{"pageNumber":"3744","pageRowStart":"93575","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185258,"records":[{"id":25439,"text":"wri954170 - 1996 - Detailed study of selenium in soil, water, bottom sediment, and biota in the Sun River Irrigation Project, Freezout Lake Wildlife Management Area, and Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, west-central Montana, 1990-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"wri954170","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4170","title":"Detailed study of selenium in soil, water, bottom sediment, and biota in the Sun River Irrigation Project, Freezout Lake Wildlife Management Area, and Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, west-central Montana, 1990-92","docAbstract":"Selenium and other constituents are adversely affecting water quality and creating a potential hazard to wildlife in several areas of the Sun River Irrigation Project, Freezout Lake Wildlife Management Area, and Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge in west-central Montana. Selenium derived from Cretaceous shale and Tertiary and Quaternary deposits containing shale detritus is transported in the oxic shallow ground-water systems. At Freezout Lake Wildlife Management Area, drainage from irrigated glacial deposits is the primary source of selenium; drainage from non-irrigated farmland is a significant source locally. Benton Lake generally receives more selenium from natural runoff from its non-irrigated basin than from the trans-basin diversion of irrigation return flow. Selenium has accumulated in aquatic plants and invertebrates, fish, and water birds, particularly in wetlands that receive the largest selenium loads. Although selenium residues in biological tissue from some wetland units exceeded biological risk levels, water-bird reproduction generally has not been impaired. The highest selenium residues in biota commonly occurred in samples from Priest Butte Lakes, which also had the highest selenium concentration in wetland water. Selenium concentrations in all invertebrate samples from Priest Butte Lakes and the south end of Freezeout Lake exceeded the critical dietary threshold for water birds. Selenium delivered to wetlands accumulates in bottom sediment, predominantly in near-shore areas. Potential impacts to water quality, and presumably biota, may be greatest near the mouths of inflows. Most selenium delivered to wetlands will continue to accumulate in bottom sediment and biota.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954170","usgsCitation":"Nimick, D., Lambing, J., Palawski, D.U., and Malloy, J., 1996, Detailed study of selenium in soil, water, bottom sediment, and biota in the Sun River Irrigation Project, Freezout Lake Wildlife Management Area, and Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, west-central Montana, 1990-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4170, viii, 120 p. (some folded) :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954170.","productDescription":"viii, 120 p. (some folded) :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4170/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54169,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4170/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667b0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimick, D. A.","contributorId":70399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lambing, J. H.","contributorId":100860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambing","given":"J. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Palawski, D. U.","contributorId":56240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palawski","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Malloy, J.C.","contributorId":76783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malloy","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":23021,"text":"ofr96364 - 1996 - Documentation of a computer program (RES1) to simulate leakage from reservoirs using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model (MODFLOW)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T19:20:57","indexId":"ofr96364","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-364","title":"Documentation of a computer program (RES1) to simulate leakage from reservoirs using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model (MODFLOW)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96364","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Fenske, J., Leake, S.A., and Prudic, D.E., 1996, Documentation of a computer program (RES1) to simulate leakage from reservoirs using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model (MODFLOW): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-364, vi, 51 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96364.","productDescription":"vi, 51 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0364/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52404,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0364/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ae4b07f02db63d223","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenske, J.P.","contributorId":82345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenske","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leake, S. A.","contributorId":52164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26364,"text":"wri964036 - 1996 - Assessment of the hydrogeology and water quality in a near-shore well field, Sarasota, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri964036","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4036","title":"Assessment of the hydrogeology and water quality in a near-shore well field, Sarasota, Florida","docAbstract":"The city of Sarasota, Florida, operates a downtown well field that pumps mineralized water from ground water sources to supply a reverse osmosis plant. Because of the close proximity of the well field to Sarasota Bay and the high sulfate and chloride concentrations of ground-water supplies, a growing concern exists about the possibility of lateral movement of saltwater in a landward direction (intrusion) and vertical movement of relict sea water (upconing).  In 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey began a 3-year study to evaluate the hydraulic characteristics and water quality of ground-water resources within the downtown well field and the surrounding 235-square-mile study area. Delineation of the hydrogeology of the study area was based on water- quality data, aquifer test data, and extensive borehole geophysical surveys (including gamma, caliper, temperature, electrical resistivity, and flow meter logs) from the six existing production wells and from a corehole drilled as part of the study, as well as from published and unpublished reports on file at the U.S. Geological Survey, the Southwest Florida Water Management District, and consultant's reports.  Water-quality data were examined for spatial and temporal trends that might relate to the mechanism for observed water-quality changes. Water quality in the study area appears to be dependent upon several mechanisms, including upconing of higher salinity water from deeper zones within the aquifer system, interbore-hole flow between zones of varying water quality through improperly cased and corroded wells, migration of highly mineralized waters through structural deformities, and the presence of unflushed relict seawater.  A numerical ground-water flow model was developed as an interpretative tool where field-derived hydrologic characteristics could be tested. The conceptual model consisted of seven layers to represent the multilayered aquifer systems underlying the study area. Particle tracking was utilized to delineate the travel path of water as it enters the model area under a set of given conditions. Within the model area, simulated flow in the intermediate aquifer system originates primarily from the northwestern boundary. Simulated flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer originates in lower model layers (deeper flow zones) and ultimately can be traced to the southeastern and northwestern boundaries.  Volumetric budgets calculated from numerical simulation of a hypothetical well field indicate that the area of contribution to the well field changes seasonally. Although ground-water flow patterns change with wet and dry seasons, most water enters the well-field flow system through lower parts of the Upper Floridan aquifer from a southeastern direction. Moreover, particle tracking indicated that ground-water flow paths with strictly lateral pathlines in model layers correspond to the intermediate aquifer system, whereas particles traced through model layers corresponding to the Upper Floridan aquifer had components of vertical and lateral flow.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964036","usgsCitation":"Broska, J.C., and Knochenmus, L.A., 1996, Assessment of the hydrogeology and water quality in a near-shore well field, Sarasota, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4036, vi, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964036.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4036/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55158,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4036/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broska, J. C.","contributorId":62628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broska","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knochenmus, L. A.","contributorId":60683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24120,"text":"ofr96213 - 1996 - Analysis of well logs for borehole ANL-OBS-A-001 at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T14:32:57","indexId":"ofr96213","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-213","title":"Analysis of well logs for borehole ANL-OBS-A-001 at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96213","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Boyce, D., 1996, Analysis of well logs for borehole ANL-OBS-A-001 at the Idaho 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,{"id":25614,"text":"wri964186 - 1996 - Instream investigations in the Beaver Creek Watershed in West Tennessee, 1991-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"wri964186","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4186","title":"Instream investigations in the Beaver Creek Watershed in West Tennessee, 1991-95","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Tennessee Department of Agriculture, began a long-term scientific investigation in 1989 to evaluate the effect of agricultural activities on water quality and the effectiveness of agricultural best management practices in the Beaver Creek watershed, West Tennessee. In 1993 as a part of this study, the USGS, in cooperation with the Natural Resources Conservation Service, Shelby County Soil Conservation District, and the Tennessee Soybean Promotion Board, began an evaluation of the physical, chemical, biological and hydrological factors that affect water quality in streams and wetlands, and instream resource-management systems to treat agricultural nonpoint-source runoff and improve water quality. The purpose of this report is to present the results of three studies of stream and wetland investigations and a study on the transport of aldicarb from an agricultural field in the Beaver Creek watershed. A natural bottomland hardwood wetland and an artificially constructed wetland were evaluated as instream resource-management systems. These two studies showed that wetlands are an effective way to improve the quality of agricultural nonpoint-source runoff. The wetlands reduced concentrations and loads of suspended sediments, nutrients, and pesticides in the streams. A third paper documents the influence of riparian vegetation on the biological structure and water quality of a small stream draining an agricultural field. A comparison of the upper reach lined with herbaceous plants and the lower reach with mature woody vegetation showed a more stable biological community structure and Water- quality characteristics in the woody reach than in the herbaceous reach. The water-quality characteristics monitored were pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and specific conductance. The herbaceous reach had a greater diversity and abundance of organisms during spring and early summer, but the abundance dropped by approximately 85 percent during late summer. A fourth study describes the transport of aldicarb and its metabolites--aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone-in runoff at a small stream draining a cotton field. During 1991 to 1995, aldicarb and its metabolites were detected in runoff events. The highest concentrations occurred when aldicarb was applied to the field just hours before a rain storm. Aldicarb was not detectable in runoff a few weeks after application. The metabolites of aldicarb were detectable for 76 days after application. These studies demonstrate streambank vegetation and wetlands have a significant influence on stream water quality. The importance of weather conditions to herbicide application and runoff also is evident. This information can be used by resource managers to sustain and improve our Nation's streams for future generations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964186","usgsCitation":"Byl, T., and Carney, K., 1996, Instream investigations in the Beaver Creek Watershed in West Tennessee, 1991-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4186, vi, 34 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964186.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4186/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54361,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4186/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4939e4b07f02db587f63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byl, T.D.","contributorId":86373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byl","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carney, K.A.","contributorId":7735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carney","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23669,"text":"ofr96512 - 1996 - Thickness and storage capacity of basin fill of the northern part of the Eldorado Valley, Nevada, and the extent of the Boulder City Pluton","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:12","indexId":"ofr96512","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-512","title":"Thickness and storage capacity of basin fill of the northern part of the Eldorado Valley, Nevada, and the extent of the Boulder City Pluton","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96512","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., and Schmidt, K., 1996, Thickness and storage capacity of basin fill of the northern part of the Eldorado Valley, Nevada, and the extent of the Boulder City Pluton: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-512, ii, 27 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96512.","productDescription":"ii, 27 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0512/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52927,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0512/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62ca44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, K. M. 0000-0003-2365-8035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2365-8035","contributorId":59830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"K. M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27593,"text":"wri964089 - 1996 - Scour at bridge sites in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri964089","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4089","title":"Scour at bridge sites in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia","docAbstract":"Scour data were obtained from discharge measure- ments to develop and evaluate the reliability of constriction-scour and local-scour equations for rivers in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. No independent constriction-scour or local-scour equations were developed from the data because no significant relation was deter-mined between measured scour and streamflow, streambed, and bridge characteristics. Two existing equations were evaluated for prediction of constriction scour and 14 existing equations were evaluated for prediction of local scour. Constriction-scour data were obtained from historical stream discharge measurements, field surveys, and bridge plans at nine bridge sites in the three-State area. Constriction scour was computed by subtracting the average-streambed elevation in the constricted reach from an uncontracted-channel reference elevation. Hydraulic conditions were estimated for the measurements with the greatest discharges by use of the Water-Surface Profile computation model. Measured and calculated constriction-scour data were used to evaluate the reliability of Laursen's clear-water constriction-scour equation and Laursen's live-bed constriction-scour equation. Laursen's clear-water constriction-scour equation underestimated 21 of 23 scour measure- ments made at three sites. A sensitivity analysis showed that the equation is extremely sensitive to estimates of the channel-bottom width. Reduction in estimates of bottom width by one-third resulted in predictions of constriction scour slightly greater than measured values for all scour measurements. Laursen's live-bed constriction- scour equation underestimated 10 of 14 scour measurements made at one site. The error between measured and predicted constriction scour was less than 1.0 ft (feet) for 12 measure-ments and less than 0.5 ft for 8 measurements. Local-scour data were obtained from stream discharge measurements, field surveys, and bridge plans at 15 bridge sites in the three-State area. The reliability of 14 local-scour equations were evaluated. From visual inspection of the plotted data, the Colorado State University, Froehlich design, Laursen, and Mississippi pier-scour equations appeared to be the best predictors of local scour. The Colorado State University equation underestimated 11 scour depths in clear-water scour conditions by a maximum of 2.4 ft, and underestimated 3 scour depth in live-bed scour conditions by a maximum of 1.3 ft. The Froehlich design equation under- estimated two scour depth in clear-water scour conditions by a maximum of 1.2 ft, and under- estimated one scour depth in live-bed scour conditions by a maximum of 0.4 ft. Laursen's equation overestimated the maximum scour depth in clear-water scour conditions by approximately one-half pier width or approximately 1.5 ft, and overestimated the maximum scour depth in live-bed scour conditions by approximately one-pier width or approximately 3 ft. The Mississippi equation underestimated six scour depths in clear-water scour conditions by a maximum of 1.2 ft, and underestimated one scour depth in live-bed scour conditions by 1.6 ft. In both clear-water and live-bed scour conditions, the upper limit for the depth of scour to pier-width ratio for all local scour measurements was 2.1. An accurate pier- approach velocity is necessary to use many local pier-scour equations for bridge design. Velocity data from all the discharge measurements reviewed for this investigation were used to develop a design curve to estimate pier-approach velocity from mean cross-sectional velocity. A least- squares regression and offset were used to envelop the velocity data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964089","usgsCitation":"Hayes, D.C., 1996, Scour at bridge sites in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4089, iv, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964089.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4089/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56464,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4089/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e479de4b07f02db491d41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, Donald C.","contributorId":14000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26259,"text":"wri954229 - 1996 - Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area of Yosemite National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-09T21:47:06.105387","indexId":"wri954229","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4229","title":"Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area of Yosemite National Park, California","docAbstract":"<p>Planning efforts to implement the 1980 General Management Plan, which recommends relocating park administrative facilities and employee housing from Yosemite Valley in Yosemite National Park, California, have focused on the availability of water at potential relocation sites within the park. Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area, one of several potential relocation sites, were evaluated between June 1991 and October 1993. </p><p>Ground water flowing from Biledo Spring near the headwaters of Rainier Creek, about 5 miles southeast of Wawona, is probably the most reliable source of good quality ground water for Wawona. A dilute calcium bicarbonate ground water flows from the spring at about 250 gallons per minute. No <i>Giardia</i> was detected in a water sample collected from Biledo Spring in July 1992. The concentration of dissolved <sup>222</sup>radon at Biledo Spring was 420 picoCuries per liter, exceeding the primary drinking-water standard of 300 picoCuries per liter proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This concentration, however, was considerably lower than the concentrations of dissolved <sup>222</sup>radon measured in ground water at Wawona. The median value for 15 wells sampled at Wawona was 4,500 picoCuries per liter.</p><p> Water-quality samples from 45 wells indicate that ground water in the South Fork Merced River valley at Wawona is segregated vertically. Shallow wells produce a dilute calcium sodium bicarbonate water that results from chemical dissolution of minerals as water flows through fractured granitic rock from hillside recharge areas toward the valley floor. Tritium concentrations indicate that ground water in the shallow wells originated as precipitation after the 1960's when testing of atmospheric nuclear devices stopped. Ground water from the deep flowing wells in the valley floor is older sodium calcium chloride water. This older water probably originated either as precipitation during a climatically cooler period or as precipitation from altitudes between 1,400 and 3,700 feet higher than precipitation that recharged the local shallow ground-water-flow system. Chloride and associated cations in the deepground-water-flow system may result from upward leakage of saline ground water or from leaching of saline fluid inclusions in the granitic rocks. </p><p>Water-level and pressure-gage measurements for 38 wells in the South Fork Merced River valley also indicate that the ground water in the valley is segregated vertically. Hydraulic head in deep fractures is as much as 160 feet above the valley floor. Vertical hydraulic gradients between the shallow and deep systems are as high as 4.5 feet per foot in one of two test holes drilled for this study. Measurements of in situ stress in the two test holes indicate that the vertical segregation of ground water may be related to pressures in the earth that squeeze horizontal fractures closed at depth. Fractures within a few hundred feet of land surface are poorly connected to fractures deeper beneath the valley. </p><p>About 100 privately owned wells currently are in use at Wawona; but, the ground-water-flow system may not be an adequate source of good quality ground water for relocated park facilities. Yields from existing wells are low (median 4-5 gallons per minute) and traditional methods for locating high-yielding wells in fractured rocks have not been successful in this area. Concentrations of dissolved <sup>222</sup>radon (median 4,500 picoCuries per liter) are high, and the development of deep ground water could cause deeper saline water to migrate upward into producing wells. </p><p>The South Fork Merced River, the primary source of water supply for Wawona, does not meet current demands during late summer and autumn. Data collected between 1958 and 1968 indicate that 25 percent of the time discharge of the South Fork River at Wawona during the dry season (August through October) was less than 2 cubic feet per second-the discharge rate at which the National Park Service is restricted from withdrawing water from the river. the river, however, could be relied on for additional water supply if facilities were constructed to divert and store water during periods of high flow for use later in the year.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954229","usgsCitation":"Borchers, J.W., 1996, Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area of Yosemite National Park, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4229, vii, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954229.","productDescription":"vii, 77 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411592,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48313.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55060,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4229/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121715,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4229/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Wawona area of Yosemite National Park,","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.6583,\n              37.5556\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.6583,\n              37.5333\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.625,\n              37.5333\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.625,\n              37.5556\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.6583,\n              37.5556\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696ed5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borchers, J. W.","contributorId":74414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29534,"text":"wri954147 - 1996 - Low-flow characteristics at selected sites on streams in southern and western Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T10:50:25","indexId":"wri954147","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4147","title":"Low-flow characteristics at selected sites on streams in southern and western Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"<p>Knowledge of the magnitude and frequency of low flows is important for the optimal development of surface-water resources in Puerto Rico. This report presents analyses of low-flow data for 9 continuous-record gaging stations and 105 partial-record stations in southern and western Puerto Rico. The report includes analyses of lowflow data and tabulations of computed low-flow magnitude and frequency characteristics for 7-, 14-, 30-, 60-, and 90-consecutive days with recurrence intervals of 2 and 10 years for continuous-record gaging stations based on the log-Pearson Type III frequency distribution or graphically adjusted logPearson frequency curves. Estimates of low-flow characteristics are provided for partial-record stations for 7-, 14-, and 30-consecutive days with recurrence intervals of 2 and 10 years. Low-flow characteristics at partial-record stations were estimated based on the relation of base-flow discharge measurements at the partial-record stations and concurrent discharges at nearby continuous-record stations. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954147","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority and the Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board","usgsCitation":"Santiago-Rivera, L., 1996, Low-flow characteristics at selected sites on streams in southern and western Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4147, viii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954147.","productDescription":"viii, 46 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Luis","contributorId":83888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santiago-Rivera","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":67435,"text":"i2524B - 1996 - Sample data for the geologic map of the island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T07:47:05","indexId":"i2524B","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2524","chapter":"B","title":"Sample data for the geologic map of the island of Hawaii","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2524B","isbn":"0607860839","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, E.W., and Morris, J., 1996, Sample data for the geologic map of the island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2524, 1 map on 3 sheets; 157 x 140 cm., sheets 104 x 81 cm. or smaller, folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 pamphlet (51 p. : map ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/i2524B.","productDescription":"1 map on 3 sheets; 157 x 140 cm., sheets 104 x 81 cm. or smaller, folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 pamphlet (51 p. : map ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":108313,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13034.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13034"},{"id":91683,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2524b/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91684,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2524b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":190426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2524b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91682,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2524b/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91681,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2524b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.08333333333334,18.8675 ], [ -156.08333333333334,20.284166666666668 ], [ -154.75,20.284166666666668 ], [ -154.75,18.8675 ], [ -156.08333333333334,18.8675 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fde94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, E. W. (compiler)","contributorId":8561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"E.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morris, Jean","contributorId":23635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"Jean","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":65788,"text":"i2350 - 1996 - Revised shaded relief map and controlled color photomosaic of the Iapygia Quadrangle (MC-21) of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-24T09:33:48","indexId":"i2350","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2350","title":"Revised shaded relief map and controlled color photomosaic of the Iapygia Quadrangle (MC-21) of Mars","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2350","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, Revised shaded relief map and controlled color photomosaic of the Iapygia Quadrangle (MC-21) of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2350, 2 Plates: 26.56 x 24.93 inches and 25.49 x 18.52 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2350.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 26.56 x 24.93 inches and 25.49 x 18.52 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":115072,"rank":399,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2350/plate-1.pdf","size":"6377","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":115073,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2350/plate-2.pdf","size":"3765","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":190484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2350/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"5000000","otherGeospatial":"Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602e22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27052,"text":"wri964151 - 1996 - Assessment of metal transport into and out of Terrace Reservoir, Conejos County, Colorado, April 1994 through March 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-20T20:03:36.888538","indexId":"wri964151","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4151","title":"Assessment of metal transport into and out of Terrace Reservoir, Conejos County, Colorado, April 1994 through March 1995","docAbstract":"<p>Terrace Reservoir is the primary source of water for crops and livestock in the southwestern part of the San Luis Valley in southern Colorado. Mining activities have occurred in the basin for more than 100 years, and substantial mining of gold has occurred intermittently at the Summitville Mine. Historically, the Summitville Mine site has produced highly acidic, metal-enriched water that drained from the mine site into Wightman Fork and flowed to the Alamosa River and Terrace Reservoir. In 1994, a study was begun as part of risk-assessment and remediation efforts and to evaluate metal transport into and out of Terrace Reservoir. </p><p>During the study period, the pH immediately upstream from Terrace Reservoir ranged from 4.3 to 7.8. The highest pH occurred during the pre-peak snowmelt period; the lowest pH occurred during storm runoff during summer. Downstream from Terrace Reservoir, the pH ranged from 4.6 to 7.6. The highest pH occurred during the pre-peak snowmelt period, and the lowest pH occurred during summer in mid-July. A comparison of the streamflow hydrographs upstream and downstream from Terrace Reservoir indicated that there was only a small difference between the annual volume of water that entered the reservoir and the annual volume of water that was released from the reservoir. </p><p>Large spatial and temporal variations in concentrations of the metals of concern occurred during the study. The median and maximum concentrations of dissolved and total aluminum, iron, copper, cadmium, manganese, and zinc were larger upstream from the reservoir than downstream from the reservoir. The largest concentrations of dissolved aluminum, iron, copper, cadmium, manganese, and zinc generally occurred between mid-June and November. Throughout the study, aluminum was transported into the reservoir predominantly in the particulate or suspended form. Downstream from the reservoir, the suspended-aluminum fraction was predominant only during the pre-peak snowmelt and peak snowmelt periods. The temporal variations in the percentage of dissolved and suspended fraction of iron and copper downstream from Terrace Reservoir were similar to the temporal variations that occurred upstream from the reservoir. During the study period, cadmium, manganese, and zinc generally were transported into and out of the reservoir predominantly in the dissolved form. </p><p>Metal loads varied considerably as a result of changes in streamflow or changes in metal concentrations, or both. The largest daily loads of aluminum, iron, and manganese were transported into and out of Terrace Reservoir during the peak snowmelt period. The reservoir was a sink for an estimated 294 tons of aluminum and 596 tons of iron. However, about 68.5 tons of total aluminum and about 194 tons of total iron were transported out of the reservoir during the study period. During the study period, about 22 tons of total copper remained in the reservoir, and 39 tons was transported downstream from the reservoir. About 47 tons of total manganese and 18 tons of total-zinc loads were transported out of the reservoir; the reservoir was a sink for only a small fraction of total-manganese and -zinc.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964151","usgsCitation":"Ferguson, S., and Edelmann, P., 1996, Assessment of metal transport into and out of Terrace Reservoir, Conejos County, Colorado, April 1994 through March 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4151, iv, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964151.","productDescription":"iv, 77 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":55928,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4151/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400877,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48497.htm"},{"id":126690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4151/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Conejos County","otherGeospatial":"Terrace Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.31375312805176,\n              37.353852673666374\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.27907752990723,\n              37.353852673666374\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.27907752990723,\n              37.37302204585017\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.31375312805176,\n              37.37302204585017\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.31375312805176,\n              37.353852673666374\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671cf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferguson, Sheryl","contributorId":86812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"Sheryl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edelmann, Patrick","contributorId":86305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edelmann","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22744,"text":"ofr96358 - 1996 - Organochlorine compounds and trace elements in fish tissue and ancillary data for the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames river basins study unit, 1992-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:05","indexId":"ofr96358","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-358","title":"Organochlorine compounds and trace elements in fish tissue and ancillary data for the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames river basins study unit, 1992-94","docAbstract":"Concentrations of organochlorine compounds and trace elements were assayed in fish tissue collected from the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins Study Unit, 1992-94. These data were collected to determine the occurrence and distribution of organochlorine compounds and trace elements in the study unit. Ancillary data included are land-use categories by percentage of the sampling-site basins and the size, gender, and age of the individual fish collected for this study. Concentrations of 28 organochlorine compounds in composited whole fish samples were measured at 32 sites, and concentrations of 22 trace elements in composited fish liver samples were measured at 14 of the 32 sites. Most frequently detected organochlorines were DDT related compounds at 31 sites, total PCBs at 28 sites, and chlordane related compounds at 25 sites. Concentrations of total PCBs in fish tissue were generally higher at the large river sites than at the smaller tributary sites. Concentrations of chlordane-related compounds in fish tissue were higher at sites from more urbanized basins than at sites from predominately agriculture and forested basins. Concentrations of the DDT related compounds were undifferentiated among sites comprising different land uses. Trace elements detected at all 14 sites included boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc. Trace elements detected at 10 or more sites included arsenic, mercury, silver, strontium, and vanadium. Antimony, beryllium, and uranium were not detected at any site.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96358","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Coles, J., 1996, Organochlorine compounds and trace elements in fish tissue and ancillary data for the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames river basins study unit, 1992-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-358, v, 26 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96358.","productDescription":"v, 26 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0358/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52188,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0358/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684eb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coles, J.F.","contributorId":80257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coles","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28335,"text":"wri954188 - 1996 - Summary of the San Juan structural basin regional aquifer-system analysis, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:38","indexId":"wri954188","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4188","title":"Summary of the San Juan structural basin regional aquifer-system analysis, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah","docAbstract":"Ground-water resources are the only source of water in most of \r\nthe San Juan structural basin and are mainly used for municipal, \r\nindustrial, domestic, and stock purposes. Industrial use increased \r\ndramatically during the late 1970's and early 1980's because of \r\nincreased exploration and development of uranium and coal resources.\r\n\r\n     The San Juan structural basin is a northwest-trending, \r\nasymmetric structural depression at the eastern edge of the Colorado \r\nPlateau. The basin contains as much as 14,000 feet of sedimentary \r\nrocks overlying a Precambrian basement complex. The sedimentary \r\nrocks dip basinward from the basin margins toward the troughlike \r\nstructural center, or deepest part of the basin. Rocks of Triassic \r\nage were selected as the lower boundary for the study. The basin is \r\nwell defined by structural boundaries in many places with structural \r\nrelief of as much as 20,000 feet reported. Faulting is prevalent in \r\nparts of the basin with displacement of several thousand feet along \r\nmajor faults.\r\n\r\n     The regional aquifers in the basin generally are coincident with \r\nthe geologic units that have been mapped. Data on the hydrologic \r\nproperties of the regional aquifers are minimal. Most data were \r\ncollected on those aquifers associated with uranium and coal \r\nresource production. These data are summarized in table format in \r\nthe report. The regional flow system throughout most of the basin \r\nhas been affected by the production of oil or gas and subsequent \r\ndisposal of produced brine. To date more than 26,000 oil- or gas-\r\ntest holes have been drilled in the basin, the majority penetrating \r\nno deeper than the bottom of the Cretaceous rocks. \r\n\r\n     The general water chemistry of the regional aquifers is based on \r\navailable data. The depositional environments are the major factor \r\ncontrolling the quality of water in the units. The dominant ions are \r\ngenerally sodium, bicarbonate, and sulfate. A detailed geochemical \r\nstudy of three sandstone aquifers--Morrison, Dakota, and Gallup--was \r\nundertaken in the northwestern part of the study area. Results of \r\nthis study indicate that water chemistry changed in individual wells \r\nover short periods of time, not expected in a regional flow system.  \r\nThe chemistry of the water is affected by mixing of recharge, ion \r\nfiltrate, or very dilute ancient water, and by leakage of saline \r\nwater.\r\n\r\n     The entire system of ground-water flow and its controlling \r\nfactors has been defined as the conceptual model. A steady-state, \r\nthree-dimensional ground-water flow model was constructed to \r\nsimulate modern predevelopment flow in the post-Jurassic rocks of \r\nthe regional flow system. In the ground-water flow model, 14 \r\ngeologic units or combinations of geologic units were considered to \r\nbe regional aquifers, and 5 geologic units or combinations of \r\ngeologic units were considered to be regional confining units. The \r\nmodel simulated flow in 12 layers (hydrostratigraphic units) and \r\nused harmonic-mean vertical leakance to indirectly simulate aquifer \r\nconnection across 3 other hydrostratigraphic confining units in \r\naddition to coupling the 12 units.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, [Water Resources Division, New Mexico District] ;\r\nCan be purchased from U.S.G.S., Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri954188","usgsCitation":"Levings, G.W., Kernodle, J.M., and Thorn, C.R., 1996, Summary of the San Juan structural basin regional aquifer-system analysis, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4188, v, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954188.","productDescription":"v, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4188/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57146,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4188/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698374","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levings, G. W.","contributorId":12485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levings","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kernodle, J. M.","contributorId":81139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thorn, C. R.","contributorId":100879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":24703,"text":"ofr96349 - 1996 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1994 through March 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:23","indexId":"ofr96349","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-349","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1994 through March 1996","docAbstract":"This report describes the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data presented are from January 1994 through March 1996, with a focus on data from January through March 1996 (first quarter of 1996). A complete database of ground-water withdrawals and chloride-concentration records since 1985 is maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey. Cumulative rainfall for January through March 1996 was about 30 inches, which is 9 percent less than the mean cumulative rainfall of about 33 inches for January through March. The period January through February is the end of the annual wet season, while March marks the start of the annual dry season. Ground-water withdrawal during January through March 1996 averaged 970,300 gallons per day. Withdrawal for the same 3 months in 1995 averaged 894,600 gallons per day. With- drawal patterns during the first quarter of 1996 did not change significantly since 1991, with the Cantonment and Air Operations areas supplying about 99 percent of total islandwide pumpage. At the end of March 1996, the chloride concentration of water from the elevated tanks at Cantonment and Air Operations were 47 and 80 milligrams per liter, respectively. The chloride data from all five production areas showed no significant upward or downward trends throughout the first quarter of 1996. Potable levels of chloride concentrations have been maintained by adjusting individual pumping rates, and also because of the absence of long-term droughts. Chloride concentration of ground water in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations also showed no significant trends throughout the first quarter of 1996. Chloride concentrations have been about the same since the last quarter of 1995. A fuel-pipeline leak at Air Operations in May 1991 decreased total islandwide withdrawals by 15 percent. This lost pumping capacity is being offset by increased pumpage at Cantonment. Six wells do not contribute to the water supply because they are being used to hydraulically divert fuel migration away from water-supply wells by a program of ground-water withdrawal and injection.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96349","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1996, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1994 through March 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-349, v, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96349.","productDescription":"v, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0349/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53736,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0349/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e486fe4b07f02db50ca07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21830,"text":"ofr96505A - 1996 - Geology and mineral resources of the Stuyahok area, part of Holy Cross A-4 and A-5 quadrangles, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:49","indexId":"ofr96505A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-505","chapter":"A","title":"Geology and mineral resources of the Stuyahok area, part of Holy Cross A-4 and A-5 quadrangles, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96505A","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.L., Bundtzen, T.K., Keith, W.J., Bailey, E., and Bickerstaff, D., 1996, Geology and mineral resources of the Stuyahok area, part of Holy Cross A-4 and A-5 quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-505, 30 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96505A.","productDescription":"30 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0505a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51320,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0505a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b472e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942 mlmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti","email":"mlmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bundtzen, T. K.","contributorId":80287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bundtzen","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keith, W. J.","contributorId":41827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"W.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bailey, E. A.","contributorId":100399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bickerstaff, D P.","contributorId":69181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bickerstaff","given":"D P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":30304,"text":"wri954280 - 1996 - Evaluation of saltwater intrusion and travel time in the Atlantic City 800-foot sand, Cape May County, New Jersey, 1992, by use of a coupled-model approach and flow-path analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-16T16:12:56.339634","indexId":"wri954280","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4280","title":"Evaluation of saltwater intrusion and travel time in the Atlantic City 800-foot sand, Cape May County, New Jersey, 1992, by use of a coupled-model approach and flow-path analysis","docAbstract":"<p>Regional and subregional ground-water-flow models were coupled, and the output was analyzed by a particle-tracking method. The results were then used to assess the effects of ground-water withdrawals on the flow of saltwater in the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in Cape May County, New Jersey, and to estimate the travel time from areas in which the chloride concentration of the ground water exceeds 250 milligrams per liter to the county's nearest public supply wells.</p><p>First, a quasi-three-dimensional finite-difference computer model of freshwater and saltwater flow that simulated regional ground-water flow through the unconsolidated materials underlying the New Jersey Coastal Plain was used to estimate flow at the boundaries of the subregional study area. The results of the regional simulation were used as input to a second quasi-three-dimensional finite-difference model that was used to simulate flow in the subregion, the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in Cape May County.</p><p>The results of the simulation of flow in the subregion were analyzed by a semianalytical particle-tracking method to estimate ground-water flow paths and travel time of ground water from areas in which chloride concentrations exceed 250 milligrams per liter to public supply wells located at Stone Harbor, New Jersey. Ground-water withdrawals from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand were assumed to be equal to those reported for 1991. Results of the analysis indicate that the time required for saltwater to reach the public supply wells is on the order of hundreds of years. These results, however, are based on the assumptions that the aquifer is homogeneous. The presence of zones of high permeability in the aquifer could reduce the predicted travel times of the saltwater from its present location to the supply wells. Travel times also could be reduced if ground-water withdrawals increase.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954280","usgsCitation":"Voronin, L., Spitz, F., and McAuley, S.D., 1996, Evaluation of saltwater intrusion and travel time in the Atlantic City 800-foot sand, Cape May County, New Jersey, 1992, by use of a coupled-model approach and flow-path analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4280, v, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954280.","productDescription":"v, 27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121457,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4280/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59096,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4280/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":411927,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48354.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Cape May County","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic City 800-food sand","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.42797298136729,\n              39.34792038176417\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.00347317734072,\n              39.34792038176417\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.00347317734072,\n              38.88453727742365\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.42797298136729,\n              38.88453727742365\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.42797298136729,\n              39.34792038176417\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fabae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voronin, L. M.","contributorId":93486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voronin","given":"L. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spitz, F. J.","contributorId":56682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spitz","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McAuley, S. D.","contributorId":104098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAuley","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27419,"text":"wri964096 - 1996 - Eutrophication trends inferred from hypolimnetic dissolved-oxygen dynamics within selected White River reservoirs, northern Arkansas-southern Missouri, 1974-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:37","indexId":"wri964096","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4096","title":"Eutrophication trends inferred from hypolimnetic dissolved-oxygen dynamics within selected White River reservoirs, northern Arkansas-southern Missouri, 1974-94","docAbstract":"The White River Basin in northern Arkansas and southern Missouri contains four major reservoirs. Beaver, Table Rock, and Bull Shoals Lakes form a chain of reservoirs on the main stem of the White River. Norfork Lake is on the North Fork River, a tributary of the White River. Vertical water- column profiles of temperature and dissolved- oxygen concentrations have been collected monthly, in general, at sites near the dam of each reservoir since 1974. Hypolimnetic dissolved- oxygen dynamics of these reservoirs from 1974 through 1994 were examined based on the near-dam data and used to infer temporal changes in eutrophication. Regression models indicated that a positive relation existed between discharge through the dam during the stratification season and the areal hypolimnetic deficit. Temporal changes in the relative areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit, a model that adjusts the areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit to standard temperature and depth, showed a decreasing trend in Beaver Lake from 1974 through 1994, indicating that the level of eutrophication decreased. Little or no change in the relative areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit occurred in Table Rock, Bull Shoals, or Norfork Lakes over the period of record. Temporal analysis of the residuals from the oxygen deficit-discharge model indicated that the oxygen deficit-discharge function changed over time in Beaver and Table Rock Lakes. There was little or no temporal trend in residuals of areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit over the period of record for Bull Shoals and Norfork Lakes. Multiple regression using a time variable and discharge through the dam during the stratification season was examined for the four reservoirs. The slope coefficient of the time variable for both Beaver and Table Rock Lakes was negative, indicating that the temporal function driving the discharge related areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit decreased over the period of record. This temporal function may be an expression of biological productivity or eutrophication. Based on these results, the level of eutrophication may have decreased in Beaver and Table Rock Lakes and remained stable in Bull Shoals and Norfork Lakes from 1974 through 1994. It is possible that the aging and evolutionary processes in Beaver, Table Rock, Bull Shoals, and Norfork Lakes are dominant in controlling biological productivity and eutrophication in each reservoir immediately above the dam. Beaver Lake is the youngest of the four reservoirs, constructed in 1963, and for the period of record, may have been in the initial stage of high productivity followed by a declining stage of productivity that generally occurs within a reservoir soon after impoundment. Table Rock Lake was constructed in 1959 and, for the period of record, may have been in the stage of declining productivity following the peak of productivity resulting from impoundment. The impoundment of Beaver Lake upstream also may have influenced the inferred decline of productivity within Table Rock Lake. Bull Shoals and Norfork Lakes are older than Beaver and Table Rock Lakes, constructed in 1951 and 1944, respectively. The reason that changes in eutrophication were not detected in Bull Shoals and Norfork Lakes could be that these reservoirs, for the period of record, were characterized by the stage of low and stable productivity that generally occurs within a reservoir many years after impoundment.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964096","usgsCitation":"Green, W.R., 1996, Eutrophication trends inferred from hypolimnetic dissolved-oxygen dynamics within selected White River reservoirs, northern Arkansas-southern Missouri, 1974-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4096, iv, 22, A-41 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964096.","productDescription":"iv, 22, A-41 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4096/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56277,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c2d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, W. R.","contributorId":68354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018568,"text":"70018568 - 1996 - Potential role of vegetation feedback in the climate sensitivity of high-latitude regions: A case study at 6000 years B.P.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-29T16:24:05.038875","indexId":"70018568","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential role of vegetation feedback in the climate sensitivity of high-latitude regions: A case study at 6000 years B.P.","docAbstract":"<p><span>Previous climate model simulations have shown that the configuration of the Earth's orbit during the early to mid-Holocene (approximately 10–5 kyr) can account for the generally warmer-than-present conditions experienced by the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere. New simulations for 6 kyr with two atmospheric/mixed-layer ocean models (Community Climate Model, version 1, CCMl, and Global ENvironmental and Ecological Simulation of Interactive Systems, version 2, GENESIS 2) are presented here and compared with results from two previous simulations with GENESIS 1 that were obtained with and without the albedo feedback due to climate-induced poleward expansion of the boreal forest. The climate model results are summarized in the form of potential vegetation maps obtained with the global BIOME model, which facilitates visual comparisons both among models and with pollen and plant macrofossil data recording shifts of the forest-tundra boundary. A preliminary synthesis shows that the forest limit was shifted 100–200 km north in most sectors. Both CCMl and GENESIS 2 produced a shift of this magnitude. GENESIS 1 however produced too small a shift, except when the boreal forest albedo feedback was included. The feedback in this case was estimated to have amplified forest expansion by approximately 50%. The forest limit changes also show meridional patterns (greatest expansion in central Siberia and little or none in Alaska and Labrador) which have yet to be reproduced by models. Further progress in understanding of the processes involved in the response of climate and vegetation to orbital forcing will require both the deployment of coupled atmosphere-biosphere-ocean models and the development of more comprehensive observational data sets.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96GB02690","usgsCitation":"Kutzbach, J., Bartlein, P., Foley, J., Harrison, S.P., Hostetler, S.W., Liu, Z., Prentice, I.C., and Webb, T., 1996, Potential role of vegetation feedback in the climate sensitivity of high-latitude regions: A case study at 6000 years B.P.: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 10, no. 4, p. 727-736, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GB02690.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"727","endPage":"736","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7f5be4b0c8380cd7aaa3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kutzbach, J.-E.","contributorId":93221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kutzbach","given":"J.-E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartlein, P. J.","contributorId":54566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foley, J.A.","contributorId":11782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harrison, S. P.","contributorId":78488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrison","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W.. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhosteller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":69731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhosteller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W..","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liu, Z.","contributorId":70943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Prentice, I. C.","contributorId":63969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prentice","given":"I.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Webb, T. III","contributorId":38297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"T.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":29343,"text":"wri954155 - 1996 - Hydrologic and geochemical factors affecting the chemistry of small headwater streams in response to acidic deposition on Catoctin Mountain, north-central Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T14:38:27","indexId":"wri954155","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4155","title":"Hydrologic and geochemical factors affecting the chemistry of small headwater streams in response to acidic deposition on Catoctin Mountain, north-central Maryland","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and water-quality data were collected at a precipitation-collection station and from two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, north- central Maryland, as part of an investigation of episodic acidification and its effects on streamwater quality. Data were collected from June 1990 through December 1993. Descriptions of the water shed instrumentation, data-collection techniques, and laboratory methods used to conduct the studies are included. Data that were collected on precipitation, throughfall, soil water, ground water, and streamwater during base flow and stormflow indicate that the streams undergo episodic acidification during storms. Both streams showed decreases in pH to less than 5.0 standard units during stormflow. The acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) of both streams decreased during stormflow, and the ANC of one of the streams, Bear Branch, became negative. The chemistries of the different types of waters that were sampled indicate that shallow subsurface water with minimal residence time in the watersheds is routed to the streams to become stormflow and is the cause of the episodic acidification observed. Three-component hydrograph separations were performed on the data collected during several storms in each watershed. The hydrograph separations of all of the storms indicate that throughfall contributed 0 to 50 percent of the stormflow, soil water contributed 0 to 80 percent, and ground water contributed 20 to 90 percent. The results of the hydrograph separations indicate that, in general, the watershed with higher hydraulic gradients tends to have shallower and shorter flow paths than the watershed with lower hydraulic gradients.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Towson, MD","doi":"10.3133/wri954155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Maryland Department of the Environment and the Maryland Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Rice, K.C., and Bricker, O.P., 1996, Hydrologic and geochemical factors affecting the chemistry of small headwater streams in response to acidic deposition on Catoctin Mountain, north-central Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4155, vii, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954155.","productDescription":"vii, 63 p.","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58190,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4155/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4155/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Frederick","otherGeospatial":"Catoctin Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.6347784949219\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.32452392578125,\n              39.6347784949219\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.32452392578125,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6251bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":201379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bricker, Owen P.","contributorId":25142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5029,"text":"fs15996 - 1996 - Debris-flow hazards in the Blue Ridge of Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:32","indexId":"fs15996","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"159-96","title":"Debris-flow hazards in the Blue Ridge of Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs15996","usgsCitation":"Gori, P.L., and Burton, W.C., 1996, Debris-flow hazards in the Blue Ridge of Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 159-96, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs15996.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0159/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31856,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0159/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db67277d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gori, Paula L.","contributorId":10027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gori","given":"Paula","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burton, William C. 0000-0001-7519-5787 bburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-5787","contributorId":1293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"William","email":"bburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29467,"text":"wri964124 - 1996 - Methods for estimating low-flow characteristics of ungaged streams in selected areas, northern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T16:49:43.32201","indexId":"wri964124","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4124","title":"Methods for estimating low-flow characteristics of ungaged streams in selected areas, northern Florida","docAbstract":"<p>Methods for estimating low-flow frequency characteristics at ungaged sites were developed for two areas in northern Florida. In the Yellow, Blackwater, Escambia, and Perdido River Basins study area (northwestern Florida), regional regression equations were developed for estimating the 7- and 30-day, 2- and 10-year low-flow characteristic (Q7,2, Q7,10, Q30,2, and Q30,10) by determining values of basin characteristics from digital Geographical Information System (GIS) coverages or hardcopy maps. A GIS, ARC-INFO, was used to quantify basin characteristics that were used in regression equations. Sources of digital data used in this analysis are elevation data, from a digital elevation model, stream length and location data from a digital hydrography coverage, and watershed boundaries digitized from topographic maps. </p><p>The most accurate regression equations employed a basin characteristic that was based on a simple conceptual model of one- dimensional ground-water flow using Darcy's law. Slightly less accurate equations were obtained using drainage area as the only explanatory variable. The standard error of prediction for the Darcy and drainage area equations of Q7,2 was 65 and 74 percent, respectively; Q7,10, 58 and 62 percent, respectively; Q30,2, 51 and, 54 percent, respectively; and Q30,10, 44 and 51 percent, respectively. In the Santa Fe River Basin study area (northeastern Florida), a flow-routing method was used to estimate low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites from low stream- flow analyses based on records at gaged sites. The use of the flow-routing method is suggested for areas where regression analysis proves unsuccessful, where low-flow characteristics have been defined at a significant number of sites, and where information about the basin characteristics has been thoroughly researched. Low-flow frequency characteristics determined at 40 sites and measurements made during five synoptic runs in 1989-91 were used to develop a flow-routing method.</p><p> Low-flow frequency characteristics and drainage areas were used to define river profiles for major streams within the Santa Fe River Basin. These river profiles serve as indicators of changes in a stream's low-flow characteristics with respect to change in drainage area. Unit low flows were also determined for each site where low-flow characteristics were determined. Areas of zero flow were defined for Q7,2 and Q7,10 conditions based on measurements made during synoptic runs and from low-flow frequency analyses. </p><p>The flow-routing method uses the drainage areas to interpolate low-flow values between or near gaged sites on the same stream. Low-flow values are transferred from a gaged site, either upstream or downstream, to the ungaged site. A step-by-step process for flow routing must be made when tributary or other inflow enter a stream. The strength of the flow-routing method is that the values at gaged sites reflect the overall basin characteristics in the vicinity of the gaged sites. However, the accuracy of low-flow estimates may be less in areas of decreasing and increasing flow if sufficient data are not available to assess changing hydraulic and hydrologic conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964124","usgsCitation":"Rumenik, R.P., and Grubbs, J.W., 1996, Methods for estimating low-flow characteristics of ungaged streams in selected areas, northern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4124, v, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964124.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159309,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4124/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":492642,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4124/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.57202148437499,\n              29.430029404571762\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.090087890625,\n              29.430029404571762\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.090087890625,\n              30.977609093348686\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.57202148437499,\n              30.977609093348686\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.57202148437499,\n              29.430029404571762\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a1f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rumenik, Roger P.","contributorId":42626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumenik","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grubbs, J. W.","contributorId":77139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubbs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":65778,"text":"i2352 - 1996 - Revised shaded relief map and controlled color photomosaic of the Mare Tyrrhenum Quadrangle (MC-22) of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-14T15:20:29","indexId":"i2352","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2352","title":"Revised shaded relief map and controlled color photomosaic of the Mare Tyrrhenum Quadrangle (MC-22) of Mars","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i2352","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, Revised shaded relief map and controlled color photomosaic of the Mare Tyrrhenum Quadrangle (MC-22) of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2352, 2 Plates: 26.81 x 24.82 inches and 25.50 x 18.89 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2352.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 26.81 x 24.82 inches and 25.50 x 18.89 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":115060,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2352/report.pdf","size":"29","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":115061,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2352/plate-1.pdf","size":"6055","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":115062,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2352/plate-2.pdf","size":"4015","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":190077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2352/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"5000000","otherGeospatial":"Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602dff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25490,"text":"wri954046 - 1996 - Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Effects of nutrient management on water quality in the Little Conestoga Creek headwaters, 1983-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-31T21:40:02.949893","indexId":"wri954046","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4046","title":"Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Effects of nutrient management on water quality in the Little Conestoga Creek headwaters, 1983-89","docAbstract":"Water quality in the headwaters of the Little Conestoga Creek, Lancaster County, Pa., was investigated from April 1986 through September 1989 to determine possible effects of agricultural nutrient management on water quality. Nutrient management, an agricultural Best-Management Practice, was promoted in the 5.8-square-mile watershed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Clean Water Program. Nonpoint-source- agricultural contamination was evident in surface water and ground water in the watershed; the greatest contamination was in areas underlain by carbonate rock and with intensive row-crop and animal production. Initial implementation of nutrient management covered about 30 percent of applicable land and was concentrated in the Nutrient-Management Subbasin. By 1989, nutrient management covered about 45 percent of the entire Small Watershed, about 85 percent of the Nutrient- Management Subbasin, and less than 10 percent of the Nonnutrient-Management Subbasin. The number of farms implementing nutrient management increased from 14 in 1986 to 25 by 1989. Nutrient applications to cropland in the Nutrient- Management Subbasin decreased by an average of 35 percent after implementation. Comparison of base- flow surface-water quality from before and after implementation suggests that nutrient management was effective in slowing or reversing increases in concentrations of dissolved nitrate plus nitrite in the Nutrient-Management Subbasin. Although not statistically significant, the Mann-Whitney step-trend coefficient for the Nutrient-Management Subbasin was 0.8 milligram per liter, whereas trend coefficients for the Nonnutrient-Management Subbasin and the Small Watershed were 0.4 and 1.4 milligrams per liter, respectively, for the period of study. Analysis of covariance comparison of concurrent concentrations from the two sub- basins showed a significant decrease in concen- trations from the Nutrient-Management Subbasin compared to the Nonnutrient-Management Subbasin. The small, positive effect of nutrient management on base-flow water quality should be interpreted with caution. Lack of statistical significance for most tests, short-term variation in climate and agricultural activities, unknown ground-water flow rates, and insufficient agricultural-activity data for farms outside of the Nutrient-Management Subbasin were potential problems. A regression model relating nutrient applications to concen- trations of dissolved nitrate plus nitrite showed no significant explanatory relation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954046","usgsCitation":"Koerkle, E.H., Fishel, D.K., Brown, M.J., and Kostelnik, K.M., 1996, Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Effects of nutrient management on water quality in the Little Conestoga Creek headwaters, 1983-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4046, vi, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954046.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395190,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48162.htm"},{"id":124221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Conestoga River headwaters","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.93038940429686,\n              40.13899044275822\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.90532684326172,\n              40.13899044275822\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.90532684326172,\n              40.16798656578528\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.93038940429686,\n              40.16798656578528\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.93038940429686,\n              40.13899044275822\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6258b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koerkle, E. 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