{"pageNumber":"3746","pageRowStart":"93625","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185258,"records":[{"id":22288,"text":"ofr96333 - 1996 - Water-resources investigations in Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-15T14:47:07","indexId":"ofr96333","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-333","title":"Water-resources investigations in Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>PROBLEM: Surface-water information is needed for surveillance, planning, design, hazard warning, operation, and management in water-related fields such as water supply, hydroelectric power, flood control, irrigation, bridge and culvert design, wildlife management, pollution abatement, flood-plain management, and water-resources development. An appropriate data base is necessary to provide this information.</p>\n<p>OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study are to provide continuous discharge records for selected rivers at specific sites to supply the needs for regulation, analytical studies, definition of statistical properties, trends analysis, determination of the occurrence, and distribution of water in streams for planning. The project is also LOCATION: Statewide PROJECT CHIEF: Barry K. Holmstrom PERIOD OF PROJECT: July 1913-Continuing designed to determine lake levels and to provide discharge for floods, low-flow conditions, and for waterquality investigations. Requests for streamflow data and information relating to streamflow in Wisconsin are answered. Basic data are published annually in the report \"Water Resources Data-Wisconsin.\"</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96333","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Maertz, D., 1996, Water-resources investigations in Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-333, xviii, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96333.","productDescription":"xviii, 74 p.","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":51711,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0333/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155967,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0333/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":22338,"text":"ofr96330 - 1996 - Thickness of surficial sediment at and near the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:51","indexId":"ofr96330","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-330","title":"Thickness of surficial sediment at and near the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96330","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Anderson, S.R., Liszewski, M.J., and Ackerman, D.J., 1996, Thickness of surficial sediment at and near the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-330, iii, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96330.","productDescription":"iii, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0330/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51747,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0330/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c48d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, S. R.","contributorId":93518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liszewski, Michael J.","contributorId":46980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liszewski","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ackerman, D. J.","contributorId":53380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":22073,"text":"ofr96254 - 1996 - Production characteristics and resource assessment of the Barnett Shale continuous (unconventional) gas accumulation, Fort Worth Basin, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:49","indexId":"ofr96254","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-254","title":"Production characteristics and resource assessment of the Barnett Shale continuous (unconventional) gas accumulation, Fort Worth Basin, Texas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96254","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Schmoker, J., Quinn, J., Crovelli, R., Nuccio, V., and Hester, T., 1996, Production characteristics and resource assessment of the Barnett Shale continuous (unconventional) gas accumulation, Fort Worth Basin, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-254, 20 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96254.","productDescription":"20 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0254/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51517,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0254/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e42c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoker, J. W.","contributorId":69964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinn, J.C.","contributorId":44577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crovelli, R. A.","contributorId":40969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crovelli","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nuccio, V. F.","contributorId":7713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuccio","given":"V. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hester, T.C.","contributorId":93054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hester","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":22969,"text":"ofr96249 - 1996 - Floods of June 17, 1990, and July 9, 1993, along Squaw Creek and the South Skunk River in Ames, Iowa, and vicinity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T14:04:19","indexId":"ofr96249","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-249","title":"Floods of June 17, 1990, and July 9, 1993, along Squaw Creek and the South Skunk River in Ames, Iowa, and vicinity","docAbstract":"<p>Water-surface-elevation profiles and peak discharges for the floods of June 17, 1990, and July 9, 1993, along Squaw Creek and the South Skunk River, in Ames, Iowa, are presented in this report. The maximum flood-peak discharge of 24,300 cubic feet per second for the streamflow-gaging station on Squaw Creek at Ames, Iowa (station number 05470500) occurred on July 9, 1993. This discharge was 80 percent larger than the 100-year recurrence-interval discharge and exceeded the previous record flood-peak discharge of June 17, 1990, by 94 percent. The July 9, 1993, flood-peak discharge of 26,500 cubic feet per second on the South Skunk River below Squaw Creek (station number 05471000) was also a peak of record, exceeding the previous record flood-peak discharge of June 27, 1975, by 80 percent, and the 100-year recurrence-interval discharge by 60 percent. A flood history describes rainfall conditions for floods that occurred during 1990 and 1993. The report also includes information on flood stages and discharges and floodflow frequencies for the active gaging stations in the vicinity of Ames, Iowa, and on temporary bench marks and reference points in the Squaw Creek and South Skunk River Basins near Ames, Iowa.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96249","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Highway Research Board and the Project Development Division of the Iowa Department of Transportation (Iowa DOT Research Project HR-140)","usgsCitation":"Einhellig, R., and Eash, D.A., 1996, Floods of June 17, 1990, and July 9, 1993, along Squaw Creek and the South Skunk River in Ames, Iowa, and vicinity: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-249, iv, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96249.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155932,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0249/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52366,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0249/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.6666666666666,\n              42.083333333333336\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.56,\n              42.083333333333336\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.56,\n              41.98\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.6666666666666,\n              41.98\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.6666666666666,\n              42.083333333333336\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d9e4b07f02db5dfaa0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Einhellig, R.F.","contributorId":41032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einhellig","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eash, D. A.","contributorId":60237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24629,"text":"ofr96207 - 1996 - Selected geohydrologic data from a regional aquifer-system analysis of the Northern Rocky Mountains intermontane basins in Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-15T13:33:35","indexId":"ofr96207","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-207","title":"Selected geohydrologic data from a regional aquifer-system analysis of the Northern Rocky Mountains intermontane basins in Idaho","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey began a regional aquifer-system analysis of the Northern Rocky Mountains of northern and central Idaho and western Montana in 1990. The analysis helped establish a regional framework of information for aquifers in about 70 ntermontane basins in an area of 80,000 square miles. In many areas, ground water is the only suitable source of supply, yet little information is available about this resource. Selected geohydrologic data from 1,004 wells in 19 intermontane basins in Idaho were compiled as part of the regional analysis. Data consist of basin name and well number, altitude of land surface, date of well construction, geologic unit, depth of well, diameter of casing, type of finish, top of open interval, primary use of water, date of water level measurement, water level, discharge, specific capacity, source of discharge data, type of log available, date of water-quality constituent measurement, specific conductance, pH, and temperature. A similar report for intermontane basins in Montana has been published by the U.S. Geologcial Survey in Montana. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96207","usgsCitation":"Stone, M., Parliman, D., and Schaefer, J., 1996, Selected geohydrologic data from a regional aquifer-system analysis of the Northern Rocky Mountains intermontane basins in Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-207, iii, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96207.","productDescription":"iii, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0207/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53671,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0207/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Northern Rocky Mountains Intermontane Basins","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.24,41.99 ], [ -117.24,49.0 ], [ -111.04,49.0 ], [ -111.04,41.99 ], [ -117.24,41.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa58d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stone, M.A.","contributorId":9665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parliman, D. J.","contributorId":64220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parliman","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schaefer, J.L.","contributorId":106160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":24555,"text":"ofr96314 - 1996 - Surface-water quantity and quality data, Rocky Flats environmental technology site near Denver Colorado, water years 1994-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr96314","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-314","title":"Surface-water quantity and quality data, Rocky Flats environmental technology site near Denver Colorado, water years 1994-95","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96314","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Smith, M., Unruh, J., and Thompson, C., 1996, Surface-water quantity and quality data, Rocky Flats environmental technology site near Denver Colorado, water years 1994-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-314, iv, 88 p. :ill. ;1996., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96314.","productDescription":"iv, 88 p. :ill. ;1996.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0314/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53606,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0314/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a58e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, M.E.","contributorId":104525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Unruh, J.W.","contributorId":105756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, C.H.","contributorId":85987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":31938,"text":"ofr95755 - 1996 - Quality-assurance plan for water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-15T13:22:42","indexId":"ofr95755","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-755","title":"Quality-assurance plan for water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Idaho","docAbstract":"To ensure continued confidence in its products, the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey implemented a policy that all its scientific work be performed in accordance with a centrally managed quality-assurance program. This report establishes and documents a formal policy for current (1995) quality assurance within the Idaho District of the U.S. Geological Survey. Quality assurance is formalized by describing district  organization and operational responsibilities, documenting the district quality-assurance policies, and describing district functions. The districts conducts its work through offices in Boise, Idaho Falls, Twin Falls, Sandpoint, and at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Data-collection programs and interpretive studies are conducted by two operating units, and operational and technical assistance is provided by three support units: (1) Administrative Services advisors provide guidance on various personnel issues and budget functions, (2) computer and reports advisors provide guidance in their fields, and (3) discipline specialists provide technical advice and assistance to the district and to chiefs of various projects. The district's quality-assurance plan is based on an overall policy that provides a framework for defining the precision and accuracy of collected data. The plan is supported by a series of quality-assurance policy statements that describe responsibilities for specific operations in the district's program. The operations are program planning; project planning; project implementation; review and remediation; data collection; equipment calibration and maintenance; data processing and storage; data analysis, synthesis, and interpretation; report preparation and processing; and training. Activities of the district are systematically conducted under a hierarchy of supervision an management that is designed to ensure conformance with Water Resources Division goals quality assurance. The district quality-assurance plan does not describe detailed technical activities that are commonly termed \"quality-control procedures.\" Instead, it focuses on current policies, operations, and responsibilities that are implemented at the management level. Contents of the plan will be reviewed annually and updated as programs and operations change.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95755","usgsCitation":"Packard, F.A., 1996, Quality-assurance plan for water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-755, iii, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95755.","productDescription":"iii, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0755/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60093,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0755/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.24,41.99 ], [ -117.24,49.0 ], [ -111.04,49.0 ], [ -111.04,41.99 ], [ -117.24,41.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a87e4b07f02db64eb96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Packard, F. A.","contributorId":71164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Packard","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017726,"text":"70017726 - 1996 - Decadal-scale changes in benthic foraminiferal assemblages off Key Largo, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-22T16:24:05.268794","indexId":"70017726","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1338,"text":"Coral Reefs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decadal-scale changes in benthic foraminiferal assemblages off Key Largo, Florida","docAbstract":"<p><span>Assemblages of foraminiferal tests in sediments sampled off Key Largo, Florida, in 1982, 1991, and 1992 were significantly different from assemblages sampled along the same traverses in 1959–1961. Larger, algal symbiont-bearing taxa, primarily Soritidae, comprised 50–80% of the specimens in samples collected in 1959–1961, whereas Miliolidae and Rotaliidae comprised 65-90% of the specimens collected in 1991 and 1992. Test abundance in 1992 samples ranged from 1.0 × 10</span><sup>2</sup><span>/g to 8.1 × 104/g; tests were least abundant in coarse, well-sorted sediments. The lack of test-density data for the 1959-1961 samples prevented assessment of whether densities of smaller foraminifera have increased, symbiotic foraminifera have decreased, or both. Between 1982 and 1992, densities of smaller foraminifera appear to have increased. Although the causes of these changes in foraminiferal assemblages are not known, possible factors include nutrient loading inshore, winnowing and transport of tests by storm activity, and disease. The shift in dominance from long-lived, algal symbiont-bearing taxa in 1959--1961 to small, fast-growing, heterotrophic taxa in 1992 is consistent with predictions of community response to gradually increasing nutrient flux into south Florida's coastal waters. This study indicates that published accounts of foraminiferal assemblages from sediments collected 30 or more years ago can be valuable resources in efforts to determine if biotic changes have occurred in coastal ecosystems. This study also indicates that family-level identifications may be sufficient to detect decadal-scale changes in foraminiferal assemblages in reef-tract sediments.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/BF01787458","usgsCitation":"Cockey, E., Hallock, P., and Lidz, B.H., 1996, Decadal-scale changes in benthic foraminiferal assemblages off Key Largo, Florida: Coral Reefs, v. 15, no. 4, p. 237-248, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01787458.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"248","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228768,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Key Largo","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.58464495024563,\n              25.136615885657605\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.58464495024563,\n              24.958329869738947\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.36086549067375,\n              24.958329869738947\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.36086549067375,\n              25.136615885657605\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.58464495024563,\n              25.136615885657605\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdffe4b0c8380cd4ea68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cockey, E.","contributorId":49542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cockey","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hallock, P.","contributorId":91263,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hallock","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lidz, B. H.","contributorId":30651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":21685,"text":"ofr96129 - 1996 - Comparison of estimated and observed stormwater runoff for fifteen watersheds in west-central Florida, using five common design techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:59","indexId":"ofr96129","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-129","title":"Comparison of estimated and observed stormwater runoff for fifteen watersheds in west-central Florida, using five common design techniques","docAbstract":"Hydrologists use several traditional techniques for estimating peak discharges and runoff volumes from ungaged watersheds. However, applying these techniques to watersheds in west-central Florida requires that empirical relationships be extrapolated beyond tested ranges. As a result there is some uncertainty as to their accuracy. Sixty-six storms in 15 west-central Florida watersheds were modeled using (1) the rational method, (2) the U.S. Geological Survey regional regression equations, (3) the Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) TR-20 model, (4) the Army Corps of Engineers HEC-1 model, and (5) the Environmental Protection Agency SWMM model. The watersheds ranged between fully developed urban and undeveloped natural watersheds. Peak discharges and runoff volumes were estimated using standard or recommended methods for determining input parameters. All model runs were uncalibrated and the selection of input parameters was not influenced by observed data. The rational method, only used to calculate peak discharges, overestimated 45 storms, underestimated 20 storms and estimated the same discharge for 1 storm. The mean estimation error for all storms indicates the method overestimates the peak discharges. Estimation errors were generally smaller in the urban watersheds and larger in the natural watersheds. The U.S. Geological Survey regression equations provide peak discharges for storms of specific recurrence intervals. Therefore, direct comparison with observed data was limited to sixteen observed storms that had precipitation equivalent to specific recurrence intervals. The mean estimation error for all storms indicates the method overestimates both peak discharges and runoff volumes. Estimation errors were smallest for the larger natural watersheds in Sarasota County, and largest for the small watersheds located in the eastern part of the study area. The Natural Resources Conservation Service TR-20 model, overestimated peak discharges for 45 storms and underestimated 21 storms, and overestimated runoff volumes for 44 storms and underestimated 22 storms. The mean estimation error for all storms modeled indicates that the model overestimates peak discharges and runoff volumes. The smaller estimation errors in both peak discharges and runoff volumes were for storms occurring in the urban watersheds, and the larger errors were for storms occurring in the natural watersheds. The HEC-1 model overestimated peak discharge rates for 55 storms and underestimated 11 storms. Runoff volumes were overestimated for 44 storms and underestimated for 22 storms using the Army Corps of Engineers HEC-1 model. The mean estimation error for all the storms modeled indicates that the model overestimates peak discharge rates and runoff volumes. Generally, the smaller estimation errors in peak discharges were for storms occurring in the urban watersheds, and the larger errors were for storms occurring in the natural watersheds. Estimation errors in runoff volumes; however, were smallest for the 3 natural watersheds located in the southernmost part of Sarasota County. The Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management model produced similar peak discharges and runoff volumes when using both the Green-Ampt and Horton infiltration methods. Estimated peak discharge and runoff volume data calculated with the Horton method was only slightly higher than those calculated with the Green-Ampt method. The mean estimation error for all the storms modeled indicates the model using the Green-Ampt infiltration method overestimates peak discharges and slightly underestimates runoff volumes. Using the Horton infiltration method, the model overestimates both peak discharges and runoff volumes. The smaller estimation errors in both peak discharges and runoff volumes were for storms occurring in the five natural watersheds in Sarasota County with the least amount of impervious cover and the lowest slopes. The largest er","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-file Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96129","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Trommer, J., Loper, J., Hammett, K., and Bowman, G., 1996, Comparison of estimated and observed stormwater runoff for fifteen watersheds in west-central Florida, using five common design techniques: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-129, viii, 120 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96129.","productDescription":"viii, 120 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1291,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-129/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae35f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trommer, J.T.","contributorId":28248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trommer","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loper, J.E.","contributorId":19965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loper","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammett, K.M.","contributorId":59006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammett","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bowman, Georgia","contributorId":44184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowman","given":"Georgia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":22862,"text":"ofr95729 - 1996 - Reconnaissance of volatile organic compounds in the subsurface at Rutgers University, Busch Campus, Piscataway Township, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-26T08:16:26","indexId":"ofr95729","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-729","title":"Reconnaissance of volatile organic compounds in the subsurface at Rutgers University, Busch Campus, Piscataway Township, New Jersey","docAbstract":"During 1991-92, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a hydrogeologic reconnaissance at a site near the Rutgers University, Busch Campus, Chemical Engineering building, C-Wing. Results of analyses of the soil-gas samples, which were collected at 43 locations, indicated the presence of volatile organic compounds, primarily carbon tetrachloride, near the C-Wing building and about 550 feet downgradient from and southwest of the C-Wing building. Concentrations of the compound in soil-gas samples were highest (2.1 ug/L (micrograms per liter)) along the southwestern wall of the C-Wing building. Ground-water samples were collected at depths as great as 55 feet from five wells and piezometers near the C-Wing building. Samples collected along the southwestern wall of the building also contained the highest concentrations of volatile organic compounds. Concentrations of carbon tetrachloride in the ground-water samples ranged from &lt; 0.35 ug/L to 3,400 ug/L, and concentrations of tetrachloro- ethylene ranged from &lt; 0.28 ug/L to 85 ug/L. Ground-water samples collected at depths of 55 feet or more from two wells located on the Rutgers University Golf Course about 2,400 feet down- gradient from the C-Wing building contained concentrations of tetrachloroethylene as great as 17.7 ug/L. Water levels measured in six wells and six piezometers indicated that the general flow direction in the shallow part of the aquifer is to the southwest of the C-Wing building. An electrical-resistivity survey was conducted by azimuthal resistivity techniques. The results of the survey were consistent with field measurements, and the dominant vertical fractures near the Busch Campus trend northeast. An electromagnetic survey was ineffective as a result of cultural interferences and could not be used to determine the hydrogeologic characteristics of the site.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95729","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"DePaul, V.T., 1996, Reconnaissance of volatile organic compounds in the subsurface at Rutgers University, Busch Campus, Piscataway Township, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-729, Report: v, 26 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95729.","productDescription":"Report: v, 26 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":52279,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0729/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0729/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Middlesex County","city":"Piscataway","otherGeospatial":"Rutgers 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Vincent T. 0000-0002-7977-5217 vdepaul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7977-5217","contributorId":2778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DePaul","given":"Vincent","email":"vdepaul@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6484,"text":"pp1565B - 1996 - Geology, geochemistry, and tectonostratigraphic relations of the crystalline basement beneath the coastal plain of New Jersey and contiguous areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:56","indexId":"pp1565B","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1565","chapter":"B","title":"Geology, geochemistry, and tectonostratigraphic relations of the crystalline basement beneath the coastal plain of New Jersey and contiguous areas","docAbstract":"Coastal plain sediments are underlain by pre-Mesozoic crystalline rocks. The inner coastal plain is underlain by schist that is correlated with the Potomac Terrane, as well as by mafic rocks probably equivalent to the Wilmington or Bel Air-Rising Sun terranes. The northern and central outer coastal plain is underlain by metasedimentary rocks similar to the Brompton-Cameron Terrane. Rocks beneath the southern coastal plain probably correlate with those of the Chopawamsic and Roanoke Rapids terranes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/pp1565B","usgsCitation":"Volkert, R.A., Drake, A., and Sugarman, P.J., 1996, Geology, geochemistry, and tectonostratigraphic relations of the crystalline basement beneath the coastal plain of New Jersey and contiguous areas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1565, p. B1-B48, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1565B.","productDescription":"p. B1-B48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1565b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33918,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1565b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c6aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Volkert, Richard A.","contributorId":35727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Volkert","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, Avery Jr.","contributorId":62582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Avery","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sugarman, Peter J.","contributorId":9251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sugarman","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":68016,"text":"ha694E - 1996 - Distribution of oil and natural-gas wells in relation to ground-water flow systems in the Great Basin region of Nevada and Utah, and adjacent states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T11:03:06","indexId":"ha694E","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"694","chapter":"E","title":"Distribution of oil and natural-gas wells in relation to ground-water flow systems in the Great Basin region of Nevada and Utah, and adjacent states","docAbstract":"<p>This map publication is one of several in a series concerning various aspects of the ground-water hydrology of the Great Basin in Nevada, Utah, and adjacent States. &nbsp;One report in the series describes the hydrogeologic framework of the Great Basin (Plume and Carlton, 1988). &nbsp;Another shows the ground-water levels for the aquifer systems of the Great Basin (Thomas and others, 1986). &nbsp;A third report in the series describes the regional ground-water flow patterns in the Great Basin (Harrill and others, 1988).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha694E","isbn":"0607861118","usgsCitation":"Schaefer, D.H., 1996, Distribution of oil and natural-gas wells in relation to ground-water flow systems in the Great Basin region of Nevada and Utah, and adjacent states: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 694, 41.13 x 40.54 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha694E.","productDescription":"41.13 x 40.54 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330825,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/694e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.32226562500001,\n              42.24478535602799\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.32226562500001,\n              38.77121637244273\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.86206054687499,\n              34.867904962568716\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.983154296875,\n              37.01132594307015\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.24755859375,\n              40.136890695345905\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.060791015625,\n              42.293564192170095\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.32226562500001,\n              42.24478535602799\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db6407e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaefer, Donald H.","contributorId":77507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":60772,"text":"mf2288 - 1996 - Geologic map of the Valentines 7.5-minute Quadrangle, Brunswick and Greensville counties, Virginia, and Northhampton and Halifax counties, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:21","indexId":"mf2288","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2288","title":"Geologic map of the Valentines 7.5-minute Quadrangle, Brunswick and Greensville counties, Virginia, and Northhampton and Halifax counties, North Carolina","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2288","isbn":"0607861142","usgsCitation":"Sacks, P., 1996, Geologic map of the Valentines 7.5-minute Quadrangle, Brunswick and Greensville counties, Virginia, and Northhampton and Halifax counties, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2288, 1 map ;58 x 47 cm., on sheet 86 x 112 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2288.","productDescription":"1 map ;58 x 47 cm., on sheet 86 x 112 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":105340,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5908.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5908"},{"id":183305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.86749999999999,36.5 ], [ -77.86749999999999,36.6175 ], [ -77.75,36.6175 ], [ -77.75,36.5 ], [ -77.86749999999999,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a17d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sacks, P. E.","contributorId":91572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sacks","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001741,"text":"1001741 - 1996 - Natural thermal refugia for temperate warmwater stream fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-27T16:18:37.314994","indexId":"1001741","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural thermal refugia for temperate warmwater stream fishes","docAbstract":"<p><span>The seasonal use of an Ozark spring branch by fishes was evaluated from January 1993 to January 1995. Temperatures in the spring branch were fairly constant, at 13.5 ± 1°C, and usually exceeded the temperature of a receiving stream during the November–March coldwater period. Black redhorse&nbsp;</span><i>Moxostoma duquesnei</i><span>, smallmouth bass&nbsp;</span><i>Micropterus dolomieu</i><span>, shadow bass&nbsp;</span><i>Ambloplites ariommus</i><span>, and longear sunfish Lepomis megalotis showed a temporal pattern of use in the spring branch. The lowest use was during the April–October warmwater period, and the greatest use was during the coldwater period. During cold periods, biomass of these four species in the spring branch was significantly greater and fish size significantly larger than in similar habitats in the adjoining stream. The weight per unit length of fish using the spring branch during cold periods was also significantly greater. Shadow bass and longear sunfish had significantly greater relative stomach contents than conspecifics in equivalent habitats from the adjoining stream, but had similar relative numbers of eggs. Large concentrations of adult fish used spring branches during the coldwater period, and these fish may be more vulnerable to angling than conspecifics in similar habitats in adjoining streams dominated by surface water. Thus, we suggest that stream managers consider the usefulness of fish refuges in spring branches and adjacent thermally influenced areas.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1996)016<0738:NTRFTW>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Peterson, J.T., and Rabeni, C.F., 1996, Natural thermal refugia for temperate warmwater stream fishes: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 16, no. 4, p. 738-746, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1996)016<0738:NTRFTW>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"738","endPage":"746","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130339,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Shannon County","otherGeospatial":"Ozark National Scenic Riverway","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.2097,37.4179],[-91.1749,37.4161],[-91.1765,37.3291],[-91.1767,37.3164],[-91.1576,37.3158],[-91.1592,37.2582],[-91.1246,37.2569],[-91.1242,37.2428],[-91.1277,37.2429],[-91.1278,37.2053],[-91.1279,37.2034],[-91.1244,37.2029],[-91.1071,37.2023],[-91.107,37.2064],[-91.0885,37.2062],[-91.0896,37.179],[-91.0705,37.1815],[-91.0696,37.166],[-91.0366,37.1697],[-91.0372,37.1416],[-91.0169,37.1446],[-91.0184,37.0988],[-91.0329,37.0958],[-91.0542,37.096],[-91.0675,37.0962],[-91.0682,37.0921],[-91.0722,37.0917],[-91.108,37.0912],[-91.1081,37.0872],[-91.183,37.0889],[-91.2159,37.0892],[-91.2178,37.0457],[-91.2192,37.0009],[-91.2234,36.8857],[-91.4939,36.8869],[-91.6573,36.8873],[-91.6556,37.0369],[-91.6554,37.0487],[-91.6553,37.0587],[-91.6553,37.0646],[-91.6503,37.2504],[-91.6474,37.2504],[-91.6465,37.4254],[-91.6118,37.4247],[-91.5926,37.4245],[-91.4269,37.4218],[-91.3168,37.4199],[-91.2097,37.4179]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Shannon\",\"state\":\"MO\"}}]}","volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a91e4b07f02db656a40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, James T. 0000-0002-7709-8590","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7709-8590","contributorId":204948,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rabeni, Charles F.","contributorId":34804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabeni","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44883,"text":"wri954044 - 1996 - Louisiana ground-water map no. 10: Potentiometric surface, 1991, and water-level changes, 1985-91, of the Chicot aquifer system in southwestern Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-17T18:35:52.572013","indexId":"wri954044","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4044","title":"Louisiana ground-water map no. 10: Potentiometric surface, 1991, and water-level changes, 1985-91, of the Chicot aquifer system in southwestern Louisiana","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954044","usgsCitation":"Walters, D.J., 1996, Louisiana ground-water map no. 10: Potentiometric surface, 1991, and water-level changes, 1985-91, of the Chicot aquifer system in southwestern Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4044, 2 Plates: 29.00 x 26.29 inches and 29.00 x 27.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954044.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 29.00 x 26.29 inches and 29.00 x 27.82 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134548,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415855,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48160.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":82239,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4044/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82238,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4044/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Chicot aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.8333,\n              31\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.8333,\n              29.4389\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.1417,\n              29.4389\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.1417,\n              31\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.8333,\n              31\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a70e4b07f02db641bd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, David J.","contributorId":102450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":58,"text":"wsp2460 - 1996 - Geohydrology and evaluation of stream-aquifer relations in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin, southeastern Alabama, northwestern Florida, and southwestern Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-11T19:42:36.428777","indexId":"wsp2460","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2460","title":"Geohydrology and evaluation of stream-aquifer relations in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin, southeastern Alabama, northwestern Florida, and southwestern Georgia","docAbstract":"<p>The lower Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin is underlain by Coastal Plain sediments of pre-Cretaceous to Quaternary age consisting of alternating units of sand, clay, sandstone, dolomite, and limestone that gradually thicken and dip gently to the southeast. The stream-aquifer system consists of carbonate (limestone and dolomite) and elastic sediments, which define the Upper Floridan aquifer and Intermediate system, in hydraulic connection with the principal rivers of the basin and other surface-water features, natural and man made.</p><p>Separate digital models of the Upper Floridan aquifer and Intermediate system were con structed by using the U.S. Geological Survey's MODular Finite-Element model of two dimensional ground-water flow, based on conceptualizations of the stream-aquifer system, and calibrated to drought conditions of October 1986. Sensitivity analyses performed on the models indicated that aquifer hydraulic conductivity, lateral and vertical boundary flows, and pumpage have a strong influence on ground-water levels. Simulated pumpage increases in the Upper Floridan aquifer, primarily in the Dougherty Plain physiographic district of Georgia, caused significant reductions in aquifer discharge to streams that eventually flow to Lake Seminole and the Apalachicola River and Bay. Simulated pumpage increases greater than 3 times the October 1986 rates caused drying of some stream reaches and parts of the Upper Floridan aquifer in Georgia.</p><p>Water budgets prepared from simulation results indicate that ground-water discharge to streams and recharge by horizontal and vertical flow are the principal mechanisms for moving water through the flow system. The potential for changes in ground-water quality is high in areas where chemical constituents can be mobilized by these mechanisms. Less than 2 percent of ground-water discharge to streams comes from the Intermediate system; thus, it plays a minor role in the hydrodynamics of the stream aquifer system.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2460","usgsCitation":"Torak, L.J., Davis, G.S., Strain, G.A., and Herndon, J.G., 1996, Geohydrology and evaluation of stream-aquifer relations in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin, southeastern Alabama, northwestern Florida, and southwestern Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2460, vii, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2460.","productDescription":"vii, 94 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":13464,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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,{"id":70017781,"text":"70017781 - 1996 - Estimation of potential maximum biomass of trout in Wyoming streams to assist management decisions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-27T16:01:36.208641","indexId":"70017781","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of potential maximum biomass of trout in Wyoming streams to assist management decisions","docAbstract":"<p><span>Fishery managers can benefit from knowledge of the potential maximum biomass (PMB) of trout in streams when making decisions on the allocation of resources to improve fisheries. Resources are most likely to be expended on streams with high PMB and with large differences between PMB and currently measured biomass. We developed and tested a model that uses four easily measured habitat variables to estimate PMB (upper 90th percentile of predicted mean biomass) of trout (</span><i>Oncorhynchus</i><span>&nbsp;spp.,&nbsp;</span><i>Salmo trutta</i><span>, and&nbsp;</span><i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i><span>) in Wyoming streams. The habitat variables were proportion of cover, elevation, wetted width, and channel gradient. The PMB model was constructed from data on 166 stream reaches throughout Wyoming and validated on an independent data set of 50 stream reaches. Prediction of PMB in combination with estimation of current biomass and information on habitat quality can provide managers with insight into the extent to which management actions may enhance trout biomass.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1996)016<0821:EOPMBO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hubert, W.A., Marwitz, T., Gerow, K.G., Binns, N., and Wiley, R., 1996, Estimation of potential maximum biomass of trout in Wyoming streams to assist management decisions: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 16, no. 4, p. 821-829, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1996)016<0821:EOPMBO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"821","endPage":"829","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228860,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":21834,"text":"ofr9639 - 1996 - Geology, alteration, and rock and water chemistry of the Iron, Alum, and Bitter Creek areas, upper Alamosa River, southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:49","indexId":"ofr9639","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-39","title":"Geology, alteration, and rock and water chemistry of the Iron, Alum, and Bitter Creek areas, upper Alamosa River, southwestern Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9639","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Bove, D.J., Wilson, A., Barry, T., Hon, K., Kurtz, J., Van Loenen, R.E., and Calkin, W., 1996, Geology, alteration, and rock and water chemistry of the Iron, Alum, and Bitter Creek areas, upper Alamosa River, southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-39, 34 p., 10 over-size sheets, iii, 34 leaves :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9639.","productDescription":"34 p., 10 over-size sheets, iii, 34 leaves :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0039/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19391,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0039/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19392,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0039/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19393,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0039/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19394,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0039/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19395,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0039/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19396,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0039/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19397,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0039/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19398,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0039/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19399,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0039/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19400,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0039/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51322,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0039/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c73c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bove, Dana J. dbove@usgs.gov","contributorId":4855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bove","given":"Dana","email":"dbove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":185887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, A.B. 0000-0002-9737-2614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-2614","contributorId":63818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"A.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barry, T.H.","contributorId":69844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barry","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hon, Ken","contributorId":19163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"Ken","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kurtz, Jeffrey","contributorId":32401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurtz","given":"Jeffrey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Van Loenen, R. E.","contributorId":99130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Loenen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Calkin, W.S.","contributorId":92537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calkin","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":24119,"text":"ofr9626 - 1996 - Preliminary geologic map of the Paleozoic rocks in the Wildcat Wash SE and Wildcat Wash SW quadrangles, Lincoln and Clark counties, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:12","indexId":"ofr9626","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-26","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Paleozoic rocks in the Wildcat Wash SE and Wildcat Wash SW quadrangles, Lincoln and Clark counties, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9626","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Page, W.R., and Pampeyan, E., 1996, Preliminary geologic map of the Paleozoic rocks in the Wildcat Wash SE and Wildcat Wash SW quadrangles, Lincoln and Clark counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-26, 18 p., 2 over-size sheets, 17 leaves :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9626.","productDescription":"18 p., 2 over-size sheets, 17 leaves :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156227,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0026/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53271,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0026/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53272,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0026/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53273,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0026/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, W. R.","contributorId":73619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pampeyan, E. H.","contributorId":14493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pampeyan","given":"E. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":36320,"text":"b2125 - 1996 - Gold placers of the historical Fortymile River region, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T10:31:21","indexId":"b2125","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2125","title":"Gold placers of the historical Fortymile River region, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The Fortymile River region in east-central Alaska has a long and colorful history as the site of the first major gold discovery in interior Alaska. Placer gold has been mined in the region nearly every year since its original discovery in 1886. Total gold production is approximately 500,000 troy ounces. Although many of the rich deposits have been mined, there still exist areas that contain gold. Areas of mined and unmined gold-bearing creek and terrace gravels are outlined on the accompanying geologic map. </p><p>The early history of the Fortymile area centered on the small frontier settlement of Fortymile City located at the junction of the Fortymile and Yukon Rivers in Canadian territory. This was the supply and jumping-off point for prospectors who worked their way into Alaska up the Fortymile River and found gold on many of its tributaries. Hand mining, both underground and surface, using sluice boxes and (or) rockers were the earliest methods; later, hydraulicking, dredging, and draglining methods were used. More recently, bulldozers and elevated trammels have been used, as well as very portable floating suction dredges. The rich mining lore of the area is closely associated with events of the nearby world-famous Klondike District. Bedrock and placer geology and mining history of individual gold-rich creeks are herein updated. </p><p>The Fortymile area, which is part of the Yukon-Tanana Upland, contains quartzite, schist, gneiss, amphibolite, marble, serpentinite, and granite overlain by basalt, sandstone, conglomerate, shale, tuff, and coal; overlying these rocks are several deposits of varying ages consisting of gold-bearing gravel and colluvium. The close spatial association of creeks containing placer gold and the gneiss, schist, amphibolite, and marble unit strongly suggests this metamorphic unit is the gold source. </p><p>High terrace gravels record a time from the late Tertiary to early Pleistocene when the ancestral Fortymile River and its major tributaries, the North and South Forks, had floodplains roughly 1 to 2 miles (2-3 kilometers) wide and gradients of about 4 feet per mile (0.75 meters per kilometer). Base-level lowering during the post-early Pleistocene caused the rivers to cut into their floodplains and to develop the youthful characteristics they have today such as V-shaped canyons, narrow floodplains, and gradients of at least twice those of the old river. </p><p>Colluvium marginal to creek deposits in steep-sided valleys is often gold bearing. Much of the unconsolidated gravel within the major drainages of the Fortymile River, South Fork, North Fork, and Mosquito Fork is colluvium.</p><p>Heavy-mineral-concentrate samples from the gold-producing creeks and high terrace gravels contain varying amounts of magnetite (20 to 80 percent) and ilmenite (10 to 30 percent), and samples from creeks draining areas principally composed of metamorphic rocks contain abundant garnet (10 to 30 percent). Gold fineness ranges from 620 to 927, but it is difficult to attach any geologic significance to the fineness data.</p><p>Most placer gold in the Fortymile River area has been recovered at, or near, the gravelbedrock contact. The lowermost 3.3 feet (1 meter) of gravel and the uppermost 1.6 feet (0.5 meter) of bedrock may contain as much as 80 to 90 percent of the gold that is ultimately recovered. Gold nuggets are rare and most of the gold recovered is in the form of flattened fragments less than .2 inches (5 millimeters) in greatest dimension. However, large gold nuggets have been found on Wade Creek; examples are ones of 25,33,56, and 70 ounces. Occasionally, large nuggets may still be found in the tailing piles along the creek. </p><p>The Fortymile River and its tributaries the South Fork, Walker Fork, and Mosquito Fork, all of which at one time were the sites of bucket-line dredge operations, now are almost exclusively mined using floating suction dredges. Unmined gold-bearing gravel is present in the floodplain of the Walker Fork valley below Cherry Creek and in low (about 100 to 130 feet or 30 to 40 meters) terraces along the north side of Walker Fork and east side of Cherry Creek. Considering the locations of where most gold has been found in the South Fork valley both by the older bucket dredges and the modern suction dredges, it seems likely that the tributary drainages of Lost Chicken, Napoleon, Franklin, and Buckskin Creeks have supplied the bulk of the gold to the South Fork valley. A quarter acre (0.10 hectare), 130-foot-thick ( 40 meters) section of the high terrace gravels on the north side of Napoleon Creek was mined for placer gold and yielded values estimated to be $8.50 per cubic yard (or $6.50 per cubic meter) at $350 per troy ounce. The unmined high terrace gravels on the south side of Buckskin Creek contain gold; however, this gravel is only 3 to 6.5 feet (1 to 2 meters) thick. </p><p>The search for a lode gold source in the Fortymile River region may be in vain, because substantially more gold than has been recovered from the placers can be derived by the gradual erosion of large volumes of source rocks that contain background mean gold amounts. Using Leon's mass balance equation, 5,167 metric tons of gold may exist in the placers of the Fortymile River region, less than 1 percent of the recovered amount of 15.6 tons. </p><p>The largest gold resource remaining in the Fortymile River region is probably in the high terrace gravels exposed along many of the creeks and rivers. Until there is exploratory drilling or a comprehensive sampling program, the amount of gold in these gravels will remain unknown. Environmental constraints imposed by Federal and State agencies have slowed, but not stopped, placer mining in the Fortymile River area, and a significant gold price rise would result in more mining.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2125","usgsCitation":"Yeend, W.E., 1996, Gold placers of the historical Fortymile River region, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2125, Report: 75 p.; Plate: 35.44 x 38.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b2125.","productDescription":"Report: 75 p.; Plate: 35.44 x 38.25 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":247657,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2125/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"25.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":111160,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/3781","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":247658,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2125/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate","size":"10.96 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate"},{"id":252059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2125/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Fortymile River region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -142.1,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              64.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.1,\n              64.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.1,\n              64\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db6740b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yeend, Warren E.","contributorId":65053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeend","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018080,"text":"70018080 - 1996 - Exchangeable hydrogen explains the pH of spodosol Oa horizons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T16:45:17.180123","indexId":"70018080","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exchangeable hydrogen explains the pH of spodosol Oa horizons","docAbstract":"<p><span>The chemistry of extremely acid Oa horizons does not conform to traditional pH, Al, and base saturation relationships. Results from two separate studies of northeastern U.S. forested soils were used to investigate relationships between pH in water or dilute salt solutions and other soil characteristics. In Oa horizons with pH below 4, soil pH in dilute CaCl</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;solution was correlated with exchangeable H</span><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;measured either by titration (</span><i>r</i><span>&nbsp;= −0.88,&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.0001,&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 142) or by electrode (</span><i>r</i><span>&nbsp;= −0.89,&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.0001,&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 45). Exchangeable H</span><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;expressed as a percentage of the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) was linear with pH and showed similar slopes for data from both studies. For all samples, pHw = 4.21 − 1.80 × H</span><sup>+</sup><span>/CEC (</span><i>R</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;= 0.69,&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 194). The reciprocal of the H</span><sup>+</sup><span>/CEC ratio is base saturation with Al added to the bases. Because of the low pH, exchangeable Al does not appear to behave as an acid. Exchangeable H</span><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;remains an operationally defined quantity because of the difficulty in separating exchange and hydrolysis reactions. In a variety of neutral-salt extractants, concentrations of H</span><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;were correlated with 0.1&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;BaCl</span><sub>2</sub><span>-exchangeable H</span><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;(</span><i>r</i><span>&nbsp;&gt; 0.91,&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.0001,&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 26) regardless of the strength of the extract. Nine successive extractions with 0.33 m</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;CaCl</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;removed more H</span><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;than was removed by single batch extractions with either 1&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;KCl or 0.1&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;BaCl</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;(average H</span><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;of 70, 43, and 49 mmol kg</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, respectively for 26 samples). The data showed little difference in the chemical behavior of Oa horizons from a variety of geographical sites and vegetation types.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000060044x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Ross, D., Bartlett, R.J., David, M., and Lawrence, G., 1996, Exchangeable hydrogen explains the pH of spodosol Oa horizons: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 60, no. 6, p. 1926-1932, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000060044x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1926","endPage":"1932","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228647,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Vermont","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.01285688849838,\n              43.563120035739246\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.9463738610501,\n              41.95771868270751\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.44888940344467,\n              42.03267697568606\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.3014916815292,\n              42.720032561563805\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.98796977650457,\n              42.72670427197163\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.76597775750376,\n              44.702119661250215\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.64241677556592,\n              47.375378465675595\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.39504522611202,\n              47.513214035426316\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.89837281526232,\n              45.22595037804666\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.78176264304852,\n              45.049576379777236\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.52223696503243,\n              45.16454937462161\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.88566353598526,\n              43.81311659508741\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.01285688849838,\n              43.563120035739246\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0da8e4b0c8380cd53125","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, D.S.","contributorId":33867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartlett, R. J.","contributorId":52350,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"David, M.B.","contributorId":20089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"David","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018097,"text":"70018097 - 1996 - Rapid derivation of rupture history for large earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T16:41:14.247242","indexId":"70018097","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid derivation of rupture history for large earthquakes","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.67.6.19","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Mendoza, C., 1996, Rapid derivation of rupture history for large earthquakes: Seismological Research Letters, v. 67, no. 6, p. 19-26, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.67.6.19.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228972,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a94cce4b0c8380cd8160e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mendoza, C.","contributorId":82059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendoza","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23699,"text":"ofr96302 - 1996 - Spatial sharpening of thematic mapper multispectral images with a higher resolution panchromatic band image","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:10","indexId":"ofr96302","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-302","title":"Spatial sharpening of thematic mapper multispectral images with a higher resolution panchromatic band image","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96302","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lemeshewsky, G., 1996, Spatial sharpening of thematic mapper multispectral images with a higher resolution panchromatic band image: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-302, 15 p,  :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96302.","productDescription":"15 p,  :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0302/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52947,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0302/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6c96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemeshewsky, George","contributorId":97134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemeshewsky","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24675,"text":"ofr9668 - 1996 - Chemical analyses of hot springs, pools, and geysers from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and vicinity, 1980-1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-17T14:13:22","indexId":"ofr9668","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-68","title":"Chemical analyses of hot springs, pools, and geysers from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and vicinity, 1980-1993","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9668","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Thompson, J., and DeMonge, J., 1996, Chemical analyses of hot springs, pools, and geysers from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and vicinity, 1980-1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-68, 66 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9668.","productDescription":"66 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0068/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53698,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0068/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4aab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, J. M.","contributorId":77142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeMonge, J.M.","contributorId":100421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMonge","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23504,"text":"ofr96266 - 1996 - Some facts about aftershocks to large earthquakes in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-18T13:09:45","indexId":"ofr96266","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-266","title":"Some facts about aftershocks to large earthquakes in California","docAbstract":"<p>Earthquakes occur in clusters. After one earthquake happens, we usually see others at nearby (or identical) locations. To talk about this phenomenon, seismologists coined three terms foreshock , mainshock , and aftershock. In any cluster of earthquakes, the one with the largest magnitude is called the mainshock; earthquakes that occur before the mainshock are called foreshocks while those that occur after the mainshock are called aftershocks. A mainshock will be redefined as a foreshock if a subsequent event in the cluster has a larger magnitude.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Aftershock sequences follow predictable patterns. That is, a sequence of aftershocks follows certain global patterns as a group, but the individual earthquakes comprising the group are random and unpredictable. This relationship between the pattern of a group and the randomness (stochastic nature) of the individuals has a close parallel in actuarial statistics. We can describe the pattern that aftershock sequences tend to follow with well-constrained equations. However, we must keep in mind that the actual aftershocks are only probabilistically described by these equations. Once the parameters in these equations have been estimated, we can determine the probability of aftershocks occurring in various space, time and magnitude ranges as described below.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Clustering of earthquakes usually occurs near the location of the mainshock. The stress on the mainshock's fault changes drastically during the mainshock and that fault produces most of the aftershocks. This causes a change in the regional stress, the size of which decreases rapidly with distance from the mainshock. Sometimes the change in stress caused by the mainshock is great enough to trigger aftershocks on other, nearby faults. While there is no hard \"cutoff\" distance beyond which an earthquake is totally incapable of triggering an aftershock, the vast majority of aftershocks are located close to the mainshock. As a rule of thumb, we consider earthquakes to be aftershocks if they are located within a characteristic distance from the mainshock. This distance is usually taken to be one or two times the length of the fault rupture associated with the mainshock. For example, if the mainshock ruptured a 100 km length of a fault, subsequent earthquakes up to 100-200 km away from the mainshock rupture would be considered aftershocks. The fault rupture length was approximately 15 km in the 1994 Northridge earthquake, and 430 km in the great 1906 earthquake.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96266","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Jones, L.M., and Reasenberg, P.A., 1996, Some facts about aftershocks to large earthquakes in California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-266, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96266.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284169,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1570,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0266/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":52793,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0266/pdf/of96-266.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e9e4b07f02db5e933f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Lucile M. jones@usgs.gov","contributorId":1014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Lucile","email":"jones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reasenberg, Paul A.","contributorId":35760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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