the CSG Site to the park. If pumping in the cone of depression was to cease, water levels would recover, and the ground-water divide would shift to the north. A hydraulic gradient between the CSG Site and the Schuylkill River would be established, causing contaminated ground water to flow to the park.
Water samples were collected from 12 wells within the park boundary and 9 wells between the park boundary and the ground-water divide to the north of the park. All water samples were analyzed for physical properties (field determinations), nutrients, common ions, metals and other trace constituents, and VOC's. Water samples from the 12 wells inside the park boundary also were analyzed for pesticides. Concentrations of inorganic constituents in the water samples did not exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant levels. Very low concentrations of organic compounds were detected in some of the water samples. VOC's were detected in water from 76 percent of the wells sampled; the maximum concentration detected was 5.8 micrograms per liter of chloroform. The most commonly detected VOC was chloroform. The second most commonly detected compound was methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), which was detected in water from 24 percent of wells sampled. Several pesticides were detected in water samples collected from within the park boundaries.: chlordane, DDD, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor epoxide, and simazine. Concentrations of the detected pesticides were 0.1 micrograms per liter or less and did not exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964120","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., and McManus, B.C., 1996, Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of Valley Forge National Historical Park, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4120, v, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964120.","productDescription":"v, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4120/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2488,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4120/wri19964120.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.14 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1996-4120"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Stream habitat characteristics were measured at twenty sites in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin by the U.S. Geological Survey in May and June, 1993 as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program Western Lake Michigan Drainages study unit. These \"benchmark\" stream sites were selected for study to represent standards of reference for comparison to other streams in similar physical settings that appear to be more detrimentally affected by agriculture. The agricultural benchmark streams were selected from four physical settings, or relatively homogeneous units (RHU's), that differ in bedrock type and texture of surficial deposits. Habitat characteristics at streams in these four physical settings are described and compared to each other, and a habitat classification scheme was used to rank the quality of habitat in these streams. Additional aquatic information was collected along with the habitat data: water-quality data and population surveys of fish, invertebrates, and algae. Habitat data were collected at three levels: drainage basin, stream segment between major tributaries (length from 1 to 14 km), and stream reach (approximately 150m). Results of statistical analyses show that, in general, most correlations are among basin-level habitat characteristics. Few correlations were observed among reach- and basin-level characteristics. Principal components analysis (PCA) on basin-level data resulted in principal components that reflect RHU, land use or latitude, and basin size. Groupings of habitat characteristics at the reach level are less clearly attributed to some outside environmental factor. Streams that have undergone habitat restoration for fisheries group closely together on PCA ordination plots. Less than half of the habitat characteristics were found to be significantly different between one RHU and the other three. Characteristics that differed between RHU's were mainly at the basin level but also included some reach-level characteristics. Stream-habitat characteristics were classified according to the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Great Lakes Environmental Assessment Section (GLEAS) Procedure 51. No relation was found between GLEAS scores and RHU or the percentage of agricultural land in the drainage basins above the benchmark-stream sites. GLEAS scores were varied in each RHU. Streams with high GLEAS scores (rated good or excellent) can be considered benchmark or reference streams as far as habitat is concerned. Of the 20 streams sampled, 16 met this criterion.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964038B","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F., Peterson, E.M., and Stewart, J., 1996, Habitat characteristics of benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4038, vi, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964038B.","productDescription":"vi, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4038b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55973,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4038b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.483642578125,\n 43.1090040242731\n ],\n [\n -89.483642578125,\n 45.46783598133375\n ],\n [\n -86.737060546875,\n 45.46783598133375\n ],\n [\n -86.737060546875,\n 43.1090040242731\n ],\n [\n -89.483642578125,\n 43.1090040242731\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"\\National Water-Quality Assessment Program: Western Lake Michigan Drainages","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649771","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, F. A. 0000-0002-9748-7075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-7075","contributorId":61446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, E. M.","contributorId":70805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, J.S.","contributorId":65890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28238,"text":"wri964114 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas — Pesticides in streams draining an urban and an agricultural area, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T20:32:08.078483","indexId":"wri964114","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4114","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas — Pesticides in streams draining an urban and an agricultural area, 1993-95","docAbstract":"Water and bed-sediment samples from streams draining an urban and an agricultural area in the Trinity River Basin, Texas, were analyzed. The samples were collected during March 1993?September 1995 by the Trinity River Basin study-unit team of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program.
\nA comparison of pesticide data for water samples from seven streams in the Dallas-Fort Worth urban area with five streams in an agricultural area in the west-central part of the Trinity River Basin showed detections of 24 herbicides in urban-area streams and 19 herbicides in agricultural-area streams and 10 insecticides in each area. Atrazine, a herbicide, was detected in all samples from both areas. Diazinon, an insecticide, was detected in all samples collected in urban-area streams and in about 60 percent of the samples collected in agricultural-area streams. Concentrations of alachlor, atrazine, fluometuron, metolachlor, and pendimethalin (herbicides) were always greater in agricultural-area streams, and prometon and simazine concentrations were always greater in urban-area streams. Atrazine was the only herbicide with concentrations greater than a health advisory limit of 3 micrograms per liter. Concentrations were greater in about 20 percent of the samples; all were in the agricultural area and occurred during spring and during higher streamflow. Diazinon was the only insecticide with concentrations greater than the health advisory of 0.6 microgram per liter. Concentrations were greater in about 15 percent of the samples from the urban area. All exceedances were during spring through early fall and during all ranges of streamflow. In the agricultural area, atrazine and metolachlor concentrations peaked during spring and early summer and increased with increasing streamflow; in the urban area, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon peaked in April and remained relatively high during the summer and increased with increasing streamflow.
\nA comparison of pesticide data for bed-sediment samples from five urban streams and five agricultural streams showed detections of 11 organochlorine insecticides in the urban area and 1 in the agricultural area. All compounds were either DDT-related or one of the components of chlordane except for mirex and dieldrin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri964114","usgsCitation":"Land, L.F., and Brown, M.F., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas — Pesticides in streams draining an urban and an agricultural area, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4114, v, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964114.","productDescription":"v, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11561,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://tx.usgs.gov/projects/trin/pubs/pdf/wri-96-4114.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393015,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48470.htm"},{"id":122838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4114/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57065,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4114/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Dallas, Fort Worth","otherGeospatial":"Trinity River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.4,\n 31.8833\n ],\n [\n -96.2917,\n 31.8833\n ],\n [\n -96.2917,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -97.4,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -97.4,\n 31.8833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e486ae4b07f02db50a31b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, Larry F.","contributorId":60612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Mariann F.","contributorId":16463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Mariann","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38245,"text":"pp1550A - 1996 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Main shock characteristics","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38245,"text":"pp1550A - 1996 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Main shock characteristics","indexId":"pp1550A","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Main shock characteristics"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":77046,"text":"pp1550 - 1993 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence","indexId":"pp1550","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":77046,"text":"pp1550 - 1993 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence","indexId":"pp1550","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-14T18:49:14.541802","indexId":"pp1550A","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1550","chapter":"A","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Main shock characteristics","docAbstract":"The October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta, Calif., earthquake (0004:15.2 G.m.t. October 18; lat 37.036º N., long 121.883º W.; 19-km depth) had a local magnitude (ML) of about 6.7, a surface-wave magnitude (MS) of 7.1, a seismic moment of 2.2x1019 N-m to 3.5x1019 N-m, a source duration of 6 to 15 s, and an average stress drop of at least 50 bars. Slip occurred on a dipping fault surface about 35 km long and was largely confined to a depth of about 7 to 20 km. The slip vector had a large vertical component, and slip was distributed in two main regions situated northwest and southeast of the hypocenter. This slip distribution caused about half of the earthquake's energy to be focused toward the urbanized San Francisco Bay region, while the other half was focused toward the southeast. Had the rupture initiated at the southeast end of the aftershock zone, shaking in the bay region would have been both longer and stronger. These source parameters suggest that the earthquake was not a typical shallow San Andreas-type event but a deeper event on a different fault with a recurrence interval of many hundreds of years. Therefore, the potential for a damaging shallow event on the San Andreas fault in the Santa Cruz Mountains may still exist.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1550A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"Spudich, P.A., Beroza, G., Choy, G., Boatwright, J., Hartzell, S.H., Stewart, G.L., Mendoza, C., Horton, S., Anderson, J.G., Mendez, A.J., Kanamori, H., Satake, K., Lisowski, M., Murray, M.H., Svarc, J.L., Marshall, G., Stein, R.S., McNally, K., Simila, G.W., Brown, J.G., Nabelek, J., Reches, Z., Zoback, M.D., Steidl, J., Archuleta, R.J., Velasco, A.A., Lay, T., Zhang, J., Wald, D.J., Helmberger, D.V., Heaton, T.H., Williams, C.R., Segall, P., Wu, F.T., Wu, M., and Rudnicki, J., 1996, The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Main shock characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1550, 297 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1550A.","productDescription":"297 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430220,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76939.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3489,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1550/pp1550a/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122502,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1550_a.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.27119428418347,\n 37.390877414308875\n ],\n [\n -122.27119428418347,\n 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Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4269","title":"Water quality of surficial aquifers in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"The National Water Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey established the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study unit in 1991. The ground-water study-unit survey was conducted in 1993 to provide a broad over-view of water quality in surficial aquifers. Three land resource provinces were included in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study-unit survey: the Central Florida Ridge, the Coastal Flatwoods, and the Southern Coastal Plain. The U.S. Geological Survey sampled 37 wells in surficial aquifers, 18 in the Coastal Flatwoods and 19 in the Southern Coastal Plain. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection sampled 27 wells tapping surficial aquifers in the Central Florida Ridge as part of the background ground-water quality monitoring network from 1985 through 1989. The data were used to characterize water quality in surficial aquifers of the Central Florida Ridge. Results of the study-unit survey indicated that dissolved solids concentrations in ground water were mostly less than 100 mg/L (milligrams per liter). Higher medians of pH, specific conductance, and concentrations of calcium, bicarbonate, and dissolved solids were measured in samples from the Central Florida Ridge compared to the Southern Coastal Plain and Coastal Flatwoods, probably because of a greater percentage of carbonate minerals in aquifer materials. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level for iron of 300 ug/L (micrograms per liter) in drinking water was exceeded in 15 of 45 samples. Concentrations of nitrate as nitrogen were less than 3.0 mg/L in most samples (74 percent), indicating little or no influence from human activity. Only five samples (9 percent) had concentrations above 10 mg/L, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level for nitrate concentration in drinking water. Significantly lower median concentrations of nitrate were measured in samples from polyvinyl chloride monitoring wells with diameters less than 6 inches than in large diameter, uncased, or iron-cased wells. The median nitrate concentration was 0.05 mg/L in water from monitoring wells, 1.0 mg/L in samples from iron cased wells, and 2.0 mg/L in samples from uncased wells. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds were mostly less than the detection levels and exceeded 1 ug/L in only four samples. Compounds detected at concentrations greater than 1 ug/L were: tetrachloroethane (8.77 ug/L), toluene (23 ug/L) and chloromethane (21 ug/L). Atrazine, desethyl-atrazine, and metolachlor were the only pesticides detected; concentrations were less than 0.02 ug/L, except for metolachlor (2.5 ug/L). Detection of organic compounds in surficial aquifer may be associated with specific activities or sources near the well. Concentrations of radon exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed maximum contaminant level of 300 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) in 33 samples from wells on the Coastal Flatwoods and the Southern Coastal Plain. Concentrations as high as 13,000 pCi/L were detected in northern Florida. Although uranium concentrations were less than 1 ug/L in all but one sample (1.3 ug/L) from the Southern Coastal Plain, elevated radon concentrations indicate that uranium is present in aquifer material. Uranium is most likely sorbed to iron oxides and clays in subsurface materials. Tritium concentrations indicated that ground water was recharged by precipitation during the past 40 years. Higher concentrations of tritium in ground water were found in the northern part of the study area and may be related to Savannah River Nuclear Facility.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954269","usgsCitation":"Crandall, C.A., and Berndt, M.P., 1996, Water quality of surficial aquifers in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4269, vi, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954269.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410731,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48342.htm"},{"id":2042,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954269","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85,\n 33.2333\n ],\n [\n -85,\n 27.6833\n ],\n [\n -80.45,\n 27.6833\n ],\n [\n -80.45,\n 33.2333\n ],\n [\n -85,\n 33.2333\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478ee4b07f02db489e2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crandall, C. 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The first approach is based on an annual lake-volume model, and the second approach is based on a statistical water mass-balance model that generates seasonal lake volumes on the basis of seasonal precipitation, evaporation, and inflow.
Autoregressive moving average models were used to model the annual mean lake volume and the difference between the annual maximum lake volume and the annual mean lake volume. Residuals from both models were determined to be uncorrelated with zero mean and constant variance. However, a nonlinear relation between the residuals of the two models was included in the final annual lakevolume model.
Because of high autocorrelation in the annual lake levels of Devils Lake, the annual lake-volume model was verified using annual lake-level changes. The annual lake-volume model closely reproduced the statistics of the recorded lake-level changes for 1901-93 except for the skewness coefficient. However, the model output is less skewed than the data indicate because of some unrealistically large lake-level declines.
The statistical water mass-balance model requires as inputs seasonal precipitation, evaporation, and inflow data for Devils Lake. Analysis of annual precipitation, evaporation, and inflow data for 1950-93 revealed no significant trends or long-range dependence so the input time series were assumed to be stationary and short-range dependent.
Normality transformations were used to approximately maintain the marginal probability distributions; and a multivariate, periodic autoregressive model was used to reproduce the correlation structure. Each of the coefficients in the model is significantly different from zero at the 5-percent significance level. Coefficients relating spring inflow from one year to spring and fall inflows from the previous year had the largest effect on the lake-level frequency analysis.
Inclusion of parameter uncertainty in the model for generating precipitation, evaporation, and inflow indicates that the upper lake-level exceedance levels from the water mass-balance model are particularly sensitive to parameter uncertainty. The sensitivity in the upper exceedance levels was caused almost entirely by uncertainty in the fitted probability distributions of the quarterly inflows. A method was developed for using long-term streamflow data for the Red River of the North at Grand Forks to reduce the variance in the estimated mean.
Comparison of the annual lake-volume model and the water mass-balance model indicates the upper exceedance levels of the water mass-balance model increase much more rapidly than those of the annual lake-volume model. As an example, for simulation year 5, the 99-percent exceedance for the lake level is 1,417.6 feet above sea level for the annual lake-volume model and 1,423.2 feet above sea level for the water mass-balance model. The rapid increase is caused largely by the record precipitation and inflow in the summer and fall of 1993. Because the water mass-balance model produces lake-level traces that closely match the hydrology of Devils Lake, the water mass-balance model is superior to the annual lake-volume model for computing exceedance levels for the 50-year planning horizon.
Trends are computed for nutrient inflows from 37 streams discharging into the Gulf of Mexico. The drainage areas of these streams represent about 86 percent of the drainage area to the Gulf from the conterminous United States. The period analyzed varies for each stream, but generally includes water years 1972-93. Stations included in this analysis primarily are part of the National Stream Quality Accounting Network operated by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Short-term trends for each station are indicated by LOWESS smooth lines superimposed on graphs of the relations between flow-adjusted residuals of concentration and time or load and time. Long-term trends were evaluated using Kendall's tau and the slope of the Kendall-Theil robust line. Long- term trends for each station are indicated by Kendall-Theil robust lines superimposed on the aforementioned graphs. Annual loads are estimated with regression analysis and corrected for log-transformation bias with the Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator. Trends in annual streamflow are presented to aid in the interpretation of trends in nutrient inflows.
Statistically significant, long-term increases in flow-adjusted residual concentrations of total nitrogen were detected at 19 stations, decreases were detected at 7 stations, and no significant trends were detected at 11 stations. Long-term increases in total nitrogen load were detected at 3 stations, decreases were detected at 4 stations, and no significant trends were detected at 30 stations. Long-term increases in flow-adjusted residual concentrations of total phosphorus were detected at 7 stations, decreases were detected at 11 stations, and no significant trends were detected at 19 stations. Long-term increases in total phosphorus load were detected at 3 stations, decreases were detected at 12 stations, and no significant trends were detected at 22 stations.
The median yields (mean annual load divided by drainage area) of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were significantly lower (p < 0.05) for the 13 streams in Texas than for the 24 streams east of the Sabine River (Texas-Louisiana boundary).
Statistically significant trends in annual streamflow were detected at only four stations. However, annual streamflow influences trends in load, even when the streamflow trends are not statistically significant.
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