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Although there have been several laboratory studies and some field experiments, quantitative information on the performance of ADCP's under field conditions is relatively rare but essential to proper assessment of the potential uses and limitations of these instruments. This study was a comparative evaluation of river discharge data and ADCP data collected with conventional methods at 12 selected U.S. Geological Survey streamflow- gaging stations in the continental United States.</p>\n<p>ADCP discharge measurements were made at the 12 sites in 1994. Twenty-six of the 31 measurements differed by less than 5 percent from the discharges determined with conventional methods. All 31 ADCP measurements were within 8 percent of the conventional method discharges.</p>\n<p>The standard deviations of the ADCP measurements ranged from approximately 1 to 6 percent and were generally higher than the measurement errors predicted by error-propagation analysis of ADCP instrument performance. These error-prediction methods assume that the largest component of ADCP discharge measurement error is instrument related. The larger standard deviations indicate that substantial portions of measurement error may be attributable to sources unrelated to ADCP electronics or signal processing and are functions of the field environment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri954218","usgsCitation":"Morlock, S.E., 1996, Evaluation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements of river discharge: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4218, iv, p. 37 :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954218.","productDescription":"iv, p. 37 :ill., map ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"37","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science 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,{"id":21622,"text":"ofr96398 - 1996 - The Beaver Creek story","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:58","indexId":"ofr96398","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-398","title":"The Beaver Creek story","docAbstract":"Beaver Creek watershed in West Tennessee includes about 95,000 acres of the Nation's most productive farmland and most highly erodible soils. In 1989 the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Tennessee Department of Agriculture, began a study to evaluate the effect of agricultural activities on water quality in the watershed and for best management practices designed to reduce agricultural nonpoint-source pollution. Agrichemical monitoring included testing the soils, ground water, and streams at four farm sites ranging from 27 to 420 acres. Monitoring stations were operated downstream to gain a better understanding of the water chemistry as runoff moved from small ditches into larger streams to the outlet of the Beaver Creek watershed. Prior to the implementation of best management practices at one of the farm study sites, some storms produced an average suspended-sediment concentration of 70,000 milligrams per liter. After the implementation of BMP's, however, the average value never exceeded 7,000 milligrams per liter. No-till crop production was the most effective best management practice for conserving soil on the farm fields tested. A natural bottomland hardwood wetland and a constructed wetland were evaluated as instream resource-management systems. The wetlands improved water quality downstream by acting as a filter and removing a significant amount of nonpoint-source pollution from the agricultural runoff. The constructed wetland reduced the sediment, pesticide, and nutrient load by approximately 50 percent over a 4-month period. The results of the Beaver Creek watershed study have increased the understanding of the effects of agriculture on water resources. Study results also demonstrated that BMP's do protect and improve water quality.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96398","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Doyle, W., Whitworth, B., Smith, G., and Byl, T., 1996, The Beaver Creek story: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-398, 2 p., 1 sheet (8 columns) :ill. ;22 x 36 cm. folded to 22 x 9 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96398.","productDescription":"2 p., 1 sheet (8 columns) :ill. ;22 x 36 cm. folded to 22 x 9 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1260,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96398","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155200,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0398/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51183,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0398/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682a7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doyle, W.H. Jr.","contributorId":59029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"W.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitworth, B.G.","contributorId":95089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitworth","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, G.F.","contributorId":98350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Byl, T.D.","contributorId":86373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byl","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":26077,"text":"wri894029 - 1996 - Theoretical considerations and a simple method for measuring alkalinity and acidity in low-pH waters by gran titration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"wri894029","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4029","title":"Theoretical considerations and a simple method for measuring alkalinity and acidity in low-pH waters by gran titration","docAbstract":"Titrations for alkalinity and acidity using the technique described by Gran (1952, Determination of the equivalence point in potentiometric titrations, Part II: The Analyst, v. 77, p. 661-671) have been employed in the analysis of low-pH natural waters. This report includes a synopsis of the theory and calculations associated with Gran's technique and presents a simple and inexpensive method for performing alkalinity and acidity determinations. However, potential sources of error introduced by the chemical character of some waters may limit the utility of Gran's technique. Therefore, the cost- and time-efficient method for performing alkalinity and acidity determinations described in this report is useful for exploring the suitability of Gran's technique in studies of water chemistry.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri894029","usgsCitation":"Barringer, J.L., and Johnsson, P., 1996, Theoretical considerations and a simple method for measuring alkalinity and acidity in low-pH waters by gran titration: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4029, iv, 36 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894029.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4029/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54849,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62e99d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barringer, J. L.","contributorId":13994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnsson, P.A.","contributorId":105735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnsson","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27325,"text":"wri964074 - 1996 - Glaciers along proposed routes extending the Copper River Highway, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:42","indexId":"wri964074","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4074","title":"Glaciers along proposed routes extending the Copper River Highway, Alaska","docAbstract":"Three inland highway routes are being considered by the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities to connect the community of Cordova in southcentral Alaska to a statewide road system. The routes use part of a Copper River and Northwest Railway alignment along the Copper River through mountainous terrain having numerous glaciers. An advance of any of several glaciers could block and destroy the roadway, whereas retreating glaciers expose large quantities of unconsolidated, unvegetated, and commonly ice-rich sediments. The purpose of this study was to map historical locations of glacier termini near these routes and to describe hazards associated with glaciers and seasonal snow. Historical and recent locations of glacier termini along the proposed Copper River Highway routes were determined by reviewing reports and maps and by interpreting aerial photographs. The termini of Childs, Grinnell, Tasnuna, and Woodworth Glaciers were 1 mile or less from a proposed route in the most recently available aerial photography (1978-91); the termini of Allen, Heney, and Schwan Glaciers were 1.5 miles or less from a proposed route. In general, since 1911, most glaciers have slowly retreated, but many glaciers have had occasional advances. Deserted Glacier and one of its tributary glaciers have surge-type medial moraines, indicating potential rapid advances. The terminus of Deserted Glacier was about 2.1 miles from a proposed route in 1978, but showed no evidence of surging. Snow and rock avalanches and snowdrifts are common along the proposed routes and will periodically obstruct the roadway. Floods from ice-dammed lakes also pose a threat. For example, Van Cleve Lake, adjacent to Miles Glacier, is as large as 4.4 square miles and empties about every 6 years. Floods from drainages of Van Cleve Lake have caused the Copper River to rise on the order of 20 feet at Million Dollar Bridge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964074","usgsCitation":"Glass, R.L., 1996, Glaciers along proposed routes extending the Copper River Highway, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4074, v, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964074.","productDescription":"v, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4074/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56192,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4074/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679d06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glass, R. L.","contributorId":80279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":22854,"text":"ofr96345 - 1996 - Analysis of selected water-quality data for surface water in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, April-August 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:03","indexId":"ofr96345","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-345","title":"Analysis of selected water-quality data for surface water in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, April-August 1995","docAbstract":"Physical and chemical-related properties, concentrations of chemical constituents, which included major ions and nutrients, and concentrations of fecal-coliform bacteria were determined for 17 sites on 11 streams in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, during the period April-August 1995.  The streams were sampled to assess the effects of different streamflow conditions on the concentrations of water-quality constituents. The streams included in the study were Tchefuncte River, Bogue Falaya, Abita River, Bayou Chinchouba, Bayou Castine, Cane Bayou, Bayou Lacombe, Bayou Liberty, Bayou Bonfouca, Bogue Chitto, and West Pearl River. Water-quality samples were collected under several hydrologic conditions. These conditions included a period of wet weather and sustained high river stages; a period of local storms several days apart and river stages typical of that situation; and a period of dry weather and low river stages. The concentrations of inorganic chemical constituents in water from the upstream sites generally were low. Concentrations from the downstream sites varied and were higher. Nutrient and fecal-coliform bacteria concentrations varied and indicated that degraded water-quality conditions that typically occur during storms persisted less than 1-3 days. In general, the larger the drainage basin, the longer it takes for the stream to recover. Fecal-coliform concen- trations reflected the effects of small, isolated storms in the area. Bayou Castine, sampled immediately after a storm, had a fecal-coliform concentration of 26,000 colonies per 100 milliliters. The stream was resampled 24 hours later, and the fecal-coliform concentration had decreased to 1,700 colonies per 100 milliliters. This is an indication of the rapid water-quality changes that typically occur in small streams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96345","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Demcheck, D.K., 1996, Analysis of selected water-quality data for surface water in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, April-August 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-345, iii, 59 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96345.","productDescription":"iii, 59 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0345/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52273,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0345/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680175","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Demcheck, Dennis K. 0000-0003-2981-078X ddemchec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2981-078X","contributorId":3273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demcheck","given":"Dennis","email":"ddemchec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":22504,"text":"ofr96144 - 1996 - Characteristics of debris flows of noneruptive origin on Mount Shasta, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-30T11:11:25","indexId":"ofr96144","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-144","title":"Characteristics of debris flows of noneruptive origin on Mount Shasta, northern California","docAbstract":"Studies of Mount Shasta indicate that eruptive activity has occurred, on the average, once every 800 years. Debris flows and deposits of non- eruptive origin, in addition to those associated with eruptive activity (lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and ash fall), inundate the fans and channels and can endanger people or property on the flanks of the mountain. This study evaluates the source and characteristics of historical noneruptive debris flows in the vicinity of Mount Shasta. At least 70 debris flows of noneruptive origin that occurred during the last 1,000 years have been identified in various stream channels on Mount Shasta. Of the four areas around the mountain, the most active are the McCloud River and The Whaleback-Ash Creek Butte depression; the Sacramento River area is the least active. Between 1900 and 1985, 37 debris flows occurred on different streams, with an average interval of 2.3 years between flows. Since 1900, Mud Creek (nine flows) and Whitney Creek (six flows) have been the most active channels. The path followed by a debris flow is not always at the lowest point in the channel, and the extent of downstream movement depends on the size of the flow. Former channels are inundated by the new flows and deposits, and new channels are eroded. In time, most of the entire channel between valley walls is subject to reworking. Most debris-flow deposits ranged in thickness from 0.4 to 2.5 meters. Thickness tends to decrease in a downstream direction. The deposits are generally of a convex shape, highest in the middle and lowest near the original valley wall. The ratio of water to solids in the slurry- sediment mixture of debris flows averages 68 percent by volume.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96144","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Blodgett, J.C., Poeschel, K.R., and Osterkamp, W.R., 1996, Characteristics of debris flows of noneruptive origin on Mount Shasta, northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-144, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96144.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0144/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":280553,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0144/"},{"id":280554,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0144/pdf/of1996-0144.pdf"}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mount Shasta","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5168,40.9986 ], [ -122.5168,41.6154 ], [ -121.7477,41.6154 ], [ -121.7477,40.9986 ], [ -122.5168,40.9986 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5dd9da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blodgett, James C.","contributorId":82348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poeschel, Karen R.","contributorId":106530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeschel","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Osterkamp, Waite R.","contributorId":8505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"Waite","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":22858,"text":"ofr96365 - 1996 - Micrometeorological data for Railroad Valley, Nye County, Nevada, summer 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:59","indexId":"ofr96365","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-365","title":"Micrometeorological data for Railroad Valley, Nye County, Nevada, summer 1992","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96365","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"DeMeo, G.A., 1996, Micrometeorological data for Railroad Valley, Nye County, Nevada, summer 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-365, iv, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96365.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0365/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52277,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0365/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e44b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeMeo, G. A.","contributorId":96290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMeo","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27419,"text":"wri964096 - 1996 - Eutrophication trends inferred from hypolimnetic dissolved-oxygen dynamics within selected White River reservoirs, northern Arkansas-southern Missouri, 1974-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:37","indexId":"wri964096","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4096","title":"Eutrophication trends inferred from hypolimnetic dissolved-oxygen dynamics within selected White River reservoirs, northern Arkansas-southern Missouri, 1974-94","docAbstract":"The White River Basin in northern Arkansas and southern Missouri contains four major reservoirs. Beaver, Table Rock, and Bull Shoals Lakes form a chain of reservoirs on the main stem of the White River. Norfork Lake is on the North Fork River, a tributary of the White River. Vertical water- column profiles of temperature and dissolved- oxygen concentrations have been collected monthly, in general, at sites near the dam of each reservoir since 1974. Hypolimnetic dissolved- oxygen dynamics of these reservoirs from 1974 through 1994 were examined based on the near-dam data and used to infer temporal changes in eutrophication. Regression models indicated that a positive relation existed between discharge through the dam during the stratification season and the areal hypolimnetic deficit. Temporal changes in the relative areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit, a model that adjusts the areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit to standard temperature and depth, showed a decreasing trend in Beaver Lake from 1974 through 1994, indicating that the level of eutrophication decreased. Little or no change in the relative areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit occurred in Table Rock, Bull Shoals, or Norfork Lakes over the period of record. Temporal analysis of the residuals from the oxygen deficit-discharge model indicated that the oxygen deficit-discharge function changed over time in Beaver and Table Rock Lakes. There was little or no temporal trend in residuals of areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit over the period of record for Bull Shoals and Norfork Lakes. Multiple regression using a time variable and discharge through the dam during the stratification season was examined for the four reservoirs. The slope coefficient of the time variable for both Beaver and Table Rock Lakes was negative, indicating that the temporal function driving the discharge related areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit decreased over the period of record. This temporal function may be an expression of biological productivity or eutrophication. Based on these results, the level of eutrophication may have decreased in Beaver and Table Rock Lakes and remained stable in Bull Shoals and Norfork Lakes from 1974 through 1994. It is possible that the aging and evolutionary processes in Beaver, Table Rock, Bull Shoals, and Norfork Lakes are dominant in controlling biological productivity and eutrophication in each reservoir immediately above the dam. Beaver Lake is the youngest of the four reservoirs, constructed in 1963, and for the period of record, may have been in the initial stage of high productivity followed by a declining stage of productivity that generally occurs within a reservoir soon after impoundment. Table Rock Lake was constructed in 1959 and, for the period of record, may have been in the stage of declining productivity following the peak of productivity resulting from impoundment. The impoundment of Beaver Lake upstream also may have influenced the inferred decline of productivity within Table Rock Lake. Bull Shoals and Norfork Lakes are older than Beaver and Table Rock Lakes, constructed in 1951 and 1944, respectively. The reason that changes in eutrophication were not detected in Bull Shoals and Norfork Lakes could be that these reservoirs, for the period of record, were characterized by the stage of low and stable productivity that generally occurs within a reservoir many years after impoundment.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964096","usgsCitation":"Green, W.R., 1996, Eutrophication trends inferred from hypolimnetic dissolved-oxygen dynamics within selected White River reservoirs, northern Arkansas-southern Missouri, 1974-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4096, iv, 22, A-41 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964096.","productDescription":"iv, 22, A-41 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4096/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56277,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c2d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, W. R.","contributorId":68354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30304,"text":"wri954280 - 1996 - Evaluation of saltwater intrusion and travel time in the Atlantic City 800-foot sand, Cape May County, New Jersey, 1992, by use of a coupled-model approach and flow-path analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-16T16:12:56.339634","indexId":"wri954280","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4280","title":"Evaluation of saltwater intrusion and travel time in the Atlantic City 800-foot sand, Cape May County, New Jersey, 1992, by use of a coupled-model approach and flow-path analysis","docAbstract":"<p>Regional and subregional ground-water-flow models were coupled, and the output was analyzed by a particle-tracking method. The results were then used to assess the effects of ground-water withdrawals on the flow of saltwater in the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in Cape May County, New Jersey, and to estimate the travel time from areas in which the chloride concentration of the ground water exceeds 250 milligrams per liter to the county's nearest public supply wells.</p><p>First, a quasi-three-dimensional finite-difference computer model of freshwater and saltwater flow that simulated regional ground-water flow through the unconsolidated materials underlying the New Jersey Coastal Plain was used to estimate flow at the boundaries of the subregional study area. The results of the regional simulation were used as input to a second quasi-three-dimensional finite-difference model that was used to simulate flow in the subregion, the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in Cape May County.</p><p>The results of the simulation of flow in the subregion were analyzed by a semianalytical particle-tracking method to estimate ground-water flow paths and travel time of ground water from areas in which chloride concentrations exceed 250 milligrams per liter to public supply wells located at Stone Harbor, New Jersey. Ground-water withdrawals from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand were assumed to be equal to those reported for 1991. Results of the analysis indicate that the time required for saltwater to reach the public supply wells is on the order of hundreds of years. These results, however, are based on the assumptions that the aquifer is homogeneous. The presence of zones of high permeability in the aquifer could reduce the predicted travel times of the saltwater from its present location to the supply wells. Travel times also could be reduced if ground-water withdrawals increase.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954280","usgsCitation":"Voronin, L., Spitz, F., and McAuley, S.D., 1996, Evaluation of saltwater intrusion and travel time in the Atlantic City 800-foot sand, Cape May County, New Jersey, 1992, by use of a coupled-model approach and flow-path analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4280, v, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954280.","productDescription":"v, 27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121457,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4280/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59096,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4280/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":411927,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48354.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Cape May County","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic City 800-food sand","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.42797298136729,\n              39.34792038176417\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.00347317734072,\n              39.34792038176417\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.00347317734072,\n              38.88453727742365\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.42797298136729,\n              38.88453727742365\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.42797298136729,\n              39.34792038176417\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fabae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voronin, L. M.","contributorId":93486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voronin","given":"L. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spitz, F. J.","contributorId":56682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spitz","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McAuley, S. D.","contributorId":104098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAuley","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018711,"text":"70018711 - 1996 - Merged GLORIA sidescan and hydrosweep pseudo-sidescan: Processing and creation of digital mosaics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-09T16:57:19.257568","indexId":"70018711","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2668,"text":"Marine Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Merged GLORIA sidescan and hydrosweep pseudo-sidescan: Processing and creation of digital mosaics","docAbstract":"<p>We have replaced the usual band of poor-quality data in the near-nadir region of our GLORIA long-range sidescan-sonar imagery with a shaded-relief image constructed from swath bathymetry data (collected simultaneously with GLORIA) which completely cover the nadir area. We have developed a technique to enhance these \"pseudo-sidescan\" images in order to mimic the neighbouring GLORIA backscatter intensities. As a result, the enhanced images greatly facilitate the geologic interpretation of the adjacent GLORIA data, and geologic features evident in the GLORIA data may be correlated with greater confidence across track. Features interpreted from the pseudo-sidescan may be extrapolated from the near-nadir region out into the GLORIA range where they may not have been recognized otherwise, and therefore the pseudo-sidescan can be used to ground-truth GLORIA interpretations. Creation of digital sidescan mosaics utilized an approach not previously used for GLORIA data. Pixels were correctly placed in cartographic space and the time required to complete a final mosaic was significantly reduced. Computer software for digital mapping and mosaic creation is incorporated into the newly-developed Woods Hole Image Processing System (WHIPS) which can process both low- and high-frequency sidescan, and can interchange data with the Mini Image Processing System (MIPS) most commonly used for GLORIA processing. These techniques are tested by creating digital mosaics of merged GLORIA sidescan and Hydrosweep pseudo-sidescan data from the vicinity of the Juan Fernandez microplate along the East Pacific Rise (EPR).&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF00313879","issn":"00253235","usgsCitation":"Bird, R., Searle, R.C., Paskevich, V., and Twichell, D., 1996, Merged GLORIA sidescan and hydrosweep pseudo-sidescan: Processing and creation of digital mosaics: Marine Geophysical Research, v. 18, no. 6, p. 651-661, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00313879.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"651","endPage":"661","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227178,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5438e4b0c8380cd6cf01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bird, R.T.","contributorId":97263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Searle, R. C.","contributorId":94317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Searle","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paskevich, V.","contributorId":61583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paskevich","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":2204,"text":"wsp2453 - 1996 - Determination of hydraulic characteristics and yield of aquifers underlying Vekol Valley, Arizona, using several classical and current methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"wsp2453","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2453","title":"Determination of hydraulic characteristics and yield of aquifers underlying Vekol Valley, Arizona, using several classical and current methods","docAbstract":"Investigations were conducted in Arizona during the early 1980's to obtain hydrologic data in order to deliver 30,000 acre-feet of water annually to the Ak-Chin Indian Reservation. A recharge experiment produced infiltration rates for an ephemeral stream channel that ranged from 0.64 to 1.09 cubic feet per second per 1,000 feet of channel length. Water moved vertically through the 330-foot-thick unsaturated zone to the water table in less than 5 days.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the U.S. Geological Survey Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2453","usgsCitation":"Marie, J.R., and Hollett, K.J., 1996, Determination of hydraulic characteristics and yield of aquifers underlying Vekol Valley, Arizona, using several classical and current methods: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2453, iv, 63 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2453.","productDescription":"iv, 63 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2453/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27873,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2453/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667724","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marie, James R.","contributorId":50503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marie","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hollett, Kenneth J.","contributorId":40580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollett","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25474,"text":"wri964087 - 1996 - Environmental and hydrologic settings of the Las Vegas Valley Area and the Carson and Truckee River basins, Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-07T22:01:03.108433","indexId":"wri964087","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4087","title":"Environmental and hydrologic settings of the Las Vegas Valley Area and the Carson and Truckee River basins, Nevada and California","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964087","usgsCitation":"Covay, K., Banks, J., Bevans, H., and Watkins, S., 1996, Environmental and hydrologic settings of the Las Vegas Valley Area and the Carson and Truckee River basins, Nevada and California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4087, viii, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964087.","productDescription":"viii, 72 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118886,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4087/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54201,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465851,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48447.htm","text":"Carson and Truckee Basins","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465852,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48448.htm","text":"Las Vegas Valley","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6024e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Covay, K.J.","contributorId":44948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covay","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banks, J.M.","contributorId":29018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bevans, H.E.","contributorId":102892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bevans","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watkins, S.A.","contributorId":83962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watkins","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":26145,"text":"wri964003 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma — Summary of information on pesticides, 1970–90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T23:01:01.653169","indexId":"wri964003","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4003","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma — Summary of information on pesticides, 1970–90","docAbstract":"Historical pesticide data from 1970-90 were compiled for 140 surface-water, 92 ground-water, 55 streambed-sediment, and 120 biological-tissue sampling sites within the Ozark Plateaus National Water-Quality Assessment Program study unit. Surface-water, bed-sediment, and biological-tissue sites have drainage basins predominantly in the Springfield and Salem Plateaus; ground-water sites are predominantly located in the Osage Plains and Mississippi Alluvial Plain. Many sites were sampled only once or twice during this period. A large percentage of the samples were collected in the mid-1970's and early 1980's for surface water, 1990 for ground water, the late 1980's for surface water, 1990 for ground water, the late 1980's for bed sediment, and the early 1980's for biological tissue. Pesticide use was approximately 4.2 million pounds per year of active ingredients from 1982-85 in the study unit and was generally greatest in the Springfield and Salem Plateaus pasturelands and in the Osage Plains and Mississippi Alluvial Plain cropland areas. The most frequently applied pesticide in the study unit was 2,4-D. Alachlor was the second most applied pesticide. Corn, pasture, rice, sorghum, and soybeans received approximately 90 percent of the pesticides applied within the study unit. The highest pesticide application rate per acre occurred on these crops in the Osage Plains and Mississippi Alluvial Plain. Pastureland was the predominant crop type in 50 of the 94 counties in the study unit. Toxaphene, the pesticide having the most number of detections in surface water, was found in 17 of 866 samples from 5 of 112 sites. Concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 6.0 micrograms per liter. Six other pesticides or pesticide metabolites were detected in 12 or more surface-water samples: DDE, dieldrin, DDT, aldrin, 2,4-D, and lindane. The maximum concentration for these pesticides was less than 1.0 micrograms per liter. Atrazine, the pesticide having the most number of detections in ground water, was found in 15 of 95 samples from 15 of 79 wells with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 8.2 micrograms per liter. Metolachlor, alachlor, and prometon were detected more than once with maximum concentrations less than 1.0 micrograms per liter, except for prometon (2.4 micrograms per liter). Chlordane was the pesticide having the most number of detections in bed sediment and biological tissue. Chlordane was detected in 12 of 73 samples from 10 of 45 bed-sediment sites with concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 240 micrograms per kilogram. In biological tissue, chlordane was found in 93 of 151 samples from 39 of 53 sites with concentrations ranging from 0.009 to 8.6 milligrams per kilogram. Other pesticides or pesticide metabolites detected more than once in bed sediment include DDT, DDD, p,p'-DDE, DDE, and hexachlorobenzene and in biological tissue include DDT, p,p'-DDE, and hexachlorobenzene. Quality criteria or standards have been established for 15 of the pesticides detected in the study unit. For surface-water samples, the drinking water maximum contaminant level for alachlor was exceeded in one sample from one site in 1982. For ground-water samples, the drinking water maximum contaminant level for atrazine was exceeded in four samples from four wells in 1990. For biological-tissue samples collected during the years 1982-89, the fish tissue action levels for chlordane (19 sites; 26 samples), heptachlor epoxide (3 sites; 3 samples), p,p'-DDE (2 sites; 2 samples), dieldrin (2 sites, 2 samples), and mirex (1 site; 1 sample) were exceeded. For bed-sediment samples, quality criteria or standards were not exceeded for any pesticide. Pesticides do not pose any widespread or persistent problems in the study unit, based on the limited number of samples that exceeded quality criteria and standards.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964003","usgsCitation":"Bell, R.W., Joseph, R.L., and Freiwald, D.A., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma — Summary of information on pesticides, 1970–90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4003, v, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964003.","productDescription":"v, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":396301,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48373.htm"},{"id":344289,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri96-4003/WRIR96-4003.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2074,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri96-4003/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Ozark Plateaus","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.4,\n              35.5167\n            ],\n            [\n              -90,\n              35.5167\n            ],\n            [\n              -90,\n              38.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.4,\n              38.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.4,\n              35.5167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4893e4b07f02db520a34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, Richard W.","contributorId":44141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joseph, Robert L. rljoseph@usgs.gov","contributorId":3482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joseph","given":"Robert","email":"rljoseph@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freiwald, David A. freiwald@usgs.gov","contributorId":226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freiwald","given":"David","email":"freiwald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25490,"text":"wri954046 - 1996 - Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Effects of nutrient management on water quality in the Little Conestoga Creek headwaters, 1983-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-31T21:40:02.949893","indexId":"wri954046","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4046","title":"Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Effects of nutrient management on water quality in the Little Conestoga Creek headwaters, 1983-89","docAbstract":"Water quality in the headwaters of the Little Conestoga Creek, Lancaster County, Pa., was investigated from April 1986 through September 1989 to determine possible effects of agricultural nutrient management on water quality. Nutrient management, an agricultural Best-Management Practice, was promoted in the 5.8-square-mile watershed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Clean Water Program. Nonpoint-source- agricultural contamination was evident in surface water and ground water in the watershed; the greatest contamination was in areas underlain by carbonate rock and with intensive row-crop and animal production. Initial implementation of nutrient management covered about 30 percent of applicable land and was concentrated in the Nutrient-Management Subbasin. By 1989, nutrient management covered about 45 percent of the entire Small Watershed, about 85 percent of the Nutrient- Management Subbasin, and less than 10 percent of the Nonnutrient-Management Subbasin. The number of farms implementing nutrient management increased from 14 in 1986 to 25 by 1989. Nutrient applications to cropland in the Nutrient- Management Subbasin decreased by an average of 35 percent after implementation. Comparison of base- flow surface-water quality from before and after implementation suggests that nutrient management was effective in slowing or reversing increases in concentrations of dissolved nitrate plus nitrite in the Nutrient-Management Subbasin. Although not statistically significant, the Mann-Whitney step-trend coefficient for the Nutrient-Management Subbasin was 0.8 milligram per liter, whereas trend coefficients for the Nonnutrient-Management Subbasin and the Small Watershed were 0.4 and 1.4 milligrams per liter, respectively, for the period of study. Analysis of covariance comparison of concurrent concentrations from the two sub- basins showed a significant decrease in concen- trations from the Nutrient-Management Subbasin compared to the Nonnutrient-Management Subbasin. The small, positive effect of nutrient management on base-flow water quality should be interpreted with caution. Lack of statistical significance for most tests, short-term variation in climate and agricultural activities, unknown ground-water flow rates, and insufficient agricultural-activity data for farms outside of the Nutrient-Management Subbasin were potential problems. A regression model relating nutrient applications to concen- trations of dissolved nitrate plus nitrite showed no significant explanatory relation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954046","usgsCitation":"Koerkle, E.H., Fishel, D.K., Brown, M.J., and Kostelnik, K.M., 1996, Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Effects of nutrient management on water quality in the Little Conestoga Creek headwaters, 1983-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4046, vi, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954046.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395190,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48162.htm"},{"id":124221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Conestoga River headwaters","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.93038940429686,\n              40.13899044275822\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.90532684326172,\n              40.13899044275822\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.90532684326172,\n              40.16798656578528\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.93038940429686,\n              40.16798656578528\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.93038940429686,\n              40.13899044275822\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6258b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koerkle, E. H.","contributorId":29853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koerkle","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fishel, D. K.","contributorId":72028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, M. J.","contributorId":106531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kostelnik, K. M.","contributorId":34951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kostelnik","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25826,"text":"wri964098 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T21:53:18.888967","indexId":"wri964098","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4098","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design","docAbstract":"<p>The Upper Mississippi River Basin is diverse in ways that can control the areal distribution and flow of water and the distribution and concentration of constituents that affect water quality. A review of the environmental setting of the Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program is intended to put water quality in perspective with the geology, soils, climate, hydrology, ecology and historical uses of the land and provides a basis for the sampling design of the study.</p>\n<p>The Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit encompasses about 47,000 square miles and includes all of the basin upstream from Lake Pepin. The climate of the study unit is subhumid continental with cold dry winters and warm, moist summers. Average annual precipitation ranges from 22 inches in the western part of the study unit to 32 inches in the east. Annual runoff ranges from less than 2 inches in the west to 14 inches in the northeast.</p>\n<p>The physiography of the study unit includes the Superior Upland and the Central Lowland Provinces. The Wisconsin Driftless Area and the Dissected Till Plains are unique physiographic sections of the Central Lowland Province. Hydrogeologic units in glacial deposits include surficial and buried sand and gravel aquifers and confining units. Bedrock aquifers and confining units are part of a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks that can be divided into major aquifers separated by confining units.</p>\n<p>The population of the study unit was about 3,640,000 as of 1990 and increased 16 percent between 1970 and 1990. Seventy-five percent of the population lives in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. An average of 413 million gallons of water per day was used 59 percent from ground water and 41 percent from surface water. Land use and land cover in the study unit consists of forested, agricultural, and urban areas. About 63 percent of the land area is agricultural.</p>\n<p>The quality of water in streams and ground water are affected by both natural and anthropogenic factors. The quality of water is generally satisfactory for most domestic, public, industrial, and irrigation uses. Most water is of the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type.</p>\n<p>The initial six-year phase of the Upper Mississippi River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment, lasting from 1994 to 1999, focuses on data collection and analysis in a 19,500 square-mile area in Minnesota and Wisconsin that includes the Twin Cities metropolitan area. The study design focuses on factors that have an influence on or a potential influence on the water quality in that area. The most significant contaminants include nutrients, pesticides, synthetic-organic compounds, and trace metals.</p>\n<p>Environmental stratification consists of dividing the study unit into subareas with homogeneous characteristics to assess natural and anthropogenic factors affecting water quality. The assessment of water quality in streams and in aquifers is based on the sampling design that compares water quality within homogeneous subareas defined by subbasins or aquifer boundaries. The study unit is stratified at four levels for the surface-water component: glacial deposit composition, surficial geology, general land use and land cover, and secondary land use. Ground-water studies emphasize shallow ground water where quality is most likely influenced by overlying land use and land cover. Stratification for ground-water sampling is superimposed on the distribution of shallow aquifers. For each aquifer and surface-water basin this stratification forms the basis for the proposed sampling design used in the Upper Mississippi River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri964098","usgsCitation":"Stark, J., Andrews, W., Fallon, J.D., Fong, A.L., Goldstein, R.M., Hanson, P.E., Kroening, S., and Lee, K.E., 1996, Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4098, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964098.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410743,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, W. J. 0000-0003-4780-8835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":56261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fallon, J. D.","contributorId":57478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fong, A. L.","contributorId":58309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldstein, R. M.","contributorId":98305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hanson, P. E.","contributorId":58683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kroening, S. E.","contributorId":31793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroening","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lee, K. E.","contributorId":100014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":28601,"text":"wri954068 - 1996 - Surface-water hydrology and runoff simulations for three basins in Pierce County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-18T22:44:15.196335","indexId":"wri954068","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4068","title":"Surface-water hydrology and runoff simulations for three basins in Pierce County, Washington","docAbstract":"The surface-water hydrology in Clear, Clarks, and Clover Creek Basins in central Pierce County, Washington, is described with a conceptual model of the runoff processes and then simulated with the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF), a continuous, deterministic hydrologic model. The study area is currently undergoing a rapid conversion of rural, undeveloped land to urban and suburban land that often changes the flow characteristics of the streams that drain these lands. The complex interactions of land cover, climate, soils, topography, channel characteristics, and ground- water flow patterns determine the surface-water hydrology of the study area and require a complex numerical model to assess the impact of urbanization on streamflows. The U.S. Geological Survey completed this investigation in cooperation with the Storm Drainage and Surface Water Management Utility within the Pierce County Department of Public Works to describe the important rainfall-runoff processes within the study area and to develop a simulation model to be used as a tool to predict changes in runoff characteristics resulting from changes in land use. The conceptual model, a qualitative representation of the study basins, links the physical characteristics to the runoff process of the study basins. The model incorporates 11 generalizations identified by the investigation, eight of which describe runoff from hillslopes, and three that account for the effects of channel characteristics and ground-water flow patterns on runoff. Stream discharge was measured at 28 sites and precipitation was measured at six sites for 3 years in two overlapping phases during the period of October 1989 through September 1992 to calibrate and validate the simulation model. Comparison of rainfall data from October 1989 through September 1992 shows the data-collection period beginning with 2 wet water years followed by the relatively dry 1992 water year. Runoff was simulated with two basin models-the Clover Creek Basin model and the Clear-Clarks Basin model-by incorporating the generalizations of the conceptual model into the construction of two HSPF numerical models. Initially, the process-related parameters for runoff from glacial-till hillslopes were calibrated with numerical models for three catchment sites and one headwater basin where streamflows were continuously measured and little or no influence from ground water, channel storage, or channel losses affected runoff. At one of the catchments soil moisture was monitored and compared with simulated soil moisture. The values for these parameters were used in the basin models. Basin models were calibrated to the first year of observed streamflow data by adjusting other parameters in the numerical model that simulated channel losses, simulated channel storage in a few of the reaches in the headwaters and in the floodplain of the main stem of Clover Creek, and simulated volume and outflow of the ground-water reservoir representing the regional ground-water aquifers. The models were run for a second year without any adjustments, and simulated results were compared with observed results as a measure of validation of the models. The investigation showed the importance of defining the ground-water flow boundaries and demonstrated a simple method of simulating the influence of the regional ground-water aquifer on streamflows. In the Clover Creek Basin model, ground-water flow boundaries were used to define subbasins containing mostly glacial outwash soils and not containing any surface drainage channels. In the Clear-Clarks Basin model, ground-water flow boundaries outlined a recharge area outside the surface-water boundaries of the basin that was incorporated into the model in order to provide sufficient water to balance simulated ground-water outflows to the creeks. A simulated ground-water reservoir used to represent regional ground-water flow processes successfully provided the proper water balance of inflows and outfl","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954068","usgsCitation":"Mastin, M.C., 1996, Surface-water hydrology and runoff simulations for three basins in Pierce County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4068, vi, 148 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954068.","productDescription":"vi, 148 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412050,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48178.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57430,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4068/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159103,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4068/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Pierce County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              47.025\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              47.2111\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              47.2111\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              47.025\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              47.025\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a6f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, M. C.","contributorId":90782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27535,"text":"wri964045 - 1996 - Postaudit of head and transmissivity estimates and ground-water flow models of Avra Valley, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-20T09:17:21","indexId":"wri964045","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4045","title":"Postaudit of head and transmissivity estimates and ground-water flow models of Avra Valley, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>Ground water from regional alluvial-aquifer systems is the main source of water in the alluvial basins of Arizona, such as Avra Valley. Ground-water flow models are used to assess ground-water availability and the effects of development on the regional ground-water resources. A postaudit of regional-head and transmissivity estimates and the ground-water flow models of Avra Valley was used to evaluate potential errors in the distribution of aquifer properties and recharge that can cause predictive errors in ground-water models. Simulations of predevelopment conditions in 1940 and historical development conditions for 1960-79 provided the basis of comparison for assessing predictive errors of historical conditions for two regional ground-water flow models. Potential errors in the estimation of the regional-head and transmissivity and alternate conceptual models were compared with an existing calibrated two-layer flow model for predevelopment (1940) and developed conditions (1940-85).</p><p>Measured heads can be subdivided into a north-central region and a region south of the basin constriction. A more variable regional-head surface typical of developed aquifer systems was indicated by kriged developed heads (1985) with about 50 percent more uncertainty than predevelopment heads (1940). Incorporating heads from adjacent basins at the ground-water inflow and outflow regions reduced uncertainty in kriged heads for these boundary areas. Universal cokriging of heads with the strongly correlated land-surface altitudes may improve regional-head estimates and model comparisons where head data are sparse.</p><p>Local transmissivity estimates can be subdivided into northern and south-central regions that are distributed along the valley axis and the Santa Cruz River. Regional geostatistical estimates of transmissivity, which are based solely on local estimates, are low in the northern part of Avra Valley and are high in the south-central part when compared with the head-conditioned model-derived estimates. These differences may be related to a systematic bias between aquifer-test conditions and methods of aquifer-test analysis. Cokriging transmissivities with specific capacity and silt-and-clay content provided the least uncertainty of all kriged estimates.</p><p>Predictive errors for the Avra Valley model are the result of a different combination of factors that become significant in the simulation of ground-water flow for the periods representing predevelopment, historical development, and future development conditions. Predictive errors for simulation of predevelopment conditions are caused by potential systematic errors in estimates of local transmissivity, uncertainty in long-term mountain-front recharge, and uncertainty in predevelopment heads along the margins of the basin where recharge and transmissivity estimates are constrained by heads during model calibration. Analog-model historical predictions of future development indicate changes to 1985 were as much as 50 to 100 feet different from actual&nbsp;declines that were caused by errors in the spatial distribution and not the total amount of estimated future pumpage.</p><p>Predictive errors for simulation of historical development (1960-79) appear to be caused to a greater extent by combined errors in estimates of transmissivity and storage properties and to a lesser extent by estimates of net withdrawal and subsidence. Comparison of the two digital models resulted in differences in transmissivity of as much as 30,000 feet squared per day and differences in specific yield of as much as 0.1. In combination with some differences in net withdrawal, these model-parameter differences resulted in local differences in change in storage of as much as 4,000 acre-feet per square mile and are equivalent to historical predictive errors in water levels of as much as 40 feet. Areas with no differences in model parameters yield comparable simulated water-level declines that are similar to measured declines. The pattern of differences in transmissivity and storage parameters are similar to differences between model-derived estimates conditioned on heads and related geostatistical estimates derived from aquifer-test estimates.</p><p>A postaudit analysis of alternate conceptual models was explored on the basis of well-by-well comparisons of reductions in mean error and variance, and through the use of standardized calibration-error maps for predevelopment heads (1940) and developed heads (1985). Calibration-error maps provide a useful tool for exploring the spatial structure of model errors and the relative adequacy of model fit that is not available from traditional methods of model comparison. Calibration-error maps indicate estimated heads were too high in the southern part of Avra Valley, and estimated heads were too low in the northern part. Increased transmissivity in the southern part of the lower model layer; decreased hydraulic conductivity in the southwestern part of the upper layer; reduced ground-water inflow from Altar Valley; and increased recharge along the Tortolita Mountains, Tucson Mountains, and Brawley Wash yielded a significantly better model for predevelopment but not for developed conditions (1940-85). This may indicate that alternate conceptual models are different for different time periods or require analysis of time-varying model parameters for developed conditions, such as climatically variable recharge. Predictive errors for future simulations (1986-2025) also could potentially include errors of more than 40 ft from omission of subsidence from the simulation of regional ground-water flow in Avra Valley. Further refinement of the changing conceptual model of an aquifer system under continuing development and variable climate, such as Avra Valley, will require a variety of additional geophysical, geochemical, and hydraulic field data.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964045","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arizona Department of Water Resources and City of Tucson","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., 1996, Postaudit of head and transmissivity estimates and ground-water flow models of Avra Valley, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4045, vi, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964045.","productDescription":"vi, 84 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4045/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56394,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4045/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Avra Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.5,\n              32\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.25,\n              32\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.25,\n              32.55\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.5,\n              32.55\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.5,\n              32\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683a5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27542,"text":"wri964066 - 1996 - Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons and toluene biodegradation, Knox Street fire pits, Fort Bragg, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:12:14","indexId":"wri964066","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4066","title":"Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons and toluene biodegradation, Knox Street fire pits, Fort Bragg, North Carolina","docAbstract":"An investigation was conducted at the Knox Street fire pits, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, to monitor the distribution of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (TEX) in soil vapor, ground water, and ground-water/vapor to evaluate if total concentrations of TEX at the site are decreasing with time, and to quantify biodegradation rates of toluene in the unsaturated and saturated zones. Soil-vapor and ground-water samples were collected around the fire pits and ground-water/vapor samples were collected along the ground-water discharge zone, Beaver Creek, on a monthly basis from June 1994 through June 1995. Concentrations of TEX compounds in these samples were determined with a field gas chro- matograph. Laboratory experiments were performed on aquifer sediment samples to measure rates of toluene biodegradation by in situ micro- organisms.\r\n\r\nBased on field gas chromatographic analytical results, contamination levels of TEX compounds in both soil vapor and ground water appear to decrease downgradient of the fire-pit source area. During the 1-year study period, the observed temporal and spatial trends in soil vapor TEX concentrations appear to reflect differences in the distribution of TEX among solid, aqueous, and gaseous phases within fuel-contaminated soils in the unsaturated zone. Soil temperature and soil moisture are two important factors which influence the distribution of TEX com- pounds among the different phases. Because of the short period of data collection, it was not possible to distinguish between seasonal fluc- tuations in soil vapor TEX concentrations and an overall net decrease in TEX concentrations at the study site.\r\n\r\nNo seasonal trend was observed in total TEX concentrations for ground- water samples collected at the study site. Although the analytical results could not be used to determine if ground-water TEX concen- trations decreased during the study at a specific location, the data were used to examine rate constants of toluene biodegradation. Based on ground-water toluene concentration data, a maximum rate constant for anaerobic biodegradation of toluene in the saturated zone was estimated to be as low as 0.002 d-1 or as high as 0.026 d-1.\r\n\r\nBased on analyses of ground-water/vapor samples, toluene was the prin- cipal TEX compound identified in ground water discharging to Beaver Creek. Observed decreases in ground-water/vapor toluene concentrations during the study period may reflect a decrease in source inputs, an increase in dilution caused by higher ground-water flow, and(or) removal by biological or other physical processes.\r\n\r\nRate constants of toluene anaerobic biodegradation determined by laboratory measurements illustrate a typical acclimation response of micro-organisms to hydrocarbon contamination in sediments collected from the site. Toluene biodegradation rate constants derived from laboratory microcosm studies ranged from 0.001 to 0.027 d-1, which is similar to the range of 0.002 to 0.026 d-1 for toluene biodegradation rate constants derived from ground-water analytical data. The close agreement of toluene biodegradation rate constants reported using both approaches offer strong evidence that toluene can be degraded at environmentally significant rates at the study site.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri964066","usgsCitation":"Harden, S., and Landmeyer, J., 1996, Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons and toluene biodegradation, Knox Street fire pits, Fort Bragg, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4066, iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964066.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4066/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56398,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4066/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6354f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harden, S.L.","contributorId":6101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44867,"text":"wri964057 - 1996 - Map showing chemical quality of water in the basin-fill aquifer, Milford area, Utah, July and August 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:11","indexId":"wri964057","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4057","title":"Map showing chemical quality of water in the basin-fill aquifer, Milford area, Utah, July and August 1994","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri964057","usgsCitation":"Susong, D.D., 1996, Map showing chemical quality of water in the basin-fill aquifer, Milford area, Utah, July and August 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4057, 1 map ; 42 x 37 cm., on sheet 58 x 89 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964057.","productDescription":"1 map ; 42 x 37 cm., on sheet 58 x 89 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82228,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4057/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82229,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4057/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6358f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Susong, David D. ddsusong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"David","email":"ddsusong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26751,"text":"wri954296 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic investigation and simulation of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan Aquifer of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia and delineation of contributing areas for selected city of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T12:20:28","indexId":"wri954296","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4296","title":"Hydrogeologic investigation and simulation of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan Aquifer of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia and delineation of contributing areas for selected city of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells","docAbstract":"A 4-year investigation of the Upper Floridan aquifer and ground-water flow system in Leon County, Florida, and surrounding counties of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia began in 1990. The purpose of the investigation was to describe the ground-water flow system and to delineate the contributing areas to selected City of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells. The investigation was prompted by the detection of low levels of tetrachloroethylene in ground-water samples collected from several of the city's water-supply wells. Hydrologic data and previous studies indicate that; ground-water flow within the Upper Floridan aquifer can be considered steady-state; the Upper Floridan aquifer is a single water-bearing unit; recharge is from precipitation; and that discharge occurs as spring flow, leakage to rivers, leakage to the Gulf of Mexico, and pumpage. Measured transmissivities of the aquifer ranged from 1,300 ft2/d (feet squared per day) to 1,300,000 ft2/d. Steady-state ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer was simulated using a three-dimensional ground- water flow model. Transmissivities ranging from less than 5,000 ft2/d to greater than 11,000,000 ft2/d were required to calibrate to observed conditions. Recharge rates used in the model ranged from 18.0 inches per year in areas where the aquifer was unconfined to less than 2 inches per year in broad areas where the aquifer was confined. Contributing areas to five Tallahassee water-supply wells were simulated by particle- tracking techniques. Particles were seeded in model cells containing pumping wells then tracked backwards in time toward recharge areas. The contributing area for each well was simulated twice, once assuming a porosity of 25 percent and once assuming a porosity of 5 percent. A porosity of 25 percent is considered a reasonable average value for the Upper Floridan aquifer; the 5 percent porosity simulated the movement of ground-water through only solution-enhanced bedding plains and fractures. The contributing areas were generally elliptical in shape, reflecting the influence of the sloping potentiometric surface. The contributing areas delineated for a 5 percent porosity were always much larger than those determined using a 25 percent porosity. The lowest average ground-water velocity computed within a contributing area, using a 25 percent porosity, was 1.0 ft/d (foot per day) and the highest velocity was 1.6 ft/d. The lowest average ground-water velocity, determined using a 5  percent porosity, was 2.4 ft/d and the highest was 7.4 ft/d. The contributing areas for each of the five wells was also determined analytically and compared to the model-derived areas. The upgradient width of the simulated contributing areas were larger than the upgradient width of the analytically determined contributing areas for four of the five wells. The model could more accurately delineate contributing areas because of the ability to simulate wells as partially penetrating and by incorporating complex, three-dimensional aquifer characteristics, which the analytical method could not.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954296","usgsCitation":"Davis, J.H., 1996, Hydrogeologic investigation and simulation of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan Aquifer of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia and delineation of contributing areas for selected city of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4296, v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954296.","productDescription":"v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2070,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954296","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4296.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","county":"Leon County","city":"Tallahassee","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.0835,30.677],[-84.0073,30.6734],[-84.0084,30.6263],[-84.0057,30.6049],[-84.0025,30.593],[-84.002,30.5834],[-83.9962,30.5729],[-83.9893,30.5619],[-83.9818,30.5546],[-83.9819,30.5477],[-83.9834,30.5445],[-83.9829,30.5367],[-83.9813,30.5299],[-83.9776,30.5221],[-83.9999,30.5217],[-84.0413,30.5221],[-84.0418,30.4631],[-84.0746,30.4343],[-84.0756,30.3725],[-84.0755,30.2893],[-84.0755,30.2833],[-84.076,30.2737],[-84.2416,30.2739],[-84.2421,30.2776],[-84.2464,30.2959],[-84.248,30.3032],[-84.2501,30.3037],[-84.3432,30.3034],[-84.375,30.3033],[-84.594,30.3005],[-84.7135,30.3003],[-84.701,30.3182],[-84.702,30.3214],[-84.7063,30.3223],[-84.7106,30.3259],[-84.7138,30.3313],[-84.7096,30.3346],[-84.7048,30.3374],[-84.7007,30.3433],[-84.6912,30.3484],[-84.687,30.3517],[-84.683,30.3611],[-84.6771,30.3657],[-84.6737,30.3652],[-84.6662,30.3671],[-84.6647,30.3712],[-84.6631,30.3803],[-84.6465,30.388],[-84.6454,30.3912],[-84.6413,30.3958],[-84.6365,30.3986],[-84.6333,30.4014],[-84.6223,30.4101],[-84.6133,30.4106],[-84.6054,30.4153],[-84.59,30.4126],[-84.5784,30.4195],[-84.5663,30.4319],[-84.5578,30.4361],[-84.5457,30.4384],[-84.5298,30.4394],[-84.5251,30.4491],[-84.5087,30.4514],[-84.4992,30.4547],[-84.4944,30.4597],[-84.4859,30.4593],[-84.4811,30.457],[-84.4722,30.4589],[-84.4621,30.4571],[-84.4526,30.4617],[-84.4393,30.4622],[-84.4314,30.4659],[-84.4224,30.466],[-84.4113,30.4724],[-84.4028,30.4784],[-84.3975,30.4866],[-84.3992,30.4939],[-84.4034,30.5003],[-84.4061,30.5035],[-84.4061,30.509],[-84.3945,30.5159],[-84.3914,30.5269],[-84.3935,30.5296],[-84.3893,30.5429],[-84.3878,30.5512],[-84.382,30.5567],[-84.3814,30.5603],[-84.3815,30.5644],[-84.3778,30.574],[-84.3709,30.5809],[-84.3593,30.5869],[-84.3513,30.591],[-84.3445,30.5965],[-84.3381,30.5975],[-84.3344,30.598],[-84.3307,30.6048],[-84.3254,30.6149],[-84.3169,30.6231],[-84.3101,30.6319],[-84.3027,30.6383],[-84.3011,30.6456],[-84.3017,30.6547],[-84.3017,30.663],[-84.3049,30.6694],[-84.3033,30.6748],[-84.2975,30.6794],[-84.2901,30.6813],[-84.2842,30.6836],[-84.2811,30.6863],[-84.1803,30.6816],[-84.0835,30.677]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Leon\",\"state\":\"FL\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627954","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J. Hal hdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.","email":"hdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Hal","affiliations":[{"id":5052,"text":"FLWSC-Tallahassee","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":196938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29983,"text":"wri954246 - 1996 - Streambed-material characteristics and surface-water quality, Green Pond Brook and tributaries, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, 1983-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T12:48:19","indexId":"wri954246","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4246","title":"Streambed-material characteristics and surface-water quality, Green Pond Brook and tributaries, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, 1983-90","docAbstract":"<p>This report presents the results of a study conducted at Picatinny Arsenal, Morris County, New Jersey, to (1) determine whether streambed sediments in Green Pond Brook and its tributaries are contaminated with inorganic or organic constituents, (2) determine the extent of contamination in those reaches, and (3) characterize the quality of water in the brook. Shallow auger samples and results of an electromagnetic-conductivity and natural-gamma-ray survey were used to describe the distribution of streambed and substreambed sediment types and particle sizes.</p><p>Forty-five streambed samples were analyzed for trace elements, base/neutral- and acid-extractable compounds, organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorinated naphthalenes to determine whether contaminants have migrated to the brook from the surrounding area. Historical results of analyses of 63 surface-water and 27 streambed samples also are presented. Samples of streambed material collected from three areas in Green Pond Brook and its tributaries Green Pond Brook, from the area near the outflow of Picatinny Lake downstream to Parley Avenue; Bear Swamp Brook, from the area near building 241 downstream to the confluence with Green Pond Brook; and Green Pond Brook, from the open burning area downstream to the dam near building 1178 contained organic and (or) inorganic constituents in concentrations greater than those found under natural conditions and greater than those found in other areas sampled at the arsenal. Contaminants identified include trace elements, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine insecticides.</p><p>Surface-water samples from Green Pond Brook contained several volatile organic compounds, including trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,2-dichloroethylene, at maximum concentrations of 3.8,4.6, and 11 micrograms per liter, respectively. Volatilization and dilution by surface- water and ground-water inflow reduce concentrations of volatile organic compounds from surface water in the steep, fast-flowing reaches of the brook at the southern end of the arsenal. No organic or inorganic constituents were detected in surface-water samples in concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary drinking-water regulations. Only two constituents, iron and manganese, were detected in concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary drinking-water regulations. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954246","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Armament Research Development and Engineering Center","usgsCitation":"Storck, D.A., and Lacombe, P., 1996, Streambed-material characteristics and surface-water quality, Green Pond Brook and tributaries, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, 1983-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4246, Report: v, 56 p.; 2 Plates: 22.43 x 43.97 inches and 35.58 x 16.48 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954246.","productDescription":"Report: v, 56 p.; 2 Plates: 22.43 x 43.97 inches and 35.58 x 16.48 inches","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358957,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4246/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358958,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4246/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4246/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58791,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4246/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.6,\n              40.88333333\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.45,\n              40.88333333\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.45,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.6,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.6,\n              40.88333333\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0c71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storck, Donald A. dstorck@usgs.gov","contributorId":4311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storck","given":"Donald","email":"dstorck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacombe, Pierre J. placombe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacombe","given":"Pierre J.","email":"placombe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":202479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29966,"text":"wri964150_1996 - 1996 - Physical and chemical characteristics of Terrace Reservoir, Conejos County, Colorado, May 1994 through May 1995; interim report","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":29966,"text":"wri964150_1996 - 1996 - Physical and chemical characteristics of Terrace Reservoir, Conejos County, Colorado, May 1994 through May 1995; interim report","indexId":"wri964150_1996","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Physical and chemical characteristics of Terrace Reservoir, Conejos County, Colorado, May 1994 through May 1995; interim report"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":29967,"text":"wri964150 - 1997 - Physical and chemical characteristics of Terrace Reservoir, Conejos County, Colorado, May 1994 through May 1995","indexId":"wri964150","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Physical and chemical characteristics of Terrace Reservoir, Conejos County, Colorado, May 1994 through May 1995"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":29967,"text":"wri964150 - 1997 - Physical and chemical characteristics of Terrace Reservoir, Conejos County, Colorado, May 1994 through May 1995","indexId":"wri964150","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Physical and chemical characteristics of Terrace Reservoir, Conejos County, Colorado, May 1994 through May 1995"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T14:36:50.628843","indexId":"wri964150_1996","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4150","title":"Physical and chemical characteristics of Terrace Reservoir, Conejos County, Colorado, May 1994 through May 1995; interim report","docAbstract":"<p>Terrace Reservoir receives drainage of low-pH, metal-enriched water from mineralized areas, including the Summitville Mine, within the Alamosa River Basin. Drainage from the Summitville Mine has contributed a substantial part of the metal load to Terrace Reservoir. From May 1994 through May 1995, a study was done by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of Terrace Reservoir. </p><p>Terrace Reservoir was thermally stratified from about mid-May through August 1994. Thermal stratification was absent from September\\x111994through March 1995. During periods of stratification, underflow of the Alamosa River was predominant, and residence times of the underflow were shortened by 40 to 75\\x11percent of the theoretical residence times for a well-mixed reservoir. Transport and deposition of suspended solids in Terrace Reservoir varied spatially and temporally. Most of the suspended solids were deposited in Terrace Reservoir. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the reservoir varied little spatially or temporally and generally was within a few tenths of the dissolved-oxygen concentration of the inflow. The pH of water in the reservoir generally ranged from about 4.0 to about 7.0, depending on date, depth, and location. The largest pH values were measured during May. A markeddecrease of about 1.5\\x11pH units occurred at site T5 in the reservoir about mid-June. The pH of the reservoir remained at or below 5.5 from mid-June through November. </p><p>Dissolved-metal concentrations varied spatially and temporally in response to several factors, which included inflow characteristics, reservoir stratification and mixing, inflow-routing and flow-through patterns, residence times, sedimentation, dissolved oxygen, and pH. Inflow chemistry is the dominant controlling factor of metal chemistry within Terrace Reservoir. During periods of stratification, large vertical variations in metal concentrations occurred. The highest metal concentrations in the reservoir generally were measured in the hypolimnion between June and August. During June, epilimnetic water of the reservoir had pH values greater than 6.0, and metal concentrations were lower than hypolimnetic concentrations. In the hypolimnion, pH values were less than 5.5. The difference between the chemistry of the epilimnion and the hypolimnion was due to differences in flow routing and residence times of water in those respective layers. The dissolved-metal concentrations were larger during July and August than during June. During September, small vertical variations in metal concentrations occurred, and the dissolved-metal concentrations were nearly equivalent to the average August metal concentrations, indicatingthat the metal concentrations measured during September resulted largely from reservoir mixing.During March, the largest metal concentrationsoccurred in the epilimnion, where pH was about 5.5; in the hypolimnion, where the pH was about 6.0, dissolved-metal concentrations were substantially lower and reflected inflow concentrations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964150_1996","usgsCitation":"Stogner, Edelmann, P., and Walton-Day, K., 1996, Physical and chemical characteristics of Terrace Reservoir, Conejos County, Colorado, May 1994 through May 1995; interim report: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4150, vii, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964150_1996.","productDescription":"vii, 57 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db6485b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stogner 0000-0002-3185-1452 rstogner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3185-1452","contributorId":938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stogner","email":"rstogner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":202446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edelmann, Patrick","contributorId":86305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edelmann","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walton-Day, Katherine 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,{"id":30291,"text":"wri964094 - 1996 - Synthesis of monthly natural flows for selected sites in the Musselshell River basin, Montana, base period 1929-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri964094","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4094","title":"Synthesis of monthly natural flows for selected sites in the Musselshell River basin, Montana, base period 1929-89","docAbstract":"Synthesized monthly natural streamflows were required at 13 sites for use in a streamflow- accounting model to evaluate the effects of various water-allocation schemes on water availability in the Musselshell River Basin in central Montana. Records of monthly streamflow at 14 streamflow-gaging stations were used to synthesize monthly natural flows at tributaries and the 13 synthesis sites. A streamflow-record extension program was used to extend flow records at the 14 gaged sites to a common base period, 1929-89. To synthesize monthly natural flows at 10 sites on the Musselshell River mainstem, synthesized monthly natural flows at all signi- ficant tributary streams were required. Results from a previous study were used to synthesize tributary natural flows. Monthly natural flows at each mainstem site downstream from the first site were synthesized by successively adding monthly natural flows from intervening tributaries to the next upstream mainstem site. Special methods using extended-record flows from gaged tributaries were used to synthesize monthly natural flows at three tributary sites. Synthesized mean annual natural flows were found to be greater than mean annual extended-record flows at three selected comparison sites on the Musselshell River. The differences between mean natural and extended-record flows (depletions) at Harlowton and Musselshell were considered to be reasonable given the amount of irrigated acreage upstream from the two sites. The differences at Mosby, the site farthest downstream, was less than at Musselshell, the next upstream site, indicating that the methods of synthesis had error. The synthesis error generally was attributed to the larger natural variability of tributary flows in the lower portion of the Musselshell River Basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964094","usgsCitation":"Vining, K., Johnson, D., and Parrett, C., 1996, Synthesis of monthly natural flows for selected sites in the Musselshell River basin, Montana, base period 1929-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4094, iv, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964094.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4094/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59081,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4094/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48c8e4b07f02db541e4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vining, K.C.","contributorId":63424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vining","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, D.R.","contributorId":92711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5029,"text":"fs15996 - 1996 - Debris-flow hazards in the Blue Ridge of Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:32","indexId":"fs15996","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"159-96","title":"Debris-flow hazards in the Blue Ridge of Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs15996","usgsCitation":"Gori, P.L., and Burton, W.C., 1996, Debris-flow hazards in the Blue Ridge of Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 159-96, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs15996.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0159/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31856,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0159/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db67277d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gori, Paula L.","contributorId":10027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gori","given":"Paula","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burton, William C. 0000-0001-7519-5787 bburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-5787","contributorId":1293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"William","email":"bburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29891,"text":"wri964041 - 1996 - Hydrologic feasibility of water-supply-development alternatives in Cape May County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:54","indexId":"wri964041","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4041","title":"Hydrologic feasibility of water-supply-development alternatives in Cape May County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Increasing public-supply withdrawals in Cape May County, New Jersey associated with increasing residential and seasonal tourist populations have led to regionally lowered ground-water levels, a reversal of ground-water flow directions toward onshore, and landward encroachment of saltwater in the shallow aquifer system. The three aquifers composing the shallow system are, in order of increasing depth, the unconfined Holly Beach water-bearing zone and the confined estuarine sand and Cohansey aquifers. The changes to the ground-water system have been greatest in the confined aquifers near the three major well fields on the Cape May peninsula. Formerly productive water-supply wells have been abandoned because of saltwater contamination. Concern about anthropogenic contamination has prevented shifting of withdrawals to the unconfined aquifer. Surface- water sources have also been little used. Further development on the peninsula involving increased water demand will exacerbate the current saltwater-encroachment problems. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of possible water-supply-development alternatives by use of predictive ground-water flow simulations. The alternatives involve (1) injection of tertiary- treated wastewater to replenish aquifer storage and create a hydraulic barrier to saltwater encroachment, (2) withdrawal of brackish water in order to create a hydraulic barrier, (3) conjunctive use of ground water and surface water, enabling the reduction of ground-water withdrawals, and (4) redistribution of withdrawals inland to the unconfined aquifer. Results of these simulations can potentially be used in the design of a water-supply-development strategy that preserves supply and a monitoring program that ensures early warning of saltwater encroachment, thereby allowing sufficient time for development of an alternative supply. The water-supply- development alternatives were evaluated by comparison of results of predictive simulations made with a previously calibrated ground-water flow model of the shallow aquifer system. The quasi-three-dimensional sharp-interface model was calibrated to 1988 annual average hydrologic conditions. The planning period for the predictive simulations is 1989-2049. For the planning period, total public-supply withdrawals were increased 100 percent over average 1983-88 withdrawals. Results of a baseline simulation involving only the increased withdrawals were compared to each of the simulated alternatives, which also include the withdrawals. Hydraulic heads, saltwater- freshwater interface movement, and ground-water flows were compared. Simulation results indicate that the barrier-injection or barrier-withdrawal scheme could be useful in managing the water supply for a specific location. The conjunctive- use scheme would provide a marginal regional hydrologic benefit. Redistribution of withdrawals appears to be the only regional alternative that would result in recovery of ground-water levels and would substantially slow saltwater encroachment; however, anthropogenic land-surface contamination of the unconfined aquifer would have to be considered if the redistribution alternative is acted upon.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964041","usgsCitation":"Spitz, F., 1996, Hydrologic feasibility of water-supply-development alternatives in Cape May County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4041, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964041.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4041/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58708,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4041/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606b46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spitz, F. J.","contributorId":56682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spitz","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}