{"pageNumber":"3743","pageRowStart":"93550","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185258,"records":[{"id":31960,"text":"ofr96199 - 1996 - Plan for assessment of the occurrence, status, and distribution of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:17","indexId":"ofr96199","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-199","title":"Plan for assessment of the occurrence, status, and distribution of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States","docAbstract":"The occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water is of national concern because of their relatively high aqueous solubility, mobility, and persistence, because many are known or suspected carcinogens, because of their widespread use, and because they have been found in drinking-water supplies. Because of this national concern, VOCs were selected for National investigation (hereafter termed "National Synthesis") by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program in 1994. The broad goals of this National Synthesis are to: (1) describe current water- quality conditions with respect to VOCs; (2) define trends, or lack of trends, in VOCs in surface and ground water; and (3) identify, describe, and explain causal relations among the occurrence and distribution of VOCs in surface water and ground water, and natural and human factors. The National Synthesis of VOCs in ground water has three objectives: (1) to describe their occurrence, status, and distribution; (2) to determine relations among VOCs in shallow ground water and natural and human factors; and (3) to determine, compare, and contrast the occurrence, transformation, transport, and fate of selected VOCs in the hydrologic cycle for several regionally or nationally important aquifer systems. The description of VOC occurrence, status, and distribution in ground water focuses on major aquifers of the United States. Occurrence describes the presence or absence of VOCs, their frequency of occurrence, and their ranges of concentrations. Status compares the concentrations of VOCs detected in relation to water-quality regulations or advisories, such as Maximum Contaminant Levels, Proposed Maximum Contaminant Levels, Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, and Health Advisories. Distribution describes the variability of VOCs in ground water, areally and by depth. This report describes the study design for conducting such an assessment. The assessment focuses on aquifers, or parts of aquifers, that are currently used or have the potential to be used as sources of water supplies, using data collected as part of local, State, and Federal ground-water monitoring programs since 1985. Assessment by aquifer and comparison of results among aquifers will be completed for those aquifers for which adequate spatial or depth-related data are available. Assessment of VOCs in aquifers also will be completed at regional and national scales. A set of criteria for well-network design, well construction, sample-collection methods, and methods of laboratory analysis must be met before VOC data are used for assessment. An appropriate well-network design will provide a generally unbiased, random, equal-area distribution of sampling sites throughout the aquifer, or part of the aquifer, of interest. Well-construction information must be sufficient to ensure that the hydrogeologic unit (or units) represented by the water level measured and the hydrologic unit (or units) contributing water to the well are known. In addition, the well construction and pumping equipment in the well need to be of a type that are not likely to affect concentrations of VOCs in the water sample. VOC data will be considered suitable for use in the occurrence assessment if nationally accepted methods for collection and analysis were used and if the quantitation level for VOC analytes was less than about 5 micrograms per liter; laboratory analysis was done by a laboratory certified by the U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency; and the sample was collected from untreated (raw) water at or near the well head before being held in a pressure tank or holding tank.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96199","usgsCitation":"Lapham, W., and Tadayon, S., 1996, Plan for assessment of the occurrence, status, and distribution of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-199, 44 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96199.","productDescription":"44 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0199/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60117,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0199/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6856b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lapham, W.W.","contributorId":36583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapham","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tadayon, Saeid stadayon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tadayon","given":"Saeid","email":"stadayon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":207365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030577,"text":"70030577 - 1996 - The solid waste dilemma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-21T15:29:30.953698","indexId":"70030577","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2832,"text":"Natural Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1573-8981","printIssn":"1520-7439","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The solid waste dilemma","docAbstract":"

In 1976, the U.S. Congress enacted the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to further address the problem of increasing industrial and municipal waste. The main objectives of RCRA were to responsibly manage hazardous and solid waste and to procure materials made from recovered wastes. To fulfill these objectives, four main programs of waste management were developed. These programs were defined under Subtitle C, the Hazardous Waste Program; Subtitle D, the Solid Waste Program; Subtitle I, the Underground Storage Tank Program; and Subtitle J, the Medical Waste Program. Subtitle D illustrates the solid waste dilemma occurring in the United States. Under this program, states are encouraged to develop and implement their own waste management plans. These plans include the promotion of recycling solid wastes and the closing and upgrading of all environmentally unsound dumps.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF02257438","usgsCitation":"Russell, J., and Hurdelbrink, R., 1996, The solid waste dilemma: Natural Resources Research, v. 5, no. 4, p. 249-259, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02257438.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"259","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239562,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb03de4b08c986b324d0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russell, J.A.","contributorId":77008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hurdelbrink, R.J.","contributorId":24644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurdelbrink","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23669,"text":"ofr96512 - 1996 - Thickness and storage capacity of basin fill of the northern part of the Eldorado Valley, Nevada, and the extent of the Boulder City Pluton","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:12","indexId":"ofr96512","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-512","title":"Thickness and storage capacity of basin fill of the northern part of the Eldorado Valley, Nevada, and the extent of the Boulder City Pluton","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96512","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., and Schmidt, K., 1996, Thickness and storage capacity of basin fill of the northern part of the Eldorado Valley, Nevada, and the extent of the Boulder City Pluton: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-512, ii, 27 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96512.","productDescription":"ii, 27 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0512/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52927,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0512/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62ca44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, K. M. 0000-0003-2365-8035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2365-8035","contributorId":59830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"K. M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28770,"text":"wri954218 - 1996 - Evaluation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements of river discharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T11:23:52","indexId":"wri954218","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4218","title":"Evaluation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements of river discharge","docAbstract":"

Developments in Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) technologies have made these instruments potentially useful for making measurements of discharge in rivers and large streams. Although there have been several laboratory studies and some field experiments, quantitative information on the performance of ADCP's under field conditions is relatively rare but essential to proper assessment of the potential uses and limitations of these instruments. This study was a comparative evaluation of river discharge data and ADCP data collected with conventional methods at 12 selected U.S. Geological Survey streamflow- gaging stations in the continental United States.

\n

ADCP discharge measurements were made at the 12 sites in 1994. Twenty-six of the 31 measurements differed by less than 5 percent from the discharges determined with conventional methods. All 31 ADCP measurements were within 8 percent of the conventional method discharges.

\n

The standard deviations of the ADCP measurements ranged from approximately 1 to 6 percent and were generally higher than the measurement errors predicted by error-propagation analysis of ADCP instrument performance. These error-prediction methods assume that the largest component of ADCP discharge measurement error is instrument related. The larger standard deviations indicate that substantial portions of measurement error may be attributable to sources unrelated to ADCP electronics or signal processing and are functions of the field environment.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri954218","usgsCitation":"Morlock, S.E., 1996, Evaluation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements of river discharge: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4218, iv, p. 37 :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954218.","productDescription":"iv, p. 37 :ill., map ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"37","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4218.jpg"},{"id":13680,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri95-4218/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e727a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morlock, S. E.","contributorId":31437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morlock","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26077,"text":"wri894029 - 1996 - Theoretical considerations and a simple method for measuring alkalinity and acidity in low-pH waters by gran titration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"wri894029","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4029","title":"Theoretical considerations and a simple method for measuring alkalinity and acidity in low-pH waters by gran titration","docAbstract":"Titrations for alkalinity and acidity using the technique described by Gran (1952, Determination of the equivalence point in potentiometric titrations, Part II: The Analyst, v. 77, p. 661-671) have been employed in the analysis of low-pH natural waters. This report includes a synopsis of the theory and calculations associated with Gran's technique and presents a simple and inexpensive method for performing alkalinity and acidity determinations. However, potential sources of error introduced by the chemical character of some waters may limit the utility of Gran's technique. Therefore, the cost- and time-efficient method for performing alkalinity and acidity determinations described in this report is useful for exploring the suitability of Gran's technique in studies of water chemistry.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri894029","usgsCitation":"Barringer, J.L., and Johnsson, P., 1996, Theoretical considerations and a simple method for measuring alkalinity and acidity in low-pH waters by gran titration: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4029, iv, 36 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894029.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4029/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54849,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62e99d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barringer, J. L.","contributorId":13994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnsson, P.A.","contributorId":105735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnsson","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27325,"text":"wri964074 - 1996 - Glaciers along proposed routes extending the Copper River Highway, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:42","indexId":"wri964074","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4074","title":"Glaciers along proposed routes extending the Copper River Highway, Alaska","docAbstract":"Three inland highway routes are being considered by the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities to connect the community of Cordova in southcentral Alaska to a statewide road system. The routes use part of a Copper River and Northwest Railway alignment along the Copper River through mountainous terrain having numerous glaciers. An advance of any of several glaciers could block and destroy the roadway, whereas retreating glaciers expose large quantities of unconsolidated, unvegetated, and commonly ice-rich sediments. The purpose of this study was to map historical locations of glacier termini near these routes and to describe hazards associated with glaciers and seasonal snow. Historical and recent locations of glacier termini along the proposed Copper River Highway routes were determined by reviewing reports and maps and by interpreting aerial photographs. The termini of Childs, Grinnell, Tasnuna, and Woodworth Glaciers were 1 mile or less from a proposed route in the most recently available aerial photography (1978-91); the termini of Allen, Heney, and Schwan Glaciers were 1.5 miles or less from a proposed route. In general, since 1911, most glaciers have slowly retreated, but many glaciers have had occasional advances. Deserted Glacier and one of its tributary glaciers have surge-type medial moraines, indicating potential rapid advances. The terminus of Deserted Glacier was about 2.1 miles from a proposed route in 1978, but showed no evidence of surging. Snow and rock avalanches and snowdrifts are common along the proposed routes and will periodically obstruct the roadway. Floods from ice-dammed lakes also pose a threat. For example, Van Cleve Lake, adjacent to Miles Glacier, is as large as 4.4 square miles and empties about every 6 years. Floods from drainages of Van Cleve Lake have caused the Copper River to rise on the order of 20 feet at Million Dollar Bridge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964074","usgsCitation":"Glass, R.L., 1996, Glaciers along proposed routes extending the Copper River Highway, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4074, v, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964074.","productDescription":"v, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4074/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56192,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4074/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679d06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glass, R. L.","contributorId":80279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26259,"text":"wri954229 - 1996 - Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area of Yosemite National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-09T21:47:06.105387","indexId":"wri954229","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4229","title":"Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area of Yosemite National Park, California","docAbstract":"

Planning efforts to implement the 1980 General Management Plan, which recommends relocating park administrative facilities and employee housing from Yosemite Valley in Yosemite National Park, California, have focused on the availability of water at potential relocation sites within the park. Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area, one of several potential relocation sites, were evaluated between June 1991 and October 1993.

Ground water flowing from Biledo Spring near the headwaters of Rainier Creek, about 5 miles southeast of Wawona, is probably the most reliable source of good quality ground water for Wawona. A dilute calcium bicarbonate ground water flows from the spring at about 250 gallons per minute. No Giardia was detected in a water sample collected from Biledo Spring in July 1992. The concentration of dissolved 222radon at Biledo Spring was 420 picoCuries per liter, exceeding the primary drinking-water standard of 300 picoCuries per liter proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This concentration, however, was considerably lower than the concentrations of dissolved 222radon measured in ground water at Wawona. The median value for 15 wells sampled at Wawona was 4,500 picoCuries per liter.

Water-quality samples from 45 wells indicate that ground water in the South Fork Merced River valley at Wawona is segregated vertically. Shallow wells produce a dilute calcium sodium bicarbonate water that results from chemical dissolution of minerals as water flows through fractured granitic rock from hillside recharge areas toward the valley floor. Tritium concentrations indicate that ground water in the shallow wells originated as precipitation after the 1960's when testing of atmospheric nuclear devices stopped. Ground water from the deep flowing wells in the valley floor is older sodium calcium chloride water. This older water probably originated either as precipitation during a climatically cooler period or as precipitation from altitudes between 1,400 and 3,700 feet higher than precipitation that recharged the local shallow ground-water-flow system. Chloride and associated cations in the deepground-water-flow system may result from upward leakage of saline ground water or from leaching of saline fluid inclusions in the granitic rocks.

Water-level and pressure-gage measurements for 38 wells in the South Fork Merced River valley also indicate that the ground water in the valley is segregated vertically. Hydraulic head in deep fractures is as much as 160 feet above the valley floor. Vertical hydraulic gradients between the shallow and deep systems are as high as 4.5 feet per foot in one of two test holes drilled for this study. Measurements of in situ stress in the two test holes indicate that the vertical segregation of ground water may be related to pressures in the earth that squeeze horizontal fractures closed at depth. Fractures within a few hundred feet of land surface are poorly connected to fractures deeper beneath the valley.

About 100 privately owned wells currently are in use at Wawona; but, the ground-water-flow system may not be an adequate source of good quality ground water for relocated park facilities. Yields from existing wells are low (median 4-5 gallons per minute) and traditional methods for locating high-yielding wells in fractured rocks have not been successful in this area. Concentrations of dissolved 222radon (median 4,500 picoCuries per liter) are high, and the development of deep ground water could cause deeper saline water to migrate upward into producing wells.

The South Fork Merced River, the primary source of water supply for Wawona, does not meet current demands during late summer and autumn. Data collected between 1958 and 1968 indicate that 25 percent of the time discharge of the South Fork River at Wawona during the dry season (August through October) was less than 2 cubic feet per second-the discharge rate at which the National Park Service is restricted from withdrawing water from the river. the river, however, could be relied on for additional water supply if facilities were constructed to divert and store water during periods of high flow for use later in the year. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954229","usgsCitation":"Borchers, J.W., 1996, Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area of Yosemite National Park, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4229, vii, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954229.","productDescription":"vii, 77 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411592,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48313.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55060,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4229/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121715,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4229/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Wawona area of Yosemite National Park,","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.6583,\n 37.5556\n ],\n [\n -119.6583,\n 37.5333\n ],\n [\n -119.625,\n 37.5333\n ],\n [\n -119.625,\n 37.5556\n ],\n [\n -119.6583,\n 37.5556\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696ed5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borchers, J. W.","contributorId":74414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21622,"text":"ofr96398 - 1996 - The Beaver Creek story","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:58","indexId":"ofr96398","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-398","title":"The Beaver Creek story","docAbstract":"Beaver Creek watershed in West Tennessee includes about 95,000 acres of the Nation's most productive farmland and most highly erodible soils. In 1989 the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Tennessee Department of Agriculture, began a study to evaluate the effect of agricultural activities on water quality in the watershed and for best management practices designed to reduce agricultural nonpoint-source pollution. Agrichemical monitoring included testing the soils, ground water, and streams at four farm sites ranging from 27 to 420 acres. Monitoring stations were operated downstream to gain a better understanding of the water chemistry as runoff moved from small ditches into larger streams to the outlet of the Beaver Creek watershed. Prior to the implementation of best management practices at one of the farm study sites, some storms produced an average suspended-sediment concentration of 70,000 milligrams per liter. After the implementation of BMP's, however, the average value never exceeded 7,000 milligrams per liter. No-till crop production was the most effective best management practice for conserving soil on the farm fields tested. A natural bottomland hardwood wetland and a constructed wetland were evaluated as instream resource-management systems. The wetlands improved water quality downstream by acting as a filter and removing a significant amount of nonpoint-source pollution from the agricultural runoff. The constructed wetland reduced the sediment, pesticide, and nutrient load by approximately 50 percent over a 4-month period. The results of the Beaver Creek watershed study have increased the understanding of the effects of agriculture on water resources. Study results also demonstrated that BMP's do protect and improve water quality.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96398","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Doyle, W., Whitworth, B., Smith, G., and Byl, T., 1996, The Beaver Creek story: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-398, 2 p., 1 sheet (8 columns) :ill. ;22 x 36 cm. folded to 22 x 9 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96398.","productDescription":"2 p., 1 sheet (8 columns) :ill. ;22 x 36 cm. folded to 22 x 9 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1260,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96398","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155200,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0398/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51183,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0398/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682a7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doyle, W.H. Jr.","contributorId":59029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"W.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitworth, B.G.","contributorId":95089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitworth","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, G.F.","contributorId":98350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Byl, T.D.","contributorId":86373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byl","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28244,"text":"wri954195 - 1996 - Effects of agricultural best-management practices on the Brush Run Creek headwaters, Adams County, Pennsylvania, prior to and during nutrient management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-22T10:00:48","indexId":"wri954195","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4195","title":"Effects of agricultural best-management practices on the Brush Run Creek headwaters, Adams County, Pennsylvania, prior to and during nutrient management","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Susquehanna River Basin Commission and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, investigated the effects of agricultural best-management practices on surface-water quality as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Chesapeake Bay Program. This report characterizes a 0.63-square- mile agricultural watershed underlain by shale, mudstone, and red arkosic sandstone in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin. The water quality of the Brush Run Creek site was studied from October 1985 through September 1991, prior to and during the implementation of nutrient management designed to reduce sediment and nutrient discharges into Conewago Creek, a tributary to the Chesapeake Bay. The original study area was 0.38 square mile and included an area immediately upstream from a manure lagoon. The study area was increased to 0.63 square mile in the fall of 1987 after an extensive tile-drain network was discovered upstream and downstream from the established streamflow gage, and the farm owner made plans to spray irrigate manure to the downstream fields. Land use for about 64 percent of the 0.63 square mile watershed is cropland, 14 percent is pasture, 7 percent is forest, and the remaining 15 percent is yards, buildings, water, or gardens. About 73 percent of the cropland was used to produce corn during the study. The average annual animal population consisted of 57,000 chickens, 1,530 hogs, and 15 sheep during the study. About 59,340 pounds of nitrogen and 13,710 pounds of phosphorus were applied as manure and commercial fertilizer to fields within the subbasin during the 3-year period prior to implementation of nutrient management. During nutrient management, about 14 percent less nitrogen and 57 percent less phosphorus were applied as commercial and manure fertilizer. Precipitation totaled 209 inches, or 13 percent less than the long-term normal, during the 6-year study. Concentrations of total ammonia in precipitation were as high as 2.7 mg/L (milligrams per liter); in dry deposition the concentrations were as high as 5.4 mg/L, probably because of the ammonia that had volatilized from the manure-storage lagoon. Nitrate nitrogen in the upper 4 feet of the soil ranged from 17 to 452 pounds per acre and soluble phosphorus content ranged from 0.29 to 65 pounds per acre. The maximum concentration of total nitrogen was 2,400 mg/L on September 10, 1986, in discharge from the tile drain near the streamflow gage. Median concentrations of total nitrogen and dissolved nitrite plus nitrate in base flow at the water-quality gage were 14 mg/L and 4.4 mg/L, respectively; prior to nutrient management and during nutrient management, median concentrations were 14 mg/L and 6.2 mg/L, respectively. Significant reductions in total phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations occurred at the water-quality gage. The maximum concentrations of total phosphorus (160 mg/L) and suspended sediment (3,530 mg/L) were measured at a tile line above the water-quality gage. Concentrations of total nitrogen, dissolved ammonia, and total phosphorus in base flow increased during dry periods when discharges from the tile drain were not diluted. During nutrient management, only base-flow loads of suspended sediment increased. Total streamflow was about 121.8 inches. About 81 percent was storm runoff. Loads of total nitrogen, total phosphorus in stormflow, and suspended sediment increased 14, 44, and 41 percent during nutrient management, respectively. A load of about 787,780 pounds of sediment, 22,418 pounds of nitrogen, and 5,479 pounds of phosphorus was measured during 214 sampled stormflow days that represented 84 percent of the stormflow. About 812,924 pounds of sediment, 38,421 pounds of nitrogen, and 6,377 pounds of phosphorus were discharged during the 6-year study.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954195","usgsCitation":"Langland, M., and Fishel, D.K., 1996, Effects of agricultural best-management practices on the Brush Run Creek headwaters, Adams County, Pennsylvania, prior to and during nutrient management: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4195, vi, 80 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954195.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57071,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4195/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4195/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Adams","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.1386,40.0718],[-77.1344,40.0708],[-77.1236,40.0676],[-77.1152,40.0649],[-77.1122,40.0644],[-77.1092,40.0639],[-77.1074,40.0635],[-77.0984,40.0612],[-77.0954,40.058],[-77.087,40.0512],[-77.084,40.048],[-77.0781,40.0407],[-77.0733,40.0335],[-77.0667,40.0275],[-77.0619,40.0243],[-77.0571,40.0234],[-77.0481,40.022],[-77.0385,40.0197],[-77.0331,40.0193],[-77.0277,40.0188],[-77.023,40.0165],[-77.0182,40.011],[-76.9986,39.981],[-76.9683,39.9374],[-76.9683,39.936],[-76.9719,39.9342],[-76.9731,39.932],[-76.9732,39.9256],[-76.9726,39.9234],[-76.9708,39.9211],[-76.9708,39.9188],[-76.972,39.9161],[-76.9763,39.9107],[-76.9811,39.9066],[-76.9835,39.9035],[-76.9848,39.9007],[-76.9801,39.8808],[-76.9783,39.8767],[-76.9771,39.8749],[-76.9742,39.874],[-76.9706,39.8735],[-76.9676,39.8735],[-76.9658,39.8739],[-76.9652,39.8721],[-76.964,39.868],[-76.9622,39.8653],[-76.9599,39.8621],[-76.9587,39.8607],[-76.9581,39.8585],[-76.9581,39.8567],[-76.9605,39.8544],[-76.9641,39.8526],[-76.9653,39.8521],[-76.9713,39.8508],[-76.9731,39.8499],[-76.9815,39.8477],[-76.9828,39.8445],[-76.9858,39.8391],[-76.9888,39.8359],[-76.9918,39.8337],[-76.9954,39.8328],[-77.0002,39.8314],[-76.9998,39.8002],[-76.9994,39.7752],[-76.9995,39.7589],[-76.9996,39.7503],[-76.9998,39.7197],[-77.1212,39.7194],[-77.2152,39.7196],[-77.3927,39.72],[-77.4596,39.7204],[-77.4608,39.7499],[-77.4608,39.7594],[-77.4614,39.7798],[-77.4626,39.8007],[-77.4632,39.8138],[-77.4632,39.8211],[-77.4644,39.8356],[-77.465,39.8442],[-77.465,39.8474],[-77.4656,39.8519],[-77.4656,39.8528],[-77.4656,39.8546],[-77.4656,39.8569],[-77.4656,39.8583],[-77.4662,39.8614],[-77.4662,39.8651],[-77.4679,39.9018],[-77.4703,39.9444],[-77.4217,39.9798],[-77.4019,39.9933],[-77.3322,40.0096],[-77.3142,40.0127],[-77.3022,40.015],[-77.2968,40.0159],[-77.2757,40.0195],[-77.2583,40.0222],[-77.2541,40.0226],[-77.1976,40.0302],[-77.1814,40.0324],[-77.1573,40.0564],[-77.1386,40.0718]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Adams\",\"state\":\"PA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624b35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langland, M. J.","contributorId":36173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langland","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fishel, D. K.","contributorId":72028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28335,"text":"wri954188 - 1996 - Summary of the San Juan structural basin regional aquifer-system analysis, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:38","indexId":"wri954188","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4188","title":"Summary of the San Juan structural basin regional aquifer-system analysis, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah","docAbstract":"Ground-water resources are the only source of water in most of \r\nthe San Juan structural basin and are mainly used for municipal, \r\nindustrial, domestic, and stock purposes. Industrial use increased \r\ndramatically during the late 1970's and early 1980's because of \r\nincreased exploration and development of uranium and coal resources.\r\n\r\n The San Juan structural basin is a northwest-trending, \r\nasymmetric structural depression at the eastern edge of the Colorado \r\nPlateau. The basin contains as much as 14,000 feet of sedimentary \r\nrocks overlying a Precambrian basement complex. The sedimentary \r\nrocks dip basinward from the basin margins toward the troughlike \r\nstructural center, or deepest part of the basin. Rocks of Triassic \r\nage were selected as the lower boundary for the study. The basin is \r\nwell defined by structural boundaries in many places with structural \r\nrelief of as much as 20,000 feet reported. Faulting is prevalent in \r\nparts of the basin with displacement of several thousand feet along \r\nmajor faults.\r\n\r\n The regional aquifers in the basin generally are coincident with \r\nthe geologic units that have been mapped. Data on the hydrologic \r\nproperties of the regional aquifers are minimal. Most data were \r\ncollected on those aquifers associated with uranium and coal \r\nresource production. These data are summarized in table format in \r\nthe report. The regional flow system throughout most of the basin \r\nhas been affected by the production of oil or gas and subsequent \r\ndisposal of produced brine. To date more than 26,000 oil- or gas-\r\ntest holes have been drilled in the basin, the majority penetrating \r\nno deeper than the bottom of the Cretaceous rocks. \r\n\r\n The general water chemistry of the regional aquifers is based on \r\navailable data. The depositional environments are the major factor \r\ncontrolling the quality of water in the units. The dominant ions are \r\ngenerally sodium, bicarbonate, and sulfate. A detailed geochemical \r\nstudy of three sandstone aquifers--Morrison, Dakota, and Gallup--was \r\nundertaken in the northwestern part of the study area. Results of \r\nthis study indicate that water chemistry changed in individual wells \r\nover short periods of time, not expected in a regional flow system. \r\nThe chemistry of the water is affected by mixing of recharge, ion \r\nfiltrate, or very dilute ancient water, and by leakage of saline \r\nwater.\r\n\r\n The entire system of ground-water flow and its controlling \r\nfactors has been defined as the conceptual model. A steady-state, \r\nthree-dimensional ground-water flow model was constructed to \r\nsimulate modern predevelopment flow in the post-Jurassic rocks of \r\nthe regional flow system. In the ground-water flow model, 14 \r\ngeologic units or combinations of geologic units were considered to \r\nbe regional aquifers, and 5 geologic units or combinations of \r\ngeologic units were considered to be regional confining units. The \r\nmodel simulated flow in 12 layers (hydrostratigraphic units) and \r\nused harmonic-mean vertical leakance to indirectly simulate aquifer \r\nconnection across 3 other hydrostratigraphic confining units in \r\naddition to coupling the 12 units.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, [Water Resources Division, New Mexico District] ;\r\nCan be purchased from U.S.G.S., Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri954188","usgsCitation":"Levings, G.W., Kernodle, J.M., and Thorn, C.R., 1996, Summary of the San Juan structural basin regional aquifer-system analysis, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4188, v, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954188.","productDescription":"v, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4188/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57146,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4188/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698374","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levings, G. W.","contributorId":12485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levings","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kernodle, J. M.","contributorId":81139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thorn, C. R.","contributorId":100879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22854,"text":"ofr96345 - 1996 - Analysis of selected water-quality data for surface water in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, April-August 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:03","indexId":"ofr96345","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-345","title":"Analysis of selected water-quality data for surface water in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, April-August 1995","docAbstract":"Physical and chemical-related properties, concentrations of chemical constituents, which included major ions and nutrients, and concentrations of fecal-coliform bacteria were determined for 17 sites on 11 streams in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, during the period April-August 1995. The streams were sampled to assess the effects of different streamflow conditions on the concentrations of water-quality constituents. The streams included in the study were Tchefuncte River, Bogue Falaya, Abita River, Bayou Chinchouba, Bayou Castine, Cane Bayou, Bayou Lacombe, Bayou Liberty, Bayou Bonfouca, Bogue Chitto, and West Pearl River. Water-quality samples were collected under several hydrologic conditions. These conditions included a period of wet weather and sustained high river stages; a period of local storms several days apart and river stages typical of that situation; and a period of dry weather and low river stages. The concentrations of inorganic chemical constituents in water from the upstream sites generally were low. Concentrations from the downstream sites varied and were higher. Nutrient and fecal-coliform bacteria concentrations varied and indicated that degraded water-quality conditions that typically occur during storms persisted less than 1-3 days. In general, the larger the drainage basin, the longer it takes for the stream to recover. Fecal-coliform concen- trations reflected the effects of small, isolated storms in the area. Bayou Castine, sampled immediately after a storm, had a fecal-coliform concentration of 26,000 colonies per 100 milliliters. The stream was resampled 24 hours later, and the fecal-coliform concentration had decreased to 1,700 colonies per 100 milliliters. This is an indication of the rapid water-quality changes that typically occur in small streams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96345","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Demcheck, D.K., 1996, Analysis of selected water-quality data for surface water in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, April-August 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-345, iii, 59 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96345.","productDescription":"iii, 59 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0345/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52273,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0345/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680175","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Demcheck, Dennis K. 0000-0003-2981-078X ddemchec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2981-078X","contributorId":3273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demcheck","given":"Dennis","email":"ddemchec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22504,"text":"ofr96144 - 1996 - Characteristics of debris flows of noneruptive origin on Mount Shasta, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-30T11:11:25","indexId":"ofr96144","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-144","title":"Characteristics of debris flows of noneruptive origin on Mount Shasta, northern California","docAbstract":"Studies of Mount Shasta indicate that eruptive activity has occurred, on the average, once every 800 years. Debris flows and deposits of non- eruptive origin, in addition to those associated with eruptive activity (lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and ash fall), inundate the fans and channels and can endanger people or property on the flanks of the mountain. This study evaluates the source and characteristics of historical noneruptive debris flows in the vicinity of Mount Shasta. At least 70 debris flows of noneruptive origin that occurred during the last 1,000 years have been identified in various stream channels on Mount Shasta. Of the four areas around the mountain, the most active are the McCloud River and The Whaleback-Ash Creek Butte depression; the Sacramento River area is the least active. Between 1900 and 1985, 37 debris flows occurred on different streams, with an average interval of 2.3 years between flows. Since 1900, Mud Creek (nine flows) and Whitney Creek (six flows) have been the most active channels. The path followed by a debris flow is not always at the lowest point in the channel, and the extent of downstream movement depends on the size of the flow. Former channels are inundated by the new flows and deposits, and new channels are eroded. In time, most of the entire channel between valley walls is subject to reworking. Most debris-flow deposits ranged in thickness from 0.4 to 2.5 meters. Thickness tends to decrease in a downstream direction. The deposits are generally of a convex shape, highest in the middle and lowest near the original valley wall. The ratio of water to solids in the slurry- sediment mixture of debris flows averages 68 percent by volume.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96144","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Blodgett, J.C., Poeschel, K.R., and Osterkamp, W.R., 1996, Characteristics of debris flows of noneruptive origin on Mount Shasta, northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-144, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96144.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0144/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":280553,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0144/"},{"id":280554,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0144/pdf/of1996-0144.pdf"}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mount Shasta","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5168,40.9986 ], [ -122.5168,41.6154 ], [ -121.7477,41.6154 ], [ -121.7477,40.9986 ], [ -122.5168,40.9986 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5dd9da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blodgett, James C.","contributorId":82348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poeschel, Karen R.","contributorId":106530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeschel","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Osterkamp, Waite R.","contributorId":8505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"Waite","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22858,"text":"ofr96365 - 1996 - Micrometeorological data for Railroad Valley, Nye County, Nevada, summer 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:59","indexId":"ofr96365","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-365","title":"Micrometeorological data for Railroad Valley, Nye County, Nevada, summer 1992","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96365","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"DeMeo, G.A., 1996, Micrometeorological data for Railroad Valley, Nye County, Nevada, summer 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-365, iv, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96365.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0365/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52277,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0365/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e44b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeMeo, G. A.","contributorId":96290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMeo","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29534,"text":"wri954147 - 1996 - Low-flow characteristics at selected sites on streams in southern and western Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T10:50:25","indexId":"wri954147","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4147","title":"Low-flow characteristics at selected sites on streams in southern and western Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"

Knowledge of the magnitude and frequency of low flows is important for the optimal development of surface-water resources in Puerto Rico. This report presents analyses of low-flow data for 9 continuous-record gaging stations and 105 partial-record stations in southern and western Puerto Rico. The report includes analyses of lowflow data and tabulations of computed low-flow magnitude and frequency characteristics for 7-, 14-, 30-, 60-, and 90-consecutive days with recurrence intervals of 2 and 10 years for continuous-record gaging stations based on the log-Pearson Type III frequency distribution or graphically adjusted logPearson frequency curves. Estimates of low-flow characteristics are provided for partial-record stations for 7-, 14-, and 30-consecutive days with recurrence intervals of 2 and 10 years. Low-flow characteristics at partial-record stations were estimated based on the relation of base-flow discharge measurements at the partial-record stations and concurrent discharges at nearby continuous-record stations.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954147","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority and the Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board","usgsCitation":"Santiago-Rivera, L., 1996, Low-flow characteristics at selected sites on streams in southern and western Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4147, viii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954147.","productDescription":"viii, 46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58371,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4147/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4147/report-thumb.jpg"}],"state":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": 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Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:49","indexId":"ofr96505A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-505","chapter":"A","title":"Geology and mineral resources of the Stuyahok area, part of Holy Cross A-4 and A-5 quadrangles, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96505A","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.L., Bundtzen, T.K., Keith, W.J., Bailey, E., and Bickerstaff, D., 1996, Geology and mineral resources of the Stuyahok area, part of Holy Cross A-4 and A-5 quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-505, 30 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96505A.","productDescription":"30 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0505a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51320,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0505a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b472e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942 mlmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti","email":"mlmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bundtzen, T. K.","contributorId":80287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bundtzen","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keith, W. J.","contributorId":41827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"W.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bailey, E. A.","contributorId":100399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bickerstaff, D P.","contributorId":69181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bickerstaff","given":"D P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":30042,"text":"wri954250 - 1996 - Water quality, pesticide occurrence, and effects of irrigation with reclaimed water at golf courses in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri954250","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4250","title":"Water quality, pesticide occurrence, and effects of irrigation with reclaimed water at golf courses in Florida","docAbstract":"Reuse of treated wastewater for golf course irrigation is an increasingly popular water management option in Florida, where growth has put stress on potable water supplies. Surface water, ground water, and irrigation water were sampled at three pairs of golf courses quarterly for one year to determine if pesticides were present, and the effect of irrigation with treated effluent on ground-water quality, with an emphasis on interactions of effluent with pesticides. In addition to the six paired golf courses, which were in central Florida, ground water was sampled for pesticides and other constituents at three more golf courses in other parts of the State. This study was the first to analyze water samples from Florida golf courses for a broad range of pesticides. Statistical methods based on the percentage of data above detection limits were used to determine the effects of irrigation with reclaimed water on ground-water quality. Shallow ground water at golf courses irrigated with treated effluent has higher concentrations of chloride, lower concentrations of bicarbonate, and lower pH than ground water at golf courses irrigated with water from carbonate aquifers. There were no statistically significant differences in nutrient concentrations in ground water between paired golf courses grouped by irrigation water type at a 95 percent confidence level. The number of wells where pesticides occurred was significantly higher at the paired golf courses using ground water for irrigation than at ones using reclaimed water. However, the limited occurrences of individual pesticides in ground water make it difficult to correlate differences in irrigation- water quality with pesticide migration to the water table. At some of the golf courses, increased pesticide occurrences may be associated with higher irrigation rates, the presence of well-drained soils, and shallow depths to the surficial aquifer. Pesticides used by golf courses for turf grass maintenance were detected in ground water on seven of nine golf courses studied and in 52 percent of ground-water samples. Concentrations of pesticides in ground water at golf courses were generally low relative to gegulatory guidelines, with 45 percent of all occurrences at trace levels and 92 percent under the maximum contaminant level or guidance concentration. Two of the nine golf courses had not pesticides detectedc in ground water, and a third had only two occurrences, which were at trace levels. Theere were six occurrences of concentrations of arsenic, bentazon, or acephate in ground water above the maximum contaminant level or guidance concentration. Additionally, the following pesticides were detected in ground water from at least one site; atrazine, bromacil, diazinon, diuron, fenamiphos, metalaxyl, oxydiazon, and simazine. The fenamiphos metabolites, fenamiphos sulfoxide and fenamiphos sulfone, also were detected in ground water. Samples from wastewater treatment plants contained trace levels of atrazine, bromacil, and gamma-BHC (Lindane). Concentrations of pesticides in golf course ponds were generally low, with 60 percent of all occurrences at trace levels. All but one of the pond samples collected during the study contained at least one pesticide. The most commonly occurring pesticides in golf course ponds were: atrazine, fenamiphos and fenamiphos sulfoxide, and diuron.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954250","usgsCitation":"Swancar, A., 1996, Water quality, pesticide occurrence, and effects of irrigation with reclaimed water at golf courses in Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4250, iv, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954250.","productDescription":"iv, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2476,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954250","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545d58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swancar, Amy aswancar@usgs.gov","contributorId":450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swancar","given":"Amy","email":"aswancar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":202583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24120,"text":"ofr96213 - 1996 - Analysis of well logs for borehole ANL-OBS-A-001 at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T14:32:57","indexId":"ofr96213","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-213","title":"Analysis of well logs for borehole ANL-OBS-A-001 at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96213","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Boyce, D., 1996, Analysis of well logs for borehole ANL-OBS-A-001 at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-213, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96213.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53274,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0213/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0213/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67f5bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boyce, Don","contributorId":33735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyce","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018711,"text":"70018711 - 1996 - Merged GLORIA sidescan and hydrosweep pseudo-sidescan: Processing and creation of digital mosaics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-09T16:57:19.257568","indexId":"70018711","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2668,"text":"Marine Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Merged GLORIA sidescan and hydrosweep pseudo-sidescan: Processing and creation of digital mosaics","docAbstract":"

We have replaced the usual band of poor-quality data in the near-nadir region of our GLORIA long-range sidescan-sonar imagery with a shaded-relief image constructed from swath bathymetry data (collected simultaneously with GLORIA) which completely cover the nadir area. We have developed a technique to enhance these \"pseudo-sidescan\" images in order to mimic the neighbouring GLORIA backscatter intensities. As a result, the enhanced images greatly facilitate the geologic interpretation of the adjacent GLORIA data, and geologic features evident in the GLORIA data may be correlated with greater confidence across track. Features interpreted from the pseudo-sidescan may be extrapolated from the near-nadir region out into the GLORIA range where they may not have been recognized otherwise, and therefore the pseudo-sidescan can be used to ground-truth GLORIA interpretations. Creation of digital sidescan mosaics utilized an approach not previously used for GLORIA data. Pixels were correctly placed in cartographic space and the time required to complete a final mosaic was significantly reduced. Computer software for digital mapping and mosaic creation is incorporated into the newly-developed Woods Hole Image Processing System (WHIPS) which can process both low- and high-frequency sidescan, and can interchange data with the Mini Image Processing System (MIPS) most commonly used for GLORIA processing. These techniques are tested by creating digital mosaics of merged GLORIA sidescan and Hydrosweep pseudo-sidescan data from the vicinity of the Juan Fernandez microplate along the East Pacific Rise (EPR). 

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF00313879","issn":"00253235","usgsCitation":"Bird, R., Searle, R.C., Paskevich, V., and Twichell, D., 1996, Merged GLORIA sidescan and hydrosweep pseudo-sidescan: Processing and creation of digital mosaics: Marine Geophysical Research, v. 18, no. 6, p. 651-661, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00313879.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"651","endPage":"661","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227178,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5438e4b0c8380cd6cf01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bird, R.T.","contributorId":97263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Searle, R. C.","contributorId":94317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Searle","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paskevich, V.","contributorId":61583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paskevich","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24372,"text":"ofr95459 - 1996 - Results of a seepage investigation at Bear Creek Valley, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, January through September 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr95459","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-459","title":"Results of a seepage investigation at Bear Creek Valley, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, January through September 1994","docAbstract":"A seepage investigation was conducted of 4,600 acres of Bear Creek Valley southwest of the Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, for the period of January through September 1994. The data were collected to help the Y-12 Environmental Restoration Program develop a better understanding of ground-water and surface-water interactions, recharge and discharge relations, and ground-water flow patterns. The project was divided into three phases: a reconnaissance and mapping of seeps, springs, and stream-measurment sites; a high base flow seepage investigation; and a low base flow seepage investigation. The reconnaissance was conducted from January 6 to March 1, 1994, to identify and map the locations of seeps, springs, and stream-measurement sites. A total of 701 sites were identified. They consisted of 382 stream- measurement sites, 265 seeps, 48 springs, and 6 wetlands. A global positioning system was used to locate 680 sites to within 3- to 5-meter accuracy. The high base flow seepage investigation was conducted from March 14 through March 19, 1994. Measurements were made at 579 of the 701 sites identified in the reconnaissance that still had flowing water. Flow rates ranged from less than 0.005 to 6.89 cubic feet per second for the streams, from less than 0.005 to 0.13 cubic foot per second for the seeps, and from less than 0.005 to 1 cubic foot per second for the springs. pH ranged from 5.0 to 8.4 for the streams, from 5.1 to 8.2 for the seeps, from 5.3 to 8.0 for the springs, and from 6.7 to 6.8 for the wetland sites. Specific conductance ranged from 16 to 1,670 microsiemens per centimeter for the streams, from 17 to 1,710 microsiemens per centimeter for the seeps, from 14 to 1,150 microsiemens per centimeter for the springs, and from 102 to 160 microsiemens per centimeter for the wetland sites. Temperature ranged from 4.5 to 16.0 degrees Celsius for the streams, from 5.0 to 21.0 degrees Celsius for the seeps, from 6.0 to 13.5 degrees Celsius for the springs, and from 13.0 to 19.5 degrees Celsius for the wetland sites. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 4.8 to 11.2 milligrams per liter for the streams, 1.2 to 11.3 milligrams per liter for the seeps, and from 0.6 to 11.0 milligrams per liter for the springs. Dissolved oxygen at a wetland site measured 3.8 milligrams per liter. The low base flow investigation was conducted from September 9 through September 29, 1994. The stream sites, seeps, and springs that had flow during the high base flow seepage investigation were revisited. One-hundred seventy-six of the stream sites visited still had flow. Discharge ranged from less than 0.005 to 0.76 cubic foot per second; pH, from 4.8 to 8.3; specific conductance, from 47 to 2,030 microsiemens per centimeter; temperature, from 13.5 to 22.5 degrees Celsius; and dissolved oxygen, from 3.6 to 8.7 milligrams per liter. Twenty-five of the seeps visited were flowing and had discharge ranging from less than 0.005 to 0.01 cubic foot per second; pH, from 6.0 to 7.7; specific conductance, from 36 to 395 microsiemens per centimeter; temperature, from 16.0 to 21.0 degrees Celsius; and dissolved oxygen, from 2.2 to 9.0 milligrams per liter. Thirty springs visited were flowing and had discharge ranging from less than 0.005 to 0.37 cubic foot per second; pH, from 6.5 to 7.7; specific conductance, from 26 to 1,220 microsiemens per centimeter; temperature, from 14.0 to 20.0 degrees Celsius; and dissolved oxygen, from 1.0 to 9.2 milligrams per liter. All of the wetland sites visited were dry.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95459","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J.A., and Johnson, G., 1996, Results of a seepage investigation at Bear Creek Valley, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, January through September 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-459, iv, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95459.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0459/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19501,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0459/plate-1_a.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19502,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0459/plate-1_b.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53468,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0459/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602c25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, J. A.","contributorId":57417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, G.C.","contributorId":14450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25439,"text":"wri954170 - 1996 - Detailed study of selenium in soil, water, bottom sediment, and biota in the Sun River Irrigation Project, Freezout Lake Wildlife Management Area, and Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, west-central Montana, 1990-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"wri954170","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4170","title":"Detailed study of selenium in soil, water, bottom sediment, and biota in the Sun River Irrigation Project, Freezout Lake Wildlife Management Area, and Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, west-central Montana, 1990-92","docAbstract":"Selenium and other constituents are adversely affecting water quality and creating a potential hazard to wildlife in several areas of the Sun River Irrigation Project, Freezout Lake Wildlife Management Area, and Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge in west-central Montana. Selenium derived from Cretaceous shale and Tertiary and Quaternary deposits containing shale detritus is transported in the oxic shallow ground-water systems. At Freezout Lake Wildlife Management Area, drainage from irrigated glacial deposits is the primary source of selenium; drainage from non-irrigated farmland is a significant source locally. Benton Lake generally receives more selenium from natural runoff from its non-irrigated basin than from the trans-basin diversion of irrigation return flow. Selenium has accumulated in aquatic plants and invertebrates, fish, and water birds, particularly in wetlands that receive the largest selenium loads. Although selenium residues in biological tissue from some wetland units exceeded biological risk levels, water-bird reproduction generally has not been impaired. The highest selenium residues in biota commonly occurred in samples from Priest Butte Lakes, which also had the highest selenium concentration in wetland water. Selenium concentrations in all invertebrate samples from Priest Butte Lakes and the south end of Freezeout Lake exceeded the critical dietary threshold for water birds. Selenium delivered to wetlands accumulates in bottom sediment, predominantly in near-shore areas. Potential impacts to water quality, and presumably biota, may be greatest near the mouths of inflows. Most selenium delivered to wetlands will continue to accumulate in bottom sediment and biota.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954170","usgsCitation":"Nimick, D., Lambing, J., Palawski, D.U., and Malloy, J., 1996, Detailed study of selenium in soil, water, bottom sediment, and biota in the Sun River Irrigation Project, Freezout Lake Wildlife Management Area, and Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, west-central Montana, 1990-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4170, viii, 120 p. (some folded) :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954170.","productDescription":"viii, 120 p. (some folded) :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4170/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54169,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4170/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667b0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimick, D. A.","contributorId":70399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lambing, J. H.","contributorId":100860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambing","given":"J. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Palawski, D. U.","contributorId":56240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palawski","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Malloy, J.C.","contributorId":76783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malloy","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22642,"text":"ofr96401 - 1996 - Digital elevation model test for LIDAR and IFSARE sensors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:57","indexId":"ofr96401","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-401","title":"Digital elevation model test for LIDAR and IFSARE sensors","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96401","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Canfield, D., 1996, Digital elevation model test for LIDAR and IFSARE sensors: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-401, 55 p., :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96401.","productDescription":"55 p., :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0401/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52111,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0401/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d4ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Canfield, Dan","contributorId":75567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Canfield","given":"Dan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29415,"text":"wri954159 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and ground-water/surface-water relations in the Bajura area of the Municipio of Cabo Rojo, southwestern Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri954159","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4159","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water/surface-water relations in the Bajura area of the Municipio of Cabo Rojo, southwestern Puerto Rico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954159","usgsCitation":"Rodríguez-Martínez, J., 1996, Hydrogeology and ground-water/surface-water relations in the Bajura area of the Municipio of Cabo Rojo, southwestern Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4159, v, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954159.","productDescription":"v, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4159/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58264,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4159/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6255be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodríguez-Martínez, Jesús","contributorId":48149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodríguez-Martínez","given":"Jesús","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":65783,"text":"i2180 - 1996 - Revised shaded relief map and controlled color photomosaic of the Amazonis quadrangle (MC-8) of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:09","indexId":"i2180","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2180","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Revised shaded relief map and controlled color photomosaic of the Amazonis quadrangle (MC-8) of Mars","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2180","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, Revised shaded relief map and controlled color photomosaic of the Amazonis quadrangle (MC-8) of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2180, 2 remote-sensing images ;each 37 x 53 cm., on sheets 66 x 71 cm. and 51 x 68 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2180.","productDescription":"2 remote-sensing images ;each 37 x 53 cm., on sheets 66 x 71 cm. and 51 x 68 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":115065,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2180/report.pdf","size":"29","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":115066,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2180/plate-1.pdf","size":"5464","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":115067,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2180/plate-2.pdf","size":"4290","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":190387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2180/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"5000000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180,0 ], [ -180,30 ], [ -135,30 ], [ -135,0 ], [ -180,0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602e38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27542,"text":"wri964066 - 1996 - Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons and toluene biodegradation, Knox Street fire pits, Fort Bragg, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:12:14","indexId":"wri964066","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4066","title":"Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons and toluene biodegradation, Knox Street fire pits, Fort Bragg, North Carolina","docAbstract":"An investigation was conducted at the Knox Street fire pits, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, to monitor the distribution of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (TEX) in soil vapor, ground water, and ground-water/vapor to evaluate if total concentrations of TEX at the site are decreasing with time, and to quantify biodegradation rates of toluene in the unsaturated and saturated zones. Soil-vapor and ground-water samples were collected around the fire pits and ground-water/vapor samples were collected along the ground-water discharge zone, Beaver Creek, on a monthly basis from June 1994 through June 1995. Concentrations of TEX compounds in these samples were determined with a field gas chro- matograph. Laboratory experiments were performed on aquifer sediment samples to measure rates of toluene biodegradation by in situ micro- organisms.\r\n\r\nBased on field gas chromatographic analytical results, contamination levels of TEX compounds in both soil vapor and ground water appear to decrease downgradient of the fire-pit source area. During the 1-year study period, the observed temporal and spatial trends in soil vapor TEX concentrations appear to reflect differences in the distribution of TEX among solid, aqueous, and gaseous phases within fuel-contaminated soils in the unsaturated zone. Soil temperature and soil moisture are two important factors which influence the distribution of TEX com- pounds among the different phases. Because of the short period of data collection, it was not possible to distinguish between seasonal fluc- tuations in soil vapor TEX concentrations and an overall net decrease in TEX concentrations at the study site.\r\n\r\nNo seasonal trend was observed in total TEX concentrations for ground- water samples collected at the study site. Although the analytical results could not be used to determine if ground-water TEX concen- trations decreased during the study at a specific location, the data were used to examine rate constants of toluene biodegradation. Based on ground-water toluene concentration data, a maximum rate constant for anaerobic biodegradation of toluene in the saturated zone was estimated to be as low as 0.002 d-1 or as high as 0.026 d-1.\r\n\r\nBased on analyses of ground-water/vapor samples, toluene was the prin- cipal TEX compound identified in ground water discharging to Beaver Creek. Observed decreases in ground-water/vapor toluene concentrations during the study period may reflect a decrease in source inputs, an increase in dilution caused by higher ground-water flow, and(or) removal by biological or other physical processes.\r\n\r\nRate constants of toluene anaerobic biodegradation determined by laboratory measurements illustrate a typical acclimation response of micro-organisms to hydrocarbon contamination in sediments collected from the site. Toluene biodegradation rate constants derived from laboratory microcosm studies ranged from 0.001 to 0.027 d-1, which is similar to the range of 0.002 to 0.026 d-1 for toluene biodegradation rate constants derived from ground-water analytical data. The close agreement of toluene biodegradation rate constants reported using both approaches offer strong evidence that toluene can be degraded at environmentally significant rates at the study site.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri964066","usgsCitation":"Harden, S., and Landmeyer, J., 1996, Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons and toluene biodegradation, Knox Street fire pits, Fort Bragg, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4066, iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964066.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4066/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56398,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4066/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6354f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harden, S.L.","contributorId":6101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28721,"text":"wri954259 - 1996 - Evaluation of scour at selected bridge sites in Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T11:05:14","indexId":"wri954259","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4259","title":"Evaluation of scour at selected bridge sites in Indiana","docAbstract":"

Twenty bridge sites in Indiana were evaluated to determine: the extent of scour during floods, streambed stability, the maximum historical scour, and estimates of potential scour. Historical scour data were collected by means of geophysical methods and used to evaluate the scour-computation procedures recommended by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration and 13 other published pier-scour equations. Hydraulic conditions for the peak historical discharges were estimated by use of WSPRO, a water-surface profile computation model. Depth soundings were made periodically at all of the sites and during flooding at some sites. These data indicate that scour may not totally be a function of discharge or depth but is influenced greatly by debris on piers.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri954259","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.L., and Wilson, J., 1996, Evaluation of scour at selected bridge sites in Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4259, xiii, 225 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954259.","productDescription":"xiii, 225 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"225","numberOfPages":"238","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4259/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57551,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4259/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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