{"pageNumber":"374","pageRowStart":"9325","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10450,"records":[{"id":70015706,"text":"70015706 - 1986 - Tectonic significance of precambrian apatite fission-track ages from the midcontinent United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T21:29:54.748798","indexId":"70015706","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic significance of precambrian apatite fission-track ages from the midcontinent United States","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><p>Apparent apatite fission-track ages from drill core penetrating basement on the flank of the Transcontinental Arch in northwestern Iowa range from 934 ± 86 to 641 ± 90 Ma. These ages, the oldest reported in North America, record at least two thermal events. The 934 Ma age, which is synchronous with K-Ar ages in the Grenville Province and many K-Ar whole-rock and Rb-Sr isochron ages from the Lake Superior region, may document basement cooling caused by regional uplift and erosion of the crust. The remaining fission-track ages are products of a more recent thermal event, relative to the age of the samples, which raised temperatures into the zone of partial annealing. Heating may have occurred between the Middle Ordovician and Middle Cretaceous by burial of the basement with additional sediment. It is estimated that burial raised temperatures in the part of the basement sampled by the core to between 50 and 75°C. These temperature estimates imply paleogeothermal gradients of about 20°C/km, approximately two and one-half times present-day values, and burial of the basement by an additional 2–3 km of sediment.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(86)90189-5","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Crowley, K., Naeser, C.W., and Babel, C., 1986, Tectonic significance of precambrian apatite fission-track ages from the midcontinent United States: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 79, no. 3-4, p. 329-336, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90189-5.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"336","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224331,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba47de4b08c986b320395","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, K.D.","contributorId":86769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Babel, C.A.","contributorId":63539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babel","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70014664,"text":"70014664 - 1986 - Analysis of thematic map classification error matrices.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:32","indexId":"70014664","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of thematic map classification error matrices.","docAbstract":"The classification error matrix expresses the counts of agreement and disagreement between the classified categories and their verification. Thematic mapping experiments compare variables such as multiple photointerpretation or scales of mapping, and produce one or more classification error matrices. This paper presents a tutorial to implement a typical problem of a remotely sensed data experiment for solution by the linear model method.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Rosenfield, G., 1986, Analysis of thematic map classification error matrices.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 52, no. 5, p. 681-686.","startPage":"681","endPage":"686","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb42e4b0c8380cd48cfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenfield, G.H.","contributorId":94670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenfield","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70014907,"text":"70014907 - 1986 - Geochemical evaluation of the geothermal resources in the San Marcos region, Guatemala","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T12:00:48.438741","indexId":"70014907","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evaluation of the geothermal resources in the San Marcos region, Guatemala","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-gulliver text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p>The chemical and isotopic compositions of hot springs in the San Marcos region of Guatemala are internally consistent with a hydrologic model in which a deep 240°C reservoir and one or more shallow 195–200°C reservoirs are present. Variations in hot-spring water compositions results from a combination of boiling, mixing with cold, dilute water, and chemical re-equilibration with decreasing temperature. The recharge water for the deep 240°C reservoir is isotopically heavier than the local meteoric water and probably comes from many kilometers to the west or southwest. The water in the shallow reservoir is a mixture of the 240°C water with about 20 ± 5% of cold, locally derived meteoric water. After mixing, the water in the shallow reservoir re-equilibrates with reservoir rock at 195–200°C. In some places additional mixing with cold water occurs after water leaves the shallow reservoir.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(86)90003-X","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R., and Hanshaw, B., 1986, Geochemical evaluation of the geothermal resources in the San Marcos region, Guatemala: Applied Geochemistry, v. 1, no. 2, p. 189-197, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(86)90003-X.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"197","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225474,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Guatemala","otherGeospatial":"San Marcos region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.30457167904422,\n              15.192703383961145\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.30457167904422,\n              13.874584601409012\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.59143202817909,\n              13.874584601409012\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.59143202817909,\n              15.192703383961145\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.30457167904422,\n              15.192703383961145\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1628e4b0c8380cd55079","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, R.O.","contributorId":73584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanshaw, B.B.","contributorId":25928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1014298,"text":"1014298 - 1986 - Increased walleye egg hatch and larval survival after protease treatment of eggs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T18:36:55.363138","indexId":"1014298","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increased walleye egg hatch and larval survival after protease treatment of eggs","docAbstract":"<p><span>Various techniques for eliminating the clumping of newly spawned walleye eggs (Stizostedion vitreum) were evaluated by measuring hatch, growth, and survival. Percent hatch was highest (83%) in egg groups water hardened in 0.01% protease solution. Other water‐hardening techniques tested were: (1) continuous stirring; (2) 250 mg/L tannic acid solution; and (3) bentonite clay suspension. Low hatching percentages for eggs continuously stirred or treated with bentonite were attributed to fungus. Fungus was minimal on eggs treated with protease or tannic acid. Fish hatched from each egg treatment group were intensively cultured for 21 d in one of four rearing environments: (1) well water; (2) well water receiving 1% sea salt for the initial 3 d; (3) well water receiving a 6‐mL daily addition of antifoam emulsion for the initial 9 d; or (4) well water receiving both the 1% sea salt and antifoam treatments. There was slightly higher survival in larval fish hatched from eggs treated with protease or tannic acid and reared in well water containing 1% sea salt. We observed no differences in average fish length among the test groups.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1986)48%3C95:IWEHAL%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Krise, W.F., Bulkowski-Cummings, L., Shellman, A., Kraus, K.A., and Gould, R.W., 1986, Increased walleye egg hatch and larval survival after protease treatment of eggs: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 48, no. 2, p. 95-100, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1986)48%3C95:IWEHAL%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131927,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5612","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krise, W. F.","contributorId":50842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krise","given":"W.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bulkowski-Cummings, L.","contributorId":54149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bulkowski-Cummings","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shellman, A.D.","contributorId":11998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shellman","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kraus, K. A.","contributorId":84707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gould, R. W.","contributorId":67054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70014660,"text":"70014660 - 1986 - Structure of the North American Atlantic Continental Margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T16:32:06.716782","indexId":"70014660","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2307,"text":"Journal of Geological Education","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure of the North American Atlantic Continental Margin","docAbstract":"<p class=\"first\">The use of multichannel seismic-reflection profiles to study oceanic areas has advanced our understanding of deep crustal structure and the history of its development. Off eastern North America, where the structure of the continental margin is essentially constructional, seismic profiles have approximated geologic cross sections up to 10–15 km below the sea floor and revealed major structural and stratigraphic features that have regional hydrocarbon potential. These features include (a) a block-faulted basement hinge zone; (b) a deep, broad, rifted basement filled with clastic sediment and salt; and (c) a buried paleoshelf-edge complex that has many forms. The mapping of seismo-stratigraphic units over the continental shelf, slope, and rise has shown that the margin's developmental state included infilling of a rifted margin, buildup of a carbonate platform, and construction of an onlapping continental-rise wedge that was accompanied by eroison of the slope.</p><p class=\"last\">Correlation of seismic stratigraphy with well-log biostratigraphy reveals that the area experienced a gradual rise in sea level during the Mesozoic and an episodic sea-level fall during the Cenozoic. These long-term changes formed a subdued continental shelf-slope-rise transition in the early Tertiary and a steepened one in the Quaternary. Comparison of seismic and drill-hole data has also shown margin-wide unconformities similar to those shown by the Vail curve of coastal onlap and eustatic sea-level change, i.e., unconformities that provide markers to subdivide the sequences of reflections on the seismic-reflection profiles. Further, the termination of older key reflectors against oceanic basement gives us a corroborative check on the age of oceanic crust as determined from the magnetic anomalies produced by sea-floor-spreading.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.5408/0022-1368-34.2.72","issn":"00221368","usgsCitation":"Schlee, J.S., and Klitgord, K., 1986, Structure of the North American Atlantic Continental Margin: Journal of Geological Education, v. 34, no. 2, p. 72-89, https://doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-34.2.72.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"72","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480141,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-34.2.72","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":225790,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-02-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c5ee4b08c986b31d3c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlee, J. S.","contributorId":68337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klitgord, K.K.","contributorId":41152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"K.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015035,"text":"70015035 - 1986 - The solubility of BaCO<sub>3</sub>(cr) (witherite) in CO<sub>2</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O solutions between 0 and 90°C, evaluation of the association constants of BaHCO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq) and BaCO<sub>3</sub><sup>0</sup>(aq) between 5 and 80°C, and a preliminary evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Ba<sup>2+</sup>(aq)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:07:51","indexId":"70015035","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The solubility of BaCO<sub>3</sub>(cr) (witherite) in CO<sub>2</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O solutions between 0 and 90°C, evaluation of the association constants of BaHCO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq) and BaCO<sub>3</sub><sup>0</sup>(aq) between 5 and 80°C, and a preliminary evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Ba<sup>2+</sup>(aq)","docAbstract":"<p id=\"\">One hundred and fifty new measurements of the solubility of witherite were used to evaluate the equilibrium constant of the reaction&nbsp;<i>BaCO</i><sub>3</sub>(<i>cr</i>) =&nbsp;<i>Ba</i><sup>2+</sup>(<i>aq</i>) +&nbsp;<i>CO</i><sub>3</sub><sup>2&minus;</sup>(<i>aq</i>) between 0 and 90&deg;C and 1 atm total pressure. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant is given by&nbsp;<i>log</i><i>K</i>&nbsp;= 607.642 + 0.121098<i>T</i>&nbsp;&minus; 20011.25/<i>T</i>&nbsp;&minus; 236.4948&nbsp;<i>log</i><i>T</i>&nbsp;where&nbsp;<i>T</i>&nbsp;is in degrees Kelvin. The&nbsp;<i>log</i><i>K</i>&nbsp;of BaCO<sub>3</sub>(cr), the Gibbs energy, the enthalpy and entropy of the reaction at 298.15 K are &minus;8.562, 48.87 kJ &middot; mol<sup>&minus;1</sup>, 2.94 kJ &middot; mol<sup>&minus;1</sup>and &minus;154.0 J &middot; mol<sup>&minus;1</sup>&nbsp;&middot; K<sup>&minus;1</sup>, respectively. The equilibrium constants are consistent with an aqueous model that includes the ion pairs BaHCO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq) and BaCO<sub>3</sub><sup>0</sup>(aq) Three different methods were used to evaluate the association constant of BaHCO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq), and all yielded similar results. The temperature dependence of the association constant for the reaction&nbsp;<i>Ba</i><sup>2+</sup>(<i>aq</i>) +&nbsp;<i>HCO</i><sub>3</sub><sup>&minus;</sup>(<i>aq</i>) =&nbsp;<i>BaHCO</i><sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>(<i>aq</i>) is given by&nbsp;<i>log</i><i>K</i><sub><i>BaHCO</i>3<sup>+</sup></sub>&nbsp;= &minus;3.0938 + 0.013669<i>T</i>.</p>\n<p id=\"\">The log of the association constant, the Gibbs energy, the enthalpy and entropy of the reaction at 298.15&deg;K are 0.982, &minus;5.606 kJ &middot; mol<sup>&minus;1</sup>, 23.26 kJ &middot; mol<sup>&minus;1</sup>&nbsp;and 96.8 J &middot; mol<sup>&minus;1</sup>&nbsp;&middot; K<sup>&minus;1</sup>, respectively. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant for the reaction&nbsp;<i>Ba</i><sup>2+</sup>(<i>aq</i>) +&nbsp;<i>CO</i><sup>2&minus;</sup><sub>3</sub>(<i>aq</i>) =&nbsp;<i>BaCO</i><sub>0</sub><sup>3</sup>(<i>aq</i>) is given by<i>log</i><i>K</i><sub><i>BaCO</i><sub>3</sub><sup>0</sup></sub>&nbsp;= 0.113 + 0.008721<i>T</i>.</p>\n<p id=\"\">The log of the association constant, the Gibbs energy, the enthalpy and entropy of the reaction at 298.15&deg; K are 2.71, &minus;15.49 kJ &middot; mol<sup>&minus;1</sup>, 14.84 kJ &middot; mol<sup>&minus;1</sup>&nbsp;and 101.7 J&middot; mol<sup>&minus;1</sup>&nbsp;&middot; K<sup>&minus;1</sup>.</p>\n<p id=\"\">The above model leads to reliable calculations of the aqueous speciation and solubility of witherite in the system BaCO<sub>3</sub>-CO<sub>2</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O from 0 to more than 90&deg;C. Literature data on witherite solubility were re-evaluated and compared with the results of this study.</p>\n<p id=\"\">Problems in the thennodynamic selections of Ba compounds are considered. Newer data require the revision of &Delta;<sub>f</sub>H&deg; and &Delta;<sub>f</sub>G&deg; of Ba<sup>2+</sup>(aq) to &minus;532.5 and &minus;555.36 kJ &middot; mol<sup>&minus;1</sup>, respectively, for agreement with solubility data.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(86)90077-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Busenberg, E., and Plummer, N., 1986, The solubility of BaCO<sub>3</sub>(cr) (witherite) in CO<sub>2</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O solutions between 0 and 90°C, evaluation of the association constants of BaHCO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq) and BaCO<sub>3</sub><sup>0</sup>(aq) between 5 and 80°C, and a preliminary evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Ba<sup>2+</sup>(aq): Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, no. 10, p. 2225-2233, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90077-3.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2225","endPage":"2233","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb040e4b08c986b324d2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008656,"text":"1008656 - 1986 - Effect of height and orientation (microclimate) on geomorphic degradation rates and processes, late-glacial terrace scarps in central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T13:14:15.863213","indexId":"1008656","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of height and orientation (microclimate) on geomorphic degradation rates and processes, late-glacial terrace scarps in central Idaho","docAbstract":"<p><a id=\"skipNav\" class=\"screenreader-text\" href=\"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article/97/7/869/188507/Effect-of-height-and-orientation-microclimate-on#\" data-mce-href=\"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article/97/7/869/188507/Effect-of-height-and-orientation-microclimate-on\" data-mce-tabindex=\"-1\">Skip Nav Destination</a></p><div class=\"widget widget-SplitView widget-instance-SplitView_Article\"><div class=\"article\"><div class=\"widget widget-ArticleMainView widget-instance-ArticleMainView_Split\"><div class=\"content-inner-wrap\"><div class=\"widget widget-ArticleTopInfo widget-instance-ArticleTopInfo_Split\"><div class=\"module-widget article-top-widget content-metadata_wrap\"><div class=\"article-groups left-flag\"><span class=\"article-client_type\">RESEARCH ARTICLE</span><span class=\"pipe\">|</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"article-date\">JULY 01, 1986</span></div><div class=\"widget-items\"><h1 class=\"wi-article-title article-title-main\">Effect of height and orientation (microclimate) on geomorphic degradation rates and processes, late-glacial terrace scarps in central Idaho<span>&nbsp;</span><i class=\"icon-availability_unlocked\" title=\"Available\"></i></h1><div class=\"wi-authors\"><div class=\"al-authors-list\"><div class=\"al-author-name\"><a class=\"linked-name js-linked-name stats-author-info-trigger\">KENNETH L. PIERCE</a><span class=\"al-author-delim\">;</span></div><span>&nbsp;</span><div class=\"al-author-name\"><a class=\"linked-name js-linked-name stats-author-info-trigger\">STEVEN M. COLMAN</a></div></div></div><div class=\"js-author-expand-collapse-metadata-wrap author-expand-collapse-metadata-wrap stats-article-metadata-trigger-wrap\"><a class=\"js-expand-collapse-metadata author-expand-collapse-metadata stats-article-metadata-trigger\"><i class=\"js-metadata-toggle-icon icon-general-add\"></i>Author and Article Information</a></div><div class=\"pub-history-wrap clearfix\"><div class=\"pub-history-row clearfix\"><div class=\"ww-citation-primary\">GSA Bulletin (1986) 97 (7): 869–885.</div></div><div class=\"pub-history-row citation-wrap-row clearfix\"><div class=\"ww-citation-wrap-doi\"><div class=\"citation-doi\"><a rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97%3C869:EOHAOM%3E2.0.CO;2\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97%3C869:EOHAOM%3E2.0.CO;2\">https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97&lt;869:EOHAOM&gt;2.0.CO;2</a></div></div><div class=\"ww-citation-history-wrap js-history-dropdown-wrap\"><a class=\"history-label js-history-dropdown-trigger\"><span>Article history</span><i class=\"icon-history-small\"></i></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=\"toolbar-wrap vt-toolbar-wrap\"><div class=\"toolbar-inner-wrap\"><div class=\"toolbar-inner-wrap \"><ul id=\"Toolbar\" class=\"debug js-toolbar toolbar\"><li class=\"toolbar-item item-link\"><a class=\"standard-view\" href=\"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-standard/97/7/869/188507/Effect-of-height-and-orientation-microclimate-on\" data-mce-href=\"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-standard/97/7/869/188507/Effect-of-height-and-orientation-microclimate-on\">Standard View</a></li><li class=\"toolbar-item item-with-dropdown item-pdf\"><a class=\"al-link pdf openInAnotherWindow stats-item-pdf-download js-download-file-gtm-datalayer-event  article-pdfLink\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/97/7/869/3434736/i0016-7606-97-7-869.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" data-resourceid=\"188507\" data-resourcetypeid=\"Article\" data-doi=\"10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<869:EOHAOM>2.0.CO;2\" data-doctype=\"contentPdf\" data-article-id=\"188507\" data-mce-href=\"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/97/7/869/3434736/i0016-7606-97-7-869.pdf\"><span class=\"screenreader-text\">Open the</span><i class=\"icon-menu_pdf-small\"></i><span>PDF<span class=\"screenreader-text\">for in another window</span></span></a></li><li class=\"toolbar-item item-with-dropdown item-cite\"><a class=\"js-toolbar-dropdown\" data-dropdown=\"CiteDrop\"><i class=\"icon-cite\"></i><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"toolbar-label\"><span class=\"toolbar-text\">Cite</span><span>&nbsp;</span><i class=\"icon-general_arrow-down arrow-icon\"></i></span></a></li><li class=\"toolbar-item item-with-dropdown item-share\"><a class=\"drop-trigger js-toolbar-dropdown at-ShareButton\" data-dropdown=\"ShareDrop\"><i class=\"icon-menu_share\"><span class=\"screenreader-text\">Share Icon</span></i><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"toolbar-label\"><span class=\"toolbar-text\">Share</span><span>&nbsp;</span><i class=\"arrow-icon icon-general_arrow-down js-toolbar-arrow-icon\"></i></span></a></li><li class=\"toolbar-item item-tools\"><div class=\"widget widget-ToolboxPermissions widget-instance-ToolboxPermissions_Split\"><div class=\"module-widget\"><a id=\"PermissionsLink\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"http://www.copyright.com/openurl.do?issn=1943-2674&amp;WT.mc.id=\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.copyright.com/openurl.do?issn=1943-2674&amp;WT.mc.id=\"><span class=\"toolbar-label\"><span class=\"toolbar-text\"><i id=\"toolbar-permissions-icon\" class=\"icon-menu_permissions\"></i><span id=\"toolbar-permissions-link-text\" class=\"toolbar-text\">Permissions</span></span></span></a></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=\"article-body\"><div id=\"ContentTab\" class=\"content active\"><div class=\"widget widget-ArticleFulltext widget-instance-ArticleFulltext_Split\"><div class=\"module-widget\"><div class=\"widget-items\" data-widgetname=\"ArticleFulltext\"><h2 id=\"15238950\" class=\"abstract-title jumplink-heading\" data-section-title=\"Abstract\">Abstract</h2><div><div id=\"15238950\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Terrace scarps can serve as a nearly ideal natural laboratory for the study of the evolution of slopes. This paper examines the effects of scarp size (height) and orientation (microclimate) by keeping constant variables such as age, lithology, and regional climate.</p><p>If a scarp degrades as a closed system, and downslope movement is<span>&nbsp;</span><i>directly proportional to surface gradient</i>, the evolution of the scarp is modeled by the diffusion equation. For a group of scarps of same age and known starting angle, the diffusion-equation model predicts the relation between maximum scarp angle (\uD835\uDEC9) and scarp height (<i>h</i>). Late Pleistocene terrace scarps now as steep as 33.25°, as well as measured angles of repose for sand and gravel, require a starting angle as steep as 33.5°. For latest Pleistocene Idaho and Utah scarps, as<span>&nbsp;</span><i>h</i><span>&nbsp;</span>increases, \uD835\uDEC9 is gentler (more degraded) than modeled by the diffusion equation with a constant rate coefficient. The degradation-rate coefficient (<i>c</i>) increases tenfold with scarp height; it should not change with scarp height if downslope movement is solely determined by surface gradient (to the first power). Soil wash appears to be responsible for this departure from the diffusion-equation model, for transport rate by soil wash is a function of scarp size (height).</p><p>South-facing scarps are less vegetated and more degraded than north-facing scarps. For scarps 2 m high, the degradation rate (<i>c</i>*) on S-facing scarps is 2 times that on N-facing scarps; for 10-m scarps, it is 5 times.</p><p>The observed dependence of the rate coefficient<span>&nbsp;</span><i>c</i>* on scarp height can be removed by normalizing<span>&nbsp;</span><i>c</i>* to values for west-facing scarps of the same height. The residual<span>&nbsp;</span><i>c</i>* values calculated by this method correlate well with differences in incident solar radiation resulting from the different scarp orientations and maximum gradients. This correlation demonstrates the importance of orientation on slope processes and their rates through the differences in freeze-thaw cycles, soil moisture, and vegetative cover.</p><p>Scarp morphology may be used to estimate age, if one accounts for the effects of climate and for scarp height, orientation, and lithology. For example, using the dated Bonneville shoreline scarps for calibration and comparing only scarps of equal height, we estimate the Drum Mountains fault scarps to be 9,000 yr old. This age is about twice that produced by previous diffusion-equation calculations that have not accounted for the height as we have here, but it is the same as independent geologic estimates of their age.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<869:EOHAOM>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pierce, K.L., and Colman, S.M., 1986, Effect of height and orientation (microclimate) on geomorphic degradation rates and processes, late-glacial terrace scarps in central Idaho: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, p. 869-885, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<869:EOHAOM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"869","endPage":"885","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":130783,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.51602557981744,\n              45.572610561004154\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.51602557981744,\n              41.825459410226074\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.59415057981727,\n              41.825459410226074\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.59415057981727,\n              45.572610561004154\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.51602557981744,\n              45.572610561004154\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"97","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625639","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierce, K. L.","contributorId":12404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":318371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1013595,"text":"1013595 - 1986 - Urea cycle activity and arginine formation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-10T16:23:31.042432","indexId":"1013595","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2403,"text":"Journal of Nutrition","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Urea cycle activity and arginine formation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)","docAbstract":"<p><span>Studies were conducted to determine whether rainbow trout fingerlings possess the ability to synthesize arginine via the urea cycle. Several urea cycle enzymes were detected in trout tissues. An experiment was conducted to determine whether the enzymes increase in response to starvation or in response to dietary protein level (0, 30, 40, 50% protein). Although some effects were observed, they did not appear to be consistent with the function of the urea cycle as a mechanism of detoxifying ammonia in the fish. The activities of kidney arginase and liver and muscle carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) were higher (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.05) when protein was omitted from the diet (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.05) than when it was present but were unaffected by protein level otherwise. The activities of liver arginase and kidney and muscle CPS and ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) were higher (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.05) in starved fish than in fish that received adequate levels of protein. Liver CPS and OTC were lower in starved fish than in fish fed 30% protein. L-[l-</span><sup>14</sup><span>C]ornithine hydrochloride and L-[</span><i>carbamoyl</i><span>-</span><sup>14</sup><span>C]citrulline, injected intraperitoneally, were incorporated into tissue arginine, a finding consistent with arginine biosynthesis via the urea cycle. When one-half of dietary arginine was replaced by equimolar amounts of glutamic acid, ornithine or citrulline, glutamic acid markedly reduced growth (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.05), whereas growth was depressed only slightly by ornithine (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.05) and not depressed by citrulline (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&gt; 0.05). We conclude that trout have a urea cyle that provides for potential arginine biosynthesis.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1093/jn/116.9.1640","usgsCitation":"Chiu, Y.N., Austic, R.E., and Rumsey, G.L., 1986, Urea cycle activity and arginine formation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): Journal of Nutrition, v. 116, no. 9, p. 1640-1650, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/116.9.1640.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1640","endPage":"1650","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129811,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605223","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiu, Y. N.","contributorId":84306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chiu","given":"Y.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Austic, R. E.","contributorId":42558,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Austic","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rumsey, G. L.","contributorId":80604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumsey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70014966,"text":"70014966 - 1986 - Lateral blasts at Mount St. Helens and hazard zonation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:54","indexId":"70014966","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lateral blasts at Mount St. Helens and hazard zonation","docAbstract":"Lateral blasts at andesitic and dacitic volcanoes can produce a variety of direct hazards, including ballistic projectiles which can be thrown to distances of at least 10 km and pyroclastic density flows which can travel at high speed to distances of more than 30 km. Indirect effect that may accompany such explosions include wind-borne ash, pyroclastic flows formed by the remobilization of rock debris thrown onto sloping ground, and lahars. Two lateral blasts occurred at a lava dome on the north flank of Mount St. Helens about 1200 years ago; the more energetic of these threw rock debris northeastward across a sector of about 30?? to a distance of at least 10 km. The ballistic debris fell onto an area estimated to be 50 km2, and wind-transported ash and lapilli derived from the lateral-blast cloud fell on an additional lobate area of at least 200 km2. In contrast, the vastly larger lateral blast of May 18, 1980, created a devastating pyroclastic density flow that covered a sector of as much as 180??, reached a maximum distance of 28 km, and within a few minutes directly affected an area of about 550 km2. The May 18 lateral blast resulted from the sudden, landslide-induced depressurization of a dacite cryptodome and the hydrothermal system that surrounded it within the volcano. We propose that lateral-blast hazard assessments for lava domes include an adjoining hazard zone with a radius of at least 10 km. Although a lateral blast can occur on any side of a dome, the sector directly affected by any one blast probably will be less than 180??. Nevertheless, a circular hazard zone centered on the dome is suggested because of the difficulty of predicting the direction of a lateral blast. For the purpose of long-term land-use planning, a hazard assessment for lateral blasts caused by explosions of magma bodies or pressurized hydrothermal systems within a symmetrical volcano could designate a circular potential hazard area with a radius of 35 km centered on the volcano. For short-term hazard assessments, if seismicity and deformation indicate that magma is moving toward the flank of a volcano, it should be recognized that a landslide could lead to the sudden unloading of a magmatic or hydrothermal system and thereby cause a catastrophic lateral blast. A hazard assessment should assume that a lateral blast could directly affect an area at least 180?? wide to a distance of 35 km from the site of the explosion, irrespective of topography. ?? 1986 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01073511","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Crandell, D.R., and Hoblitt, R., 1986, Lateral blasts at Mount St. Helens and hazard zonation: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 48, no. 1, p. 27-37, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01073511.","startPage":"27","endPage":"37","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205411,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01073511"},{"id":223740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a456fe4b0c8380cd672f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crandell, D. R.","contributorId":78385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoblitt, R.","contributorId":89536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70014911,"text":"70014911 - 1986 - Characteristics of faults and shear zones in deep mines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:35","indexId":"70014911","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristics of faults and shear zones in deep mines","docAbstract":"The characteristics of fault and shear zones to depths of 2.5 km are well documented in deep mines in North America. The characteristics may be summarized as follows. (a) Fault zones usually are irregular, branched, anastomosed, and curved rather than simple and planar. (b) Faults are generally composed of one or more clay or clay-like gouge zones in a matrix of sheared and foliated rock bordered by highly fractured rock. (c) The widths of fault zones appear to be greater when faults have greater displacement, probably as a result of a long history of repeated minor movements. Fault zones with kilometers of displacement tend to be 100 m or more wide, whereas those with only a few hundred meters of displacement commonly are only 1 m or less wide. (d) Some zones represent shear distributed across hundreds of meters without local concentration in a narrow gouge zone. (e) Many fault zones are wet even above the water table, and water moves along them at various rates, but some also serve as subsurface dams, ponding ground water as much as several hundred meters higher on one side than on the other. No striking differences in the characteristics of faults over the vertical range of 2.5 km are documented. ?? 1986 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00875721","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Wallace, R.E., and Morris, H.T., 1986, Characteristics of faults and shear zones in deep mines: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 124, no. 1-2, p. 107-125, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00875721.","startPage":"107","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205636,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00875721"},{"id":225539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"124","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f497e4b0c8380cd4bdde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, R. E.","contributorId":6823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morris, H. T.","contributorId":15585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70014528,"text":"70014528 - 1986 - Processing techniques for digital sonar images from GLORIA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:32","indexId":"70014528","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processing techniques for digital sonar images from GLORIA.","docAbstract":"Image processing techniques have been developed to handle data from one of the newest members of the remote sensing family of digital imaging systems. This paper discusses software to process data collected by the GLORIA (Geological Long Range Inclined Asdic) sonar imaging system, designed and built by the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences (IOS) in England, to correct for both geometric and radiometric distortions that exist in the original 'raw' data. Preprocessing algorithms that are GLORIA-specific include corrections for slant-range geometry, water column offset, aspect ratio distortion, changes in the ship's velocity, speckle noise, and shading problems caused by the power drop-off which occurs as a function of range.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Chavez, P., 1986, Processing techniques for digital sonar images from GLORIA.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 52, no. 8, p. 1133-1145.","startPage":"1133","endPage":"1145","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8dc5e4b0c8380cd7edff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chavez, P.S. Jr.","contributorId":75147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"P.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015191,"text":"70015191 - 1986 - Genesis of the Spar Lake strata-bound copper-silver deposit, Montana: Part I. Controls inherited from sedimentation and preore diagenesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T16:57:01.735791","indexId":"70015191","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genesis of the Spar Lake strata-bound copper-silver deposit, Montana: Part I. Controls inherited from sedimentation and preore diagenesis","docAbstract":"<p><span>Mineable zones of the Spar Lake deposit occur where argentiferous copper sulfides and native silver formed cements and replaced certain earlier cements and clasts in the gently dipping middle quartzite beds of the upper member of the Revett Formation, middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup. The copper sulfides and native silver are part of a large, zoned system of authigenic ore and gangue minerals at Spar Lake. Mineral zone boundaries of ore and gangue phases cross all five stratigraphic units of the upper member.Deduced depositional environments for the host sedimentary rocks include beach and near-shore slope environments for the lower quartzite beds and subtidal(?) channels for the middle quartzite beds. The deposit must be epigenetic because mineral zone boundaries cross every facies in the sequence of beach and nearshore slope sediments.Mineral zonation has been mapped, and seven major associations, each named for its most abundant sulfide and/or most characteristic gangue cement, are recognized. Zones that appear to be developed on a regional scale include, in spatial order, pyrite-calcite, chalcopyrite-ankerite, and the lavender (hematitic) zone. Minor concentrations of base and precious metals occur along boundaries between the hematite and chalcopyrite-ankerite zones, and between the chalcopyrite-ankerite and pyrite-calcite zones; however, at the major concentrations of metals in the Revett Formation, including the Spar Lake deposit, additional mineral zones are developed between the chalcopyrite-ankerite and pyrite-calcite regional zones. Mineral zones at the deposit are, from northwest to southeast: pyrite-calcite, galena-calcite, chalcopyrite-calcite, bornite-calcite, chalcocite-chlorite, and chalcopyrite-ankerite. Gangue minerals, including carbonates, Fe-Ti oxides, chlorite, barite, authigenic feldspars, and apatite, are zonally distributed with boundaries parallel to the sulfide-mineral zone boundaries. Bornite-calcite and chalcocite-chlorite zones form ore grades in certain, but not all, quartzite intervals.As observed at unmetamorphosed deposits where sulfide-mineral zonation is similar, some pyrite-calcite-zone minerals were probably replaced by galena-calcite-zone minerals, which were probably succeeded, in sequence, by minerals of the chalcopyrite-calcite, bornite-calcite, and chalcocite-chlorite zones. This inferred paragenesis suggests that the chalcocite-chlorite zone is more proximal to the source of ore solutions than the galena-calcite or pyrite-calcite zones. The subeconomic chalcopyrite-ankerite zone, found farthest to the southeast at the Spar Lake deposit, was apparently even more proximal to the source than ore. Ore deposition took place during diagenesis from solutions that migrated upward and laterally through the sediments from a southeasterly source.The distributions of mineral zones and ore grades were controlled by two factors, one inherited from sedimentation and the other from preore diagenesis. All mineral zones spread out within coarser grained portions of quartzite units, suggesting that lateral migration of ore solutions was controlled by primary permeability of the sediments. However, high grades of copper and silver are found only in certain of the coarser grained beds. The distributions of higher grades suggest that ore mineral abundances reflect the abundances of preore diagenetic phases which were involved in the ore precipitation reactions. Preore reactant phases were evidently more abundant in sandstones deposited in subtidal(?) channels (the ore-grade middle quartzite beds) than in sandstones deposited in beach and nearshore slope environments (the lower quartzite beds). The identity of the reactant phases and the processes that resulted in their concentration at the site of later ore deposition remain unknown, although a preore sulfide- and hydrocarbon-bearing pore fluid appears to be the best hypothesis as to the identity of the reactants.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.81.8.1899","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Hayes, T.S., and Einaudi, M., 1986, Genesis of the Spar Lake strata-bound copper-silver deposit, Montana: Part I. Controls inherited from sedimentation and preore diagenesis: Economic Geology, v. 81, no. 8, p. 1899-1931, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.81.8.1899.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"1899","endPage":"1931","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224355,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a155ce4b0c8380cd54d97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, T. S.","contributorId":14001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Einaudi, M.T.","contributorId":27201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einaudi","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015091,"text":"70015091 - 1986 - A comparison of several methods for the solution of the inverse problem in two-dimensional steady state groundwater flow modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T08:34:10","indexId":"70015091","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of several methods for the solution of the inverse problem in two-dimensional steady state groundwater flow modeling","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two geostatistical approaches for the estimation of hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic head from hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic head measurements are developed for two-dimensional steady flow with sinks. For both approaches the field of the logarithm of hydraulic conductivity (log-conductivity) is represented as a random field with mean θ</span><sub>1</sub><span>+θ</span><sub>2</sub><i>x</i><span>+θ</span><sub>3</sub><i>y</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>where<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>x</i><span>and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>y</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>denote Cartesian coordinates, variance σ</span><sup>2</sup><span>, and covariance σ</span><sup>2</sup><span>, exp (−α</span><i>R</i><span>), σ</span><sup>2</sup><span>, exp (−α</span><i>R</i><sup>2</sup><span>), or, σ</span><sup>2</sup><span>Δ</span><i>R<sup>r</sup></i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>where α, Δ, and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>r</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>are constants and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>R</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>is separation distance. The first approach uses linearization of the discretized flow equations to allow the construction of the joint covariance matrix of the hydraulic head and log-conductivity measurements as functions of the parameters θ, θ</span><sub>2</sub><span>, θ</span><sub>3</sub><span>, σ</span><sup>2</sup><span>, and α or Δ. It then uses maximum likelihood estimation to obtain these parameters and also a parameter associated with log-conductivity measurement error. Having found values for the parameters, it then uses kriging to form predictors for log-conductivity and hydraulic head from measured values of hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic head. The second approach uses kriging to form a parameter-dependent predictor for log-conductivity from measured hydraulic conductivity, and then uses this predicted log-conductivity placed into the discretized flow equations to compute hydraulic head. The parameters are determined by the minimization of the sum of the squares of the difference between the measured and computed hydraulic heads. A third approach simply allows the hydraulic conductivity field to be a step function with a different value for hydraulic conductivity assigned to each of several chosen regions in the two-dimensional aquifer. The assigned hydraulic conductivities are determined by the minimization of the sum of the squares of the difference between the measured and computed hydraulic heads. The three approaches are tested for hydraulic head prediction accuracy on two generated test problems, one of which is statistically generated, and also on a field problem. The third approach, despite its simplicity, performs as well or better than the other approaches.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i005p00705","usgsCitation":"Kuiper, L.K., 1986, A comparison of several methods for the solution of the inverse problem in two-dimensional steady state groundwater flow modeling: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 5, p. 705-714, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i005p00705.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"705","endPage":"714","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2dbe4b0c8380cd4b42c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuiper, Logan K.","contributorId":75281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuiper","given":"Logan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70014580,"text":"70014580 - 1986 - Nd, O and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Precambrian rocks, southern Black Hills, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T15:30:47.763869","indexId":"70014580","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nd, O and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Precambrian rocks, southern Black Hills, South Dakota","docAbstract":"<p id=\"SP0005\">The Nd, O and Sr isotopic characteristics of Precambrian metasedimentary, metavolcanic and granitic rocks from the Black Hills of South Dakota are examined. Two late-Archean granites (2.5-2.6 Ga) have<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><sub>dm</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>ages of 3.05 and 3.30 Ga, suggesting that at least one of the granites was derived through the melting of significantly older crust. Early-Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks have<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><sub>dm</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>ages that range from 2.32 to 2.45 Ga. These model ages, in conjunction with probable stratigraphic ages ranging from 1.9 to 2.2 Ga, indicate that mantle-derived material was added to the continental crust of this region during the early-Proterozoic. Previous studies of the Harney Peak Granite complex have reported U-Pb and Rb-Sr ages of about 1.71 Ga and most granite samples examined in this study have Sr isotopic compositions consistent with that age. Two granite samples taken from the same sill, however, give two-point Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd ages of 2.08 ±0.08 and 2.20 ±0.20Ga (∑<sup>2200</sup><sub>Nd</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>= −15.5), respectively. In addition, whole-rock and apatite samples of the spatially associated Tin Mountain pegmatite give a Sm-Nd isochron age of 2000 ±100 Ma (∑<sup>2200</sup><sub>Nd</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>= −5.8 ±1.8).</p><p id=\"SP0010\">The Sm-Nd, O and Rb-Sr isotopic systematics of these granitic rocks have been complicated to some degree by both crystallization and post-crystallization processes, and the age of the pegmatite and parts of the Harney Peak Granite complex remain uncertain. Processes that probably complicated the isotopic systematics of these rocks include derivation from heterogeneous source material, assimilation, mixing of REE between granite and country rock during crystallization<span>&nbsp;</span><i>via</i><span>&nbsp;</span>a fluid phase and post-crystallization mobility of Sr. The Nd isotopic compositions of the pegmatite and the Harney Peak Granite indicate that they were not derived primarily from the exposed metasedimentary rocks.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(86)90230-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Walker, R., Hanson, G.N., Papike, J.J., and O’Neil, J.R., 1986, Nd, O and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Precambrian rocks, southern Black Hills, South Dakota: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, no. 12, p. 2833-2846, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90230-9.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2833","endPage":"2846","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225520,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63c3e4b0c8380cd72694","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, G. N.","contributorId":81152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Papike, J. J.","contributorId":18488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papike","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70180942,"text":"70180942 - 1986 - What won't Turnstones eat?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:34:59","indexId":"70180942","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1079,"text":"British Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"What won't Turnstones eat?","docAbstract":"<p>The Turnstone <i>Arenaria interpres</i> probably has one of the most varied diets of any wader species. Besides the 'normal' foods taken (see, e.g., Prater 1972, Nettleship 1973, Jones 1975), a considerable variety of 'unusual' foods and feeding behaviours has also been reported. Items taken include soap, gull excrement, dog food, potato peels, cheese, oatmeal, and the flesh of dead animals, including birds, a sheep Ovis, a wolf Lupus, a cat Felis, and a human corpse (Bell 1961; Campbell 1966; King 1961, 1964, 1982; King 1982; MacDonald &amp; Parmelee 1962; Mercer 1966; Selway &amp; Kendall 1965; Spencer 1966).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The British Birds Charitable Trust","usgsCitation":"Gill, R., 1986, What won't Turnstones eat?: British Birds, v. 79, p. 402-403.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"402","endPage":"403","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335078,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://britishbirds.co.uk/article/notes-921/"}],"volume":"79","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c50e4b0efcedb741126","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015642,"text":"70015642 - 1986 - QUANTIFICATION OF INSTREAM FLOW NEEDS OF A WILD AND SCENIC RIVER FOR WATER RIGHTS LITIGATION.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:58","indexId":"70015642","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"QUANTIFICATION OF INSTREAM FLOW NEEDS OF A WILD AND SCENIC RIVER FOR WATER RIGHTS LITIGATION.","docAbstract":"The lower 4 miles of the Red River, a tributary of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico, was designated as one of the 'instant' components of the National Wild and Scenic River System in 1968. Instream flow requirements were determined by several methods to quantify the claims made by the United States for a federal reserved water right under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. The scenic (aesthetic), recreational, and fish and wildlife values are the purposes for which instream flow requirements were claimed. Since water quality is related to these values, instream flows for waste transport and protection of water quality were also included in the claim. The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Instream Flow Incremental Methodology was used to quantify the relationship between various flow regimes and fish habitat. Study results are discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Garn, H.S., 1986, QUANTIFICATION OF INSTREAM FLOW NEEDS OF A WILD AND SCENIC RIVER FOR WATER RIGHTS LITIGATION.: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 22, no. 5, p. 745-751.","startPage":"745","endPage":"751","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9070e4b0c8380cd7fd30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garn, Herbert S. hsgarn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garn","given":"Herbert","email":"hsgarn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015568,"text":"70015568 - 1986 - Stick slip, charge separation and decay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015568","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stick slip, charge separation and decay","docAbstract":"Measurements of charge separation in rock during stable and unstable deformation give unexpectedly large decay times of 50 sec. Time-domain induced polarization experiments on wet and dry rocks give similar decay times and suggest that the same decay mechanisms operate in the induced polarization response as in the relaxation of charge generated by mechanical deformation. These large decay times are attributed to electrochemical processes in the rocks, and they require low-frequency relative permittivity to be very large, in excess of 105. One consequence of large permittivity, and therefore long decay times, is that a significant portion of any electrical charge generated during an earthquake can persist for tens or hundreds of seconds. As a result, electrical disturbances associated with earthquakes should be observable for these lengths of time rather than for the milliseconds previously suggested. ?? 1986 Birka??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00877218","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Lockner, D., Byerlee, J., Kuksenko, V., and Ponomarev, A., 1986, Stick slip, charge separation and decay: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 124, no. 3, p. 601-608, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00877218.","startPage":"601","endPage":"608","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205392,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877218"},{"id":223611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"124","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b983de4b08c986b31bf0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuksenko, V.S.","contributorId":21694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuksenko","given":"V.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ponomarev, A.V.","contributorId":45465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponomarev","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70015587,"text":"70015587 - 1986 - Effect of sediment depth and sediment type on the survival of Vallisneria americana Michx grown from tubers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-03T17:39:31.343661","indexId":"70015587","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":861,"text":"Aquatic Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Effect of sediment depth and sediment type on the survival of <i>Vallisneria americana</i> Michx grown from tubers","title":"Effect of sediment depth and sediment type on the survival of Vallisneria americana Michx grown from tubers","docAbstract":"<p>Sedimentation resulting from storms may have been one of the reasons for the elimination of submersed aquatic vegetation from the tidal Potomac River in the late 1930's. Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the effects of different depths of overlying sediment and composition of sediment on the survival of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Vallisneria americana</i><span>&nbsp;</span>Michx (wildcelery) grown from tubers. Survival of plants grown from tubers decreased significantly with increasing sediment depth. Survival of tubers declined from 90% or more when buried in 10 cm to no survival in greater than 25 cm of sediment. Survival with depth in sand was significantly lower than in silty clay.</p><p>Field investigation determined that the majority of tubers in<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Vallisneria</i><span>&nbsp;</span>beds are distributed between 10 and 20 cm in depth in silty clay and between 5 and 15 cm in depth in sand. Based on the field distribution of tubers and on the percent survival of plants growing from tubers at each depth in the laboratory experiment, we suggest that the deposition of 10 cm or more of sediment by severe storms such as occurred in the 1930s could contribute to the loss of vegetation in the tidal Potomac River.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-3770(86)90059-8","usgsCitation":"Rybicki, N.B., and Carter, V., 1986, Effect of sediment depth and sediment type on the survival of Vallisneria americana Michx grown from tubers: Aquatic Botany, v. 24, no. 3, p. 233-240, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(86)90059-8.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223995,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0606e4b0c8380cd510a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rybicki, Nancy B. 0000-0002-2205-7927 nrybicki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2205-7927","contributorId":2142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rybicki","given":"Nancy","email":"nrybicki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, Virginia","contributorId":12018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Virginia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015523,"text":"70015523 - 1986 - Radarclinometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015523","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1429,"text":"Earth, Moon and Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radarclinometry","docAbstract":"A mathematical theory and a corresponding algorithm have been developed to derive topographic maps from radar images as photometric arrays. Thus, as radargrammetry is to photogrammetry, so radarclinometry is to photoclinometry. Photoclinometry is endowed with a fundamental indeterminacy principle even for terrain homogeneous in normal albedo. This arises from the fact that the geometric locus of orientations of the local surface normal that is consistent with a given reflected specific-intensity of radiation is more complicated than a fixed line in space. For a radar image, the locus is a cone whose half-angle is the incidence angle and whose axis contains the radar. The indeterminacy is removed throughout a region if one possesses a control profile as a boundary-condition. In the absence of such ground-truth, a point-boundary-condition will suffice only in conjunction with a heuristic assumption, such as that the strike-line runs perpendicularly to the line-of-sight. In the present study I have implemented a more reasonable assumption which I call 'the hypothesis of local cylindricity'. Firstly, a general theory is derived, based solely on the implicit mathematical determinacy. This theory would be directly indicative of procedure if images were completely devoid of systematic error and noise. The theory produces topography by an area integration of radar brightness, starting from a control profile, without need of additional idealistic assumptions. But we have also theorized separately a method of forming this control profile, which method does require an additional assumption about the terrain. That assumption is that the curvature properties of the terrain are locally those of a cylinder of inferable orientation, within a second-order mathematical neighborhood of every point of the terrain. While local strike-and-dip completely determine the radar brightness itself, the terrain curvature determines the brightness-gradient in the radar image. Therefore, the control profile is formed as a line integration of brightness and its local gradient starting from a single point of the terrain where the local orientation of the strike-line is estimated by eye. Secondly, and independently, the calibration curve for pixel brightness versus incidence-angle is produced. I assume that an applicable curve can be found from the literature or elsewhere so that our problem is condensed to that of properly scaling the brightness-axis of the calibration curve. A first estimate is found by equating the average image brightness to the point on the brightness axis corresponding to the complement of the effective radar depression-angle, an angle assumed given. A statistical analysis is then used to correct, on the one hand, for the fact that the average brightness is not the brightness that corresponds to the average incidence angle, as a result of the non-linearity of the calibration curve; and on the other hand, we correct for the fact that the average incidence angle is not the same for a rough surface as it is for a flat surface (and therefore not the complement of the depression angle). Lastly, the practical modifications that were interactively evolved to produce an operational algorithm for treating real data are developed. They are by no means considered optimized at present. Such a possibility is thus far precluded by excessive computer-time. Most noteworthy in this respect is the abandonment of area integration away from a control profile. Instead, the topography is produced as a set of independent line integrations down each of the parallel range lines of the image, using the theory for control-profile formation. An adaptive technique, which now appears excessive, was also employed so that SEASAT images of sand dunes could be processed. In this, the radiometric calibration was iterated to force the endpoints of each profile to zero elevation. A secondary algorithm then employed line-averages of appropriate quantities to adjust the mean t","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth, Moon and Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00055161","issn":"01679295","usgsCitation":"Wildey, R., 1986, Radarclinometry: Earth, Moon and Planets, v. 36, no. 3, p. 217-247, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055161.","startPage":"217","endPage":"247","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205398,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00055161"},{"id":223668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a938be4b0c8380cd80eb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wildey, R.L.","contributorId":9700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildey","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70014537,"text":"70014537 - 1986 - Nd-Sr-Pb isotope constraints on the sources of west Maui volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-01T18:33:28.873787","indexId":"70014537","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nd-Sr-Pb isotope constraints on the sources of west Maui volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The origin of the Emperor-Hawaiian volcanic chain is attributed to the northwesterly movement of the Pacific plate over a stationary mantle plume (hotspot)1. There has been considerable controversy as to the nature and number of sources of Hawaiian hotspot volcanism. Thus far, most geochemical models have been based on rock suites that are not representative of fully developed volcanoes. Nd and Sr isotope ratios and trace element concentrations of volcanics from Haleakala (Maui), where all three volcanic stages are developed, have been interpreted as reflecting a mixing process of two isotopically distinct sources2,3. In an attempt to test our earlier multiple-source model4, we have analysed Pb, Sr and Nd isotope ratios in volcanics from West Maui, the only other volcano with a complete volcanic record. Our results, presented here, indicate at least three isotopically distinct sources, one of which is heterogeneous with respect to Pb. Furthermore, the inferred depleted source for post-erosional volcanics has a Pb and Sr isotope composition intermediate between those of depleted and enriched mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB, N-type and P-type), suggesting that this source is also heterogeneous. ?? 1986 Nature Publishing Group.","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/319478a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Hegner, E., Unruh, D., and Tatsumoto, M., 1986, Nd-Sr-Pb isotope constraints on the sources of west Maui volcano, Hawaii: Nature, v. 319, no. 6053, p. 478-480, https://doi.org/10.1038/319478a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"478","endPage":"480","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Haleakala volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.280517578125,\n              20.675190117067377\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.21253967285156,\n              20.675190117067377\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.21253967285156,\n              20.72978628596697\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.280517578125,\n              20.72978628596697\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.280517578125,\n              20.675190117067377\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"319","issue":"6053","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63c5e4b0c8380cd726a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hegner, E.","contributorId":32304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hegner","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Unruh, D.","contributorId":89291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70014668,"text":"70014668 - 1986 - Aluminum enrichment in silicate melts by fractional crystallization: some mineralogic and petrographic constraints.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-04T21:17:54.314077","indexId":"70014668","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aluminum enrichment in silicate melts by fractional crystallization: some mineralogic and petrographic constraints.","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">The degree of aluminum saturation of an igneous rock may be described by its Aluminum Saturation Index (ASI) defined as the molar ratio Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(CaO + K<sub>2</sub>O + Na<sub>2</sub>O). One suggested origin for mildly peraluminous granites (ASI between 1 and about 1.1) is by fractional crystallization of subaluminous (ASI &lt; 1) magmas; hornblende, having ASI &lt; 0.5, could be a major driving force in such a fractionation process. The efficacy of the process depends not only on precipitation of hornblende and its effective removal from the reacting system, but on the composition and nature of other coprecipitating phases, weighted by their modal abundances in the reactive system. Precipitation of feldspar (ASI = 1), for instance, would retard or even prevent aluminum enrichment in the melt if the ASI of melt is &lt; 1, but would enhance such evolution if the ASI of the melt is &gt; 1. Discussion of the efficacy of any mineral must be made in the context of the total reacting system.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">For hornblende to effectively cause a melt to evolve into a peraluminous composition, it must be able to coexist with peraluminous magmas. Experimental phase equilibrium data show that at pressure &gt; 5 kb hornblende can coexist with strongly peraluminous melts (ASI ˜ 1.5). Scantily phyric volcanic rocks show that hornblende can coexist with granitic magma having ASI ˜ 1.1 –1.2. The aggregate ASI of last-stage minerals of a typical granite is less than this value; therefore, even after hornblende has reacted out, the residual magma may be expected to continue to evolve toward more aluminous compositions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/27.5.1095","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Zen, E., 1986, Aluminum enrichment in silicate melts by fractional crystallization: some mineralogic and petrographic constraints.: Journal of Petrology, v. 27, no. 5, p. 1095-1117, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/27.5.1095.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1095","endPage":"1117","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225910,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e99ae4b0c8380cd48386","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zen, E.","contributorId":101381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zen","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70014532,"text":"70014532 - 1986 - Cyclic terpenoids of contemporary resinous plant detritus and of fossil woods, ambers and coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-17T15:52:05.692932","indexId":"70014532","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cyclic terpenoids of contemporary resinous plant detritus and of fossil woods, ambers and coals","docAbstract":"<p><span>Cyclic terpenoids present in the solvent extractable material of fossil woods, ambers and brown coals have been analyzed. The sample series chosen consisted of wood remains preserved in Holocene to Jurassic sediments and a set of of ambers from the Philippines (copalite), Israel, Canada and Dominican Republic. The brown coals selected were from the Fortuna Garsdorf Mine and Miocene formations on Fiji.</span></p><p><span>The fossil wood extracts contained dominant diterpenoid or sesquiterpenoid skeletons, and aromatized species were present at high concentrations, with a major amount of two-ring aromatic compounds. Tricyclic diterpenoids were the predominant compounds in the ambers. Aromatized derivatives were the major components, consisting of one or two aromatic ring species with the abietane and occasionally pimarane skeletons. The saturated structures were comprised primarily of the abietane and pimarane skeletons having from three to five carbon (C<sub>1</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>, etc.) substituents. Kaurane and phyllocladane isomers were present in only minor amounts. Bicyclic sesquiterpenoids as saturated and partial or fully aromatized forms were also common in these samples, but only traces of sesterterpenoids and triterpenoid derivatives were found.</span></p><p><span>The brown coal extracts were composed of major amounts of one- and two-ring aromatized terpenoids, with a greater proportion of triterpenoid derivatives than in the case of the woods and ambers. This was especially noticeable for the German coal, where the triterpenoids were predominant. Open C-ring aromatized structures were also present in this coal. Steroid compounds were not detectable, but some hopanes were found as minor components in the German brown coal.</span></p><p><span>An overview of the skeletal structure classes identified in each sample, as well as the general mass spectrometric characteristics of the unknown compounds are included in the present paper. It can be concluded from these structural distributions that aromatization is the main process for the transformation of terrestrial cyclic terpenoids during diagenesis, constituting a general pathway for all terpenoids.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(86)80025-0","usgsCitation":"Simoneit, B.R., Grimalt, J., Wang, T., Cox, R., Hatcher, P.G., and Nissenbaum, A., 1986, Cyclic terpenoids of contemporary resinous plant detritus and of fossil woods, ambers and coals: Organic Geochemistry, v. 10, no. 4-6, p. 877-889, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(86)80025-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"877","endPage":"889","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225899,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd25e4b0c8380cd4e66c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simoneit, Bernd R. T.","contributorId":51021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simoneit","given":"Bernd","email":"","middleInitial":"R. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grimalt, J.O.","contributorId":51920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimalt","given":"J.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, T.-G.","contributorId":56387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"T.-G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, R.E.","contributorId":87703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nissenbaum, A.","contributorId":103008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nissenbaum","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70015726,"text":"70015726 - 1986 - Estimating monthly streamflow values by cokriging","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015726","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating monthly streamflow values by cokriging","docAbstract":"Cokriging is applied to estimation of missing monthly streamflow values in three records from gaging stations in west central Virginia. Missing values are estimated from optimal consideration of the pattern of auto- and cross-correlation among standardized residual log-flow records. Investigation of the sensitivity of estimation to data configuration showed that when observations are available within two months of a missing value, estimation is improved by accounting for correlation. Concurrent and lag-one observations tend to screen the influence of other available observations. Three models of covariance structure in residual log-flow records are compared using cross-validation. Models differ in how much monthly variation they allow in covariance. Precision of estimation, reflected in mean squared error (MSE), proved to be insensitive to this choice. Cross-validation is suggested as a tool for choosing an inverse transformation when an initial nonlinear transformation is applied to flow values. ?? 1986 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00899744","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Solow, A., and Gorelick, S., 1986, Estimating monthly streamflow values by cokriging: Mathematical Geology, v. 18, no. 8, p. 785-809, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00899744.","startPage":"785","endPage":"809","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205416,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00899744"},{"id":223785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b2ee4b0c8380cd525ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solow, A.R.","contributorId":9404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solow","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorelick, S.M.","contributorId":21589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015698,"text":"70015698 - 1986 - Improved method for correlating late Pleistocene/Holocene records from the Bering Sea: Application of a biosiliceous/geochemical stratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-25T15:36:53.668883","indexId":"70015698","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1369,"text":"Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved method for correlating late Pleistocene/Holocene records from the Bering Sea: Application of a biosiliceous/geochemical stratigraphy","docAbstract":"<p>The combination of high-resolution siliceous biostratigraphy and radiocarbon dating provides a mechanism for detailed assessment of the depositional history in late Pleistocene sediments from the Bering Sea where average accumulation rates are uncharacteristically high compared to rates calculated for most other ocean basins. Vital to the development of this stratigraphy was the recognition that the abundance pattern of the radiolarian species<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Cycladophora davisiana</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in Bering Sea cores is quite similar to this species' previously correlated abundance curve in a late Pleistocene/Holocene record from the northwest Pacific.</p><p>Comparison of this high-resolution stratigraphy with other recently developed floral and lithologic stratigraphies for late Pleistocene Bering Sea sediments shows that the various stratigraphies do not always yield identical results when applied to a particular sediment sequence. With this new stratigraphy based upon a combination of siliceous microfaunal abundance patterns and radiocarbon dating, one can identify reworking, discontinuities and other interruptions in the depositional sequence more precisely than with previously devised stratigraphies, thereby improving the correlation techniques for comparison of late Pleistocene/Holocene records from this marginal sea.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0198-0149(86)90020-8","usgsCitation":"Morley, J., and Robinson, S., 1986, Improved method for correlating late Pleistocene/Holocene records from the Bering Sea: Application of a biosiliceous/geochemical stratigraphy: Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 33, no. 9, p. 1203-1211, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(86)90020-8.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1203","endPage":"1211","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224219,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              179.89471800680292,\n              61.00803239171765\n            ],\n            [\n              167.53646605889793,\n              60.04109057086902\n            ],\n            [\n              164.86589962533395,\n              55.877336989592635\n            ],\n            [\n              150,\n              45\n            ],\n            [\n              175.71426956951274,\n              46.111089686937845\n            ],\n            [\n              179.28366382390857,\n              53.31108887748721\n            ],\n            [\n              179.89471800680292,\n              61.00803239171765\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -179.9,\n              64.23665065262034\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.9,\n              53\n            ],\n            [\n              -160,\n              53\n            ],\n            [\n              -160,\n              64.23665065262034\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.9,\n              64.23665065262034\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a395ae4b0c8380cd618bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morley, J. J.","contributorId":14956,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morley","given":"J. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Stephen","contributorId":220277,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015643,"text":"70015643 - 1986 - Isolation and detection of Giardia cysts from water using direct immunofluorescence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T11:40:16","indexId":"70015643","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isolation and detection of Giardia cysts from water using direct immunofluorescence","docAbstract":"<p><span>A water‐sampling apparatus used for the isolation and detection of&nbsp;</span><i>Giardia</i><span>cysts in water has been designed and tested. The sampling apparatus uses one of a variety of pumps or waterline pressure to move water through a filter. Two of the optional pumps are lightweight enough to make the apparatus portable and thus suitable for sampling in remote areas. This technique of sample processing produces good cyst recovery in much less time than is required with previously established methods.&nbsp;</span><i>Giardia</i><span>&nbsp;cysts are identified using direct immunofluorescence.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00759.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Sorenson, S.K., Riggs, J.L., Dileanis, P.D., and Suk, T.J., 1986, Isolation and detection of Giardia cysts from water using direct immunofluorescence: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 22, no. 5, p. 843-845, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00759.x.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"843","endPage":"845","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37d8e4b0c8380cd61203","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorenson, Stephen K.","contributorId":90314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorenson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Riggs, John L.","contributorId":28378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dileanis, Peter D. dileanis@usgs.gov","contributorId":71541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dileanis","given":"Peter","email":"dileanis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Suk, Thomas J.","contributorId":34578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suk","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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