{"pageNumber":"3734","pageRowStart":"93325","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185258,"records":[{"id":27549,"text":"wri964055 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the shallow aquifer system at the Mainside, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Site, Dahlgren, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:38","indexId":"wri964055","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4055","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the shallow aquifer system at the Mainside, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Site, Dahlgren, Virginia","docAbstract":"Lithologic and geophysical logs of boreholes at 29 sites show that the hydrogeologic framework of the Mainside of the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Site at Dahlgren, Virginia, consists of un-consolidated sedimentary deposits of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. The upper 220 feet of these sediments are divided into five hydrogeologic units, including the (1) Columbia (water-table) aquifer, (2) upper confining unit, (3) upper confined aquifer, (4) Nanjemoy-Marlboro confining unit, and (5) Aquia aquifer. The Columbia aquifer in the study area is a local system that is not affected by regional pumping. Ground-water recharge occurs at topographic highs in the northern part of the Mainside, and ground-water discharge occurs at topographic lows associated with adjacent surface-water bodies. Regionally, the direction of ground-water flow in the upper confined and Aquia aquifers is toward the southwest and southeast, respectively. A downward hydraulic gradient exists between the aquifers in the shallow system, and stresses on the Aquia aquifer are indicated by heads that range between 2 and 12 feet below sea level. The ratio of median horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the Columbia aquifer to median vertical hydraulic con-ductivity of the upper confining unit, however, is approximately 2,600:1; therefore, under natural- flow conditions, most water in the Columbia aquifer probably discharges to adjacent surface- water bodies. The composition and distribution of major ions vary in the Columbia aquifer. In general, water samples from wells located along the inland perimeter roads of the study area have chloride or a combination of chloride and sulfate as the dominant anions, and water samples from wells located in the interior of the study area have bicarbonate or a combination of bicarbonate and sulfate as the dominant anions. Sodium and calcium were the dominant cations in most samples. Dissolved solids and four inorganic constituents are present in water from the Columbia aquifer at concentrations that exceed the secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCL's) for drinking water established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Concentration of dissolved solids exceed the SMCL of 500 milligrams per liter in 3 of 29 samples from the Columbia aquifer. An elevated concentration of sodium is present in one water sample, and elevated concentrations of chloride are present in two water samples. Concentrations of dissolved iron and manga-nese exceed the SMCL in 10 and 17 of 29 water samples, respectively, and are the most extensive water-quality problem with regard to inorganic constituents in the Columbia aquifer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964055","usgsCitation":"Harlow, G., and Bell, C.F., 1996, Hydrogeology and water quality of the shallow aquifer system at the Mainside, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Site, Dahlgren, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4055, v, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964055.","productDescription":"v, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4055/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56404,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db62517d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harlow, G.E. Jr.","contributorId":68776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlow","given":"G.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bell, C. F.","contributorId":14449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27484,"text":"wri964056 - 1996 - Water resources of Spink County, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri964056","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4056","title":"Water resources of Spink County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"Spink County, an agricultural area of about 1,505 square miles, is in the flat to gently rolling James River lowland of east-central South Dakota. The water resources are characterized by the highly variable flows of the James River and its tributaries and by aquifers both in glacial deposits of sand and gravel, and in sandstone in the bedrock. Glacial aquifers underlie about half of the county, and bedrock aquifers underlie most of the county. The James River is an intermittent prairie stream that drains nearly 8,900 square miles north of Spink County and has an average annual discharge of about 124 cubic feet per second where it enters the county. The discharge is augmented by the flow of Snake and Turtle Creeks, each of which has an average annual flow of about 25 to 30 cubic feet per second. Streamflow is unreliable as a water supply because precipitation, which averages 18.5 inches annually, is erratic both in volume and in distribution, and because the average annual potential evapotranspiration rate is 43 inches. The flow of tributaries generally ceases by summer, and zero flows are common in the James River in fall and winter. Aquifers in glacial drift deposits store nearly 3.3 million acre-feet of fresh to slightly saline water at depths of from near land surface to more than 500 feet below land surface beneath an area of about 760 square miles. Yields of properly developed wells in the more productive aquifers exceed 1,000 gallons per minute in some areas. Withdrawals from the aquifers, mostly for irrigation, totaled about 15,000 acre-feet of water in 1990. Water levels in observation wells generally have declined less than 15 feet over several decades of increasing pumpage for irrigation, but locally have declined nearly 30 feet. Water levels generally rose during the wet period of 1983-86. In Spink County, bedrock aquifers store more than 40 million acre-feet of slightly to moderately saline water at depths of from 80 to about 1,300 feet below land surface. Yields of properly developed wells range from 2 to 600 gallons per minute. The artesian head of the heavily used Dakota aquifer has declined about 350 feet in the approximately 100 years since the first artesian wells were drilled in the county, but water levels have stabilized locally as a result of decreases in the discharge of water from the wells. Initial flows of from 4 gallons per minute to as much as 30 gallons per minute of very hard water can be obtained in the southwestern part of the county, where drillers report artesian heads of nearly 100 feet above land surface. The quality of water from aquifers in glacial drift varies greatly, even within an aquifer. Concentrations of dissolved solids in samples ranged from 151 to 9,610 milligrams per liter, and hardness ranged from 84 to 3,700 milligrams per liter. Median concentrations of dissolved solids, sulfate, iron, and manganese in some glacial aquifers are near or exceed Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCL's) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Some of the water from aquifers in glacial drift is suitable for irrigation use. Water samples from aquifers in the bedrock contained concentrations of dissolved solids that ranged from 1,410 to 2,670 milligrams per liter (sum of constituents) and hardness that ranged from 10 to 1,400 milligrams per liter; these concentrations generally are largest for aquifers below the Dakota aquifer. Median concentrations of dissolved solids, sulfate, iron, and manganese in Dakota wells either are near or exceed EPA SMCL's. Dissolved solids, sodium, and boron concentrations in water from bedrock aquifers commonly are too large for the water to be suitable for irrigation use.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services, [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964056","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, L., and Howells, L., 1996, Water resources of Spink County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4056, v, 68 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964056.","productDescription":"v, 68 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56335,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e58c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, L.J.","contributorId":102917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howells, L.W.","contributorId":89887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howells","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28930,"text":"wri964162 - 1996 - Estimated use of water in Lincoln County, Wyoming, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri964162","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4162","title":"Estimated use of water in Lincoln County, Wyoming, 1993","docAbstract":"Total water use in Lincoln County, Wyoming in 1993 was estimated to be 405,000 Mgal (million gallons). Water use estimates were divided into nine categories:  public supply, self-supplied domestic, commercial, irrigation, livestock, indus ial, mining, thermoelectric power, and hydro- electric power. Public supply water use, estimated to be 2,160 Mgal, primarily was obtained from springs and wells. Shallow ground water wells were the primary source of self-supplied domestic water, estimate to be 1.7 Mgal, and 53 percent of those wells were drilled to a depth of 100 feet or less. Commercial water use, estimated to be 117 Mgal, was obtained from public-supply systems. Surface water supplied an estimated 153,000 Mgal of the total estimated water use of 158,000 Mgal for irrigation in 1993. Sprinkler and flood irrigation technology were used about equally in the northern part of Lincoln County and flood irrigation was the primary technology used in the southern part. Livestock, industrial, and mining were not major water users in Lincoln County in 1993. Livestock water use totaled an estimated 203 Mgal. Industrial water use was estimated to be 120 Mgal from self-supplied water sources and 27 Mgal from public supplied water source Mining water use was an estimated 153 Mgal. Thermoelectric and hydroelectric power generation used surface water sources. Thermoelectric power water use was an estimated 5,900 Mgal. An estimated 238,000 Mgal of water was used to generate hydroelectc power at Fontenelle Reservoir on the Green River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964162","usgsCitation":"Ogle, K., Eddy-Miller, C., and Busing, C., 1996, Estimated use of water in Lincoln County, Wyoming, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4162, iii, 13 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964162.","productDescription":"iii, 13 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119778,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4162/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57802,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4162/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcc9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ogle, K.M.","contributorId":38178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogle","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eddy-Miller, C. A.","contributorId":21531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eddy-Miller","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busing, C.J.","contributorId":18416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busing","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28238,"text":"wri964114 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas — Pesticides in streams draining an urban and an agricultural area, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T20:32:08.078483","indexId":"wri964114","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4114","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas — Pesticides in streams draining an urban and an agricultural area, 1993-95","docAbstract":"<p>Water and bed-sediment samples from streams draining an urban and an agricultural area in the Trinity River Basin, Texas, were analyzed. The samples were collected during March 1993?September 1995 by the Trinity River Basin study-unit team of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program.</p>\n<p>A comparison of pesticide data for water samples from seven streams in the Dallas-Fort Worth urban area with five streams in an agricultural area in the west-central part of the Trinity River Basin showed detections of 24 herbicides in urban-area streams and 19 herbicides in agricultural-area streams and 10 insecticides in each area. Atrazine, a herbicide, was detected in all samples from both areas. Diazinon, an insecticide, was detected in all samples collected in urban-area streams and in about 60 percent of the samples collected in agricultural-area streams. Concentrations of alachlor, atrazine, fluometuron, metolachlor, and pendimethalin (herbicides) were always greater in agricultural-area streams, and prometon and simazine concentrations were always greater in urban-area streams. Atrazine was the only herbicide with concentrations greater than a health advisory limit of 3 micrograms per liter. Concentrations were greater in about 20 percent of the samples; all were in the agricultural area and occurred during spring and during higher streamflow. Diazinon was the only insecticide with concentrations greater than the health advisory of 0.6 microgram per liter. Concentrations were greater in about 15 percent of the samples from the urban area. All exceedances were during spring through early fall and during all ranges of streamflow. In the agricultural area, atrazine and metolachlor concentrations peaked during spring and early summer and increased with increasing streamflow; in the urban area, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon peaked in April and remained relatively high during the summer and increased with increasing streamflow.</p>\n<p>A comparison of pesticide data for bed-sediment samples from five urban streams and five agricultural streams showed detections of 11 organochlorine insecticides in the urban area and 1 in the agricultural area. All compounds were either DDT-related or one of the components of chlordane except for mirex and dieldrin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri964114","usgsCitation":"Land, L.F., and Brown, M.F., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas — Pesticides in streams draining an urban and an agricultural area, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4114, v, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964114.","productDescription":"v, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11561,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://tx.usgs.gov/projects/trin/pubs/pdf/wri-96-4114.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393015,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48470.htm"},{"id":122838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4114/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57065,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4114/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Dallas, Fort Worth","otherGeospatial":"Trinity River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.4,\n              31.8833\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.2917,\n              31.8833\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.2917,\n              33\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.4,\n              33\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.4,\n              31.8833\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e486ae4b07f02db50a31b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, Larry F.","contributorId":60612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Mariann F.","contributorId":16463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Mariann","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":52519,"text":"ofr96649_1996 - 1996 - Flood tracking chart, Amite River basin, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T11:10:20","indexId":"ofr96649_1996","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-649","title":"Flood tracking chart, Amite River basin, Louisiana","docAbstract":"The Amite River Basin flood tracking chart is designed to assist emergency response officials and the local public in making informed decisions about the safety of life and property during floods along the Amite and Comite Rivers and Bayou Manchac in southeastern Louisiana. This chart is similar in concept to the charts used to track hurricanes; the user can record the latest river stage information at selected gaging stations and the latest flood crest predictions. The latest stage data can be compared to historical flood peaks as well as to the slab or pier elevation of a threatened property. The chart also discusses how to acquire the latest river stage data from the Internet and a recorded voice message.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96649_1996","usgsCitation":"Callender, L., McCallum, B.E., and Brazelton, S.R., 1996, Flood tracking chart, Amite River basin, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-649, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96649_1996.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330833,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0649/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Amite River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n       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-91.3138961791992,\n              30.583248223314605\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.31252288818358,\n              30.599798361062593\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.29467010498045,\n              30.619891156603444\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.29329681396482,\n              30.635253422248212\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.29578590393065,\n              30.646404308290613\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.30634307861327,\n              30.652311541491933\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.27475738525389,\n              30.997328781358295\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.4954147338867,\n              30.997328781358295\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.47481536865232,\n              30.33939854526374\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.4130172729492,\n              30.314505832388893\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.39791107177733,\n              30.281305710221215\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.4240036010742,\n              30.259956840213444\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.42640686035156,\n              30.23652704486517\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.43807983398438,\n              30.213388348974853\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.45524597167969,\n              30.18846366653094\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.48305511474607,\n              30.17807651989075\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.48717498779295,\n              30.049779345171917\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.50228118896483,\n              30.054534062593497\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e751b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Callender, Lawrence","contributorId":97559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callender","given":"Lawrence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCallum, Brian E. 0000-0002-8935-0343 bemccall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-0343","contributorId":1591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCallum","given":"Brian","email":"bemccall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":245484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brazelton, Sebastian R.","contributorId":56621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brazelton","given":"Sebastian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29819,"text":"wri964017 - 1996 - Transport of agricultural chemicals in surface flow, tileflow, and streamflow of Walnut Creek Watershed near Ames, Iowa, April 1991-September 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-16T21:20:07.302723","indexId":"wri964017","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4017","title":"Transport of agricultural chemicals in surface flow, tileflow, and streamflow of Walnut Creek Watershed near Ames, Iowa, April 1991-September 1993","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Soil Tilth Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, conducted a study as part of the multi-scale, inter-agency Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) program to evaluate the effects of agricultural management (farming) systems on water quality. Data on surface flow, tileflow, and streamflow in the Walnut Creek watershed just south of Ames, Iowa, were collected during April 1991-September 1993 at five sites with drainage areas ranging from 366 to 5,130 hectares. Precipitation, flow discharge, and concentration, loads, and yields of nitrate as nitrogen, atrazine, and metolachlor were analyzed to relate the transport of agricultural chemicals to major water-flow processes and to examine flow and transport differences among three subwatersheds.</p>\n<p>Antecedent conditions and basin-characteristic differences had significant effects on the flow response from the subwatersheds. Monthly streamflow-to-precipitation ratios were greater than 1.0, as a result of snowmelt, and negative when streamflow was lost to the ground-water system in the downstream subwatershed. Dry antecedent conditions resulted in ratios less than 0.3 (July 1992), whereas wet antecedent conditions resulted in ratios from 0.7 to almost 1.0 (July 1993) during months with similar large rainfall amounts.</p>\n<p>Most of the streamflow from the upland subwatersheds came from tileflow. Surface flow (surface runoff, interflow, and return flow) was highly variable and intermittent, usually lasting for only a few days after a storm, although it could be the dominant source of flow when stormflow was large. Tileflow was less variable and much more persistent, ceasing only after prolonged dry periods.</p>\n<p>Large quantities of nitrate as nitrogen were transported in Walnut Creek, with concentrations often greater than the Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 milligrams per liter established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for finished drinking water. In the upland subwatersheds, ground-water flow from the tiles appears to have been the primary means of transport to the streams. Concentrations in tileflow and streamflow generally were 4 to 16 milligrams per liter, with the lower concentrations often the result of dilution by surface runoff. Loss ratios, chemical yields expressed as a percentage of average application rates of nitrate as nitrogen for October 1992-September 1993, were about 10 percent for surface flow and more than 100 percent for tileflow from the 366-hectare basin and were more than 200 percent for streamflow from the downstream subwatershed.</p>\n<p>Concentrations of atrazine and metolachlor in streamflow, typically, were less than the Maximum Contaminant Level of 3.0 micrograms per liter, but were as high as 59 and 80 micrograms per liter, respectively, during stormflow.&nbsp;Concentrations as high as 170 micrograms per liter occurred in tileflow, but these were related to surface flow through surface inlets. The transport of herbicides was extremely variable, with most of the loads occurring during stormflow. Atrazine appeared more susceptible to transport losses to streamflow than did metolachlor. Loss ratios for streamflow from the subwatersheds for April-September periods were 0.3 to 20 percent for atrazine and 0.1 to 2.9 percent for metolachlor.</p>\n<p>Chemical loss ratios indicated differences in the transport characteristics of the three subwatersheds. The downstream subwatershed, which has steeper terrain, a more-developed natural drainage system, and fewer tiles than the two upland subwatersheds, had the largest loss rates for all three chemicals 206 percent for nitrate as nitrogen (October 1992-September 1993) and 20 percent for atrazine and 2.9 percent for metolachlor (April-September 1993). For May-July 1993, when most of the herbicides were transported, the downstream subwatershed also had the largest cumulative unit discharge and the largest streamflow-to-precipitation ratios.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri964017","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Soil Tilth Laboratory","usgsCitation":"Soenksen, P.J., 1996, Transport of agricultural chemicals in surface flow, tileflow, and streamflow of Walnut Creek Watershed near Ames, Iowa, April 1991-September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4017, iv, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964017.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410648,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48384.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4017/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58622,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4017/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Walnut Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.75,\n              41.9167\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.75,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.5667,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.5667,\n              41.9167\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.75,\n              41.9167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626be8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soenksen, P. J.","contributorId":71575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soenksen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5657,"text":"pp1421B - 1996 - Hydrogeologic framework of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system, west-central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-13T19:36:59.655239","indexId":"pp1421B","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1421","chapter":"B","title":"Hydrogeologic framework of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system, west-central Texas","docAbstract":"The Edwards-Trinity aquifer system underlies about 42,000 square miles of west-central Texas, where mostly gently dipping Lower Cretaceous strata comprise three regional aquifers and two regional confining units. The aquifers are the Edwards Aquifer of the Balcones fault zone, the Trinity Aquifer of the Balcones fault zone and Hill County, and the Edwards-Trinity Aquifer of the Edwards Plateau and Trans-Pecos. The Navarro-Del Rio confining unit confines the downdip part of the Edwards Aquifer, and the Hammett confining unit confines the updip, basal part of the Trinity Aquifer and a small southeastern fringe of the Edwards-Trinity Aquifer. Transmissivity averages less than 10,000 feet squared per day throughout more than 90 percent of the study area as the result of widespread cementation and secondary mineral growth. However, in fractured and leached rocks in the Balcones fault zone, transmissivity averages about 750,000 feet squared per day in the Edwards aquifer, which occupies less than 10 percent of the area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1421B","usgsCitation":"Barker, R.A., and Ardis, A.F., 1996, Hydrogeologic framework of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system, west-central Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1421, Report: vii, 61 p.; 8 Plates: 41.96 x 26.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1421B.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 61 p.; 8 Plates: 41.96 x 26.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":32158,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1421b/plate-6.pdf","text":"Plate 6","size":"1.42 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 6"},{"id":32157,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1421b/plate-5.pdf","text":"Plate 5","size":"1.40 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 5"},{"id":32153,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1421b/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"2.07 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":124516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1421b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32161,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1421b/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.84 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":32154,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1421b/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"1.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"},{"id":32155,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1421b/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","size":"2.57 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 3"},{"id":32156,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1421b/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","size":"1.36 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 4"},{"id":32159,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1421b/plate-7.pdf","text":"Plate 7","size":"1.47 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 7"},{"id":32160,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1421b/plate-8.pdf","text":"Plate 8","size":"1.12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 8"},{"id":104650,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4879.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4879"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Edwards-Trinity aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.19,\n              29\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.525,\n              29\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.525,\n              32.1611\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.19,\n              32.1611\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.19,\n              29\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627864","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, Rene A.","contributorId":82669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Rene","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ardis, Ann F.","contributorId":96672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ardis","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28389,"text":"wri964156 - 1996 - Radon in ground water of the lower Susquehanna and Potomac River basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-02T19:39:39.391899","indexId":"wri964156","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4156","title":"Radon in ground water of the lower Susquehanna and Potomac River basins","docAbstract":"Ground-water samples collected from 267 wells were analyzed for radon as part of a water-quality reconnaissance of subunits of the Lower Susquehanna and Potomac River Basins conducted by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. Radon is a product of the radioactive decay of uranium. Airborne radon has been cited by the Surgeon General of the United States as the second-leading cause of lung cancer and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has identified ground-water supplies as possible contributing sources of indoor radon. Eighty percent of ground-water samples collected for this study were found to contain radon at activities greater than 300 pCi/L (picocuries per liter), the USEPA's proposed Maximum Contaminant Level for radon in drinking water, and 31 percent of samples contained radon at activities greater than 1,000 pCi/L. The 10 subunits where samples were collected were grouped into three classes - median ground-water radon activity less than 300 pCi/L, between 300 pCi/L and 1,000 pCi/L, and greater than 1,000 pCi/L. Subunits underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont Physiographic Province typically have the highest median ground-water radon activities (greater than 1,000 pCi/L); although there is a large variation in radon activities within most of the subunits. Lower median radon activities (between 300 pCi/L and 1,000 pCi/L) were found in ground water in subunits underlain by limestone and dolomite. Of three subunits underlain by sandstone and shale, one fell into each of the three radon-activity classes. The large variability within these subunits may be attributed to the fact that the uranium content of sandstone and shale is related to the uranium content of the sediments from which they formed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964156","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, B., and Ator, S.W., 1996, Radon in ground water of the lower Susquehanna and Potomac River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4156, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964156.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391280,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48501.htm"},{"id":159560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4156/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57190,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4156/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2282,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir_96-4156/report.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"lower Susquehanna and Potomac River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.5833,\n              37.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.8167,\n              37.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.8167,\n              40.9167\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.5833,\n              40.9167\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.5833,\n              37.9\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64987c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, Bruce D. 0000-0002-7180-4319 blindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7180-4319","contributorId":434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"Bruce D.","email":"blindsey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":199716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ator, Scott W. 0000-0002-9186-4837 swator@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9186-4837","contributorId":781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ator","given":"Scott","email":"swator@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":375,"text":"Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":199717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27152,"text":"wri964128 - 1996 - Low-flow characteristics of Indiana streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-16T13:13:29","indexId":"wri964128","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4128","title":"Low-flow characteristics of Indiana streams","docAbstract":"<p>Knowledge of low-flow characteristics of streams is essential for management of water resources. Low-flow characteristics are presented for 229 continuous-record, streamflow-gaging stations and 285 partial-record stations in Indiana. Low- flow-frequency characteristics were computed for 210 continuous-record stations that had at least 10 years of record, and flow-duration curves were computed for all continuous-record stations. Low-flow-frequency and flow-duration analyses are based on available streamflow records through September 1993. Selected low-flow-frequency curves were computed for annual low flows and seasonal low flows. The four seasons are represented by the 3-month groups of March-May, June-August, September-November, and December- February. The 7-day, 10-year and the 7-day, 2 year low flows were estimated for 285 partial-record stations, which are ungaged sites where streamflow measurements were made at base flow. The same low-flow characteristics were estimated for 19 continuous-record stations where less than 10 years of record were available. Precipitation and geology directly influence the streams in Indiana. Streams in the northern, glaciated part of the State tend to have higher sustained base flows than those in the nonglaciated southern part. Flow at several of the continuous-record gaging stations is affected by some form of regulation or diversion. Low-flow characteristics for continuous-record stations at which flow is affected by regulation are determined using the period of record affected by regulation; natural flows prior to regulation are not used.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri964128","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water","usgsCitation":"Fowler, K.K., and Wilson, J., 1996, Low-flow characteristics of Indiana streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4128, iv, 313 p. (some folded) :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964128.","productDescription":"iv, 313 p. 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,{"id":27606,"text":"wri964069 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: Occurrence and distribution of selected pesticides and nutrients at selected surface-water sites in the Mesilla Valley, 1994-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T22:38:03.147955","indexId":"wri964069","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4069","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: Occurrence and distribution of selected pesticides and nutrients at selected surface-water sites in the Mesilla Valley, 1994-95","docAbstract":"The Rio Grande Valley study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey \r\nNational Water-Quality Assessment Program conducted a two-phase \r\nsynoptic study of the occurrence and distribution of pesticides \r\nand nutrients in the surface water of the Mesilla Valley, New \r\nMexico and Texas. Phase one, conducted in April-May 1994 during \r\nthe high-flow irrigation season, consisted of a 6-week time-\r\nseries sampling event during which 17 water-column samples were \r\ncollected at 3 main-stem sites on the Rio Grande and a synoptic \r\nirrigation-run sampling event during which 19 water-column \r\nsamples were collected at 7 main-stem sites, 10 drain sites, and 2 \r\nsites at the discharges of wastewater-treatment plants. Three \r\nsamples are included in both the time-series and irrigation-run \r\nevents. Phase two, conducted in January 1995 during the low-flow \r\nnon-irrigation season, consisted of a non-irrigation synoptic \r\nsampling event during which 18 water-column samples were \r\ncollected at seven main-stem sites, nine drain sites, and two \r\nsites at the discharges of wastewater-treatment plants and a bed-\r\nmaterial sampling event during which 6 bed-material samples were \r\ncollected at six sites near the mouths of drains that discharge to \r\nthe Rio Grande.\r\n\r\n     The 51 water-column samples were analyzed for 78 pesticides \r\nand metabolites and 8 nutrients along with other constituents. \r\nThe six bed-material samples were analyzed for 21 pesticides and \r\nmetabolites, gross polychlorinated biphenyls, and gross \r\npolychlorinated naphthalenes. \r\n\r\n     The presence of dissolved pesticides in the surface water of \r\nthe Mesilla Valley is erratic. A total of 100 detections of 17 \r\ndifferent pesticides were detected in 44 of the water-column \r\nsamples. As many as 38 percent of these detections may be \r\nattributed to pesticide use upstream from the valley or to \r\nnonagricultural pesticide use within the valley. There were 29 \r\ndetections of 10 different pesticides in 17 samples during the \r\nirrigation run and 41 detections of 13 pesticides in 16 samples \r\nduring the non-irrigation run. Nine pesticides were detected \r\nduring both phases of the study.\r\n\r\n     The most commonly detected pesticides in the water-column \r\nsamples were DCPA, which was detected in 29 samples, and \r\nmetolachlor, which was detected in 17 of the samples. DCPA was \r\ndetected throughout the Mesilla Valley, whereas metolachlor was \r\ndetected mainly in the northern and central parts of the valley. \r\nThe maximum pesticide concentration found during the study was \r\n0.75 microgram per liter of carbofuran, which was detected at the \r\nEast Side Drain site during the irrigation run. No water-column \r\npesticide concentration exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection \r\nAgency's drinking-water standards or any applicable Federal or \r\nState criteria or guidelines.\r\n\r\n     A total of 21 occurrences of six pesticides and metabolites \r\nwere found in the bed-material samples. Chlordane, diazinon, and \r\nmethyl parathion were detected once each, whereas DDD, DDE, and \r\nDDT were detected at all six bed-material sites.\r\n\r\n     Water-column samples for the analysis of nutrient \r\nconcentrations were collected at all sampling sites during both \r\nphases of the study. The concentrations of each nutrient ranged \r\nfrom at or below the individual minimum reporting level to as much \r\nas two or three orders of magnitude larger than the minimum \r\nreporting level. The concentration of each nutrient was left \r\nskewed with most of the values toward the lower end of the range. \r\nThe larger concentrations of each nutrient, except dissolved \r\nnitrite plus nitrate, were associated with wastewater-treatment-\r\nplant sites 4 and 16. The larger concentrations of dissolved \r\nnitrite plus nitrate were generally associated with the non-\r\nirrigation run; however, the largest concentration was at site 4 \r\nduring the irrigation run.\r\n\r\n     During this study, the Mesilla Valley as a unit was a source \r\nof nutrients to the Rio Grande. Wi","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964069","usgsCitation":"Healy, D.F., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: Occurrence and distribution of selected pesticides and nutrients at selected surface-water sites in the Mesilla Valley, 1994-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4069, vii, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964069.","productDescription":"vii, 85 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410750,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48434.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56472,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4069/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4069/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Mesilla Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.98142324849674,\n              31.81810313829402\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.48802493820439,\n              31.81810313829402\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.48802493820439,\n              32.453885584339304\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.98142324849674,\n              32.453885584339304\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.98142324849674,\n              31.81810313829402\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cde4b07f02db544bb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, D. F.","contributorId":97120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29396,"text":"wri964092 - 1996 - Use of frequency-volume analyses to estimate regionalized yields and loads of sediment, phosphorus, and polychlorinated biphenyls to lakes Michigan and Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:24:17","indexId":"wri964092","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4092","title":"Use of frequency-volume analyses to estimate regionalized yields and loads of sediment, phosphorus, and polychlorinated biphenyls to lakes Michigan and Superior","docAbstract":"<p>In most rivers, transport of various constituents occurs largely during short-term, high-intensity events. A method is described to make regionalized estimates of the long-term average loads of selected streamwater constituents, as well as loads occurring during high-flow events with specified recurrence intervals. This method is used to estimate the load of suspended sediment, total phosphorus, and sediment-borne constituents, such as poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), from all the rivers in the United States that drain into Lake Michigan and Lake Superior whose drainage basins are greater than 325 square kilometers. Statistical comparisons of estimated loads and environmental factors indicate that suspendedsediment loads were primarily affected by river gradient and secondarily affected by the texture of surficial deposits, whereas total phosphorus loadings were primarily affected by the texture of surficial deposits and secondarily affected by river gradient. Total phosphorus loads were highest in rivers entering into the middle to southern part of Lake Michigan, especially rivers in areas draining clay surficial deposits and agricultural areas. During high flow, inputs of phosphorus and suspended sediment from rivers entering the southwestern part of Lake Superior become very important to the total input of these constituents; these rivers have steep gradients and drain surficial deposits with high clay content. The single largest contributor of PCB's during the entire period and during each type of high-flow event was the Fox River, which supplied 46 to 64 percent of the total PCB load to both lakes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964092","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., 1996, Use of frequency-volume analyses to estimate regionalized yields and loads of sediment, phosphorus, and polychlorinated biphenyls to lakes Michigan and Superior: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4092, vi, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964092.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"53","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4092/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58248,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4092/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan, Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.79052734375,\n              41.3108238809182\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.79052734375,\n              49.56797785892715\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.287109375,\n              49.56797785892715\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.287109375,\n              41.3108238809182\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.79052734375,\n              41.3108238809182\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26893,"text":"wri964113 - 1996 - Trends in nutrient inflows to the Gulf of Mexico from streams draining the conterminous United States, 1972-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T09:49:01","indexId":"wri964113","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4113","title":"Trends in nutrient inflows to the Gulf of Mexico from streams draining the conterminous United States, 1972-93","docAbstract":"<p>Trends are computed for nutrient inflows from 37 streams discharging into the Gulf of Mexico. The drainage areas of these streams represent about 86 percent of the drainage area to the Gulf from the conterminous United States. The period analyzed varies for each stream, but generally includes water years 1972-93. Stations included in this analysis primarily are part of the National Stream Quality Accounting Network operated by the U.S. Geological Survey. </p><p>Short-term trends for each station are indicated by LOWESS smooth lines superimposed on graphs of the relations between flow-adjusted residuals of concentration and time or load and time. Long-term trends were evaluated using Kendall's tau and the slope of the Kendall-Theil robust line. Long- term trends for each station are indicated by Kendall-Theil robust lines superimposed on the aforementioned graphs. Annual loads are estimated with regression analysis and corrected for log-transformation bias with the Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator. Trends in annual streamflow are presented to aid in the interpretation of trends in nutrient inflows. </p><p>Statistically significant, long-term increases in flow-adjusted residual concentrations of total nitrogen were detected at 19 stations, decreases were detected at 7 stations, and no significant trends were detected at 11 stations. Long-term increases in total nitrogen load were detected at 3 stations, decreases were detected at 4 stations, and no significant trends were detected at 30 stations. Long-term increases in flow-adjusted residual concentrations of total phosphorus were detected at 7 stations, decreases were detected at 11 stations, and no significant trends were detected at 19 stations. Long-term increases in total phosphorus load were detected at 3 stations, decreases were detected at 12 stations, and no significant trends were detected at 22 stations. </p><p>The median yields (mean annual load divided by drainage area) of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were significantly lower (p &lt; 0.05) for the 13 streams in Texas than for the 24 streams east of the Sabine River (Texas-Louisiana boundary). </p><p>Statistically significant trends in annual streamflow were detected at only four stations. However, annual streamflow influences trends in load, even when the streamflow trends are not statistically significant.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri964113","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gulf of Mexico Program, Nutrient Enrichment Issue Committtee","usgsCitation":"Dunn, D.E., 1996, Trends in nutrient inflows to the Gulf of Mexico from streams draining the conterminous United States, 1972-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4113, v, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964113.","productDescription":"v, 60 p.","temporalStart":"1972-01-01","temporalEnd":"1993-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327163,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri964113.JPG"},{"id":1986,"rank":99,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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,{"id":28228,"text":"wri964102 - 1996 - Water-chemistry and chloride fluctuations in the Upper Floridan Aquifer in the Port Royal Sound area, South Carolina, 1917-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T12:57:52","indexId":"wri964102","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4102","title":"Water-chemistry and chloride fluctuations in the Upper Floridan Aquifer in the Port Royal Sound area, South Carolina, 1917-93","docAbstract":"Withdrawal of water from the Upper Floridan aquifer south of Port Royal Sound in Beaufort and Jasper Counties, South Carolina, has lowered water levels and reversed the hydraulic gradient beneath Hilton Head Island, South Carolina.  Ground water that had previously discharged at the Sound is now being deflected southwest, toward withdrawals located near the city of Savannah, Georgia, and the island of Hilton Head. The reversal of this hydraulic gradient and the decline of water levels have caused saltwater in the Upper Floridan aquifer north of Port Royal Sound to begin moving southwest, toward water-supply wells for the town of Hilton Head and toward industries pumping ground water near Savannah. Analytical results from ground-water samples collected from wells in the Upper Floridan aquifer beneath and adjacent to Port Royal Sound show two plumes in the aquifer with chloride concentrations above the drinking- water standard. One plume of high chloride concentration extends slightly south of the theoretical predevelopment location of the steady- state freshwater-saltwater interface as indicated by numerical modeling. The other plume is present beneath the town of Port Royal, where the upper confining unit above the Upper Floridan aquifer is thin or absent. In these areas, the decline in water levels caused by ground-water withdrawals may have made it possible for water from tidal creeks to enter the Upper Floridan aquifer. Many wells completed in the upper permeable zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer show a distinct specific- conductance profile.  One non-producing, monitoring well on Hilton Head Island (BFT-1810) was selected to depict a worst-case scenario to examine the short- and long-term water-chemistry and chloride fluctuations in the aquifer. Specific conductance was monitored at depths of 170, 190, and 200 feet below the top of the well casing. The specific conductance measured in 1987 ranged from approximately 450 microsiemens per centimeter near the top of the Upper Floridan aquifer to 1,500 microsiemens per centimeter near the lower, less permeable zone. Short-term fluctuations in conductance were measured at each probe and were found to be related to water-level fluctuations in the well caused by tidal cycles. The conductance varied regularly up to 100 microsiemens per centimeter, with an increasing time lag between high and low tides and low and high specific conductance for progressively shallower depths. Well BFT-1810 was monitored for specific conductance and water levels from October 1987 through September 1993. Specific conductance at the 170-foot probe showed little long-term change, while the 190- and the 200-foot probes showed long-term increases to approximately 4,000 and 10,000 microsiemens per centimeter, respectively. This well is located closest to one of the two plumes of saltwater delineated in the Upper Floridan aquifer, and the long-term chloride increases are a result of the movement of saltwater in the Upper Floridan aquifer toward Hilton Head Island under the influence of regional ground-water withdrawals.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri964102","usgsCitation":"Landmeyer, J., and Belval, D., 1996, Water-chemistry and chloride fluctuations in the Upper Floridan Aquifer in the Port Royal Sound area, South Carolina, 1917-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4102, vii, 106 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964102.","productDescription":"vii, 106 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125017,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4102/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57059,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4102/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Port Royal Sound, Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.80419921875,\n              31.868227816180674\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.34326171875,\n              31.868227816180674\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.34326171875,\n              33.0178760185549\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.80419921875,\n              33.0178760185549\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.80419921875,\n              31.868227816180674\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545b3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belval, D.L.","contributorId":52186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belval","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25871,"text":"wri964035 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the chromic acid pit site, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T21:02:40.680211","indexId":"wri964035","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4035","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the chromic acid pit site, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas","docAbstract":"The Chromic Acid Pit site is an inactive waste disposal site \r\nthat is regulated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of \r\n1976. The 2.2-cubic-yard cement-lined pit was operated from 1980 \r\nto 1983 by a contractor to the U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery \r\nCenter and Fort Bliss. The pit, located on the Fort Bliss military \r\nreservation, in El Paso, Texas, was used for disposal and \r\nevaporation of chromic acid waste generated from chrome plating \r\noperations. The site was certified closed in 1989 and the Texas \r\nNatural Resources Conservation Commission issued Permit Number \r\nHW-50296 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Permit Number \r\nTX4213720101), which approved and implemented post-closure care \r\nfor the Chromic Acid Pit site. In accordance with an approved \r\npost-closure plan, the U.S. Geological Survey is cooperating with \r\nthe U.S. Army in evaluating hydrogeologic conditions and ground-\r\nwater quality at the site. One upgradient and two downgradient \r\nground-water monitoring wells were installed adjacent to the \r\nchromic acid pit by a private contractor. Quarterly ground-water \r\nsampling of these wells by the U.S. Geological Survey began in \r\nDecember 1993.\r\n\r\n     The Chromic Acid Pit site is situated in the Hueco Bolson \r\nintermontane valley. The Hueco Bolson is a primary source of \r\nground water in the El Paso area. City of El Paso and U.S. Army \r\nwater-supply wells are located on all sides of the study area and \r\nare completed 600 to more than 1,200 feet below land surface. The \r\nground-water level in the area of the Chromic Acid Pit site has \r\ndeclined about 25 feet from 1982 to 1993. Depth to water at the \r\nChromic Acid Pit site in September 1994 was about 284 feet below \r\nland surface; ground-water flow is to the southeast.\r\n\r\n     Ground-water samples collected from monitoring wells at the \r\nChromic Acid Pit site contained dissolved-solids concentrations \r\nof 442 to 564 milligrams per liter. Nitrate as nitrogen \r\nconcentrations ranged from 2.1 to 2.7 milligrams per liter; \r\nnitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen concentrations ranged from 2.3 \r\nto 3.0 milligrams per liter. Nitrate concentrations are \r\nabnormally high in the Old Mesa well field located about 5,000 \r\nfeet southwest of the Chromic Acid Pit site. Volatile and \r\nsemivolatile organic compounds in water samples were analyzed for \r\nthe first sampling round; no confirmed volatile or semivolatile \r\norganic compounds were detected above the laboratory reporting \r\nlimits. Total chromium concentrations ranged from 0.0099 to 0.092 \r\nmilligram per liter; dissolved chromium concentrations ranged \r\nfrom 0.0068 to 0.0094 milligram per liter. Overall, water-quality \r\ncharacteristics in water from the chromic acid pit ground-water \r\nmonitoring wells are similar to those in the surrounding area. \r\nDetected chemical concentrations in water from the chromic acid \r\npit monitoring wells during the four sampling periods were below \r\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency-established maximum \r\ncontaminant levels for public drinking water supplies.\r\n\r\n     Statistical analyses were performed on 39 of the chemical \r\nconstituents analyzed for in ground water from the chromic acid \r\npit monitoring wells. Concentrations of chloride and fluoride \r\nwere significantly less in water from the downgradient wells than \r\nin water from the upgradient well, whereas concentrations of \r\nnitrate as nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, and \r\ndissolved solids were significantly greater in water from the \r\ndowngradient wells than in water from the upgradient well. \r\nConcentrations of nitrate as nitrogen were significantly \r\ndifferent in water from the two downgradient wells. Differences \r\ndetected through statistical analysis of chemical constituents of \r\nwater in the chromic acid pit monitoring wells did not appear to \r\nindicate a release of hazardous chemicals from the chromic acid \r\npit. There was no indication of ground-water contamination in \r\neither downgradient well.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964035","usgsCitation":"Abeyta, C.G., and Thomas, C.L., 1996, Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the chromic acid pit site, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4035, vi, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964035.","productDescription":"vi, 67 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":54624,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394277,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48400.htm"},{"id":123102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4035/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"El Paso","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.4405,\n              31.8597\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.3728,\n              31.8597\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.3728,\n              31.8178\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.4405,\n              31.8178\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.4405,\n              31.8597\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a2bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abeyta, Cynthia G.","contributorId":52187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abeyta","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, C. L.","contributorId":43802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26042,"text":"wri964093 - 1996 - Streamflow characteristics of the Waccamaw River at Freeland, North Carolina, 1940-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T12:56:25","indexId":"wri964093","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4093","title":"Streamflow characteristics of the Waccamaw River at Freeland, North Carolina, 1940-94","docAbstract":"Streamflow characteristics of the Waccamaw River at Freeland, North Carolina, for the period 1940-94 were described and compared to stream- flows in the adjacent Lumber River Basin. Precipitation in the two basins was about equal for the study period. During 1940-63, stream- flows in the Waccamaw and Lumber Rivers were essentially identical relative to average conditions. The flow regime from the late 1950's to the early 1980's was distinctly wetter than the flow regimes which immediately preceded and followed this period. Following 1963, droughts in the Waccamaw Basin seem to have been less severe than in the Lumber Basin, and the annual 1-, 7-, and 30-day low flows exhibited a slightly increasing trend in the Waccamaw River. Mean daily flow in the Wacca- maw River at the 90-percent exceedance level (low flows) during 1985- 94, a relatively dry period, was very nearly equal to flows at the same exceedance level for 1970-79, the wettest 10-year period between 1940 and 1994. Prior to the 1980's, flows per unit drainage area in the Waccamaw Basin were generally less than those in the Lumber Basin, but after 1980, the opposite was true. There is an increasing trend in the difference between Waccamaw River and Lumber River high flows, primarily as a result of increases in Waccamaw River high flows. On average, streamflow in the Waccamaw River consisted of 53.3 percent base flow, but base flow accounted for 70.6 percent of the total flow in the Lumber River, which is more typical of Coastal Plain streams. The ratio of base flow to runoff in the Waccamaw River may have changed relative to that in the Lumber River in the late 1970's. There was greater variability in Waccamaw River streamflow than in Lumber River flow, and flow variability in the Waccamaw River may have increased slightly during 1985-94.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri964093","usgsCitation":"Bales, J., and Pope, B., 1996, Streamflow characteristics of the Waccamaw River at Freeland, North Carolina, 1940-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4093, iv, 35 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964093.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4093/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54820,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4093/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Brunswick County","city":"Freeland","otherGeospatial":"Waccamaw River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.9752197265625,\n              34.14136162745489\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.541259765625,\n              34.14136162745489\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.541259765625,\n              34.386512677953625\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.9752197265625,\n              34.386512677953625\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.9752197265625,\n              34.14136162745489\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4e0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bales, J. D.","contributorId":21569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pope, B.F.","contributorId":10062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29872,"text":"wri954257 - 1996 - Detection and quality of previously undetermined Floridan aquifer system discharge to the St. Johns River, Jacksonville, to Green Cove Springs, northeastern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri954257","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4257","title":"Detection and quality of previously undetermined Floridan aquifer system discharge to the St. Johns River, Jacksonville, to Green Cove Springs, northeastern Florida","docAbstract":"Potentiometric surface maps of the Upper Floridan aquifer show two depressions around the St. Johns River frm the city of Jacksonville south toward Green Cove Springs. These depressions, depending on their locations, are the result of withdrawals from agricultural, industrial, domestic and public-supply wells, diffuse upward leakage, and discharge from springs. Submerged springs that discharge into the St. Johns River between Jacksonville and Green Cove Springs have been thought to exist, but locating and evaluating these springs had not been attempted before this investigation. Thermal infrared imagery, seismic reflection, and numerous interviews with local residents were used to locate springs. An airborne thermal infrared survey was conducted along a section of the St. Johns River in northeastern Florida during February 1992 to detect possible sources of ground-water discharge to the river. An infrared image displayed one thermal anomaly in the St. Johns River which is associated with a previously unknown spring discharge from the Floridan aquifer system. Thermal anomalies also were observed at six locations where municipal facilities discharge treated wastewater to the river. Results of seismic reflection surveys indicate the presence of collapse and other karst features underlying the St. Johns River. These features indicate that the surficial deposits and the Hawthorn Formation that underlie the river probably do not consist of continuous beds. The collapse or deformation of the Hawthorn Formation or the presence of permeable sediment of localized extent could create zones of relatively high vertical leakance. This could provide a more direct hydraulic connection between the Upper Floridan aquifer and the river. Water samples collected from the only submerged spring in the St. Johns River within the Jacksonville-Green Cove Springs reach indicate that the source of the water is the Floridan aquifer system. Chloride and sulfate concentrations were 12 and 340 milligrams per liter, respectively. Specific conductance was 826 microsiemens per centimeter and the temperature of the water discharging from the spring was 25.1 degrees Celsius. The ratio of 87 Strontium/86 Strontium also indicates that the springwater has been in contact with rock materials of Eocene age, providing additional evidence that the springwater is derived from the Floridan aquifer system.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954257","usgsCitation":"Spechler, R., 1996, Detection and quality of previously undetermined Floridan aquifer system discharge to the St. Johns River, Jacksonville, to Green Cove Springs, northeastern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4257, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954257.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4257/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58686,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4257/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667a72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spechler, R. M.","contributorId":85961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spechler","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29338,"text":"wri964038A - 1996 - Environmental setting of benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-10T11:19:05","indexId":"wri964038A","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4038","chapter":"A","title":"Environmental setting of benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>This report describes the environmental setting of 20 benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin that are part of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Benchmark streams are defined as those that show minimal adverse effects from human activity, and they were selected on the basis of field reconnaissance and the following criteria: (1) available invertebrate or fisheries data that indicated good to excellent water quality, (2) instream habitat restoration for fisheries enhancement, and (3) land management to protect riparian vegetation. Information gathered from these benchmark sites can be used as a standard of reference to compare the health of other streams in agricultural areas on the basis of aquatic-biota communities, habitat, and water-quality characteristics. The information included in this report serves as background information that will be useful for a series of studies at these benchmark-stream sites in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study unit as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program.</p>\n<p>Four relatively homogeneous units (RHU's) in agricultural areas that differed in bedrock and surficial geology were selected for study. RHU 1 (clayey surficial deposits over carbonate bedrock) and RHU 3 (sandy-till surficial deposits over carbonate bedrock) are in adjacent agricultural areas in the Southeastern Wisconsin Till Plains ecoregion. RHU 20 (sandy/sand and gravel surficial deposits over igneous and metamorphic bedrock) and RHU 26 (sandy/sand and gravel surficial deposits over sandstone bedrock) are in adjacent areas of agriculture and mixed forests in the North Central Hardwood Forests ecoregion.</p>\n<p>Differences in land use/land cover, and riparian vegetation and instream habitat characteristics are presented. Summaries of field measurements of water temperature, pH, specific conductance and concentrations of dissolved oxygen, total organic plus ammonia nitrogen, dissolved ammonium, nitrate plus nitrte as nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphate, and atrazine are listed. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen for the sampled streams ranged from 6 A to 14.3 and met the standards set by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) for supporting fish and aquatic life. Specific conductance ranged from 98 to 753 u,Scm with values highest in RHU's 1 and 3, where streams are underlain by carbonate bedrock. Median pH did not vary greatly among the four RHU's and ranged from 6.7 to 8.8 also meeting the WDNR standards. Concentrations of total organic plus ammonia nitrogen, dissolved ammonium, total phosphorus, and dissolved orthophosphate show little variation between streams and are generally low, compared to concentrations measured in agriculturally-affected streams in the same RHU's during the same sampling period. Concentrations of the most commonly used pesticide in the study unit, atrazine, were low in all streams, and most concentrations were below trn 0.1 u,g/L detection limit. Riparian vegetation for the benchmark streams were characterized by lowland species of the native plant communities described by John T. Curtis in the \"Vegetation of Wisconsin.\" Based on the environmental setting and water-quality information collected to date, these streams appear to show minimal adverse effects from human activity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964038A","usgsCitation":"Rheaume, S.J., Stewart, J., and Lenz, B.N., 1996, Environmental setting of benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4038, viii, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964038A.","productDescription":"viii, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4038a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58181,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4038a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.483642578125,\n              43.1090040242731\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.483642578125,\n              45.46783598133375\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.737060546875,\n              45.46783598133375\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.737060546875,\n              43.1090040242731\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.483642578125,\n              43.1090040242731\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db602220","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rheaume, S. J.","contributorId":70804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rheaume","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, J.S.","contributorId":65890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lenz, B. N.","contributorId":106164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27821,"text":"wri964140 - 1996 - Estimates of future water demand for selected water-service areas in the upper Duck River basin, central Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-16T20:43:38.893722","indexId":"wri964140","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4140","title":"Estimates of future water demand for selected water-service areas in the upper Duck River basin, central Tennessee","docAbstract":"Estimates of future water demand were determined for selected water-service areas in the upper Duck River basin in central Tennessee through the year 2050. The Duck River is the principal source of publicly-supplied water in the study area providing a total of 15.6 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) in 1993 to the cities of Columbia, Lewisburg, Shelbyville, part of southern Williamson County, and several smaller communities. Municipal water use increased 19 percent from 1980 to 1993 (from 14.5 to 17.2 Mgal/d). Based on certain assumptions about socioeconomic conditions and future development in the basin, water demand should continue to increase through 2050. Projections of municipal water demand for the study area from 1993 to 2015 were made using econometric and single- coefficient (unit-use) requirement models of the per capita type. The models are part of the Institute for Water Resources-Municipal and Industrial Needs System, IWR-MAIN. Socioeconomic data for 1993 were utilized to calibrate the models. Projections of water demand in the study area from 2015 to 2050 were made using a single- coefficient requirement model. A gross per capita use value (unit-requirement) was estimated for each water-service area based on the results generated by IWR-MAIN for year 2015. The gross per capita estimate for 2015 was applied to population projections for year 2050 to calculate water demand. Population was projected using the log-linear form of the Box-Cox regression model. Water demand was simulated for two scenarios. The scenarios were suggested by various planning agencies associated with the study area. The first scenario reflects a steady growth pattern based on present demographic and socioeconomic conditions in the Bedford, Marshall, and Maury/southern Williamson water-service areas. The second scenario considers steady growth in the Bedford and Marshall water-service areas and additional industrial and residential development in the Maury/southern Williamson water-service area beginning in 2000. For the study area, water demand for scenario one shows an increase of 121 percent (from 17.2 to 38 Mgal/d) from 1993 to 2050. In scenario two, simulated water demand increases 150 percent (17.2 to 43 Mgal/d) from 1993 to 2050.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964140","usgsCitation":"Hutson, S.S., and Schwarz, G., 1996, Estimates of future water demand for selected water-service areas in the upper Duck River basin, central Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4140, vi, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964140.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":56657,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4140/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4140/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":396035,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48489.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"upper Duck River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.375,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.875,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.875,\n              35.8333\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.375,\n              35.8333\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.375,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcb4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutson, S. 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,{"id":38245,"text":"pp1550A - 1996 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Main shock characteristics","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38245,"text":"pp1550A - 1996 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Main shock characteristics","indexId":"pp1550A","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Main shock characteristics"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":77046,"text":"pp1550 - 1993 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence","indexId":"pp1550","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":77046,"text":"pp1550 - 1993 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence","indexId":"pp1550","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-14T18:49:14.541802","indexId":"pp1550A","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1550","chapter":"A","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Main shock characteristics","docAbstract":"<p><span>The October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta, Calif., earthquake (0004:15.2 G.m.t. October 18; lat 37.036º N., long 121.883º W.; 19-km depth) had a local magnitude (M</span><sub>L</sub><span>) of about 6.7, a surface-wave magnitude (M</span><sub>S</sub><span>) of 7.1, a seismic moment of 2.2x10</span><sup>19</sup><span>&nbsp;N-m to 3.5x10</span><sup>19</sup><span>&nbsp;N-m, a source duration of 6 to 15 s, and an average stress drop of at least 50 bars. Slip occurred on a dipping fault surface about 35 km long and was largely confined to a depth of about 7 to 20 km. The slip vector had a large vertical component, and slip was distributed in two main regions situated northwest and southeast of the hypocenter. This slip distribution caused about half of the earthquake's energy to be focused toward the urbanized San Francisco Bay region, while the other half was focused toward the southeast. Had the rupture initiated at the southeast end of the aftershock zone, shaking in the bay region would have been both longer and stronger. These source parameters suggest that the earthquake was not a typical shallow San Andreas-type event but a deeper event on a different fault with a recurrence interval of many hundreds of years. Therefore, the potential for a damaging shallow event on the San Andreas fault in the Santa Cruz Mountains may still exist.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1550A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"Spudich, P.A., Beroza, G., Choy, G., Boatwright, J., Hartzell, S.H., Stewart, G.L., Mendoza, C., Horton, S., Anderson, J.G., Mendez, A.J., Kanamori, H., Satake, K., Lisowski, M., Murray, M.H., Svarc, J.L., Marshall, G., Stein, R.S., McNally, K., Simila, G.W., Brown, J.G., Nabelek, J., Reches, Z., Zoback, M.D., Steidl, J., Archuleta, R.J., Velasco, A.A., Lay, T., Zhang, J., Wald, D.J., Helmberger, D.V., Heaton, T.H., Williams, C.R., Segall, P., Wu, F.T., Wu, M., and Rudnicki, J., 1996, The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Main shock characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1550, 297 p., 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,{"id":28703,"text":"wri964030 - 1996 - Potential for water-quality degradation of interconnected aquifers in west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri964030","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4030","title":"Potential for water-quality degradation of interconnected aquifers in west-central Florida","docAbstract":"Thousands of deep artesian wells were drilled into the Upper Floridan aquifer in west-central Florida prior to well-drilling regulations adopted in the 1970's. The wells were usually completed with a short length of casing through the unconsolidated sediments and were left open to multiple aquifers containing water of varying quality. These open boreholes serve as a potential source of water-quality degradation within the aquifers when vertical internal borehole flow is induced by hydraulic-head differences. Thispotential for water-quality degradation exists in west-central Florida where both the intermediate aquifer system and Upper Floridan aquifer exist. Measurements of caliper, temperature, gamma, fluid conductivity, and flow were obtained in 87 wells throughout west-central Florida to determine the occurrence of interaquifer borehole flow between the intermediate aquifer system and the Upper Floridan aquifer. Flow measurements were made using an impeller flowmeter, a heat-pulse flowmeter, and a video camera with an impeller flowmeter attachment. Of the 87 wells measured with the impeller flowmeter, 17 had internal flow which ranged from 10 to 300 gallons per minute. A heat-pulse flowmeter was used in 19 wells in which flow was not detected using the impeller flowmeter. Of these 19 wells, 18 had internal flow which ranged from 0.3 to 10gallons per minute. Additionally, water-quality samples were collected from specific contributing zones in wells that had internal flow. Analysis of geophysical and water-quality data indicates degradation of water quality has occurred from mineralized ground water flowing upward from the Upper Floridan aquifer into the intermediate aquifer system through both uncased boreholes and corroded black-iron well casings. In areas where there is a downward component of flow, data indicate that potable water from the intermediate aquifer system is artificially recharging the Upper Floridan aquifer through open boreholes. A geographical area was defined where there is a potential for water- quality degradation due to improperly cased wells. This area was delineated based on where there is an upward component of ground-water flow and where there is an occurrence of poor-quality water. The delineated area includes parts of Hillsborough, Manatee, Sarasota, Charlotte, De Soto, and Hardee Counties. To prevent further contamination of the aquifers, the Southwest Florida Water Management District began the Quality of Water Improvement Program in 1974 to restore hydrologic conditions altered by improperly constructed wells or deteriorating casings. As of May 1994, more than 3,000 wells have been inspected and approximately 1,350 have been plugged. To minimize interaquifer contamination, existing wells, especially ones with black-iron casing, should be inspected and, if necessary, repaired with new casing or plugged.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri964030","usgsCitation":"Metz, P.A., and Brendle, D., 1996, Potential for water-quality degradation of interconnected aquifers in west-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4030, v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964030.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2275,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri964030/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4030.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699bce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metz, P. A.","contributorId":68706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brendle, D. L.","contributorId":68343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brendle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28397,"text":"wri964241 - 1996 - Riparian vegetation and its water use during 1995 along the Mojave River, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri964241","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4241","title":"Riparian vegetation and its water use during 1995 along the Mojave River, Southern California","docAbstract":"The extent and areal density of riparian vegetation, including both phreatophytes and hydrophytes, were mapped along the 100-mile main stem of the Mojave River during 1995. Mapping was aided by vertical false-color infrared and low-level oblique photographs. However, positive identification of plant species and plant physiological stress required field examination. The consumptive use of ground water and surface water by different areal densities of riparian plant communities along the main stem of the Mojave River was estimated using water-use data from a select group of studies in the southwestern United States. In the Alto subarea of the Mojave basin management area, consumptive water use during 1995 by riparian vegetation was estimated to be about 5,000 acre-feet upstream from the Lower Narrows and about 6,000 acre-feet downstream in the transition zone. In the Centro and Baja subareas, consumptive water use was estimated to be about 3,000 acre-feet and 2,000 acre-feet, respectively, during 1995. Consumptive water use by riparian vegetation in the Afton area, downstream from the Baja subarea, was estimated to be about 600 acre-feet during 1995. Consumptive water use by riparian vegetation during 1995 is considered representative of &quot;normal&quot; hydrologic conditions along the Mojave River. Barring major changes in the areal extent and density of riparian vegetation, the 1995 consumptive-use estimates should be fairly representative of riparian vegetation water use during most years. Annual consumptive use, however, could vary from the 1995 estimates as much as plus or minus 50 percent because of extreme hydrologic conditions (periods of high water table following extraordinarily large runoff in the Mojave River or periods of extended drought).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964241","usgsCitation":"Lines, G.C., and Bilhorn, T.W., 1996, Riparian vegetation and its water use during 1995 along the Mojave River, Southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4241, iii, 10 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964241.","productDescription":"iii, 10 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4241/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57202,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4241/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57203,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4241/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5b34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lines, Gregory C.","contributorId":50502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lines","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bilhorn, Thomas W.","contributorId":90787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilhorn","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28252,"text":"wri964014 - 1996 - Determination of the 100-year flood plain on Upper Three Runs and selected tributaries, and the Savannah River at the Savannah River site, South Carolina, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T12:50:59","indexId":"wri964014","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4014","title":"Determination of the 100-year flood plain on Upper Three Runs and selected tributaries, and the Savannah River at the Savannah River site, South Carolina, 1995","docAbstract":"The 100-year flood plain was determined for Upper Three Runs, its tributaries, and the part of the Savannah River that borders the Savannah River Site. The results are provided in tabular and graphical formats. The 100-year flood-plain maps and flood profiles provide water-resource managers of the Savannah River Site with a technical basis for making flood-plain management decisions that could minimize future flood problems and provide a basis for designing and constructing drainage structures along roadways. A hydrologic analysis was made to estimate the 100-year recurrence- interval flow for Upper Three Runs and its tributaries. The analysis showed that the well-drained, sandy soils in the head waters of Upper Three Runs reduce the high flows in the stream; therefore, the South Carolina upper Coastal Plain regional-rural-regression equation does not apply for Upper Three Runs. Conse- quently, a relation was established for 100-year recurrence-interval flow and drainage area using streamflow data from U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations on Upper Three Runs. This relation was used to compute 100-year recurrence-interval flows at selected points along the stream. The regional regression equations were applicable for the tributaries to Upper Three Runs, because the soil types in the drainage basins of the tributaries resemble those normally occurring in upper Coastal Plain basins. This was verified by analysis of the flood-frequency data collected from U.S. Geological Survey gaging station 02197342 on Fourmile Branch. Cross sections were surveyed throughout each reach, and other pertinent data such as flow resistance and land-use were col- lected. The surveyed cross sections and computed 100-year recurrence-interval flows were used in a step-backwater model to compute the 100-year flood profile for Upper Three Runs and its tributaries. The profiles were used to delineate the 100-year flood plain on topographic maps. The Savannah River forms the southwestern border of the Savannah River Site. Data from previously published reports were used to delineate the 100-year flood plain for the Savannah River from the downstream site boundary at the mouth of Lower Three Runs at river mile 125 to the upstream site boundary at river mile 163.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri964014","usgsCitation":"Lanier, T.H., 1996, Determination of the 100-year flood plain on Upper Three Runs and selected tributaries, and the Savannah River at the Savannah River site, South Carolina, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4014, Report: v, 65 p.; 3 Plates: 41.59 x 34.10 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964014.","productDescription":"Report: v, 65 p.; 3 Plates: 41.59 x 34.10 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57079,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4014/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57080,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4014/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57078,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4014/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57081,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4014/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Aiken","otherGeospatial":"Savannah River, Upper Three 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T. H.","contributorId":41469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanier","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26684,"text":"wri964083 - 1996 - Shallow ground-water quality in selected agricultural areas of south-central Georgia, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T13:11:20","indexId":"wri964083","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4083","title":"Shallow ground-water quality in selected agricultural areas of south-central Georgia, 1994","docAbstract":"The Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain National Water-Quality Assessment Program began an agricultural land-use study in March 1994. The study area is located in the upper Suwannee River basin in Tift, Turner, Worth, Irwin, Wilcox, and Crisp Counties, Ga. Twenty-three shallow monitoring wells were installed in a 1,335-square- mile area characterized by intensive row-crop agriculture (peanuts, corn, cotton, and soybeans). The study focused on recently recharged shallow ground water in surficial aquifers to assess the relation between land-use activities and ground- water quality. All wells were sampled in March and April (spring) 1994, and 14 of these wells were resampled in August (summer) 1994. Shallow ground water in the study area is characterized by oxic and acidic conditions, low bicarbonate, and low dissolved-solids concentrations. The median pH of shallow ground water was 4.7 and the median bicarbonate concentration was 1.7 mg/L (milligrams per liter). Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 3.0 to 8.0 mg/L. The median dissolved-solids concentration in samples collected in the spring was 86 mg/L. Major inorganic ion composition was generally mixed with no dominant cation; nitrate was the dominant anion (greater than 60 percent of the anion composition) in 14 of 23 samples. Only concentrations of bicarbonate, dissolved organic carbon, and nitrate had significant differences in concentrations between samples collected in the spring and the background samples. However, median concentrations of some of the major ingredients in fertilizer (including magnesium, chloride, nitrate, iron, and manganese) were higher in water samples from agricultural wells than in background samples. The median concentration of dissolved solids in ground-water samples collected in the spring (86 mg/L) was more than double the median concentration (41 mg/L) of the background samples. The median nitrate as nitrogen concentration of 6.7 mg/L in the spring samples reflects the effects of agricultural activities on ground-water quality. Samples from 30 percent of the wells exceeded the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrate in drinking water (10 mg/L as N). Nitrogen isotope ratios ranged from 2.4 to 9.0 parts per thousand and indicate that most nitrogen in shallow ground water is probably from inorganic fertilizer. In addition, nitrate concentrations were positively correlated (p-values all less than 0.01) with concentrations of some of the major ingredients in fertilizer, such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and chloride, and with values of specific conductance. Concentrations of pesticides and volatile organic compounds, detected in samples from 11 wells, were all below the MCLs. Of these constituents, only alachlor, metolachlor, metribuzin, toluene, benzene, and methyl chloride were detected in ground water at concentrations that ranged from 0.01 to 1.0 mg/L (micrograms per liter). Maximum concentrations of 1.0 mg/L of metolachlor and toluene were detected in two wells. Radon concentrations ranged from 530 to 1,400 pCi/L (picocuries per liter), exceeding the proposed MCL of 300 pCi/L in all samples; the median concentration was 1,000 pCi/L.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964083","usgsCitation":"Crandall, C.A., 1996, Shallow ground-water quality in selected agricultural areas of south-central Georgia, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4083, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964083.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55548,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4083/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4083/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.7210693359375,30.704058230919504],[-84.90234375,30.543338954230222],[-85.0177001953125,30.24957724046765],[-84.803466796875,30.164126343161097],[-84.627685546875,29.935895213372444],[-84.57275390625,29.859701442126756],[-84.44091796875,29.859701442126756],[-84.29809570312499,29.859701442126756],[-84.2926025390625,30.012030680358613],[-84.17724609375,30.035811042667792],[-83.990478515625,30.050076521698735],[-83.7322998046875,29.893043385434165],[-83.6224365234375,29.76914573606667],[-83.51806640624999,29.602118211647333],[-83.397216796875,29.415675471217877],[-83.2489013671875,29.377388403478992],[-83.1610107421875,29.233683670282787],[-83.0841064453125,29.1281717828162],[-82.8753662109375,29.10897615145302],[-82.77099609375,28.945668833650508],[-82.75451660156249,28.815799886487298],[-82.694091796875,28.671310915880834],[-82.694091796875,28.492833128965096],[-82.8094482421875,28.265682390146477],[-82.891845703125,28.164032516628076],[-82.869873046875,27.955591004642553],[-82.8973388671875,27.790491224830877],[-82.7874755859375,27.68352808378776],[-82.75451660156249,27.552111841284695],[-80.299072265625,27.571590861376308],[-80.2935791015625,27.649472352561876],[-80.37597656249999,27.848790459862073],[-80.52429199218749,28.105903469076186],[-80.540771484375,28.20760859532738],[-80.540771484375,28.318888915773826],[-80.5133056640625,28.386567819657213],[-80.46936035156249,28.44454394857482],[-80.518798828125,28.647210004919998],[-80.6341552734375,28.815799886487298],[-80.771484375,29.065772888415406],[-81.0406494140625,29.439597566602902],[-81.1614990234375,29.807284450222504],[-81.27685546875,30.107117887092357],[-81.3592529296875,30.5764500266181],[-81.34277343749999,30.873940237887624],[-81.32080078125,31.052933985705163],[-81.23291015625,31.22689446881399],[-81.19445800781249,31.358327833411312],[-81.14501953125,31.48020882071693],[-81.03515625,31.648705289976853],[-80.958251953125,31.835565983656227],[-80.85937499999999,31.94750122367064],[-80.782470703125,32.00341778396365],[-80.8978271484375,32.0732655510424],[-81.046142578125,32.115148622612445],[-81.1175537109375,32.16166284018013],[-81.112060546875,32.2546200600072],[-81.0955810546875,32.30570601389429],[-81.177978515625,32.43097672054704],[-81.1669921875,32.47732919639942],[-81.24938964843749,32.537551746769],[-81.34277343749999,32.59773394005744],[-81.4031982421875,32.648625783736726],[-81.39770507812499,32.76880048488168],[-81.4031982421875,32.86574639547474],[-81.441650390625,32.95797741405952],[-81.4801025390625,33.04550781490999],[-81.5899658203125,33.1329513125159],[-81.73278808593749,33.15594830078649],[-81.88110351562499,33.330528249028085],[-82.06787109374999,33.41310221370827],[-82.28759765625,33.348884792201694],[-82.5732421875,33.22949814144951],[-83.056640625,33.25706340236547],[-83.33129882812499,33.0178760185549],[-83.507080078125,32.80574473290688],[-83.82568359375,32.722598604044066],[-83.66638183593749,32.263910555201306],[-83.7652587890625,32.05464469054932],[-83.8421630859375,31.76086695137955],[-84.19921875,31.353636941500987],[-84.6826171875,30.869225348040825],[-84.7210693359375,30.704058230919504]]]}}]}\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f41af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crandall, C. A.","contributorId":93943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28888,"text":"wri964121 - 1996 - Estimation of flood flows on the Big Sioux River between Akron, Iowa, and North Sioux City, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri964121","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4121","title":"Estimation of flood flows on the Big Sioux River between Akron, Iowa, and North Sioux City, South Dakota","docAbstract":"This report presents estimated flood flows for specified frequencies at selected locations on the Big Sioux River between the Akron, Iowa, streamflow-gaging station and North Sioux City, South Dakota. The selected locations include:  at the Akron gaging station, downstream from the Richland-Westfield Creek Basins, downstream from the Brule Creek Basin, downstream from the Upper West Boundary Big Ditch and Rock Creek Basins, downstream from Broken Kettle Basin, and downstream from North Sioux City. The flood flows for the 10-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year recurrence intervals will be used to support a Federal Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Study. Four methods were used to estimate the flood flows. The first method involved the use of drainage-area ratios raised to specified exponents to transfer the flood-frequency relation from the Akron gage to the selected downstream locations. The second method was a flood-frequency analysis based on a summation of the Akron gaging-station peak flows and concurrent tributary daily flows from within the various study reaches. The third method was an independence/dependence analysis of the Akron gaging-station flows and the tributary flows from the various study reaches. The fourth method was a flood-frequency analysis assuming complete dependence of the Akron peak flows and the tributary peak flows from the various study reaches. Based on the various analyses that were done, the drainage-area-ratio method best estimated the flood flows for the Akron to North Sioux City reach of the Big Sioux River. The best estimates of 10-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year flood flows at the location downstream from North Sioux City are 35,300, 70,400, 89,100, and 142,000 cubic feet per second, respectively.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Servies [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964121","usgsCitation":"Niehus, C.A., 1996, Estimation of flood flows on the Big Sioux River between Akron, Iowa, and North Sioux City, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4121, iii, 20 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964121.","productDescription":"iii, 20 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4121/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57761,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4121/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e023e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niehus, C. A.","contributorId":94697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niehus","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30404,"text":"wri964154 - 1996 - Low-flow characteristics and profiles for selected streams in the Roanoke River basin, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T14:25:07","indexId":"wri964154","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4154","title":"Low-flow characteristics and profiles for selected streams in the Roanoke River basin, North Carolina","docAbstract":"<p>An understanding of the magnitude and frequency of low-flow discharges is an important part of protecting surface-water resources and planning for municipal and industrial economic expansion. Low-flow characteristics are summarized for 22 continuous-record gaging stations in North Carolina (19 sites) and Virginia (3 sites) and 60 partial-record gaging stations in the North Carolina Roanoke River Basin. Records of discharge collected through the 1994 water year are used. Flow characteristics included in the summary are (1) average annual unit flow, (2) 7Q10 low-flow discharge, the minimum average discharge for a 7 consecutive-day period occurring, on average, once in 10 years; (3) 30Q2 low-flow discharge; (4) W7Q10 low-flow discharge, similar to 7Q10 discharge except that flow during November through March only is considered; and (5) 7Q2 low-flow discharge. The potential for sustaining base flows is moderate to high in the western part of the basin as well as in the eastern and western fringes of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain physiographic provinces, respectively. Areas of low potential for sustaining base flow exist in the central part of the basin (between eastern Caswell County and western Warren County), where soils have low infiltration rates, and in lower regions of the Coastal Plain, where small streams tend to have zero flow during prolonged drought.</p><p>Drainage area and low-flow discharge profiles are presented for 10 streams in the Roanoke River Basin in North Carolina and reflect&nbsp;a wide range in basin size, characteristics, and streamflow conditions. The selected streams are Town Fork Creek, Hogans Creek, Mayo River, Buffalo Creek, Smith River, Country Line Creek, Dan River, Marlowe Creek, Hyco River, and Roanoke River. The drainage-area profiles show the increases in drainage areas as streams travel their course in the basin. At the mouths of streams profiled, the drainage areas range from 22 miles to about 9,700 miles. Low-flow discharges for each stream include 7Q10, 30Q2, W7Q10, and 7Q2 discharges in a continuous profile with contributions from major tributaries included.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964154","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Division of Environmental Management of the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Weaver, J.C., 1996, Low-flow characteristics and profiles for selected streams in the Roanoke River basin, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4154, Report: iv, 56 p.; 1 Plate: 23.40 x 12.37 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964154.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 56 p.; 1 Plate: 23.40 x 12.37 inches","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4154/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59173,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4154/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361507,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4154/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Roanoke River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.71307373046874,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.71307373046874,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7103271484375,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7103271484375,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.71307373046874,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.39593505859375,\n              35.833401703805094\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.12677001953125,\n              35.69968630125204\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.82601928710938,\n              35.71083783530009\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.651611328125,\n              35.91685961322499\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.77383422851562,\n              36.010228040656735\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.04437255859375,\n              36.1312200154285\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.41653442382812,\n              36.43896124085945\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.56484985351562,\n              36.493077506552744\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.3984375,\n              36.54053616262899\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.40917968749999,\n              36.55377524336089\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.37597656249999,\n              36.56260003738545\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.32516479492188,\n              36.14896463588831\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.76898193359375,\n              36.1312200154285\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.46273803710938,\n              36.33393438759289\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.12490844726562,\n              36.379279167407965\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.03358459472656,\n              36.377620677623874\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.89076232910156,\n              36.387571085823566\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.83308410644531,\n              36.40359962073253\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.39593505859375,\n              35.833401703805094\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6358fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weaver, J. 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