An analytical method useful for the quantification of a range of pesticides and pesticide degradation products associated with suspended sediments was developed by testing a variety of extraction and cleanup schemes. The final extraction and cleanup methods chosen for use are suitable for the quantification of the listed pesticides using gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry and the removal of interfering coextractable organic material found in suspended sediments. Methylene chloride extraction followed by Florisil cleanup proved most effective for separation of coextractives from the pesticide analytes. Removal of elemental sulfur was accomplished with tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfite. The suitability of the method for the analysis of a variety of pesticides was evaluated, and the method detection limits (MDLs) were determined (0.1-6.0 ng/g dry weight of sediment) for 21 compounds. Recovery of pesticides dried onto natural sediments averaged 63%. Analysis of duplicate San Joaquin River suspended-sediment samples demonstrated the utility of the method for environmental samples with variability between replicate analyses lower than between environmental samples. Eight of 21 pesticides measured were observed at concentrations ranging from the MDL to more than 80 ng/g dry weight of sediment and exhibited significant temporal variability. Sediment-associated pesticides, therefore, may contribute to the transport of pesticides through aquatic systems and should be studied separately from dissolved pesticides.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02772249909358713","issn":"02772248","usgsCitation":"Bergamaschi, B., Baston, D., Crepeau, K., and Kuivila, K., 1999, Determination of pesticides associated with suspended sediments in the San Joaquin River, California, USA, using gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry: Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, v. 69, no. 3-4, p. 305-319, https://doi.org/10.1080/02772249909358713.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"319","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229168,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffbce4b0c8380cd4f37e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergamaschi, B.A. 0000-0002-9610-5581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":22401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baston, D.S.","contributorId":49131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baston","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crepeau, K.L.","contributorId":9018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crepeau","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kuivila, K.M.","contributorId":34529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022162,"text":"70022162 - 1999 - Bacteriophage PRD1 and silica colloid transport and recovery in an iron oxide-coated sand aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-02T19:26:02.870929","indexId":"70022162","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bacteriophage PRD1 and silica colloid transport and recovery in an iron oxide-coated sand aquifer","docAbstract":"Bacteriophage PRD1 and silica colloids were co-injected into sewage-contaminated and uncontaminated zones of an iron oxide-coated sand aquifer on Cape Cod, MA, and their transport was monitored over distances up to 6 m in three arrays. After deposition, the attached PRD1 and silica colloids were mobilized by three different chemical perturbations (elevated pH, anionic surfactant, and reductant). PRD1 and silica colloids experienced less attenuation in the contaminated zone where adsorbed organic matter and phosphate may be hindering attachment of PRD1 and silica colloids to the iron oxide coatings. The PRD1 collision efficiencies agree well with collision efficiencies predicted by assuming favorable PRD1 deposition on iron oxide coatings for which the surface area coverage was measured by microprobe analysis of sediment thin sections. ζ potentials of the PRD1, silica colloids, and aquifer grains corroborated the transport results, indicating that electrostatic forces dominated the attachment of PRD1 and silica colloids. Elevated pH was the chemical perturbation most effective at mobilizing the attached PRD1 and silica colloids. Elevated surfactant concentration mobilized the attached PRD1 and silica colloids more effectively in the contaminated zone than in the uncontaminated zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es980350+","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Ryan, J.N., Elimelech, M., Ard, R., Harvey, R., and Johnson, P., 1999, Bacteriophage PRD1 and silica colloid transport and recovery in an iron oxide-coated sand aquifer: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 1, p. 63-73, https://doi.org/10.1021/es980350+.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"73","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-11-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efa7e4b0c8380cd4a395","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryan, J. N.","contributorId":102649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elimelech, M.","contributorId":105469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elimelech","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ard, R.A.","contributorId":13005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ard","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, P.R.","contributorId":37332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021442,"text":"70021442 - 1999 - Estimation of long-term discharge statistics by regional adjustment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T11:17:28.698495","indexId":"70021442","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of long-term discharge statistics by regional adjustment","docAbstract":"A regional adjustment relationship was developed to estimate long-term (30-year) monthly median discharges from short term (three-year) records. This method differs from traditional approaches in that it is based on site-specific discharge data but does not require correlation of these data with discharges from a single hydrologically similar long-term gage. The method is shown to be statistically robust, and applicable to statistics other than the median.A regional adjustment relationship was developed to estimate long-term (30-year) monthly discharges from short term (three-year) records. This method differs from traditional approaches in that it is based on site-specific discharge data but does not require correlation of these data with discharges from a single hydrologically similar long-term gage. The method is shown to be statistically robust, and applicable to statistics other than the median.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04184.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Bakke, P., Thomas, R., and Parrett, C., 1999, Estimation of long-term discharge statistics by regional adjustment: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 35, no. 4, p. 911-921, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04184.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"911","endPage":"921","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229423,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b97e4b0c8380cd527b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakke, P.D.","contributorId":82083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakke","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, R.","contributorId":79205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parrett, C.","contributorId":43400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021439,"text":"70021439 - 1999 - A hydrometric and geochemical approach to test the transmissivity feedback hypothesis during snowmelt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:38","indexId":"70021439","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A hydrometric and geochemical approach to test the transmissivity feedback hypothesis during snowmelt","docAbstract":"To test the transmissivity feedback hypothesis of runoff generation, surface and subsurface waters were monitored and sampled during the 1996 snowmelt at various topographic positions in a 41 ha forested headwater catchment at Sleepers River, Vermont. Two conditions that promote transmissivity feedback existed in the catchment during the melt period. First, saturated hydraulic conductivity increased toward land surface, from a geometric mean of 3.6 mm h-1 in glacial till to 25.6 mm h-1 in deep soil to 54.0 mm h-1 in shallow soil. Second, groundwater levels rose to within 0.3 m of land surface at all riparian sites and most hillslope sites at peak melt. The importance of transmissivity feedback to streamflow generation was tested at the catchment scale by examination of physical and chemical patterns of groundwater in near-stream (discharge) and hillslope (recharge/lateral flow) zones, and within a geomorphic hollow (convergent flow). The presence of transmissivity feedback was supported by the abrupt increase in streamflow as the water table rose into the surficial, transmissive zone; a flattening of the groundwater level vs. streamflow curve occurred at most sites. This relation had a clockwise hysteresis (higher groundwater level for given discharge on rising limb than at same discharge on falling limb) at riparian sites, suggesting that the riparian zone was the dominant source area during the rising limb of the melt hydrograph. Hysteresis was counterclockwise at hillslope sites, suggesting that hillslope drainage controlled the snowmelt recession. End member mixing analysis using Ca, Mg, Na, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and Si showed that stream chemistry could be explained as a two-component mixture of groundwater high in base cations and an O-horizon/overland flow water high in DOC. The dominance of shallow flow paths during events was indicated by the high positive correlation of DOC with streamflow (r2 = 0.82). Despite the occurrence of transmissivity feedback, hillslope till and soil water were ruled out as end members primarily because their distinctive high-Si composition had little or no effect on streamwater composition. Till water from the geomorphic hollow had a chemistry very close to streamwater base flow, and may represent the base flow end member better than the more concentrated riparian groundwater. During snowmelt, streamwater composition shifted as this base flow was diluted - not by shallow groundwater from the hillslope, but rather by a more surficial O-horizon/overland flow water.Surface and subsurface waters were analyzed to test the transmissivity feedback of runoff generation during the 1996 snowmelt in a catchment at Sleepers River, Vermont. The importance of transmissivity feedback to stream flow generation was tested by examination of physical and chemical patterns of groundwater in near-stream and hillslope zones within a geomorphic hollow. End member mixing analysis of Ca, Mg, Na, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and Si showed that stream chemistry could be explained as a two-component mixture of groundwater high in base cations and an O-horizon/overland flow water high in DOC. The dominance of shallow water paths during the events was indicated by the high positive correlation of DOC with streamflow (r2 = 0.82).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00059-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Kendall, K., Shanley, J.B., and McDonnell, J.J., 1999, A hydrometric and geochemical approach to test the transmissivity feedback hypothesis during snowmelt: Journal of Hydrology, v. 219, no. 3-4, p. 188-205, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00059-1.","startPage":"188","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229347,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206303,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00059-1"}],"volume":"219","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e42be4b0c8380cd4646c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, K.A.","contributorId":94811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shanley, J. B.","contributorId":52226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonnell, Jeffery J. 0000-0002-3880-3162","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3880-3162","contributorId":62723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonnell","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000843,"text":"1000843 - 1999 - Use of historical and geospatial data to guide the restoration of a Lake Erie coastal marsh","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T10:44:24","indexId":"1000843","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of historical and geospatial data to guide the restoration of a Lake Erie coastal marsh","docAbstract":"Historical and geospatial data were used to identify the relationships between water levels, wetland vegetation, littoral drift of sediments, and the condition of a protective barrier beach at Metzger Marsh, a coastal wetland in western Lake Erie, to enhance and guide a joint federal and state wetland restoration project. Eleven sets of large-scale aerial photographs dating from 1940 through 1994 were interpreted to delineate major vegetation types and boundaries of the barrier beach. A geographic information system (GIS) was then used to digitize the data and calculate the vegetated area and length of barrier beach. Supplemented by paleoecological and sedimentological analyses, aerial photographic interpretation revealed that Metzger Marsh was once a drowned-river-mouth wetland dominated by sedges and protected by a sand barrier beach. Extremely high water levels, storm events, and reduction of sediments in the littoral drift contributed to the complete destruction of the barrier beach in 1973 and prevented its recovery. The extent of wetland vegetation, correlated to water levels and condition of the barrier beach, decreased from a high of 108 ha in 1940 to a low of 33 ha in 1994. The lack of an adequate sediment supply and low probability of a period of extremely low lake levels in the near future made natural reestablishment of the barrier beach and wetland vegetation unlikely. Therefore, the federal and state managers chose to construct a dike to replace the protective barrier beach. Recommendations stemming from this historical analysis, however, resulted in the incorporation of a water-control structure in the dike that will retain a hydrologic connection between wetland and lake. Management of the wetland will seek to mimic processes natural to the wetland type identified by this analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF03161788","usgsCitation":"Kowalski, K., and Wilcox, D.A., 1999, Use of historical and geospatial data to guide the restoration of a Lake Erie coastal marsh: Wetlands, v. 19, no. 4, p. 858-868, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161788.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"858","endPage":"868","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479609,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/2264","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606ba1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kowalski, Kurt P. 0000-0002-8424-4701 kkowalski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8424-4701","contributorId":3768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kowalski","given":"Kurt P.","email":"kkowalski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilcox, Douglas A.","contributorId":36880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021956,"text":"70021956 - 1999 - Oxidation and mobilization of selenium by nitrate in irrigation drainage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-21T06:49:59","indexId":"70021956","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxidation and mobilization of selenium by nitrate in irrigation drainage","docAbstract":"Selenium (Se) can be oxidized by nitrate (NO−3) from irrigation on Cretaceous marine shale in western Colorado. Dissolved Se concentrations are positively correlated with dissolved NO−3concentrations in surface water and ground water samples from irrigated areas. Redox conditions dominate in the mobilization of Se in marine shale hydrogeologic settings; dissolved Se concentrations increase with increasing platinum-electrode potentials. Theoretical calculations for the oxidation of Se by NO−3 and oxygen show favorable Gibbs free energies for the oxidation of Se by NO−3, indicating NO−3 can act as an electron acceptor for the oxidation of Se. Laboratory batch experiments were performed by adding Mancos Shale samples to zero-dissolved-oxygen water containing 0, 5, 50, and 100 mg/L NO−3 as N (mg N/L). Samples were incubated in airtight bottles at 25°C for 188 d; samples collected from the batch experiment bottles show increased Se concentrations over time with increased NO−3 concentrations. Pseudo first-order rate constants for NO−3 oxidation of Se ranged from 0.0007 to 0.0048/d for 0 to 100 mg N/L NO−3 concentrations, respectively. Management of N fertilizer applications in Cretaceous shale settings might help to control the oxidation and mobilization of Se and other trace constituents into the environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800040019x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Wright, W.G., 1999, Oxidation and mobilization of selenium by nitrate in irrigation drainage: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 28, no. 4, p. 1182-1187, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800040019x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1182","endPage":"1187","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7261e4b0c8380cd76a6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, W. G.","contributorId":19582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021997,"text":"70021997 - 1999 - Quantification of precipitation measurement discontinuity induced by wind shields on national gauges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-20T14:56:07","indexId":"70021997","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantification of precipitation measurement discontinuity induced by wind shields on national gauges","docAbstract":"Various combinations of wind shields and national precipitation gauges commonly used in countries of the northern hemisphere have been studied in this paper, using the combined intercomparison data collected at 14 sites during the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison Project. The results show that wind shields improve gauge catch of precipitation, particularly for snow. Shielded gauges, on average, measure 20–70% more snow than unshielded gauges. Without a doubt, the use of wind shields on precipitation gauges has introduced a significant discontinuity into precipitation records, particularly in cold and windy regions. This discontinuity is not constant and it varies with wind speed, temperature, and precipitation type. Adjustment for this discontinuity is necessary to obtain homogenous precipitation data for climate change and hydrological studies. The relation of the relative catch ratio (RCR, ratio of measurements of shielded gauge to unshielded gauge) versus wind speed and temperature has been developed for Alter and Tretyakov wind shields. Strong linear relations between measurements of shielded gauge and unshielded gauge have also been found for different precipitation types. The linear relation does not fully take into account the varying effect of wind and temperature on gauge catch. Overadjustment by the linear relation may occur at those sites with lower wind speeds, and underadjustment may occur at those stations with higher wind speeds. The RCR technique is anticipated to be more applicable in a wide range of climate conditions. The RCR technique and the linear relation have been tested at selected WMO intercomparison stations, and reasonable agreement between the adjusted amounts and the shielded gauge measurements was obtained at most of the sites. Test application of the developed methodologies to a regional or national network is therefore recommended to further evaluate their applicability in different climate conditions. Significant increase of precipitation is expected due to the adjustment particularly in high latitudes and other cold regions. This will have a meaningful impact on climate variation and change analyses.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998WR900042","usgsCitation":"Yang, D., Goodison, B.E., Metcalfe, J.R., Louie, P., Leavesley, G.H., Emerson, D.G., Hanson, C.L., Golubev, V.S., Elomaa, E., Gunther, T., Pangburn, T., Kang, E., and Milkovic, J., 1999, Quantification of precipitation measurement discontinuity induced by wind shields on national gauges: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 2, p. 491-508, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900042.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"508","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998wr900042","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91b3e4b0c8380cd803ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Daqing","contributorId":203286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yang","given":"Daqing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodison, Barry E.","contributorId":203293,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goodison","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Metcalfe, John R.","contributorId":203294,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Metcalfe","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Louie, Paul","contributorId":202388,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Louie","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leavesley, George H. george@usgs.gov","contributorId":1202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"George","email":"george@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":391985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hanson, Clayton L.","contributorId":203290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"Clayton","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Golubev, Valentin S.","contributorId":203295,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Golubev","given":"Valentin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Elomaa, Esko","contributorId":203296,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elomaa","given":"Esko","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Gunther, Thilo","contributorId":203287,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gunther","given":"Thilo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Pangburn, Timothy","contributorId":203289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pangburn","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Kang, Ersi","contributorId":195212,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kang","given":"Ersi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Milkovic, Janja","contributorId":203292,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milkovic","given":"Janja","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70021992,"text":"70021992 - 1999 - Geostatistical applications in ground-water modeling in south-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:38","indexId":"70021992","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geostatistical applications in ground-water modeling in south-central Kansas","docAbstract":"This paper emphasizes the supportive role of geostatistics in applying ground-water models. Field data of 1994 ground-water level, bedrock, and saltwater-freshwater interface elevations in south-central Kansas were collected and analyzed using the geostatistical approach. Ordinary kriging was adopted to estimate initial conditions for ground-water levels and topography of the Permian bedrock at the nodes of a finite difference grid used in a three-dimensional numerical model. Cokriging was used to estimate initial conditions for the saltwater-freshwater interface. An assessment of uncertainties in the estimated data is presented. The kriged and cokriged estimation variances were analyzed to evaluate the adequacy of data employed in the modeling. Although water levels and bedrock elevations are well described by spherical semivariogram models, additional data are required for better cokriging estimation of the interface data. The geostatistically analyzed data were employed in a numerical model of the Siefkes site in the project area. Results indicate that the computed chloride concentrations and ground-water drawdowns reproduced the observed data satisfactorily.This paper emphasizes the supportive role of geostatistics in applying ground-water models. Field data of 1994 ground-water level, bedrock, and saltwater-freshwater interface elevations in south-central Kansas were collected and analyzed using the geostatistical approach. Ordinary kriging was adopted to estimate initial conditions for ground-water levels and topography of the Permian bedrock at the nodes of a finite difference grid used in a three-dimensional numerical model. Cokriging was used to estimate initial conditions for the saltwater-freshwater interface. An assessment of uncertainties in the estimated data is presented. The kriged and cokriged estimation variances were analyzed to evaluate the adequacy of data employed in the modeling. Although water levels and bedrock elevations are well described by spherical semivariogram models, additional data are required for better cokriging estimation of the interface data. The geostatistically analyzed data were employed in a numerical model of the Siefkes site in the project area. Results indicate that the computed chloride concentrations and ground-water drawdowns reproduced the observed data satisfactorily.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA, United States","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1999)4:1(57)","issn":"10840699","usgsCitation":"Ma, T., Sophocleous, M., and Yu, Y., 1999, Geostatistical applications in ground-water modeling in south-central Kansas: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 4, no. 1, p. 57-64, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1999)4:1(57).","startPage":"57","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206256,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1999)4:1(57)"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28b1e4b0c8380cd5a30e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ma, T.-S.","contributorId":67232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ma","given":"T.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yu, Y.-S.","contributorId":98892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yu","given":"Y.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021989,"text":"70021989 - 1999 - Aerobic mineralization of MTBE and tert-butyl alcohol by stream-bed sediment microorganisms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T10:34:40","indexId":"70021989","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aerobic mineralization of MTBE and tert-butyl alcohol by stream-bed sediment microorganisms","docAbstract":"Microorganisms indigenous to the stream-bed sediments at two gasoline- contaminated groundwater sites demonstrated significant mineralization of the fuel oxygenates, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). Up to 73% of [U-14C]-MTBE and 84% of [U-14C]-TBA were degraded to 14CO2 under mixed aerobic/anaerobic conditions. No significant mineralization was observed under strictly anaerobic conditions. The results indicate that, under the mixed aerobic/anaerobic conditions characteristic of stream-bed sediments, microbial processes may provide a significant environmental sink for MTBE and TBA delivered to surface water bodies by contaminated groundwater or by other sources.Microorganisms indigenous to the stream-bed sediments at two gasoline-contaminated groundwater sites demonstrated significant mineralization of the fuel oxygenates, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). Up to 73% of [U-14C]-MTBE and 84% of [U-14C]-TBA were degraded to 14CO2 under mixed aerobic/anaerobic conditions. No significant mineralization was observed under strictly anaerobic conditions. The results indicate that, under the mixed aerobic/anaerobic conditions characteristic of stream-bed sediments, microbial processes may provide a significant environmental sink for MTBE and TBA delivered to surface water bodies by contaminated groundwater or by other sources.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es990062t","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P., Landmeyer, J., and Chapelle, F.H., 1999, Aerobic mineralization of MTBE and tert-butyl alcohol by stream-bed sediment microorganisms: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 11, p. 1877-1879, https://doi.org/10.1021/es990062t.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1877","endPage":"1879","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229131,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206212,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es990062t"}],"volume":"33","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-04-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e71fe4b0c8380cd47870","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022194,"text":"70022194 - 1999 - Simulations of snow distribution and hydrology in a mountain basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T10:16:46","indexId":"70022194","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulations of snow distribution and hydrology in a mountain basin","docAbstract":"We applied a version of the Regional Hydro-Ecologic Simulation System (RHESSys) that implements snow redistribution, elevation partitioning, and wind-driven sublimation to Loch Vale Watershed (LVWS), an alpine-subalpine Rocky Mountain catchment where snow accumulation and ablation dominate the hydrologic cycle. We compared simulated discharge to measured discharge and the simulated snow distribution to photogrammetrically rectified aerial (remotely sensed) images. Snow redistribution was governed by a topographic similarity index. We subdivided each hillslope into elevation bands that had homogeneous climate extrapolated from observed climate. We created a distributed wind speed field that was used in conjunction with daily measured wind speeds to estimate sublimation. Modeling snow redistribution was critical to estimating the timing and magnitude of discharge. Incorporating elevation partitioning improved estimated timing of discharge but did not improve patterns of snow cover since wind was the dominant controller of areal snow patterns. Simulating wind-driven sublimation was necessary to predict moisture losses.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998WR900096","usgsCitation":"Hartman, M.D., Baron, J., Lammers, R.B., Cline, D., Band, L.E., Liston, G.E., and Tague, C.L., 1999, Simulations of snow distribution and hydrology in a mountain basin: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 5, p. 1587-1603, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900096.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1587","endPage":"1603","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479642,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998wr900096","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90cbe4b08c986b319675","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartman, Melannie D.","contributorId":98836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"Melannie","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lammers, Richard B.","contributorId":169796,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lammers","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cline, Donald W.","contributorId":193495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cline","given":"Donald W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Band, Larry E.","contributorId":193494,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Band","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liston, Glen E.","contributorId":26244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liston","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tague, Christina L.","contributorId":54493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tague","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70021978,"text":"70021978 - 1999 - Streamflow trends in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T12:20:47.998826","indexId":"70021978","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Streamflow trends in the United States","docAbstract":"Secular trends in streamflow are evaluated for 395 climate-sensitive streamgaging stations in the conterminous United States using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. Trends are calculated for selected quantiles of discharge, from the 0th to the 100th percentile, to evaluate differences between low-, medium-, and high-flow regimes during the twentieth century. Two general patterns emerge; trends are most prevalent in the annual minimum (Q0) to median (Q50) flow categories and least prevalent in the annual maximum (Q100) category; and, at all but the highest quantiles, streamflow has increased across broad sections of the United States. Decreases appear only in parts of the Pacific Northwest and the Southeast. Systematic patterns are less apparent in the Q100 flow. Hydrologically, these results indicate that the conterminous U.S. is getting wetter, but less extreme.
Gauging the impact of manipulative activities, such as rehabilitation or management, on wetlands requires having a notion of the unmanipulated condition as a reference. And understanding of the reference condition requires knowledge of dominant factors influencing ecosystem processes and biological communities. In this paper, we focus on natural physical factors (conditions and processes) that drive coastal wetland ecosystems of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Great Lakes coastal wetlands develop under conditions of large-lake hydrology and disturbance imposed at a hiearchy of spatial and temporal scales and contain biotic communities adapted to unstable and unpredictable conditions. Coastal wetlands are configured along a continuum of hydrogeomorphic types: open coastal wetlands, drowned river mouth and flooded delta wetlands, and protected wetlands, each developing distinct ecosystem propertics and biotic communities. Hydrogeomorphic factors associated with the lake and watershed operate at a hierarchy of scales: a) local and short-term (seiches and ice action), b) watershed / lakewide / annual (seasonal water-level change), and c) larger or year-to-year and longer (regional and/or greater than one-year). Other physical factors include the unique water quality features of each lake. The aim of this paper is to provide scientists and managers with a framework for considering regional and site-specific geomorphometry and a hierarchy of physical processes in planning management and conservation projects.
","largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF03161786","usgsCitation":"Keough, J.R., Thompson, T.A., Guntenspergen, G.R., and Wilcox, D.A., 1999, Hydrogeomorphic factors and ecosystem responses in coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes: Wetlands, v. 19, no. 4, p. 821-834, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161786.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"821","endPage":"834","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479468,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/2299","text":"External Repository"},{"id":128790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f775","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keough, Janet R.","contributorId":49300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keough","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Todd A.","contributorId":38501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guntenspergen, Glenn R. 0000-0002-8593-0244 glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-0244","contributorId":2885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"Glenn","email":"glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilcox, Douglas A.","contributorId":36880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000940,"text":"1000940 - 1999 - Structure and function of fish communities in the southern Lake Michigan basin with emphasis on restoration of native fish communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T16:31:35.633678","indexId":"1000940","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2821,"text":"Natural Areas Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure and function of fish communities in the southern Lake Michigan basin with emphasis on restoration of native fish communities","docAbstract":"The southern Lake Michigan basin in northwest Indiana possesses a variety of aquatic habitats including riverine, palustrine, and lacustrine systems. The watershed draining this area is a remnant of glacial Lake Chicago and supports fish communities that are typically low in species richness. Composition of the presettlement Lake Michigan fish community near the Indiana Dunes has been difficult to reconstruct. Existing data indicate that the number of native species in the Lake Michigan watershed, including nearshore Lake Michigan, has declined by 22% since the onset of European settlement. Few remnants of natural fish communities exist, and those occur principally in the ponds of Miller Woods, the Grand Calumet Lagoons, and the Little Calumet River. These communities have maintained a relatively diverse assemblage of fishes despite large-scale anthropogenic disturbances in the area, including channelization, massive river redirection, fragmentation, habitat alteration, exotic species invasions, and the introduction of toxic chemicals. Data that we collected from 1985 to 1996 suggested that the Grand Calumet River has the highest proportion of exotic fish species of any inland wetland in northwest Indiana. Along the Lake Michigan shoreline, another group of exotics (e.g., round goby, alewife, and sea lamprey) have affected the structure of native fish communities, thereby altering lake ecosystem function. Stocking programs contribute to the impairment of native communities. Nonindigenous species have restructured the function of Lake Michigan tributaries, causing disruptions in trophic dynamics, guild structure, and species diversity. Several fish communities have been reduced or eliminated by the alteration and destruction of spawning and nursery areas. Degradation of habitats has caused an increase in numbers and populations of species able to tolerate and flourish when confronted with hydrologic alteration. Fish communities found on public lands in northwest Indiana generally are of lower biological integrity, in terms of structure and function, than those on private lands and are not acting as refugia for native fish populations. Stocking of nonindigenous species should be evaluated to enable the restoration of native fish communities on public lands. Habitat quality will need to be improved and land-use modifications decreased or reversed in order to restore or slow the decline in native fish communities.","language":"English","publisher":"Natural Areas Association","usgsCitation":"Simon, T.P., and Stewart, P.M., 1999, Structure and function of fish communities in the southern Lake Michigan basin with emphasis on restoration of native fish communities: Natural Areas Journal, v. 19, no. 2, p. 142-154.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"142","endPage":"154","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133384,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403921,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43911823"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.52670288085938,\n 41.36238012945531\n ],\n [\n -86.68075561523438,\n 41.36238012945531\n ],\n [\n -86.68075561523438,\n 41.88592102814744\n ],\n [\n -87.52670288085938,\n 41.88592102814744\n ],\n [\n -87.52670288085938,\n 41.36238012945531\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a37ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simon, Thomas P.","contributorId":77081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, Paul M.","contributorId":63336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000844,"text":"1000844 - 1999 - Techniques for restoration of disturbed coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T10:45:45","indexId":"1000844","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Techniques for restoration of disturbed coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"A long history of human-induced degradation of Great Lakes wetlands has made restoration a necessity, but the practice of wetland restoration is relatively new, especially in large lake systems. Therefore, we compiled tested methods and developed additional potential methods based on scientific understanding of Great Lakes wetland ecosytems to providc an overview of approaches for restoration. We addressed this challenge by focusing on four general fields of science: hydrology, sedimentology, chemistry, and biology. Hydrologic remediation methods include restoring hydrologic connections between diked and hydrologically altered wetlands and the lakes, restoring water tables lowered by ditching, and restoring natural variation in lake levels of regulated lakes Superior and Ontario. Sedimentological remediation methods include management of sediment input from uplands, removal or proper management of dams on tributary rivers, and restoration of protective barrier beaches and sand spits. Chemical remediation methods include reducing or eliminating inputs of contaminants from point and non-pont sources, natural sediment remediation by biodegradation and chemical degradation, and active sediment remediation by removal or byin situ treatment Biological remediation methods include control of non-target organisms, enhancing populations of target organisms, and enhancing habitat for target organisms. Some of these method were used in three major restoration projects (Metzger Marsh on Lake Erie and Cootes Paradise and Oshawa Second Marsh on Lake Ontario), which are described as case studies to show practical applications of wetland restoration in the Great Lakes. Successful restoration techniques that do not require continued manipulation must be founded in the basic tenets of ecology and should mimic natural processes. Success is demonstrated by the sustainability, productivity, nutrient-retention ability, invasibility, and biotic interactions within a restored wetland.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF03161787","usgsCitation":"Wilcox, D.A., and Whillans, T.H., 1999, Techniques for restoration of disturbed coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes: Wetlands, v. 19, no. 4, p. 835-857, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161787.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"835","endPage":"857","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479611,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/2260","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilcox, Douglas A.","contributorId":36880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whillans, Thomas H.","contributorId":64618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whillans","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021955,"text":"70021955 - 1999 - Evaluating the use of “goodness‐of‐fit” measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-20T15:26:29","indexId":"70021955","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the use of “goodness‐of‐fit” measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation","docAbstract":"Correlation and correlation‐based measures (e.g., the coefficient of determination) have been widely used to evaluate the “goodness‐of‐fit” of hydrologic and hydroclimatic models. These measures are oversensitive to extreme values (outliers) and are insensitive to additive and proportional differences between model predictions and observations. Because of these limitations, correlation‐based measures can indicate that a model is a good predictor, even when it is not. In this paper, useful alternative goodness‐of‐fit or relative error measures (including the coefficient of efficiency and the index of agreement) that overcome many of the limitations of correlation‐based measures are discussed. Modifications to these statistics to aid in interpretation are presented. It is concluded that correlation and correlation‐based measures should not be used to assess the goodness‐of‐fit of a hydrologic or hydroclimatic model and that additional evaluation measures (such as summary statistics and absolute error measures) should supplement model evaluation tools.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998WR900018","usgsCitation":"Legates, D.R., and McCabe, G.J., 1999, Evaluating the use of “goodness‐of‐fit” measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 1, p. 233-241, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900018.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"241","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c01e4b0c8380cd529c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Legates, David R.","contributorId":194273,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Legates","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. Jr.","contributorId":124577,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021957,"text":"70021957 - 1999 - Denitrification in marine shales in northeastern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T17:53:49","indexId":"70021957","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Denitrification in marine shales in northeastern Colorado","docAbstract":"Parts of the South Platte River alluvial aquifer in northeastern Colorado are underlain by the Pierre Shale, a marine deposit of Late Cretaceous age that is <1000 m thick. Ground water in the aquifer is contaminated with NO3‐, and the shale contains abundant potential electron donors for denitrification in the forms of organic carbon and sulfide minerals. Nested piezometers were sampled, pore water was squeezed from cores of shale, and an injection test was conducted to determine if denitrification in the shale was a sink for alluvial NO3− and to measure denitrification rates in the shale. Measured values of NO3−, N2, NH4+, δ15N[NO3−], δ15N[N2], and δ15N[NH4+] in the alluvial and shale pore water indicated that denitrification in the shale was a sink for alluvial NO3−. Chemical gradients, reaction rate constants, and hydraulic head data indicated that denitrification in the shale was limited by the slow rate of NO3− transport (possibly by diffusion) into the shale. The apparent in situ first‐order rate constant for denitrification in the shale based on diffusion calculations was of the order of 0.04–0.4 yr−1, whereas the potential rate constant in the shale based on injection tests was of the order of 60 yr−1. Chemical data and mass balance calculations indicate that organic carbon was the primary electron donor for denitrification in the shale during the injection test, and ferrous iron was a minor electron donor in the process. Flux calculations for the conditions encountered at the site indicate that denitrification in the shale could remove only a small fraction of the annual agricultural NO3‐input to the alluvial aquifer. However, the relatively large potential first‐order rate constant for denitrification in the shale indicated that the percentage of NO3− uptake by the shale could be considerably larger in areas where NO3− advection.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900004","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P.B., Böhlke, J., and Bruce, B.W., 1999, Denitrification in marine shales in northeastern Colorado: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 5, p. 1629-1642, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900004.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1629","endPage":"1642","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479548,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900004","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.61132812499999,\n 38.41055825094609\n ],\n [\n -101.953125,\n 38.41055825094609\n ],\n [\n -101.953125,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -106.61132812499999,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -106.61132812499999,\n 38.41055825094609\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe99e4b0c8380cd4ee02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bruce, Breton W. bbruce@usgs.gov","contributorId":1127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruce","given":"Breton","email":"bbruce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021429,"text":"70021429 - 1999 - Spectroscopic confirmation of uranium(VI)-carbonato adsorption complexes on hematite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T08:47:34","indexId":"70021429","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectroscopic confirmation of uranium(VI)-carbonato adsorption complexes on hematite","docAbstract":"Evaluating societal risks posed by uranium contamination from waste management facilities, mining sites, and heavy industry requires knowledge about uranium transport in groundwater, often the most significant pathway of exposure to humans. It has been proposed that uranium mobility in aquifers may be controlled by adsorption of U(VI)−carbonato complexes on oxide minerals. The existence of such complexes has not been demonstrated, and little is known about their compositions and reaction stoichiometries. We have used attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopies to probe the existence, structures, and compositions of ≡FeOsurface−U(VI)−carbonato complexes on hematite throughout the pH range of uranyl uptake under conditions relevant to aquifers. U(VI)−carbonato complexes were found to be the predominant adsorbed U(VI) species at all pH values examined, a much wider pH range than previously postulated based on analogy to aqueous U(VI)−carbonato complexes, which are trace constituents at pH < 6. This result indicates the inadequacy of the common modeling assumption that the compositions and predominance of adsorbed species can be inferred from aqueous species. By extension, adsorbed carbonato complexes may be of major importance to the groundwater transport of similar actinide contaminants such as neptunium and plutonium.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es990048g","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Bargar, J.R., Reitmeyer, R., and Davis, J., 1999, Spectroscopic confirmation of uranium(VI)-carbonato adsorption complexes on hematite: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 14, p. 2481-2484, https://doi.org/10.1021/es990048g.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2481","endPage":"2484","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479512,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc624285/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206436,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es990048g"}],"volume":"33","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-05-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b95aee4b08c986b31b05f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, John R.","contributorId":14970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reitmeyer, Rebecca","contributorId":68917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reitmeyer","given":"Rebecca","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, James A.","contributorId":69289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021960,"text":"70021960 - 1999 - Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated ground water: The perspectives of history and hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T14:48:44","indexId":"70021960","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated ground water: The perspectives of history and hydrology","docAbstract":"Bioremediation, the use of microbial degradation processes to detoxify environmental contamination, was first applied to petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated ground water systems in the early 1970s. Since that time, these technologies have evolved in some ways that were clearly anticipated early investigators, and in other ways that were not foreseen. The expectation that adding oxidants and nutrients to contaminated aquifers would enhance biodegradation, for example, has been born out subsequent experience. Many of the technologies now in common use such as air sparging, hydrogen peroxide addition, nitrate addition, and bioslurping, are conceptually similar to the first bioremediation systems put into operation. More unexpected, however, were the considerable technical problems associated with delivering oxidants and nutrients to heterogeneous ground water systems. Experience has shown that the success of engineered bioremediation systems depends largely on how effectively directions and rates of ground water flow can be controlled, and thus how efficiently oxidants and nutrients can be delivered to contaminated aquifer sediments. The early expectation that injecting laboratory-selected or genetically engineered cultures of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria into aquifers would be a useful bioremediation technology has not been born out subsequent experience. Rather, it appears that petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria are ubiquitous in ground water systems and that bacterial addition is usually unnecessary. Perhaps the technology that was least anticipated early investigators was the development of intrinsic bioremediation. Experience has shown that natural attenuation mechanisms - biodegradation, dilution, and sorption - limit the migration of contaminants to some degree in all ground water systems. Intrinsic bioremediation is the deliberate use of natural attenuation processes to treat contaminated ground water to specified concentration levels at predetermined points in the aquifer. In current practice, intrinsic bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons requires a systematic assessment to show that ambient natural attenuation mechanisms are efficient enough to meet regulatory requirements and a monitoring program to verify that performance requirements are met in the future.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb00965.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., 1999, Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated ground water: The perspectives of history and hydrology: Ground Water, v. 37, no. 1, p. 122-132, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb00965.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"122","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f194e4b0c8380cd4ad01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021411,"text":"70021411 - 1999 - The relative importance of light and nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth: A simple index of coastal ecosystem sensitivity to nutrient enrichment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T08:40:31","indexId":"70021411","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":863,"text":"Aquatic Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relative importance of light and nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth: A simple index of coastal ecosystem sensitivity to nutrient enrichment","docAbstract":"Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment of the coastal zone is now a well-established fact. However, there is still uncertainty about the mechanisms through which nutrient enrichment can disrupt biological communities and ecosystem processes in the coastal zone. For example, while some estuaries exhibit classic symptoms of acute eutrophication, including enhanced production of algal biomass, other nutrient-rich estuaries maintain low algal biomass and primary production. This implies that large differences exist among coastal ecosystems in the rates and patterns of nutrient assimilation and cycling. Part of this variability comes from differences among ecosystems in the other resource that can limit algal growth and production - the light energy required for photosynthesis. Complete understanding of the eutrophication process requires consideration of the interacting effects of light and nutrients, including the role of light availability as a regulator of the expression of eutrophication. A simple index of the relative strength of light and nutrient limitation of algal growth can be derived from models that describe growth rate as a function of these resources. This index can then be used as one diagnostic to classify the sensitivity of coastal ecosystems to the harmful effects of eutrophication. Here I illustrate the application of this diagnostic with light and nutrient measurements made in three California estuaries and two Dutch estuaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1023/A:1009952125558","issn":"13862588","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J., 1999, The relative importance of light and nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth: A simple index of coastal ecosystem sensitivity to nutrient enrichment: Aquatic Ecology, v. 33, no. 1, p. 3-16, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009952125558.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"3","endPage":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206514,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009952125558"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf2ce4b08c986b3245da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021403,"text":"70021403 - 1999 - Cu(II) binding by a pH-fractionated fulvic acid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T14:52:40","indexId":"70021403","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cu(II) binding by a pH-fractionated fulvic acid","docAbstract":"The relationship between acidity, Cu(II) binding and sorption to XAD resin was examined using Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA). The work was based on the hypothesis that fractions of SRFA eluted from an XAD column at various pH's from 1.0 to 12.0 would show systematic variations in acidity and possibly aromaticity which in turn would lead to different Cu(II) binding properties. We measured equilibrium Cu(II) binding to these fractions using Cu2+ ion-selective electrode (ISE) potentiometry at pH 6.0. Several model ligands were also examined, including cyclopentane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid (CP-TCA) and tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid (THF-TCA), the latter binding Cu(II) much more strongly as a consequence of the ether linkage. The SRFA Cu(II) binding properties agreed with previous work at high ionic strength, and binding was enhanced substantially at lower ionic strength, in agreement with Poisson-Boltzmann predictions for small spheres. Determining Cu binding constants (K(i)) by non-linear regression with total ligand concentrations (L(Ti)) taken from previous work, the fractions eluted at varying pH had K(i) similar to the unfractionated SRFA, with a maximum enhancement of 0.50 log units. We conclude that variable-pH elution from XAD does not isolate significantly strong (or weak) Cu(II)-binding components from the SRFA mixture.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00521-8","issn":"00032670","usgsCitation":"Brown, G., Cabaniss, S., MacCarthy, P., and Leenheer, J., 1999, Cu(II) binding by a pH-fractionated fulvic acid: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 402, no. 1-2, p. 183-193, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00521-8.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"402","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd03e4b0c8380cd4e5b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, G.K.","contributorId":62362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cabaniss, S.E.","contributorId":76487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cabaniss","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacCarthy, P.","contributorId":88081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacCarthy","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021402,"text":"70021402 - 1999 - Simultaneous determination of Ca, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd binding strengths with fulvic acid fractions by Schubert's method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T08:18:02","indexId":"70021402","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simultaneous determination of Ca, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd binding strengths with fulvic acid fractions by Schubert's method","docAbstract":"The equilibrium binding of Ca2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ with unfractionated Suwannee river fulvic acid (SRFA) and an enhanced metal binding subfraction of SRFA was measured using Schubert’s ion-exchange method at pH 6.0 and at an ionic strength (μ) of 0.1 (NaNO3). The fractionation and subfractionation were directed towards obtaining an isolate with an elevated metal binding capacity or binding strength as estimated by Cu2+ potentiometry (ISE). Fractions were obtained by stepwise eluting an XAD-8 column loaded with SRFA with water eluents of pH 1.0 to pH 12.0. Subfractions were obtained by loading the fraction eluted from XAD-8 at pH 5.0 onto a silica gel column and eluting with solvents of increasing polarity. Schuberts ion exchange method was rigorously tested by measuring simultaneously the conditional stability constants (K) of citric acid complexed with the five metals at pH 3.5 and 6.0. The log K of SRFA with Ca2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ determined simultaneously at pH 6.0 follow the sequence of Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ > Ca2+ while all log K values increased for the enhanced metal binding subfraction and followed a different sequence of Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Ca2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+. Both fulvic acid samples and citric acid exhibited a 1 : 1 metal to ligand stochiometry under the relatively low metal loading conditions used here. Quantitative
The transformation of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] and alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] in aquatic systems was investigated using outdoor tank mesocosms. Metolachlor and alachlor levels and their ethane sulfonic acid (ESA) and oxanillic acid breakdown products were monitored over time under five experimental treatments (each in quadruplicate). Background water conditions were identical in all treatments with each treatment differing based on the level and type(s) of herbicide present. Treatments included a no-herbicide control, 10 μg/L metolachlor, 25 μg/L metolachlor, 25 μg/L alachlor, and 25 μg/L alachlor plus 25 μg/L metolachlor in combination. The experiment was initiated by adding herbicide(s) to the units to the target concentrations; herbicide and breakdown product levels and other chemical parameters were then monitored for 85 days. In general, metolachlor half-lives were longer than alachlor half-lives under all treatments, although the differences were not statistically significant. Metolachlor half-lives (±95% confidence limits) ranged from 33.0 d (±14.1 d) to 46.2 d (±40.0 d), whereas alachlor half-lives ranged from 18.7 d (±3.5 d) to 21.0 d (±6.5 d) for different treatments. Formation patterns of ESA were similar in all treatments, whereas oxanillic acid formation differed for the two herbicides. Alachlor oxanillic acid was produced in larger quantities than metolachlor oxanillic acid and either ESA under equivalent conditions. Our results suggest that the transformation pathways for alachlor and metolachlor in aquatic systems are similar and resemble the acetochlor pathway in soils proposed by Feng (Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 1991, 34, 136); however, the oxanillic acid branch of the pathway is favored for alachlor as compared with metolachlor.