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This study used phylogenetic probes in hybridization analysis to (i) determine in situ microbial community structures in regions of a shallow sand aquifer that were oxygen depleted and fuel contaminated (FC) or aerobic and noncontaminated (NC) and (ii) examine alterations in microbial community structures resulting from exposure to toluene and/or electron acceptor supplementation (nitrate). The latter objective was addressed by using the NC and FC aquifer materials for anaerobic microcosm studies in which phylogenetic probe analysis was complemented by microbial activity assays. Domain probe analysis of the aquifer samples showed that the communities were predominantlyBacteria; Eucarya and Archaea were not detectable. At the phylum and subclass levels, the FC and NC aquifer material had similar relative abundance distributions of 43 to 65% β- and γ-Proteobacteria (B+G), 31 to 35% α-Proteobacteria (ALF), 15 to 18% sulfate-reducing bacteria, and 5 to 10% high G+C gram positive bacteria. Compared to that of the NC region, the community structure of the FC material differed mainly in an increased abundance of B+G relative to that of ALF. The microcosm communities were like those of the field samples in that they were predominantly Bacteria (83 to 101%) and lacked detectable Archaea but differed in that a small fraction (2 to 8%) of Eucarya was detected regardless of the treatment applied. The latter result was hypothesized to reflect enrichment of anaerobic protozoa. Addition of nitrate and/or toluene stimulated microbial activity in the microcosms, but only supplementation of toluene alone significantly altered community structures. For the NC material, the dominant subclass shifted from B+G to ALF, while in the FC microcosms 55 to 65% of theBacteria community was no longer identifiable by the phylum or subclass probes used. The latter result suggested that toluene exposure fostered the proliferation of phylotype(s) that were otherwise minor constituents of the FC aquifer community. These studies demonstrated that alterations in aquifer microbial communities resulting from specific anthropogenic perturbances can be inferred from microcosm studies integrating chemical and phylogenetic probe analysis and in the case of hydrocarbon contamination may facilitate the identification of organisms important for in situ biodegradation processes. Further work integrating and coordinating microcosm and field experiments is needed to explore how differences in scale, substrate complexity, and other hydrogeological conditions may affect patterns observed in these systems.

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1999 - Isotopic composition of water in a deep unsaturated zone beside a radioactive-waste disposal area near Beatty, Nevada","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70194919,"text":"70194919 - 1999 - Isotopic composition of water in a deep unsaturated zone beside a radioactive-waste disposal area near Beatty, Nevada","indexId":"70194919","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Isotopic composition of water in a deep unsaturated zone beside a radioactive-waste disposal area near Beatty, Nevada"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":31024,"text":"wri994018C - 1999 - U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)","indexId":"wri994018C","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":31024,"text":"wri994018C - 1999 - U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)","indexId":"wri994018C","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-29T18:23:00","indexId":"70194919","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Isotopic composition of water in a deep unsaturated zone beside a radioactive-waste disposal area near Beatty, Nevada","docAbstract":"

The isotopic composition of water in deep unsaturated zones is of interest because it provides information relevant to hydrologic processes and contaminant migration. Profiles of oxygen-18 (18O), deuterium (D), and tritium (3H) from a 110-meter deep unsaturated zone, together with data on the isotopic composition of ground water and modern-day precipitation, are interpreted in the context of water-content, water-potential, and pore-gas profiles. At depths greater than about three meters, water vapor and liquid water are in approximate equilibrium with respect to D and 18O. The vapor-phase concentrations of D and 18O have remained stable through repeated samplings. Vapor-phase 3H concentrations have generally increased with time, requiring synchronous sampling of liquid and vapor to assess equilibrium. Below 30 meters, concentrations of D and 18O in pore water become approximately equal to the composition of ground water, which is isotopically lighter than modern precipitation and has a carbon-14 (14C) concentration of about 26 percent modern carbon. These data indicate that net gradients driving fluxes of water, gas, and heat are directed upwards for undisturbed conditions at the Amargosa Desert Research Site (ADRS). Superimposed on the upward-directed flow field, tritium is migrating away from waste in response to gradients in tritium concentrations.

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1999 - U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)","indexId":"wri994018C","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":31024,"text":"wri994018C - 1999 - U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)","indexId":"wri994018C","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T17:52:10","indexId":"70194891","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Overview of research on water, gas, and radionuclide transport at the Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nevada: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)","docAbstract":"

Studies at the U.S. Geological Survey Amargosa Desert Research Site have focused on characterizing factors and processes that control transport and fate of contaminants in arid environments. This paper summarizes research results that have been published through 1998. Results have improved understanding of water and gas movement through a thick unsaturated zone, including the degree to which features of the natural unsaturated-flow system can be altered by installation of a waste-disposal facility. The study of radioactive-contaminant transport at the site is at an early stage. Field data measured in association with this new component of research have generated speculation regarding the exact mechanisms that control tritium transport in arid unsaturated zones.


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Samples of water vapor in soil gas were obtained at the U.S. Geological Survey's Amargosa Desert Research Site in 1997 and 1998 from a depth of 1.5 m (meters) within a 300 m by 300 m grid that lies immediately to the south and west of a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site. The gas samples were analyzed for tritium. Fifty-eight samples were collected in May 1997; 61 samples were collected in June 1998. Measured tritium concentrations ranged from 16 ± 9 TU (tritium units) to 36,900 ± 300 TU in 1997, and from 6 ± 6 TU to 37,360 ± 450 TU in 1998. Concentrations decreased from northeast to southwest across the grid. In general, there was very little difference in tritium concentrations between the two sampling periods.

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1999 - U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)","indexId":"wri994018C","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":31024,"text":"wri994018C - 1999 - U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)","indexId":"wri994018C","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T17:57:36","indexId":"70194938","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"displayTitle":"Tritium and 14C concentrations in unsaturated-zone gases at test hole UZB-2, Amargosa Desert Research Site, 1994-98: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)","title":"Tritium and 14C concentrations in unsaturated-zone gases at test hole UZB-2, Amargosa Desert Research Site, 1994-98: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)>","docAbstract":"

Tritium concentrations have been determined yearly since April 1994 from water-vapor samples collected at test hole UZB-2. The hole was drilled about 100 m (meters) south of the southwest corner of a commercial burial site for low-level radioactive wastes in September 1993. UZB-2 is equipped with ten 2.5-cm (centimeters) diameter air ports permanently installed in the unsaturated zone between the depths of 5.5 and 108.8 m below land surface. Depth to ground water is about 110 m. Additional sampling ports were driven by hand to depths of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m in May 1997. Initial samples of water vapor collected in April 1994 showed elevated tritium concentrations of more than 100 TU (tritium units) from all 10 air ports, with a maximum concentration of 762±10 TU from an air port at a depth of 24.1 m. Subsequent tritium concentrations increased in all air ports, although tritium concentrations at depths of less than 34.1 m have remained relatively constant since July 1995. The largest observed increase in tritium has been at a depth of 47.9 m. There, tritium concentration has increased from 198±5 TU in April 1994 to 2,570±30 TU in June 1998. Large increases also have been measured in samples collected from air ports at depths of 106.4 and 108.8 m, just above the water table.

During September and October 1998, carbon dioxide samples were collected from all ten air ports in UZB-2 and at a depth of 1.5 m, and analyzed for radioactive carbon-14 (14C). 14C concentrations are highest in air ports at depths less than 6 m where they exceed 2,000 pmc (percent modern carbon). Concentrations decrease rapidly in air ports at depth and are about 20 pmc below 94.2 m. However, at 47.9 meters, the 14C concentration is 205±1 pmc, which is 2 to 4 times higher than concentrations in air ports immediately above and below. This depth corresponds to the largest tritium increase in UZB-2. Concentrations of both tritium and 14C are greater than what could be expected from atmospheric fallout. The distribution of tritium and 14C likely represent a complex pattern of lateral and vertical transport through the unsaturated zone from buried wastes to UZB-2.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Seventh Technical Meeting of the U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","conferenceDate":"March 8-12, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Charleston, SC","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"West Trenton, NJ","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., Striegl, R.G., Healy, R.W., Michel, R.L., and Haas, H., 1999, Tritium and 14C concentrations in unsaturated-zone gases at test hole UZB-2, Amargosa Desert Research Site, 1994-98: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)>, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"484","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350818,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350817,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/wri99-4018/Volume3/SectionD/3503_Prudic/index.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","city":"Beatty","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert Research Site","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7192a7e4b0a9a2e9dbe02a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Morganwalp, David W. dwmorgan@usgs.gov","contributorId":5592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morganwalp","given":"David","email":"dwmorgan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":726215,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buxton, Herbert T. hbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Herbert","email":"hbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726216,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Healy, Richard W. 0000-0002-0224-1858 rwhealy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-1858","contributorId":658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Richard","email":"rwhealy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Michel, Robert L. rlmichel@usgs.gov","contributorId":823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"Robert","email":"rlmichel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haas, Herbert","contributorId":39794,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haas","given":"Herbert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70174316,"text":"70174316 - 1999 - The spring runoff pulse from the Sierra Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-26T16:34:29","indexId":"70174316","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The spring runoff pulse from the Sierra Nevada","docAbstract":"

Just about every year there is one major first pulse of snowmelt runoff (streamflow) that marks the transition from winter to spring in high elevation, snowmelt driven watersheds in the western United States. As a index, we have used the record of relatively pristine streamflow at the Merced River, Happy Isles in Yosemite National Park to identify this transition for each year beginning in 1916. Two factors are prominent in determining the timing of the spring runnoff pulse: (1) it is delayed with greater seasonal accumulation of snow pack in the Yosemite region, and (2) the runoff pulse is triggered by a regional weather fluctuation that establishes a warm high pressure ridge over the California region during the spring (mid-March to Mid-May) period. Thus, the pulse involves both seasonal climate variability vis a vis the character of winter/spring water delivery to the western mountains and synoptic conditions associated with abrupt spring warming. Inspection of an extensive array of stream gage records over the western states finds that a simultaneous pulse occurs over a broad collection of high-elevation streams in the region. In this paper, we explore the predictability of the onset of these spring regional warmings, which often are marked by development of high pressure ridge over much of the western United States 

","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of 14th Conference on Hydrology","conferenceTitle":"14th Conference on Hydrology","conferenceDate":"January 1999","conferenceLocation":"Dallas, TX","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","usgsCitation":"Cayan, D., Peterson, D.H., Riddle, L., Dettinger, M.D., and Smith, R., 1999, The spring runoff pulse from the Sierra Nevada, in Proceedings of 14th Conference on Hydrology, Dallas, TX, January 1999, p. 77-79.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"79","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324967,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":324852,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ams.confex.com/ams/99annual/abstracts/1423.htm"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5780cec0e4b08116168223d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":641882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riddle, L.","contributorId":47550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riddle","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dettinger, M. 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These wetlands possess unique environmental and biotic characteristics that add to the overall regional diversity and production of aquatic invertebrates and the vertebrate wildlife that depend upon them as food. Climatic extremes in the PPR have a profound and dynamic influence on wetland hydrology, hydroperiod, chemistry, and ultimately the biota. Available knowledge of aquatic invertebrates in the PPR suggests that diversity of invertebrates within each wetland class is low. Harsh environmental conditions range from frigid winter temperatures that freeze wetlands and their sediments to hot summer temperatures and drought conditions that create steep salinity gradients and seasonally dry habitats. Consequently, the invertebrate community is composed mostly of ecological generalists that possess the necessary adaptations to tolerate environmental extremes. In this review, we describe the highly dynamic nature of prairie pothole wetlands and suggest that invertebrate studies be evaluated within a conceptual framework that considers important hydrologic, chemical, and climatic events.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: Ecology and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley and Sons","usgsCitation":"Euliss, N., Wrubleski, D., and Mushet, D., 1999, Wetlands of the Prairie Pothole Region: Invertebrate species composition, ecology, and management, chap. of Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: Ecology and management, p. 471-514.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"514","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11460,"rank":200,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471292583.html"},{"id":127779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e36eb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Batzer, D.P.","contributorId":114150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batzer","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504510,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rader, R.B.","contributorId":112009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rader","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504509,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wissinger, S.A.","contributorId":80840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wissinger","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504508,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Euliss, N.H. Jr.","contributorId":54917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"N.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wrubleski, D.A.","contributorId":73529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wrubleski","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mushet, D.M. 0000-0002-5910-2744","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":59377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70194937,"text":"70194937 - 1999 - Soil respiration at the Amargosa Desert Research site: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70194937,"text":"70194937 - 1999 - Soil respiration at the Amargosa Desert Research site: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)","indexId":"70194937","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Soil respiration at the Amargosa Desert Research site: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":31024,"text":"wri994018C - 1999 - U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)","indexId":"wri994018C","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":31024,"text":"wri994018C - 1999 - U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)","indexId":"wri994018C","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T17:57:43","indexId":"70194937","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Soil respiration at the Amargosa Desert Research site: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)","docAbstract":"

Automated opaque flux-chamber measurements of soil carbon dioxide (CO2) flux (soil respiration) into the atmosphere at the Amargosa Desert Research Site show seasonal and diel cycles of soil respiration that are closely linked with soil temperature and soil moisture. During 1998, soil respiration increased with soil warming through spring, reaching a maximum rate (not counting anomalously high values scattered through the record) of about 0.055 moles CO2 m-2 day-1 around Julian Day 120. Respiration rates then declined along with volumetric soil moisture content, tending to stay at or below about 0.02 moles CO2 per square meter per day (m-2 day -1) for the rest of the year, except after summer rainfalls when respiration sharply increased for short periods. The diel respiration pattern during dry spells is marked by a sharp rise in CO2 flux coincident with steeply rising soil temperatures in the morning, then dropping back to low levels about the time of maximum soil temperature. The reason for this pattern in unclear.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Seventh Technical Meeting of the U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","conferenceDate":"March 8-12, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Charleston, SC","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"West Trenton, NJ","usgsCitation":"Riggs, A.C., Striegl, R.G., and Maestas, F.B., 1999, Soil respiration at the Amargosa Desert Research site: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C), 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"498","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350819,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350816,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/wri99-4018/Volume3/SectionD/3505_Riggs/index.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","city":"Beatty","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert Research site","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7192a8e4b0a9a2e9dbe02e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Morganwalp, David W. dwmorgan@usgs.gov","contributorId":5592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morganwalp","given":"David","email":"dwmorgan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":726219,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buxton, Herbert T. hbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Herbert","email":"hbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726220,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Riggs, Alan C. ariggs@usgs.gov","contributorId":149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"Alan","email":"ariggs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":726209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maestas, Florentino B.","contributorId":20856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maestas","given":"Florentino","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021630,"text":"70021630 - 1999 - Inhibition of precipitation and aggregation of metacinnabar (mercuric sulfide) by dissolved organic matter isolated from the Florida Everglades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T10:16:38","indexId":"70021630","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inhibition of precipitation and aggregation of metacinnabar (mercuric sulfide) by dissolved organic matter isolated from the Florida Everglades","docAbstract":"

Precipitation and aggregation of metacinnabar (black HgS) was inhibited in the presence of low concentrations (≥3 mg C/L) of humic fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolated from the Florida Everglades. At low Hg concentrations (≤5 × 10-8 M), DOM prevented the precipitation of metacinnabar. At moderate Hg concentrations (5 × 10-5 M), DOM inhibited the aggregation of colloidal metacinnabar (Hg passed through a 0.1 μm filter but was removed by centrifugation). At Hg concentrations greater than 5 × 10-4 M, mercury formed solid metacinnabar particles that were removed from solution by a 0.1 μm filter. Organic matter rich in aromatic moieties was preferentially removed with the solid. Hydrophobic organic acids (humic and fulvic acids) inhibited aggregation better than hydrophilic organic acids. The presence of chloride, acetate, salicylate, EDTA, and cysteine did not inhibit the precipitation or aggregation of metacinnabar. Calcium enhanced metacinnabar aggregation even in the presence of DOM, but the magnitude of the effect was dependent on the concentrations of DOM, Hg, and Ca. Inhibition of metacinnabar precipitation appears to be a result of strong DOM-Hg binding. Prevention of aggregation of colloidal particles appears to be caused by adsorption of DOM and electrostatic repulsion.

","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es9811187","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Ravichandran, M., Aiken, G., Ryan, J.N., and Reddy, M., 1999, Inhibition of precipitation and aggregation of metacinnabar (mercuric sulfide) by dissolved organic matter isolated from the Florida Everglades: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 9, p. 1418-1423, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9811187.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1418","endPage":"1423","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206379,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9811187"}],"volume":"33","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3bdae4b0c8380cd6289f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ravichandran, M.","contributorId":97661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ravichandran","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryan, J. N.","contributorId":102649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021626,"text":"70021626 - 1999 - The distribution of, and relation among, mercury and methylmercury, organic carbon, carbonate, nitrogen and phosphorus, in periphyton of the south Florida ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T10:20:45","indexId":"70021626","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3609,"text":"Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The distribution of, and relation among, mercury and methylmercury, organic carbon, carbonate, nitrogen and phosphorus, in periphyton of the south Florida ecosystem","docAbstract":"

Periphyton samples from Water Conservation Areas, Big Cypress National Preserve, and Everglades National Park in south Florida were analyzed for concentrations of total mercury, methylmercury, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon, and inorganic carbon. Concentrations of total mercury in periphyton decrease slightly along a gradient from north‐to‐south. Both total mercury and methylmercury are positively correlated with organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in periphyton. In horizontal sections of periphyton mats, total mercury concentrations tend to be largest at the tops and bottoms of the mats. Methylmercury concentrations tend to be the largest near the bottom of mats. These localized elevated concentrations of methylmercury suggest that there are “hot spots”; of methylmercury in periphyton.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02772249909358722","issn":"02772248","usgsCitation":"Simon, N., Spencer, R., and Cox, T., 1999, The distribution of, and relation among, mercury and methylmercury, organic carbon, carbonate, nitrogen and phosphorus, in periphyton of the south Florida ecosystem: Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, v. 69, no. 3-4, p. 417-433, https://doi.org/10.1080/02772249909358722.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"433","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","volume":"69","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baae0e4b08c986b322a87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simon, N.S.","contributorId":103272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spencer, R.","contributorId":34542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cox, T.","contributorId":42249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021962,"text":"70021962 - 1999 - Tributary stream infiltration as a source of herbicides in an alluvial aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-28T11:23:25.625444","indexId":"70021962","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tributary stream infiltration as a source of herbicides in an alluvial aquifer","docAbstract":"

Where Walnut Creek flows across the South Skunk River alluvial aquifer, it provides a potential source of herbicides and herbicide metabolites. This straightened reach of the creek loses water and dissolved contaminants to the alluvial aquifer through a layer of fine-grained flood plain deposits. Estimates of potential flux of chemicals were based on measurements taken during baseflow in April 1994 before herbicides were applied to the watershed and in June 1994 after chemical application and when stream discharge included runoff and tile-drainage water. Hydraulic head measurements between the creek and flood plain deposits and between the creek and aquifer confirmed the potential for downward groundwater flow during both sampling periods. Hydraulic conductivity estimates from slug tests were used to calculate an average linear groundwater velocity of 0.5 m d−1 in the fine-grained flood plain deposits. At this velocity, contaminants could be advectively transported to the aquifer within 6 d. The potential for atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) flux to the aquifer from the creek was estimated to be between 60 and 3000 µg d−1 m−2. This rate is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the estimated flux via leaching beneath a typical field. If the process of vertical stream leakage occurs in many hydrologic settings, it may constitute a substantial source of herbicides to shallow alluvial aquifers in many areas of the Midwest.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy","doi":"10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800010007x","usgsCitation":"Burkart, M.R., Simpkins, W.W., Squillace, P.J., and Helmke, M., 1999, Tributary stream infiltration as a source of herbicides in an alluvial aquifer: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 28, no. 1, p. 69-74, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800010007x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"South Skunk River, Walnut Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.0042724609375,\n 40.6306300839918\n ],\n [\n -90.9832763671875,\n 40.6306300839918\n ],\n [\n -90.9832763671875,\n 42.435620156499795\n ],\n [\n -95.0042724609375,\n 42.435620156499795\n ],\n [\n -95.0042724609375,\n 40.6306300839918\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb843e4b08c986b32776f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkart, Michael R.","contributorId":75512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkart","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpkins, William W.","contributorId":245833,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simpkins","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6911,"text":"Iowa State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":391859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Squillace, Paul J.","contributorId":59415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squillace","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Helmke, Martin","contributorId":49133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helmke","given":"Martin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021607,"text":"70021607 - 1999 - Distribution of microbial physiologic types in an aquifer contaminated by crude oil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T07:23:46","indexId":"70021607","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2729,"text":"Microbial Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of microbial physiologic types in an aquifer contaminated by crude oil","docAbstract":"We conducted a plume-scale study of the microbial ecology in the anaerobic portion of an aquifer contaminated by crude-oil compounds. The data provide insight into the patterns of ecological succession, microbial nutrient demands, and the relative importance of free-living versus attached microbial populations. The most probable number (MPN) method was used to characterize the spatial distribution of six physiologic types: aerobes, denitrifiers, iron-reducers, heterotrophic fermenters, sulfate-reducers, and methanogens. Both free-living and attached numbers were determined over a broad cross-section of the aquifer extending horizontally from the source of the plume at a nonaqueous oil body to 66 m downgradient, and vertically from above the water table to the base of the plume below the water table. Point samples from widely spaced locations were combined with three closely spaced vertical profiles to create a map of physiologic zones for a cross-section of the plume. Although some estimates suggest that less than 1% of the subsurface microbial population can be grown in laboratory cultures, the MPN results presented here provide a comprehensive qualitative picture of the microbial ecology at the plume scale. Areas in the plume that are evolving from iron-reducing to methanogenic conditions are clearly delineated and generally occupy 25-50% of the plume thickness. Lower microbial numbers below the water table compared to the unsaturated zone suggest that nutrient limitations may be important in limiting growth in the saturated zone. Finally, the data indicate that an average of 15% of the total population is suspended.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002489900149","issn":"00953628","usgsCitation":"Bekins, B., Godsy, E., and Warren, E., 1999, Distribution of microbial physiologic types in an aquifer contaminated by crude oil: Microbial Ecology, v. 37, no. 4, p. 263-275, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002489900149.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"275","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206249,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002489900149"}],"volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02e2e4b0c8380cd50245","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bekins, B.A.","contributorId":98309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godsy, E.M.","contributorId":56685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsy","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warren, E.","contributorId":15360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021960,"text":"70021960 - 1999 - Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated ground water: The perspectives of history and hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T14:48:44","indexId":"70021960","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated ground water: The perspectives of history and hydrology","docAbstract":"Bioremediation, the use of microbial degradation processes to detoxify environmental contamination, was first applied to petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated ground water systems in the early 1970s. Since that time, these technologies have evolved in some ways that were clearly anticipated early investigators, and in other ways that were not foreseen. The expectation that adding oxidants and nutrients to contaminated aquifers would enhance biodegradation, for example, has been born out subsequent experience. Many of the technologies now in common use such as air sparging, hydrogen peroxide addition, nitrate addition, and bioslurping, are conceptually similar to the first bioremediation systems put into operation. More unexpected, however, were the considerable technical problems associated with delivering oxidants and nutrients to heterogeneous ground water systems. Experience has shown that the success of engineered bioremediation systems depends largely on how effectively directions and rates of ground water flow can be controlled, and thus how efficiently oxidants and nutrients can be delivered to contaminated aquifer sediments. The early expectation that injecting laboratory-selected or genetically engineered cultures of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria into aquifers would be a useful bioremediation technology has not been born out subsequent experience. Rather, it appears that petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria are ubiquitous in ground water systems and that bacterial addition is usually unnecessary. Perhaps the technology that was least anticipated early investigators was the development of intrinsic bioremediation. Experience has shown that natural attenuation mechanisms - biodegradation, dilution, and sorption - limit the migration of contaminants to some degree in all ground water systems. Intrinsic bioremediation is the deliberate use of natural attenuation processes to treat contaminated ground water to specified concentration levels at predetermined points in the aquifer. In current practice, intrinsic bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons requires a systematic assessment to show that ambient natural attenuation mechanisms are efficient enough to meet regulatory requirements and a monitoring program to verify that performance requirements are met in the future.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb00965.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., 1999, Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated ground water: The perspectives of history and hydrology: Ground Water, v. 37, no. 1, p. 122-132, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb00965.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"122","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f194e4b0c8380cd4ad01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021605,"text":"70021605 - 1999 - Evaluation of stream water quality in Atlanta, Georgia, and the surrounding region (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021605","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1934,"text":"IAHS-AISH Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of stream water quality in Atlanta, Georgia, and the surrounding region (USA)","docAbstract":"A water-quality index (WQI) was developed from historical data (1986-1995) for streams in the Atlanta Region and augmented with 'new' and generally more comprehensive biweekly data on four small urban streams, representing an industrial area, a developed medium-density residential area and developing and developed low-density residential areas. Parameter WQIs were derived from percentile ranks of individual water-quality parameter values for each site by normalizing the constituent ranks for values from all sites in the area for a base period, i.e. 1990-1995. WQIs were developed primarily for nutrient-related parameters due to data availability. Site WQIs, which were computed by averaging the parameter WQIs, range from 0.2 (good quality) to 0.8 (poor quality), and increased downstream of known nutrient sources. Also, annual site WQI decreases from 1986 to 1995 at most long-term monitoring sites. Annual site WQI for individual parameters correlated with annual hydrological characteristics, particularly runoff, precipitation quantity, and water yield, reflecting the effect of dilution on parameter values. The WQIs of the four small urban streams were evaluated for the core-nutrient-related parameters, parameters for specific dissolved trace metal concentrations and sediment characteristics, and a species diversity index for the macro-invertebrate taxa. The site WQI for the core-nutrient-related parameters used in the retrospective analysis was, as expected, the worst for the industrial area and the best for the low-density residential areas. However, macro-invertebrate data indicate that although the species at the medium-density residential site were diverse, the taxa at the site were for species tolerant of degraded water quality. Furthermore, although a species-diversity index indicates no substantial difference between the two low-density residential areas, the number for macro-invertebrates for the developing area was much less than that for the developed area, consistent with observations of recent sediment problems probably associated with construction in the basin. However, sediment parameters were similar for the two sites suggesting that the routine biweekly measurements may not capture the short-term increases in sediment transport associated with rainstorms. The WQI technique is limited by the number and types of parameters included in it, the general conditions of those parameters for the range of conditions in area streams, and by the effects of external factors, such as hydrology, and therefore, should be used with caution.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1999 IUGG 99, the XXII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics","conferenceDate":"18 July 1999 through 30 July 1999","conferenceLocation":"Birmingham, UK","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS","publisherLocation":"Houston, TX, United States","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Peters, N., and Kandell, S., 1999, Evaluation of stream water quality in Atlanta, Georgia, and the surrounding region (USA): IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 259, p. 279-290.","startPage":"279","endPage":"290","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"259","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cc8e4b0c8380cd52cc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kandell, S.J.","contributorId":73067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kandell","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021575,"text":"70021575 - 1999 - Comparison of the stable-isotopic composition of soil water collected from suction lysimeters, wick samplers, and cores in a sandy unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T10:01:22","indexId":"70021575","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the stable-isotopic composition of soil water collected from suction lysimeters, wick samplers, and cores in a sandy unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"

Soil water collected from suction lysimeters and wick samplers buried in the unsaturated zone of a sand and gravel aquifer and extracted from soil cores were analyzed for stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope values. Soil water isotopic values differed among the three sampling methods in most cases. However, because each sampling method collected different fractions of the total soil-water reservoir, the isotopic differences indicated that the soil water at a given depth and time was isotopically heterogeneous. This heterogeneity reflects the presence of relatively more and less mobile components of soil water. Isotopic results from three field tests indicated that 95–100% of the water collected from wick samplers was mobile soil water while samples from suction lysimeters and cores were mixtures of more and less mobile soil water. Suction lysimeter samples contained a higher proportion of more mobile water (15–95%) than samples from cores (5–80%) at the same depth. The results of this study indicate that, during infiltration events, soil water collected with wick samplers is more representative of the mobile soil water that is likely to recharge ground water during or soon after the event than soil water from suction lysimeters or cores.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00120-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Landon, M., Delin, G., Komor, S., and Regan, C., 1999, Comparison of the stable-isotopic composition of soil water collected from suction lysimeters, wick samplers, and cores in a sandy unsaturated zone: Journal of Hydrology, v. 224, no. 1-2, p. 45-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00120-1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"54","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206278,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00120-1"}],"volume":"224","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8b0e4b0c8380cd4d224","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Komor, S.C.","contributorId":21182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komor","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Regan, C.P.","contributorId":37364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regan","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021574,"text":"70021574 - 1999 - Processes governing phytoplankton blooms in estuaries. I: The local production-loss balance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T09:11:44","indexId":"70021574","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes governing phytoplankton blooms in estuaries. I: The local production-loss balance","docAbstract":"

The formation and spatial distribution of phytoplankton blooms in estuaries are controlled by (1) local mechanisms, which determine the production-loss balance for a water column at a particular spatial location (i.e. control if a bloom is possible), and (2) transport-related mechanisms, which govern biomass distribution (i.e. control if and where a bloom actually occurs). In this study, the first of a 2-paper series, we use a depth-averaged numerical model as a theoretical tool to describe how interacting local conditions (water column height, light availability, benthic grazing) influence the local balance between phytoplankton sources and sinks. We also explore trends in the spatial variability of the production-loss balance across the topographic gradients between deep channels and lateral shoals which are characteristic of shallow estuaries. For example, under conditions of high turbidity and slow benthic grazing the highest rates of phytoplankton population growth are found in the shallowest regions. On the other hand, with low turbidity and rapid benthic grazing the highest growth rates occur in the deeper areas. We also explore the effects of semidiurnal tidal variation in water column height, as well as spring-neap variability. Local population growth in the shallowest regions is very sensitive to tidal-scale shallowing and deepening of the water column, especially in the presence of benthic grazing. A spring-neap signal in population growth rate is also prominent in the shallow areas. Population growth in deeper regions is less sensitive to temporal variations in tidal elevation. These results show that both shallow and deep regions of estuaries can act as sources or sinks for phytoplankton biomass, depending on the local conditions of mean water column height, tidal amplitude, light-limited growth rate, and consumption by grazers.

","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps187001","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Lucas, L., Koseff, J.R., Cloern, J., Monismith, S., and Thompson, J., 1999, Processes governing phytoplankton blooms in estuaries. I: The local production-loss balance: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 187, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps187001.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487397,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps187001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":266010,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps187001"},{"id":229286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"187","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8db1e4b0c8380cd7ed90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucas, L.V.","contributorId":62777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"L.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koseff, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":37915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koseff","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thompson, J.K.","contributorId":103300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021566,"text":"70021566 - 1999 - Modeling impact of storage zones on stream dissolved oxygen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T10:54:45","indexId":"70021566","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling impact of storage zones on stream dissolved oxygen","docAbstract":"The Streeter-Phelps dissolved oxygen model is modified to incorporate storage zones. A dimensionless number reflecting enhanced decomposition caused by the increased residence time of the biochemical oxygen demand in the storage zone parameterizes the impact. This result provides a partial explanation for the high decomposition rates observed in shallow streams. An application suggests that the storage zone increases the critical oxygen deficit and moves it closer to the point source. It also indicates that the storage zone should have lower oxygen concentration than the main channel. An analysis of a dimensionless enhancement factor indicates that the biochemical oxygen demand decomposition in small streams could be up to two to three times more than anticipated based on the standard Streeter-Phelps model without storage zones. For larger rivers, enhancements of up to 1.5 could occur.The Streeter-Phelps dissolved oxygen model is modified to incorporate storage zones. A dimensionless number reflecting enhanced decomposition caused by the increased residence time of the biochemical oxygen demand in the storage zone parameterizes the impact. This result provides a partial explanation for the high decomposition rates observed in shallow streams. An application suggests that the storage zone increases the critical oxygen deficit and moves it closer to the point source. It also indicates that the storage zone should have lower oxygen concentration than the main channel. An analysis of a dimensionless enhancement factor indicates that the biochemical oxygen demand decomposition in small streams could be up to two to three times more than anticipated based on the standard Streeter-Phelps model without storage zones. For larger rivers, enhancements of up to 1.5 could occur.","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:5(415)","issn":"07339372","usgsCitation":"Chapra, S., and Runkel, R., 1999, Modeling impact of storage zones on stream dissolved oxygen: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 125, no. 5, p. 415-419, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:5(415).","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"419","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206231,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:5(415)"}],"volume":"125","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c05e4b0c8380cd6f98d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapra, S.C.","contributorId":11343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapra","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkel, R.L.","contributorId":97529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021565,"text":"70021565 - 1999 - Indexing the relative abundance of age-0 white sturgeons in an impoundment of the lower Columbia River from highly skewed trawling data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-22T08:10:35","indexId":"70021565","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Indexing the relative abundance of age-0 white sturgeons in an impoundment of the lower Columbia River from highly skewed trawling data","docAbstract":"The development of recruitment monitoring programs for age-0 white sturgeons Acipenser transmontanus is complicated by the statistical properties of catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) data. We found that age-0 CPUE distributions from bottom trawl surveys violated assumptions of statistical procedures based on normal probability theory. Further, no single data transformation uniformly satisfied these assumptions because CPUE distribution properties varied with the sample mean (??(CPUE)). Given these analytic problems, we propose that an additional index of age-0 white sturgeon relative abundance, the proportion of positive tows (Ep), be used to estimate sample sizes before conducting age-0 recruitment surveys and to evaluate statistical hypothesis tests comparing the relative abundance of age-0 white sturgeons among years. Monte Carlo simulations indicated that Ep was consistently more precise than ??(CPUE), and because Ep is binomially rather than normally distributed, surveys can be planned and analyzed without violating the assumptions of procedures based on normal probability theory. However, we show that Ep may underestimate changes in relative abundance at high levels and confound our ability to quantify responses to management actions if relative abundance is consistently high. If data suggest that most samples will contain age-0 white sturgeons, estimators of relative abundance other than Ep should be considered. Because Ep may also obscure correlations to climatic and hydrologic variables if high abundance levels are present in time series data, we recommend ??(CPUE) be used to describe relations to environmental variables. The use of both Ep and ??(CPUE) will facilitate the evaluation of hypothesis tests comparing relative abundance levels and correlations to variables affecting age-0 recruitment. Estimated sample sizes for surveys should therefore be based on detecting predetermined differences in Ep, but data necessary to calculate ??(CPUE) should also be collected.","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0520:ITRAOA>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Counihan, T., Miller, A.I., and Parsley, M., 1999, Indexing the relative abundance of age-0 white sturgeons in an impoundment of the lower Columbia River from highly skewed trawling data: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 19, no. 2, p. 520-529, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0520:ITRAOA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"520","endPage":"529","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3a82e4b0c8380cd61d2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Counihan, T.D.","contributorId":9789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Counihan","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Allen I.","contributorId":31544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parsley, M.J.","contributorId":59542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsley","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021556,"text":"70021556 - 1999 - Hydraulic and geochemical performance of a permeable reactive barrier containing zero-valent iron, Denver Federal Center","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T16:57:02.113331","indexId":"70021556","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydraulic and geochemical performance of a permeable reactive barrier containing zero-valent iron, Denver Federal Center","docAbstract":"

The hydraulic and geochemical performance of a 366 m long permeable reactive barrier (PRB) at the Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado, was evaluated. The funnel and gate system, which was installed in 1996 to intercept and remediate ground water contaminated with chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs), contained four 12.2 m wide gates filled with zero‐valent iron. Ground water mounding on the upgradient side of the PRB resulted in a tenfold increase in the hydraulic gradient and ground water velocity through the gates compared to areas of the aquifer unaffected by the PRB. Water balance calculations for April 1997 indicate that about 75 % of the ground water moving toward the PRB from upgradient areas moved through the gates. The rest of the water either accumulated on the upgradient side of the PRB or bypassed the PRB. Chemical data from monitoring wells screened down‐gradient, beneath, and at the ends of the PRB indicate that contaminants had not bypassed the PRB, except in a few isolated areas. Greater than 99 % of the CAH mass entering the gates was retained by the iron. Fifty‐one percent of the CAH carbon entering one gate was accounted for in dissolved C1 and C2 hydrocarbons, primarily ethane and ethene, which indicates that CAHs may adsorb to the iron prior to being dehalogenated. Treated water exiting the gates displaced contaminated ground water at a distance of at least 3 m downgradient from the PRB by the end of 1997. Measurements of dissolved inorganic ions in one gate indicate that calcite and siderite precipitation in the gate could reduce gate porosity by about 0.35 % per year. Results from this study indicate that funnel and gate systems containing zero‐valent iron can effectively treat ground water contaminated with CAHs. However, the hydrologic impacts of the PRB on the flow system need to be fully understood to prevent contaminants from bypassing the PRB.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01117.x","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P., Dennehy, K., and Sandstrom, M.W., 1999, Hydraulic and geochemical performance of a permeable reactive barrier containing zero-valent iron, Denver Federal Center: Ground Water, v. 37, no. 3, p. 396-404, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01117.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"396","endPage":"404","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Denver","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.12976169586182,\n 39.71190772724697\n ],\n [\n -105.11053562164307,\n 39.71190772724697\n ],\n [\n -105.11053562164307,\n 39.72511180282315\n ],\n [\n -105.12976169586182,\n 39.72511180282315\n ],\n [\n -105.12976169586182,\n 39.71190772724697\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a32d6e4b0c8380cd5eb01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dennehy, K.F.","contributorId":41841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennehy","given":"K.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sandstrom, Mark W. 0000-0003-0006-5675 sandstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-5675","contributorId":706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandstrom","given":"Mark","email":"sandstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021540,"text":"70021540 - 1999 - Dissolved sulfide distributions in the water column and sediment pore waters of the Santa Barbara Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T08:56:58","indexId":"70021540","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolved sulfide distributions in the water column and sediment pore waters of the Santa Barbara Basin","docAbstract":"

Dissolved sulfide concentrations in the water column and in sediment pore waters were measured by square-wave voltammetry (nanomolar detection limit) during three cruises to the Santa Barbara Basin in February 1995, November–December 1995, and April 1997. In the water column, sulfide concentrations measured outside the basin averaged 3 ± 1 nM (n= 28) in the 0 to 600 m depth range. Inside the basin, dissolved sulfides increased to reach values of up to 15 nM at depths >400 m. A suite of box cores and multicores collected at four sites along the northeastern flank of the basin showed considerable range in surficial (<0.5 cm) pore-water sulfide concentrations: <0.008, 0.01, 0.02, to as much as 0.4 μM at the 340, 430, 550, and 590 m sites, respectively. At a core depth of 10 cm, however, pore–water sulfides exhibited an even wider range: 0.005, 0.05, 0.1, and 100 μM at the same sites, respectively. The sulfide flux into the deep basin, estimated from water-column profiles during three cruises, suggests a fairly consistent input of 100–300 nmole m−2 h−1. In contrast, sulfide fluxes estimated from pore-water sulfide gradients at the sediment water interface were much more variable (−4 to 13,000 nmole m−2 h−1). Dissolved silicate profiles show clear indications of irrigation at shallow sites (340 and 430 m) in comparison to deeper basin sites (550 and 590 m) with low (<10 μM) bottom-water dissolved-oxygen concentrations. Pore-water profiles indicate ammonia generation at all sites, but particularly at the deep-basin 590 m site with concentrations increasing with sediment depth to >400 μM at 10 cm. Decreases in water-column nitrate below the sill depth indicate nitrate consumption (−55 to −137 μmole m−2 h−1) similar to nearby Santa Monica Basin. Peaks in pore-water iron concentrations were generally observed between 2 and 5 cm depth with shallowest peaks at the 590 m site. These observations, including observations of the benthic microfauna, suggest that the extent to which the sulfide flux, sustained by elevated pore-water concentrations, reaches the water column may be modulated by the abundance of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria in addition to iron redox and precipitation reactions.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00084-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Kuwabara, J., VanGeen, A., McCorkle, D., and Bernhard, J., 1999, Dissolved sulfide distributions in the water column and sediment pore waters of the Santa Barbara Basin: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, no. 15, p. 2199-2209, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00084-8.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2199","endPage":"2209","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206293,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00084-8"}],"volume":"63","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0241e4b0c8380cd4ff81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuwabara, J.S.","contributorId":57905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"VanGeen, A.","contributorId":84086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanGeen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCorkle, D.C.","contributorId":105975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCorkle","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bernhard, J.M.","contributorId":58822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernhard","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021537,"text":"70021537 - 1999 - High-pressure size exclusion chromatography analysis of dissolved organic matter isolated by tangential-flow ultra filtration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T07:41:48","indexId":"70021537","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-pressure size exclusion chromatography analysis of dissolved organic matter isolated by tangential-flow ultra filtration","docAbstract":"A 1,000-Dalton tangential-flow ultrafiltration (TFUF) membrane was used to isolate dissolved organic matter (DOM) from several freshwater environments. The TFUF unit used in this study was able to completely retain a polystyrene sulfonate 1,800-Dalton standard. Unaltered and TFUF-fractionated DOM molecular weights were assayed by high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The weight-averaged molecular weights of the retentates were larger than those of the raw water samples, whereas the filtrates were all significantly smaller and approximately the same size or smaller than the manufacturer-specified pore size of the membrane. Moreover, at 280 nm the molar absorptivity of the DOM retained by the ultrafilter is significantly larger than the material in the filtrate. This observation suggests that most of the chromophoric components are associated with the higher molecular weight fraction of the DOM pool. Multivalent metals in the aqueous matrix also affected the molecular weights of the DOM molecules. Typically, proton-exchanged DOM retentates were smaller than untreated samples. This TFUF system appears to be an effective means of isolating aquatic DOM by size, but the ultimate size of the retentates may be affected by the presence of metals and by configurational properties unique to the DOM phase.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.1999.44.5.1316","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Everett, C., Chin, Y., and Aiken, G., 1999, High-pressure size exclusion chromatography analysis of dissolved organic matter isolated by tangential-flow ultra filtration: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 44, no. 5, p. 1316-1322, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.5.1316.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1316","endPage":"1322","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479443,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.5.1316","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-07-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30f7e4b0c8380cd5daf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Everett, C.R.","contributorId":90059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Everett","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chin, Y.-P.","contributorId":84911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chin","given":"Y.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021524,"text":"70021524 - 1999 - Prediction of episodic acidification in North-eastern USA: An empirical/mechanistic approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70021524","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prediction of episodic acidification in North-eastern USA: An empirical/mechanistic approach","docAbstract":"Observations from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Episodic Response Project (ERP) in the North-eastern United States are used to develop an empirical/mechanistic scheme for prediction of the minimum values of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) during episodes. An acidification episode is defined as a hydrological event during which ANC decreases. The pre-episode ANC is used to index the antecedent condition, and the stream flow increase reflects how much the relative contributions of sources of waters change during the episode. As much as 92% of the total variation in the minimum ANC in individual catchments can be explained (with levels of explanation >70% for nine of the 13 streams) by a multiple linear regression model that includes pre-episode ANC and change in discharge as independent variable. The predictive scheme is demonstrated to be regionally robust, with the regional variance explained ranging from 77 to 83%. The scheme is not successful for each ERP stream, and reasons are suggested for the individual failures. The potential for applying the predictive scheme to other watersheds is demonstrated by testing the model with data from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed in the South-eastern United States, where the variance explained by the model was 74%. The model can also be utilized to assess 'chemically new' and 'chemically old' water sources during acidification episodes.Observations from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Episodic Response Project (ERP) in the Northeastern United States are used to develop an empirical/mechanistic scheme for prediction of the minimum values of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) during episodes. An acidification episode is defined as a hydrological event during which ANC decreases. The pre-episode ANC is used to index the antecedent condition, and the stream flow increase reflects how much the relative contributions of sources of waters change during the episode. As much as 92% of the total variation in the minimum ANC in individual catchments can be explained (with levels of explanation >70% for nine of the 13 streams) by a multiple linear regression model that includes pre-episode ANC and change in discharge as independent variables. The predictive scheme is demonstrated to be regionally robust, with the regional variance explained ranging from 77 to 83%. The scheme is not successful for each ERP stream, and reasons are suggested for the individual failures. The potential for applying the predictive scheme to other watersheds is demonstrated by testing the model with data from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed in the South-eastern United States, where the variance explained by the model was 74%. The model can also be utilized to assess `chemically new' and `chemically old' water sources during acidification episodes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons Ltd","publisherLocation":"Chichester, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19990615)13:8<1181::AID-HYP767>3.0.CO;2-9","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Davies, T., Tranter, M., Wigington, P., Eshleman, K., Peters, N., Van Sickle, J., DeWalle, D.R., and Murdoch, P., 1999, Prediction of episodic acidification in North-eastern USA: An empirical/mechanistic approach: Hydrological Processes, v. 13, no. 8, p. 1181-1195, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19990615)13:8<1181::AID-HYP767>3.0.CO;2-9.","startPage":"1181","endPage":"1195","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206201,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19990615)13:8<1181::AID-HYP767>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"id":229100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81ede4b0c8380cd7b7e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davies, T.D.","contributorId":86513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tranter, M.","contributorId":22525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tranter","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wigington, P.J. Jr.","contributorId":96433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wigington","given":"P.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eshleman, K.N.","contributorId":12632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eshleman","given":"K.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Van Sickle, J.","contributorId":79252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Sickle","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"DeWalle, David R.","contributorId":23291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWalle","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70021522,"text":"70021522 - 1999 - Are shifts in herbicide use reflected in concentration changes in Midwestern rivers?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-21T06:46:17","indexId":"70021522","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are shifts in herbicide use reflected in concentration changes in Midwestern rivers?","docAbstract":"In many Midwestern rivers, elevated concentrations of herbicides occur during runoff events for 1-3 months following application. The highest or 'peak' herbicide concentration often occurs during one of these runoff events. Herbicide concentrations in rivers are affected by a number of factors, including herbicide use patterns within the associated basin. Changing agricultural practices, reductions in recommended and permitted herbicide applications, shifts to new herbicides, and greater environmental awareness in the agricultural community have resulted in changes to herbicide use patterns. In the Midwestern United States, alachlor use was much larger in 1989 than in 1995, while acetochlor was not used in 1989, and commonly used in 1995. Use of atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor was about the same in 1989 and 1995. Herbicide concentrations were measured in samples from 53 Midwestern rivers during the first major runoff event that occurred after herbicide application (postapplication) in 1989, 1990, 1994, and 1995. The median concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, metribuzin, metolachlor, propazine, and simazine all were significantly higher in 1989/90 than in 1994/95. The median acetochlor concentration was higher in 1995 than in 1994. Estimated daily yields for all herbicides and degradation products measured, with the exception of acetochlor, were higher in 1989/90 than in 1994/95. The differences in concentration and yield do not always parallel changes in herbicide use, suggesting that other changes in herbicide or crop management are affecting concentrations in Midwestern rivers during runoff events.In many Midwestern rivers, elevated concentrations of herbicides occur during runoff events for 1-3 months following application. The highest or `peak' herbicide concentration often occurs during one of these runoff events. Herbicide concentrations in rivers are affected by a number of factors, including herbicide use patterns within the associated basin. Changing agricultural practices, reductions in recommended and permitted herbicide applications, shifts to new herbicides, and greater environmental awareness in the agricultural community have resulted in changes to herbicide use patterns. In the Midwestern United States, alachlor use was much larger in 1989 than in 1995, while acetochlor was not used in 1989, and commonly used in 1995. Use of atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor was about the same in 1989 and 1995. Herbicide concentrations were measured in samples from 53 Midwestern rivers during the first major runoff event that occurred after herbicide application (postapplication) in 1989, 1990, 1994, and 1995. The median concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, metribuzin, metolachlor, propazine, and simazine all were significantly higher in 1989/90 than in 1994/95. The median acetochlor concentration was higher in 1995 than in 1994. Estimated daily yields for all herbicides and degradation products measured, with the exception of acetochlor, were higher in 1989/90 than in 1994/95. The differences in concentration and yield do not always parallel changes in herbicide use, suggesting that other changes in herbicide or crop management are affecting concentrations in Midwestern rivers during runoff events.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es9900149","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W., and Goolsby, D.A., 1999, Are shifts in herbicide use reflected in concentration changes in Midwestern rivers?: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 17, p. 2917-2925, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9900149.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2917","endPage":"2925","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206187,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9900149"}],"volume":"33","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-07-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed5fe4b0c8380cd49786","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021520,"text":"70021520 - 1999 - Iron reduction in the sediments of a hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T09:14:34","indexId":"70021520","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Iron reduction in the sediments of a hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer","docAbstract":"

Sediments sampled at a hydrocarbon-contaminated, glacial-outwash, sandy aquifer near Bemidji, Minnesota, were analyzed for sediment-associated Fe with several techniques. Extraction with 0.5 M HCl dissolved poorly crystalline Fe oxides and small amounts of Fe in crystalline Fe oxides, and extracted Fe from phyllosilicates. Use of Ti-citrate-EDTA-bicarbonate results in more complete removal of crystalline Fe oxides. The average HCl-extractable Fe(III) concentration in the sediments closest to the crude-oil contamination (16.2 μmol/g) has been reduced by up to 30% from background values (23.8 μmol/g) as a result of Fe(III) reduction in contaminated anoxic groundwater. Iron(II) concentrations are elevated in sediments within an anoxic plume in the aquifer. Iron(II) values under the oil body (19.2 μmol/g) are as much as 4 times those in the background sediments (4.6 μmol/g), indicating incorporation of reduced Fe in the contaminated sediments. A 70% increase in total extractable Fe at the anoxic/oxic transition zone indicates reoxidation and precipitation of Fe mobilized from sediment in the anoxic plume. Scanning electron microscopy detected authigenic ferroan calcite in the anoxic sediments and confirmed abundant Fe(III) oxyhydroxides at the anoxic/oxic boundary. The redox biogeochemistry of Fe in this system is coupled to contaminant degradation and is important in predicting processes of hydrocarbon degradation.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(98)00089-4","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Tuccillo, M., Cozzarelli, I., and Herman, J., 1999, Iron reduction in the sediments of a hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer: Applied Geochemistry, v. 14, no. 5, p. 655-667, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(98)00089-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"655","endPage":"667","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206392,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(98)00089-4"}],"volume":"14","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ef1e4b0c8380cd6417f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tuccillo, M.E.","contributorId":31936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuccillo","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cozzarelli, I.M. 0000-0002-5123-1007","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":22343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"I.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herman, J.S.","contributorId":73345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021513,"text":"70021513 - 1999 - A spatially distributed energy balance snowmelt model for application in mountain basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-25T23:01:28.333967","indexId":"70021513","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A spatially distributed energy balance snowmelt model for application in mountain basins","docAbstract":"

Snowmelt is the principal source for soil moisture, ground-water re-charge, and stream-flow in mountainous regions of the western US, Canada, and other similar regions of the world. Information on the timing, magnitude, and contributing area of melt under variable or changing climate conditions is required for successful water and resource management. A coupled energy and mass-balance model ISNOBAL is used to simulate the development and melting of the seasonal snowcover in several mountain basins in California, Idaho, and Utah. Simulations are done over basins varying from 1 to 2500 km2, with simulation periods varying from a few days for the smallest basin, Emerald Lake watershed in California, to multiple snow seasons for the Park City area in Utah. The model is driven by topographically corrected estimates of radiation, temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation. Simulation results in all basins closely match independently measured snow water equivalent, snow depth, or runoff during both the development and depletion of the snowcover. Spatially distributed estimates of snow deposition and melt allow us to better understand the interaction between topographic structure, climate, and moisture availability in mountain basins of the western US. Application of topographically distributed models such as this will lead to improved water resource and watershed management. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199909)13:12/13<1935::AID-HYP868>3.0.CO;2-C","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Marks, D., Domingo, J., Susong, D., Link, T., and Garen, D., 1999, A spatially distributed energy balance snowmelt model for application in mountain basins: Hydrological Processes, v. 13, no. 12-13, p. 1935-1959, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199909)13:12/13<1935::AID-HYP868>3.0.CO;2-C.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1935","endPage":"1959","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229505,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"12-13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5a2e4b0c8380cd46eb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marks, D.","contributorId":93217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marks","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Domingo, J.","contributorId":77316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domingo","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Susong, D.","contributorId":30777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Link, T.","contributorId":47933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Garen, D.","contributorId":28395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garen","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}