1. One-day old American kestrel (Faico sparverius) nestlings were orally dosed daily with 5 μl/g of corn oil (controls), 25, 125 or 625 mg/kg of metallic lead in corn oil for 10 days.
2. Forty per cent of the nestlings receiving 625 mg/kg of lead died after 6 days and growth rates were significantly depressed in the two highest lead dosed groups. At 10 days hematocrit values were significantly lower in the two highest lead treated groups, and hemoglobin content and red blood cell (δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity was depressed in all lead treated groups. Plasma creatine phosphokinase decreased in the two highest treatment groups.
3. Brain, liver and kidney ALAD activities, brain RNA to protein ratio and liver protein concentration decreased after lead exposure whereas liver DNA, DNA to RNA ratio and DNA to protein ratio increased. Brain monoamine oxidase and ATPase were not significantly altered.
4. Measurements of the ontogeny of hematological variants and enzymes in normal development, using additional untreated nestlings, revealed decreases in red blood cell ALAD, plasma aspartate amino transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, brain DNA and RNA and liver DNA, whereas hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma alkaline phosphatase, brain monoamine oxidase, brain ALAD and liver ALAD increased during the first 10 days of posthatching development.
5. Biochemical and hematological alterations were more severe than those reported in adult kestrels or precocial young birds exposed to lead. Alterations may be due in part to delayed development.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0742-8413(85)90080-5","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., Franson, J.C., Pattee, O.H., Bunck, C., and Murray, H.C., 1985, Biochemical and hematological effects of lead ingestion in nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius): Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, v. 80, no. 2, p. 431-439, https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(85)90080-5.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"431","endPage":"439","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db60746a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pattee, O. H.","contributorId":46459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pattee","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bunck, C.M.","contributorId":72337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunck","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murray, H. C.","contributorId":30702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5222072,"text":"5222072 - 1985 - Metal contamination in wildlife living near two zinc smelters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-02T10:59:43.443881","indexId":"5222072","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:32","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1556,"text":"Environmental Pollution (Series A)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metal contamination in wildlife living near two zinc smelters","docAbstract":"Wildlife in an oak forest on Blue Mountain was studied 10 km upwind (Bake Oven Knob site) and 2 km downwind (Palmerton site) of two zinc smelters in eastern Pennsylvania, USA. Previous studies at sites near these smelters had shown changes in populations of soil microflora, lichens, green plants and litter-inhabiting arthropods. The 02 soil litter horizon at Palmerton was heavily contaminated with Pb (2700 mg kg−1), Zn (24 000 mg kg−1), and Cd (710 mg kg−1), and to a lesser extent with Cu (440 mg kg−1). Various kinds of invertebrates (earthworms, slugs and millipedes) that feed on soil litter or soil organic matter were rare at, or absent from, the Palmerton site. Those collected at Bake Oven Knob tended to have much higher concentrations of metals than did other invertebrates. Frogs, toads and salamanders were very rare at, or absent from, the Palmerton site, but were present at Bake Oven Knob and at other sites on Blue Mountain farther from the smelters. Metal concentrations (dry wt) in different organisms from Palmerton were compared. Concentrations of Pb were highest in shrews (110 mg kg−1), followed by songbirds (56 mg kg−1), leaves (21 mg kg−1), mice (17 mg kg−1), carrion insects (14 mg kg−1), berries (4·0 mg kg−1), moths (4·3 mg kg−1) and fungi (3·7 mg kg−1). Concentrations of Cd, in contrast, were highest in carrion insects (25 mg kg−1), followed by fungi (9·8 mg kg−1), leaves (8·1 mg kg−1), shrews (7·3 mg kg−1), moths (4·9 mg kg−1), mice (2·6 mg kg−1), songbirds (2·5 mg kg−1) and berries (1·2 mg kg−1).
Concentrations of Zn and Cu tended to be highest in the same organisms that had the highest concentrations of Cd. Only a small proportion of the metals in the soil became incorporated into plant foliage, and much of the metal contamination detected in the biota probably came from aerial deposition. The mice from both sites seemed to be healthy. Shrews had higher concentrations of metals than did mice, and one shrew showed evidence of Pb poisoning; its red blood cell ALAD activity was greatly reduced, one kidney contained acid-fast intranuclear inclusion bodies, and the other kidney had 280 mg kg−1 Pb (wet wt). The livers from two cuckoos from Palmerton had elevated Pb concentrations (18 and 25 mg kg−1, wet wt). Most of the songbirds seemed to be healthy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0143-1471(85)90094-7","usgsCitation":"Beyer, W., Pattee, O.H., Sileo, L., Hoffman, D.J., and Mulhern, B., 1985, Metal contamination in wildlife living near two zinc smelters: Environmental Pollution (Series A), v. 38, no. 1, p. 63-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-1471(85)90094-7.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"86","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198096,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Bake Oven Knob, Blue Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.78720868224616,\n 40.700636729321474\n ],\n [\n -75.77438869190075,\n 40.70682137615654\n ],\n [\n -75.75574143321599,\n 40.716318108447666\n ],\n [\n -75.73534599402986,\n 40.724267819364314\n ],\n [\n -75.72485691101944,\n 40.73486595700689\n ],\n [\n -75.69892556691127,\n 40.737956762527716\n ],\n [\n -75.67969558139289,\n 40.7470075812013\n ],\n [\n -75.66833240813207,\n 40.75649858000574\n ],\n [\n -75.64560606161044,\n 40.76687091272373\n ],\n [\n -75.61384744916288,\n 40.775697154940076\n ],\n [\n -75.60481518323756,\n 40.783639770481955\n ],\n [\n -75.60831154424089,\n 40.796875352513666\n ],\n [\n -75.62754152975982,\n 40.79797819859462\n ],\n [\n -75.65492969095253,\n 40.790919667081596\n ],\n [\n -75.66745831788111,\n 40.792243198903265\n ],\n [\n -75.70766646941978,\n 40.78275730454371\n ],\n [\n -75.73534599402986,\n 40.76709158306798\n ],\n [\n -75.76448233572451,\n 40.75053927390272\n ],\n [\n -75.78487777491063,\n 40.746566106425604\n ],\n [\n -75.81255729952069,\n 40.73265815086202\n ],\n [\n -75.82333774594738,\n 40.71653894657126\n ],\n [\n -75.82683410695122,\n 40.70947176328093\n ],\n [\n -75.81826068013379,\n 40.69375877677078\n ],\n [\n -75.78720868224616,\n 40.700636729321474\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625903","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beyer, W. N. 0000-0002-8911-9141","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9141","contributorId":55379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"W. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pattee, O. H.","contributorId":46459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pattee","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sileo, L.","contributorId":46895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mulhern, B.M.","contributorId":98683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulhern","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5223147,"text":"5223147 - 1985 - Atlantic Flyway review: Region V: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Prince Georges County, MD (390-0764)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5223147,"text":"5223147 - 1985 - Atlantic Flyway review: Region V: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Prince Georges County, MD (390-0764)","indexId":"5223147","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Region V: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Prince Georges County, MD (390-0764)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5221999,"text":"5221999 - 1985 - Atlantic Flyway review: Region V","indexId":"5221999","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Region V"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5221999,"text":"5221999 - 1985 - Atlantic Flyway review: Region V","indexId":"5221999","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Region V"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T17:30:24","indexId":"5223147","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:32","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2881,"text":"North American Bird Bander","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Region V: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Prince Georges County, MD (390-0764)","docAbstract":"This was my 4th year of banding in a powerline right-of-way that is specially managed to encourage growth of dense scrub. Nets were run for 2 to 3 hours each morning, because activity dropped off rapidly after the sun hit the nets. I banded on 79 days, from 1 August to 22 November. Frost continues to be a problem late in the season; the frostpocket effect of the stream valley and the lack of vegetative cover over the nets result in frozen nets on more mornings than would be expected. Warblers continued to dominate, with as many as 16 species in one day and a season total of 33 plus a Brewster's hybrid. Net-hours declined from 8506 to 7672 because I discontinued six of my least productive nets; this change accounted for much of the increase in birds per 100 net-hours (Table 1). Overall effort was comparable to that of 1982.
","language":"English","publisher":"Western, Inland, and Eastern Bird Banding Associations","usgsCitation":"Bystrak, D., 1985, Atlantic Flyway review: Region V: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Prince Georges County, MD (390-0764): North American Bird Bander, v. 10, no. 2, p. 56-57.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"56","endPage":"57","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18487,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.westernbirdbanding.org/nabb.html","text":"Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Prince George's County","city":"Laurel","otherGeospatial":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688a36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bystrak, Danny dbystrak@usgs.gov","contributorId":4840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bystrak","given":"Danny","email":"dbystrak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":337980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223070,"text":"5223070 - 1985 - Growth and blood chemistry of ducklings reared on acidified wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-13T21:45:12.502001","indexId":"5223070","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:29","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":749,"text":"American Zoologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and blood chemistry of ducklings reared on acidified wetlands","docAbstract":"Acid deposition is one factor that may be responsible for the decline of some waterfowl populations. Growth and physiological condition were monitored in captive-reared black ducks (Anas rubripes) exposed for 10-day trials (day 11-20 of life) on control (pH 6.8) and acidified (pH 5.0) man-made emergent wetlands. Impaired growth (body weight, culmen and tarsus length) and increased mortality (50%) were apparent in broods (hen + 4 ducklings) reared on acidified wetIands. Ducklings exbibiting poor growth had reduced hematocrit, plasma protein and cholesterol levels. This subset of birds had elevated plasma uric acid concentration and creatine kinase activity (perhaps due to enhanced protein and nucleotide catabolism). and elevated pIasma K+ levels. Based upon overt appearance, growth and blood chemistry, ducklings exposed to acidified wetlands were concluded to be in poorer condittion than those exposed on circumneutral pH wetlands.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","usgsCitation":"Rattner, B., Haramis, G., Linder, G., and Chu, D., 1985, Growth and blood chemistry of ducklings reared on acidified wetlands: American Zoologist, v. 25, no. 4, p. 17A-17A.","productDescription":"63, 1 p.","startPage":"17A","endPage":"17A","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198194,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414062,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/25.4.1"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a90e4b07f02db655911","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":337794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haramis, G. mharamis@usgs.gov","contributorId":98011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haramis","given":"G.","email":"mharamis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Linder, G.","contributorId":43070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linder","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chu, D.","contributorId":91592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chu","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221982,"text":"5221982 - 1985 - Optimal management strategies in variable environments: Stochastic optimal control methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:11","indexId":"5221982","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:59","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2258,"text":"Journal of Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal management strategies in variable environments: Stochastic optimal control methods","docAbstract":" Dynamic optimization was used to investigate the optimal defoliation of salt desert shrubs in north-western Utah. Management was formulated in the context of optimal stochastic control theory, with objective functions composed of discounted or time-averaged biomass yields. Climatic variability and community patterns of salt desert shrublands make the application of stochastic optimal control both feasible and necessary. A primary production model was used to simulate shrub responses and harvest yields under a variety of climatic regimes and defoliation patterns. The simulation results then were used in an optimization model to determine optimal defoliation strategies. The latter model encodes an algorithm for finite state, finite action, infinite discrete time horizon Markov decision processes. Three questions were addressed: (i) What effect do changes in weather patterns have on optimal management strategies? (ii) What effect does the discounting of future returns have? (iii) How do the optimal strategies perform relative to certain fixed defoliation strategies? An analysis was performed for the three shrub species, winterfat (Ceratoides lanata), shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia) and big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). In general, the results indicate substantial differences among species in optimal control strategies, which are associated with differences in physiological and morphological characteristics. Optimal policies for big sagebrush varied less with variation in climate, reserve levels and discount rates than did either shadscale or winterfat. This was attributed primarily to the overwintering of photosynthetically active tissue and to metabolic activity early in the growing season. Optimal defoliation of shadscale and winterfat generally was more responsive to differences in plant vigor and climate, reflecting the sensitivity of these species to utilization and replenishment of carbohydrate reserves. Similarities could be seen in the influence of both the discount rate and the climatic patterns on optimal harvest strategics. In general, decreases in either the discount rate or in the frequency of favorable weather patterns lcd to a more conservative defoliation policy. This did not hold, however, for plants in states of low vigor. Optimal control for shadscale and winterfat tended to stabilize on a policy of heavy defoliation stress, followed by one or more seasons of rest. Big sagebrush required a policy of heavy summer defoliation when sufficient active shoot material is present at the beginning of the growing season. The comparison of fixed and optimal strategies indicated considerable improvement in defoliation yields when optimal strategies are followed. The superior performance was attributable to increased defoliation of plants in states of high vigor. Improvements were found for both discounted and undiscounted yields.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Williams, B.K., 1985, Optimal management strategies in variable environments: Stochastic optimal control methods: Journal of Environmental Management, v. 21, no. 1, p. 95-115.","productDescription":"95-115","startPage":"95","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd29f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, B. Kenneth","contributorId":107798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5224296,"text":"5224296 - 1985 - The austral peregrine falcon: Color variation, productivity, and pesticides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:10","indexId":"5224296","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:59","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2815,"text":"National Geographic Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The austral peregrine falcon: Color variation, productivity, and pesticides","docAbstract":"The austral peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus cassini) was studied in the Andean foot- hills and across the Patagonian steppe from November to December 1981. The birds under study (18 pairs) were reproducing at or near normal (pre-DDT) levels for other races. Pesticide residues, while elevated, were well below the values associated with reproductive failure in other populations. With one exception, eggshells were not abnormally thin. The peregrine falcon in Patagonia exhibits extreme color variation. Pallid birds are nearly pure white below (light cream as juveniles), whereas normally pigmented birds are black-crowned and conspicuously barred with black ventrally. Rare individuals of the Normal Phase display black heads, broad black ventral barring, and warm reddish-brown ventral background coloration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"National Geographic Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., 1985, The austral peregrine falcon: Color variation, productivity, and pesticides: National Geographic Research, v. 1, no. 3, p. 388-394.","productDescription":"388-394","startPage":"388","endPage":"394","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698cf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222007,"text":"5222007 - 1985 - Interspecific competition among Hawaiian forest birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-11T16:28:39.974957","indexId":"5222007","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:58","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interspecific competition among Hawaiian forest birds","docAbstract":"The object of this study was to determine whether interspecific competition modified local geographic distribution, after taking into account the effect of habitat structure. The tendencies for 14 passerine birds to have positive or negative associations were examined, using 7861 sample points in seven native forests on the islands of Hawaii, Maui, and Kauai. All birds were at least partly insectivorous and were fairly common in forested areas, although some fed chiefly on nectar or fruit. Species—pairs were classified as primary or secondary potential competitors based on general dietary similarity. To evaluate the association between species and to account for the effect of individual species habitat preferences, partial correlations were computed for each species—pair in a study area from the simple correlations between the species and 26 habitat variables plus two quadratic terms to represent nonlinearity. The partial correlations represented a short—term (\"instantaneous\") assessment of the strength of competitive interactions, and did not reflect the accumulation of competitive displacement through time. Of 170 partial correlations in the analysis, only 10 indicated significant negative association. The general pattern was of positive association (76 significantly positive partials), which probably resulted from flocking and from attraction of birds to areas of resource superabundance. Two species showed consistent patterns of negative partial correlations over several adjacent study areas, the Japanese White—eye/Iiwi in montane Hawaii, and the Japanese White—eye/Elepaio in windward Hawaii; both patterns could be reasonably attributed to direct competition. Species—pairs were grouped by the native or exotic status of the component species. Native/exotic pairs had a significantly greater proportion of negative partial correlations (37%) than either native/native pairs (8%) or exotic/exotic pairs (0%). This pattern was consistent across the seven study areas and appeared to reflect the occurrence of interspecific competition along a broad and diffuse ecological \"front\" between a co—evolved native avifauna and recently introduced exotic species. The role of competition in the pattern was corroborated by the significantly higher proportion of negative partial correlations among species—pairs of primary potential competitors than among those of secondary potential competitors. Our results suggested that °47% of the primary potential competitors among native/exotic species—pairs may experience at least small depressions in local population density due to competition. Although the negative correlations were for the most part small (average negative r = 0.06), one species could eventually replace another as spatial displacement accumulated through time. The Japanese White—eye appeared to have a principal role in native/exotic interactions, with 62% of the partial correlations between it and native primary potential competitor species being negative. Noteworthy implications were that (1) it was important to account for the habitat responses of individual species when studying the role of interspecific competition in modifying small—scale geographic distribution; (2) competition was frequently sporadic in its geographic occurrence and in the species affected, thus supporting Wiens' (1977) theory of competition; and (3) as a consequence, the role of interspecific competition in modifying distribution may be difficult to detect statistically with small data sets.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1942558","usgsCitation":"Mountainspring, S., and Scott, J.M., 1985, Interspecific competition among Hawaiian forest birds: Ecological Monographs, v. 55, no. 2, p. 219-239, https://doi.org/10.2307/1942558.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"239","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480154,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1235091","text":"External Repository"},{"id":196096,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Rausch (1967) found that numerous wolf skulls collected in a control program had sustained injuries, probably inflicted by severe blows from moose (Alces alces ). Wolves killed by prey seldom if ever are found. The authors located only three such published records, two involving moose (MacFarlane, 1905; Stanwell-Fletcher and Stanwell-Fletcher, 1942), and one involving deer (Odocoileus virginianus ) (Frijlink, 1977). In the latter case, the wolf was rabid and apparently was killed by a blow to the head, presumably by a hoof.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2307/1380984","usgsCitation":"Nelson, M., and Mech, L., 1985, Observation of a wolf killed by a deer: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 66, no. 1, p. 187-188, https://doi.org/10.2307/1380984.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17661,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1380984","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696552","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, M.E.","contributorId":102021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222077,"text":"5222077 - 1985 - Environmental contamination in the oil fields of western Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T21:45:15","indexId":"5222077","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2942,"text":"Oil and Petrochemical Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental contamination in the oil fields of western Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The effects on freshwater wildlife of chronic exposure to oil field discharges are not well known. Collections of wastewater, aquatic invertebrates, fish, salamanders, and small mammals were made in several streams in the oil fields of western Pennsylvania during 1980-81. Estimates of the petroleum content of two wastewater discharges were high (21.9 and 8.4 ppm) and one was low (0.3 ppm). Water conductivity was inversely related to aquatic invertebrate biomass. Hydrocarbons accumulated in significantly greater amounts in crayfish, fish, and small mammals from collection sites with oil extraction activity than from sites without oil extraction activity. Estimates of total petroleum in invertebrates, trout, and suckers averaged between 200 and 280 ppm for oil extraction sites and between 8 and 80 ppm for sites without oil extraction activity: Oil extraction activity did not affect metal accumulation by fish. Oil and wastewater discharges in oil fields disrupt community composition and can cause an overall reduction in stream productivity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oil and Petrochemical Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0143-7127(85)90247-9","usgsCitation":"Albers, P., Belisle, A.A., Swineford, D.M., and Hall, R., 1985, Environmental contamination in the oil fields of western Pennsylvania: Oil and Petrochemical Pollution, v. 2, no. 4, p. 265-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7127(85)90247-9.","productDescription":"265-280","startPage":"265","endPage":"280","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269560,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7127(85)90247-9"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602412","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albers, P.H.","contributorId":26646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belisle, A. A.","contributorId":77897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belisle","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swineford, D. M.","contributorId":106839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swineford","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hall, R.J.","contributorId":32885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5210155,"text":"5210155 - 1985 - Recent changes in the ranges of North American birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:13","indexId":"5210155","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:16","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Recent changes in the ranges of North American birds","docAbstract":"The North American Breeding Bird Survey has provided an annual index of population change since 1966. About 2400 randomly distributed roadside routes of 50 three-minute stops each provide the basic data for computer analysis. One of the reports produced shows the percentage of routes on which each species is encountered in each state and each Canadian province. This percentage is used to show expansion and contraction of breeding range and also important changes in frequency of encounter within various portions of the range of each species. Most of the recent changes in range fall in one of these 7 categories: (1) introduced species; (2) species given special protection; (3) species benefiting from artificial feeding in winter; (4) species taking advantage of shelterbelts; (5) species nesting on large highway bridges and dams; (6) species that feed on grain lost during mechanical harvesting: and (7) species losing habitat as a result of urban expansion. Examples of each category are supported by changes in the rate of encounter.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Acta XVIII Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, volume II","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academy of Sciences of the USSR","publisherLocation":"Moscow","collaboration":"held in Moscow, August 16-24, 1982","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1985, Recent changes in the ranges of North American birds, chap. of Acta XVIII Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, volume II, p. 737-742.","productDescription":"580-1335","startPage":" 737","endPage":"742","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634cd0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ilyichev, V.D.","contributorId":114166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ilyichev","given":"V.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506067,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gavrilov, V.M.","contributorId":112284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gavrilov","given":"V.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506066,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013110,"text":"70013110 - 1985 - Accretion tectonics and crustal structure in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-25T16:55:09.329596","indexId":"70013110","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accretion tectonics and crustal structure in Alaska","docAbstract":"The entire width of the North American Cordillera in Alaska is made up of \"suspect terranes\". Pre-Late Cretaceous paleogeography is poorly constrained and the ultimate origins of the many fragments which make up the state are unclear. The Prince William and Chugach terranes accreted since Late Cretaceous time and represent the collapse of much of the northeast Pacific Ocean swept into what today is southern Alaska. Greater Wrangellia, a composite terrane now dispersed into fragments scattered from Idaho to southern Alaska, apparently accreted into Alaska in Late Cretaceous time crushing an enormous deep-marine flysch basin on its inboard side. Most of interior eastern Alaska is the Yukon Tanana terrane, a very large entirely fault-bounded metamorphic-plutonic assemblage covering thousands of square kilometers in Canada as well as Alaska. The original stratigraphy and relationship to North America of the Yukon-Tanana terrane are both obscure. A collapsed Mesozoic flysch basin, similar to the one inboard of Wrangellia, lies along the northern margin. Much of Arctic Alaska was apparently a vast expanse of upper Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic deep marine sediments and mafic volcanic and plutonic rocks now scattered widely as large telescoped sheets and Klippen thrust over the Ruby geanticline and the Brooks Range, and probably underlying the Yukon-Koyukuk basin and the Yukon flats. The Brooks Range itself is a stack of north vergent nappes, the telescoping of which began in Early Cretaceous time. Despite compelling evidence for thousands of kilometers of relative displacement between the accreted terranes, and large amounts of telescoping, translation, and rotation since accretion, the resulting new continental crust added to North America in Alaska carries few obvious signatures that allow application of currently popular simple plate tectonic models. Intraplate telescoping and strike-slip translations, delamination at mid-crustal levels, and large-scale lithospheric wedging were important processes in northern Cordilleran tectonic evolution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(85)90042-3","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Coney, P., and Jones, D.L., 1985, Accretion tectonics and crustal structure in Alaska: Tectonophysics, v. 119, no. 1-4, p. 265-283, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(85)90042-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"283","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220013,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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L.","contributorId":65045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012690,"text":"70012690 - 1985 - Experimental studies in natural groundwater-recharge dynamics: The analysis of observed recharge events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T16:37:34.408635","indexId":"70012690","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental studies in natural groundwater-recharge dynamics: The analysis of observed recharge events","docAbstract":"The amounts and time distribution of groundwater recharge from precipitation over an approximately 19-month period were investigated at two instrumented sites in south-central Kansas. Precipitation and evapotranspiration sequences, soil-moisture profiles and storage changes, water fluxes in the unsaturated zone and hydraulic gradients in the saturated zone at various depths, soil temperatures, water-table hydrographs, and water-level changes in nearby wells clearly depict the recharge process.
Antecedent moisture conditions and the thickness and nature of the unsaturated zone were found to be the major factors affecting recharge. Although the two instrumented sites are located in sand-dune environments in areas characterized by shallow water table and subhumid continental climate, a significant difference was observed in the estimated effective recharge. The estimates ranged from less than 2.5 to approximately 154 mm at the two sites from February to June 1983. The main reasons for this large difference in recharge estimates were the greater thickness of the unsaturated zone and the lower moisture content in that zone resulting from lower precipitation and higher potential evapotranspiration for one of the sites. Effective recharge took place only during late winter and spring. No summer or fall recharge was observed at either site during the observation period of this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(85)90036-8","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sophocleous, M., and Perry, C.A., 1985, Experimental studies in natural groundwater-recharge dynamics: The analysis of observed recharge events: Journal of Hydrology, v. 81, no. 3-4, p. 297-332, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(85)90036-8.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"332","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222550,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"south-central Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.41785362175386,\n 38.35170885346173\n ],\n [\n -99.41785362175386,\n 36.99849330996328\n ],\n [\n -96.93625239807136,\n 36.99849330996328\n ],\n [\n -96.93625239807136,\n 38.35170885346173\n ],\n [\n -99.41785362175386,\n 38.35170885346173\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ddfe4b0c8380cd53229","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, C. A.","contributorId":106149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27392,"text":"wri844214 - 1985 - Test well installation and water quality, Hollywood Dump area, Memphis, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri844214","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4214","title":"Test well installation and water quality, Hollywood Dump area, Memphis, Tennessee","docAbstract":"The Hollywood Dump in north Memphis, Tennessee is known to contain hazardous wastes. Monitor wells were installed and sampled to determine if contaminants have entered the underlying Wolf River alluvium and concentrated near the base of this unconfined aquifer. Four water-quality samples were collected from each of nine monitor wells screened in the Wolf River alluvium at the Hollywood Dump between June 1982 and June 1983. Also sampled during this period was one well screened in the fluvial (terrace) deposits, about one-half mile upgradient from the dump, and three nearby wells screened in the Memphis Sand artesian aquifer. Low levels of several organic compounds, including heptachlor, chlordane and chlordene, were detected in water from the Wolf River alluvium. High concentrations of barium and arsenic were also detected. Water from the Memphis Sand showed no traces of synthetic organic compounds. Other constituents and properties were found to be at levels that are normal for that aquifer. Five of the Wolf River alluvium wells sampled were newly installed. Geophysical logs made in these wells, supplemented by drillers logs and split spoon samples, show that clay underlies the alluvial aquifer at the well locations. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844214","usgsCitation":"Graham, D., 1985, Test well installation and water quality, Hollywood Dump area, Memphis, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4214, iv, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844214.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4214/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56254,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4214/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c335","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graham, D. D.","contributorId":68314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"D. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28232,"text":"wri854155 - 1985 - A preliminary assessment of land-surface subsidence in the El Paso area, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-30T12:49:42","indexId":"wri854155","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4155","title":"A preliminary assessment of land-surface subsidence in the El Paso area, Texas","docAbstract":"The northeast and southeast parts of the El Paso area are underlain by Hueco bolson deposits as much as 9,000 feet thick. The deposits consist of lenses of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. In the Rio Grande Valley, about 400 to 450 feet of these deposits have been eroded and replaced with as much as 200 feet of alluvium. Ground water in the shallow alluvial aquifer in the Rio Grande Valley and in the Hueco bolson aquifer outside the valley is under water-table conditions, whereas ground water in the bolson aquifer in the valley is under leaky artesian conditions. Maximum water-level declines in the Hueco bolson aquifer are 110 feet east of the Franklin Mountains and 150 feet in the downtown El Paso area. For the shallow aquifer, the maximum declines have been 125 feet in the downtown area. Compressable materials in the freshwater zone of the aquifer range from 50 to 450 feet.
\nRecharge from the Rio Grande to the shallow alluvial aquifer has increased from an estimated 15,000 acre-feet during 1968 to 30,000 acre-feet during 1983, an increase of about 1,000 acre-feet per year. Leakage from the Rio Grande is expected to continually increase in the near future because of a continued decline in ground-water levels. The amount of leakages from the canals is much less than from the river.
\nReleveling of bench marks along lines to the northeast and the southeast of the Rio Grande, and along its channel commonly show land subsidence of about 0.2 foot. The maximum measured subsidence is 0.41 foot along the river in the Chamizal zone. No subsidence was detected at the Riverside Diversion Dam. A comparison of subsidence, water-level declines, and clay thickness along the three survey lines shows the expected correlation of greater subsidence with thicker accumulated clay material for a given decline in water levels. The preconsolidation stress was expected to range from 85 to 115 feet of water-level decline on the basis of subsidence studies in Arizona and California. A study of specific-unit compaction along the three survey lines shows that the values usually range between 1.0 to 2.5 x 10-5 feet per feet squared. These values are comparable to the ones computed in the Tulare-Wasco, California, and Houston-Galveston, Texas, areas following the exceedance of the local preconsolidation stress. Because of this comparability, the specific-unit compaction for future periods in the El Paso area probably will not increase dramatically when the preconsolidation stress is exceeded, if it has not already been exceeded.
\nIn addition to regional subsidence, local subsidence is indicated by observable surface fractures but has not been verified by precise leveling. These local areas coincide with areas that historically were swamps along the Rio Grande.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri854155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Land, L.F., and Armstrong, C.A., 1985, A preliminary assessment of land-surface subsidence in the El Paso area, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4155, vi, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854155.","productDescription":"vi, 96 p.","numberOfPages":"108","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57062,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4155/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4155/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"El Paso","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.32293701171874,\n 31.647536225797772\n ],\n [\n -106.35314941406249,\n 31.701882151861714\n ],\n [\n -106.37443542480469,\n 31.71122878128754\n ],\n [\n -106.38198852539062,\n 31.73400724374667\n ],\n [\n -106.45271301269531,\n 31.764369817056387\n ],\n [\n -106.468505859375,\n 31.76145077153307\n ],\n [\n -106.47468566894531,\n 31.750941445321764\n ],\n [\n -106.48773193359375,\n 31.74918977495709\n ],\n [\n -106.50421142578125,\n 31.756780107186728\n ],\n [\n -106.51588439941406,\n 31.770791393089315\n ],\n [\n -106.52961730957031,\n 31.783633207994736\n ],\n [\n -106.53648376464844,\n 31.94633593313394\n ],\n [\n -106.32980346679686,\n 31.94808386339691\n ],\n [\n -106.32293701171874,\n 31.647536225797772\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6aaf25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, L. F.","contributorId":17253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armstrong, C. A.","contributorId":66231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9106,"text":"ofr84748 - 1985 - Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9106,"text":"ofr84748 - 1985 - Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","indexId":"ofr84748","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1663,"text":"wsp2284 - 1988 - Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","indexId":"wsp2284","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1663,"text":"wsp2284 - 1988 - Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","indexId":"wsp2284","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-23T20:08:54.206848","indexId":"ofr84748","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-748","title":"Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","docAbstract":"Ground water in the 3,458-square-mile lower Susquehanna River basin occupies secondary openings in bedrock. The distribution of openings is a function of lithology, depth, and topography. Local flow systems account for most of the total ground-water flow. Average annual recharge for the lower basin is 1,857 million gallons per day, most of which discharges to streams. The water table is a subdued replica of land surface; its depth varies with topography, but is generally 20 to 70 feet below land surface. Ground water circulates to depths of 500 to 600 feet below the water table.
A digital model of regional, unconfined ground-water flow was developed and used to evaluate the ground-water resources of the lower basin. On the basis of lithologic and hydrologic differences, the area was subdivided into 21 hydrogeologic units, each with different hydrologic characteristics. Each unit was divided into two layers to handle decreasing secondary permeability with depth. A finite-difference grid with square blocks approximately one mile on a side was used. The model was calibrated under steady-state and transient conditions. The model-generated results were compared to estimated water-table altitudes and estimated base flows in the steady-state calibration. In the transient calibration, the model-generated results were compared to observed changes in water-table altitude from November 1, 1980 through April 22, 1981.
Hydraulic conductivity increases from hilltops to valley bottoms. The average hydraulic conductivity for carbonate units is about 21 feet per day, which is an order of magnitude greater than the corresponding averages for Paleozoic sedimentary, Triassic sedimentary, and crystalline units. The Cumberland Valley carbonate rocks have the greatest average hydraulic conductivity--about 174 feet per day in valley bottoms. The average gaining-stream leakage coefficient for all carbonate units is about 16 feet per day, which is two orders of magnitude greater than the corresponding averages for the other lithologies. The Cumberland Valley carbonate rocks have the greatest gaining-stream leakage coefficient--about 43 feet per day. The specific yields are 0.035, 0.020, 0.020 and 0.007 for the carbonate, Paleozoic sedimentary, crystalline, and Triassic sedimentary units, respectively.
The calibrated model was used to simulate the effects of a ground-water withdrawal of 1 inch per year on water-table altitudes and average annual base flows in the modeled area. The overall effect is least for the carbonate units and greatest for the Triassic sedimentary units. The model also was used to simulate a standardized potential yield for each unit by assuming that the maximum acceptable consequence of a hypothetical withdrawal scheme is an ultimate 50-percent reduction in average annual base flow. Based on this, the potential yield for the modeled area is 891 million gallons per day. The Cumberland Valley carbonate rocks have the greatest potential yield--0.47 million gallons per day per square mile. The carbonate units have the greatest average potential yield, followed by the Paleozoic sedimentary, crystalline, and Triassic sedimentary units. About 90 percent of the eventual decline in water-table altitudes and the eventual reduction in average annual base flows occurs within five years of the implementation of the hypothetical withdrawal scheme. Nearly all of the ground water withdrawn is derived from reduced discharge to streams.
The calibrated model can be used to provide estimates of the impacts of ground-water development schemes on regional ground-water levels and base flows of streams. It can not be used to simulate local cones of depression or local base-flow changes. The reliability of the model is a function of its approximation of the physical characteristics of the ground-water flow system, the two calibrations, various simplifying assumptions, and the lack of calibration under ground-water withdrawal conditions. It can be used in steady-state or transient mode to assess the effects of both natural and artificial stresses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84748","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Susquehanna River Basin Commission","usgsCitation":"Gerhart, J.M., and Lazorchick, G.J., 1985, Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-748, Report: ix, 183 p.; 2 Plates: 30.03 x 23.75 inches and 29.77 x 23.98 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84748.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 183 p.; 2 Plates: 30.03 x 23.75 inches and 29.77 x 23.98 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0748/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":405493,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0748/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":405492,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0748/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":405491,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0748/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Susquehanna River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.761474609375,\n 39.5633531658293\n ],\n [\n -75.948486328125,\n 39.5633531658293\n ],\n [\n -75.948486328125,\n 40.14109012528468\n ],\n [\n -76.761474609375,\n 40.14109012528468\n ],\n [\n -76.761474609375,\n 39.5633531658293\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa4ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerhart, James M.","contributorId":35717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerhart","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lazorchick, George J.","contributorId":18743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lazorchick","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13161,"text":"ofr84621 - 1985 - Artesian pressures and water quality in Paleozoic aquifers in the Ten Sleep area of the Bighorn Basin, north-central Wyoming","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13161,"text":"ofr84621 - 1985 - Artesian pressures and water quality in Paleozoic aquifers in the Ten Sleep area of the Bighorn Basin, north-central Wyoming","indexId":"ofr84621","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Artesian pressures and water quality in Paleozoic aquifers in the Ten Sleep area of the Bighorn Basin, north-central Wyoming"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1185,"text":"wsp2289 - 1986 - Artesian pressures and water quality in Paleozoic aquifers in the Ten Sleep area of the Bighorn Basin, north-central Wyoming","indexId":"wsp2289","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Artesian pressures and water quality in Paleozoic aquifers in the Ten Sleep area of the Bighorn Basin, north-central Wyoming"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1185,"text":"wsp2289 - 1986 - Artesian pressures and water quality in Paleozoic aquifers in the Ten Sleep area of the Bighorn Basin, north-central Wyoming","indexId":"wsp2289","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Artesian pressures and water quality in Paleozoic aquifers in the Ten Sleep area of the Bighorn Basin, north-central Wyoming"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T22:08:22.123955","indexId":"ofr84621","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-621","title":"Artesian pressures and water quality in Paleozoic aquifers in the Ten Sleep area of the Bighorn Basin, north-central Wyoming","docAbstract":"The major Paleozoic artesian aquifers, the aquifers most favorable for continued development, in the Ten Sleep area of the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming, are the Tensleep Sandstone, the Madison Limestone and Bighorn Dolomite (Madison-Bighorn aquifer), and the Flathead Sandstone. The minor aquifers include the Goose Egg and Park City Formations (considered in the Ten Sleep area to be the lateral equivalent of the Phosphoria Formation) and the Amsden Formation. Most wells completed in the major and minor aquifers flow at the land surface. Wellhead pressures generally are less than 50 pounds per square inch for the Tensleep Sandstone, to 150-250 pounds per square inch for the Madison-Bighorn aquifer, and more than 400 pounds per square inch for the Flathead Sandstone. Flowing wells completed in the Madison-Bighorn aquifer and Flathead Sandstone yield more than 1,000 gallons per minute. The initial test of one well completed in the Madison-Bighorn aquifer indicated a flow rate of 14,000 gallons per minute. Transmissivities range from 500 to 1,900 feet squared per day for the Madison-Bighorn aquifer and from about 90 to 325 feet squared per day for the Tensleep and Flathead Sandstones.
Significant secondary permeability from fracturing in the Paleozoic aquifers allows local upward interformational movement of water that affects the altitude of the potentiometric surfaces of the Tensleep Sandstone and Madison-Bighorn aquifer. Water moves upward from the Tensleep and other formations, through the Goose Egg Formation, to discharge at the land surface as springs. Much of the spring flow is diverted for irrigation or is used for rearing fish.
Decreases from original well pressures were not apparent in wells completed in the Tensleep Sandstone or in the Madison-Bighorn aquifer in the study area except for a few wells in or near the town of Ten Sleep. Most wells completed in the Flathead Sandstone, which also are open to the Madison-Bighorn aquifer, show a decrease of pressure from the time of completion to 1978. The decrease of pressure is partly the result of water moving from the Flathead Sandstone into the Madison-Bighorn aquifer, which has a lower potentiometric surface than does the Flathead Sandstone, even during the time the wells are not in operation. Pressure in some small-capacity wells completed in the Goose Egg Formation also has decreased near Ten Sleep. Most of the wells, particularly the irrigation wells, show a progressive decrease in pressure during the irrigation season but recover during periods of non-use. Measurements of the pressure were made principally in 1953, 1962, 1970, and 1975-78.
Well water from the Paleozoic aquifers generally contains minimal concentrations of dissolved solids and individual constituents, but excessive hardness. Dissolved-solids concentrations of water are less than 300 milligrams per liter in the Tensleep Sandstone and Madison-Bighorn aquifer, less than 200 milligrams per liter in the Flathead Sandstone, and as much as 450 milligrams per liter in the Goose Egg Formation. Bicarbonate is the major constituent, followed by calcium and magnesium. Relatively large concentrations of sulfate, as much as 200 milligrams per liter, were found mainly in water from the Goose Egg Formation. The water has low sodium (alkali) and medium salinity; therefore, the water is satisfactory for irrigation and most other uses, if excessive hardness is not a detrimental factor.
Wellhead temperatures range from 11° to 27.5° Celsius (51° to 81.5° Fahrenheit) within a range in depth of approximately 250 to 4,000 feet. This gives a geothermal gradient of about 0.44° Celsius per 100 feet (0.79° Fahrenheit per 100 feet).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84621","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wyoming State Engineer","usgsCitation":"Cooley, M.E., 1985, Artesian pressures and water quality in Paleozoic aquifers in the Ten Sleep area of the Bighorn Basin, north-central Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-621, Report: vi, 74 p.; 5 Plates: 18.35 x 18.35 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84621.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 74 p.; 5 Plates: 18.35 x 18.35 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412558,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0621/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":412557,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0621/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":412556,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0621/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":412555,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0621/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":412554,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0621/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":412553,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0621/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146052,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0621/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Bighorn Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.259033203125,\n 43.58834891179792\n ],\n [\n -109.259033203125,\n 45.263288531496876\n ],\n [\n -107.16064453125,\n 45.263288531496876\n ],\n [\n -107.16064453125,\n 43.58834891179792\n ],\n [\n -109.259033203125,\n 43.58834891179792\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699d9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooley, Maurice E.","contributorId":8077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Maurice","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28477,"text":"wri844277 - 1985 - Water resources of the southeast lowlands, Missouri; with a section on water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-03T20:54:59.948531","indexId":"wri844277","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4277","title":"Water resources of the southeast lowlands, Missouri; with a section on water quality","docAbstract":"The Southeast Lowlands of Missouri occupies 4,000 square miles of prime agricultural land of the Coastal Plain in the extreme southeastern corner of Missouri. Even though this area receives about 4 feet of rainfall per year, there is a rapidly increasing demand for water for irrigation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the water resources of this area with particular emphasis on the extent of irrigation and the potential of the groundwater system to support further irrigation development. The area is underlain by consolidated aquifers of Paleozoic age and unconsolidated aquifers of Mesozoic and Cenozoic age. The consolidated aquifers, although possessing the potential to yield large quantities of water, generally are not used throughout much of the area because they lie at considerable death and alternate supplies are readily available. The McNairy aquifer, which underlies about three-fourths of the area, ranges from 0 to 600 feet in thickness with the top lying from 0 to more than 2,200 feet below land surface. This system is attractive as a municipal water supply because of its large artesian head and the small iron and hardness concentrations of the water. Although this system is now used exclusively for municipal water supplies, the McNairy may become more important in the future as a heat source. The Wilcox Group (undivided), which underlies more than one-half of the area and almost always lies less than 300 feet below land surface, is as much as 1,400 feet thick. However, usually only the basal 250 to 500 feet of this group is used as an aquifer. This system, which in some areas is capable of yielding as much as 1,500 gallons per minute to properly constructed wells, is now primarily used for municipal supplies. The alluvial aquifer underlies most of the area and is locally capable of yielding more than 3,000 gallons per minute. This aquifer generally is 100 to 200 feet thick, but in several places more than 250 feet of alluvium has been reported. Irrigation wells withdraw an estimated 95,000 acre-feet per year from this aquifer, whereas municipal, industrial, and domestic wells withdraw an estimated additional 17,000 acre-feet per year. This compares to nearly 6 million acre-feet per year natural discharge and a total storage of 60 million acre feet. The surface-water system in the area consists of a few natural rivers and many manmade ditches. Although a considerable quantity of water is available from the surface-water system, this system is not extensively used because attractive alternative sources are readily available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844277","usgsCitation":"Luckey, R.R., and Fuller, D.L., 1985, Water resources of the southeast lowlands, Missouri; with a section on water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4277, viii, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844277.","productDescription":"viii, 78 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393798,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36120.htm"},{"id":57277,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4277/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4277/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.3,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -89.55,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -89.55,\n 37.1890\n ],\n [\n -90.3,\n 37.1890\n ],\n [\n -90.3,\n 36\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9a46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luckey, R. R.","contributorId":93055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luckey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, D. L.","contributorId":15244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1076,"text":"wsp2251 - 1985 - Effects of artificial recharge on the Ogallala aquifer, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T14:27:28","indexId":"wsp2251","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2251","title":"Effects of artificial recharge on the Ogallala aquifer, Texas","docAbstract":"Four recharge tests were conducted by injecting water from playa lakes through wells into the Ogallala Formation. Injection was by gravity flow and by pumping under pressure. At one site, 34-acre feet of water was injected by gravity and produced a significant increase in yield of the well. At a second site, gravity injection of only 0.58 acre-foot caused a significant decrease in permeability due to plugging by suspended sediment. At two other sites, injection by pumping 6 and 14 acre-feet respectively, resulted in discharge of water at the surface and in perching of water above the water table. Differences in success of recharge were largely due to aquifer lithology and, therefore, the type of permeability; the concentration of suspended solids in the recharge water; and the injection technique. The injection technique can be controlled and the concentration of suspended solids can be minimized by treatment, but the site for well recharge will accept water most rapidly if it is selected on the basis of a favorable geohydrologic environment. Geophysical logs were used to study the effect of aquifer lithology on recharge and to understand the movement of injected water. Temperature logs were particularly useful in tracing the movement of recharged water. Natural-gamma, gamma-gamma, and neutron logs provided important data on lithology and porosity in the aquifer and changes in porosity and water distribution resulting from recharge. Effective recharge of the Ogallala Formation, using water from playa lakes, is possible where geohydrologic conditions are favorable and the recharge system is properly constructed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2251","usgsCitation":"Brown, R.F., and Keys, W., 1985, Effects of artificial recharge on the Ogallala aquifer, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2251, vi, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2251.","productDescription":"vi, 56 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2251/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25783,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2251/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68452e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Richmond Flint","contributorId":96242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Richmond","email":"","middleInitial":"Flint","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keys, W.S.","contributorId":75126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keys","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28285,"text":"wri854277 - 1985 - Management of ground water and evolving hydrogeologic studies in New Jersey : a heavily urbanized and industrialized state in the northeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:13:28","indexId":"wri854277","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4277","title":"Management of ground water and evolving hydrogeologic studies in New Jersey : a heavily urbanized and industrialized state in the northeastern United States","docAbstract":"New Jersey is the most densely populated and one of the most industrialized states in the United States. An abundance of freshwater and proximity to major northeastern metropolitan centers has facilitated this development. Pumpage of freshwater from all aquifers in the State in 1980 was 730 million gallons per day (2.76 million cubic meters per day).
Management and efficient development of the ground-water resources of the State are the responsibility of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Laws have been enacted and updated by the State legislature to manage water allocation and to control the disposal of hazardous wastes. Present resource management is guided by the New Jersey Water-Supply Master Plan of 1981. Funding for management activities is partially derived from the sale of state-approved bonds.
Effective planning and regional management require accurate and up-to-date hydrologic information and analyses. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Jersey Geological Survey, is conducting three intensive ground-water studies involving the collection and interpretation of hydrologic data to meet the urgent water-management needs of New Jersey. These studies are part of a long-term cooperative program and are funded through the Water-Supply Bond Act of 1981. They began in 1983 and are scheduled to be completed in 1988.
The project areas are situated in the New Jersey part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain in and near Atlantic City, Camden, and South River. They range in size from 400 to 1,200 mil (1,040 to 3,120 km2). The studies are designed to define the geology, hydrology, and geochemistry of the local ground-water systems. The results of these studies will enable the State to address more effectively major problems in these areas such as declining water levels, overpumping, saltwater intrusion, and ground-water contamination resulting from the improper disposal of hazardous wastes.
Specific objectives of these studies by the U.S. Geological Survey are to (1) develop an accurate and up-to-date hydrogeologic data base, (2) design and implement a data-collection program and establish a computerized information management system, (3) refine the conceptualization of the ground-water flow system, and (4) define the geochemistry of the aquifer system by conducting a water-quality appraisal. The objectives are accomplished by standard hydrogeologic methods. Information concerning hydrogeologic framework, ground-water levels, water use, hydraulic characteristics, and water quality in the study areas is compiled from all available sources. Additional data needed are collected through well inventories, surface geophysical surveys, water-quality samplings, water-level measurements, and a well-drilling program.
Interpretation of the flow system is based on the use of standard analytical techniques and digital flow modeling. Calibrated flow models will provide ground-water managers with a mechanism to develop and test regional water-supply strategies.
Definition of the geochemistry of the aquifer system is accomplished through a variety of methods which depend on the problems and available data in the particular study area. The approach includes statistical analysis of water-quality data, reaction-path modeling, and determination of the movement of chemical constituents using analytical and numerical modeling techniques.
A combined staff of 25 to 30 professionals and technicians from the New Jersey District office of the U.S. Geological Survey is committed to the three studies. The staff has specialists in geohydrology, numerical modeling, geochemistry, geophysics, and computer science. The findings of these studies will be published in data reports, interpretive reports, instructional manuals and journal articles.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854277","usgsCitation":"Leahy, P.P., 1985, Management of ground water and evolving hydrogeologic studies in New Jersey : a heavily urbanized and industrialized state in the northeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4277, iv, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854277.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":359414,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4277/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4277/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New 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Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a2ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leahy, P. Patrick","contributorId":80648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leahy","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26376,"text":"wri854170 - 1985 - Effects of wetlands on quality of runoff entering lakes in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T11:35:50","indexId":"wri854170","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4170","title":"Effects of wetlands on quality of runoff entering lakes in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Four wetlands were compared with respect to their effectiveness in decreasing suspended solids and nutrient concentrations in runoff to lakes immediately downstream from the wetlands. An artificial impoundment in one of the wetlands increased settling of suspended solids. A decrease of nutrients in this wetland was probably the result of high assimilation rates associated with a dense stand of cattails. Two of the other three wetlands consist of open water and land areas, both of which contain abundant vegetation. Drainage from land areas within the wetlands may have lowered the overall effectiveness of the wetlands in decreasing sediment and nutrient concentrations. The third wetland was a constructed wetland that was ineffective in decreasing sediment or nutrient concentrations because its storage capacity was too small to prevent frequent flushing of accumulated sediment. Sediment concentrations in discharge from this wetland were as much as 22 times greater than the already high sediment concentrations in the inflow. (Author 's abstract)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri854170","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Metropolitan Council of the Twin Cities Area","usgsCitation":"Brown, R.G., 1985, Effects of wetlands on quality of runoff entering lakes in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4170, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854170.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4170/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55168,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4170/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Twin 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(Index Map). Ludlow, the nearest large community, is approximately 7 air miles northeast of the study area. The small villages of Weston and East Wallingford are 3 to 5 mi to the south and north, respectively. Total relief is nearly 1,200 ft, ranging from a low elevation of 1,640 ft along the southwestern edge of the area, to a high point of about 2,860 ft in the northwest portion. Principal access is provided by state Route 100 and 155 on the southeast and northeast, and by Forest Service Road 10 along the western boundary. Old logging roads and foot trails allow entry to the interior of the study area. Several swamps and one small pond are located in topographically low areas. Drainage is principally to the south and southeast by tributaries of the south-flowing West River, ultimately discharging into the Connecticut River near Brattleboro.
\nThe Devils Den area is named for a large undercut cliff (Dale, 1915, p. 21) developed in Precambrian basement rocks. This undercut cliff forms a broad natural cave immediately west of and below Forest Service Road 10, at the head of Mt. Tabor Brook. Another much smaller cave is present in dolomite of probable Paleozoic (Early Cambrian) age on the east side of the same road. This smaller cave apparently is of artificial origin, having been made during early mining of the dolomite (Dale, 1915, p. 21). This man-made cave is the only evidence of previous mining activity within the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf1626C","isbn":"0607814357","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., Atelsek, P., and Grosz, A.E., 1985, Geochemical survey of the Devil's Den Roadless Area, Rutland and Windsor counties, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1626, Plate: 55.23 x 42.09 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1626C.","productDescription":"Plate: 55.23 x 42.09 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":326357,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1626C.JPG"},{"id":327489,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1626-C/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","county":"Rutland County, Windsor County","otherGeospatial":"Devil's Den Roadless Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.91805555555555,43.301111111111105 ], [ -72.91805555555555,43.38472222222222 ], [ -72.80111111111111,43.38472222222222 ], [ -72.80111111111111,43.301111111111105 ], [ -72.91805555555555,43.301111111111105 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abaa3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atelsek, P.J.","contributorId":104069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atelsek","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grosz, A. E.","contributorId":87925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grosz","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207636,"text":"70207636 - 1985 - Age of biostratigraphic horizons within the Ordovician and Silurian systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-08T12:23:52.975621","indexId":"70207636","displayToPublicDate":"1985-12-31T13:55:50","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1784,"text":"Geological Society Memoir","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age of biostratigraphic horizons within the Ordovician and Silurian systems","docAbstract":"Three samples that have a bearing on the age of horizons within the Ordovician and Silurian systems, two previously dated by the conventional K-Ar method and one by the 40Ar/39 Ar total-fusion method, have been reanalysed using the 40Ar/39Ar age-spectrum method. Conventional K-Ar and total-fusion 40Ar/39Ar ages can always be questioned because of the relative ease with which the K-Ar system can be disturbed, either thermally or chemically (i.e. Dalrymple & Lanphere 1969; Clauer et al. 1982). The 40Ar/39Ar age-spectrum method has the potential for identifying disturbed K-Ar systems (i.e. Berger 1975; Harrison & McDougall 1980). The authors feel that the age-spectrum data from these samples are significant because the previous results for these samples have been questioned in recently proposed Palaeozoic time-scales because of a possible disturbance of the K-Ar isotopic system (i.e. Gale et al. 1979, 1980; Gale 1982).
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/GSL.MEM.1985.010.01.10","usgsCitation":"Kunk, M.J., Sutter, J., Obradovich, J.D., and Lanphere, M.A., 1985, Age of biostratigraphic horizons within the Ordovician and Silurian systems: Geological Society Memoir, v. 10, no. 1, p. 89-92, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.1985.010.01.10.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"92","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370911,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutter, J.","contributorId":20083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutter","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Obradovich, J. D.","contributorId":48966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obradovich","given":"J.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":778700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70193879,"text":"70193879 - 1985 - National Pesticide Monitoring Program: Residues of organochlorine chemicals in freshwater fish, 1980–81","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-07T11:13:55","indexId":"70193879","displayToPublicDate":"1985-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"National Pesticide Monitoring Program: Residues of organochlorine chemicals in freshwater fish, 1980–81","docAbstract":"The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service analyzed residues of organochlorine chemicals in 315 composite samples of whole fish collected in 1980–81 from 107 stations nationwide as part of the National Pesticide Monitoring Program (NPMP). The mean concentrations of total DDT and allp,p′-ho-mologs exceptp,p′-DDT showed significant but small declines relative to mean concentrations before 1978–79. The mean concentration ofp,p′-DDT did not change. The most persistent DDT homolog (p,p′-DDE) continued to constitute about 70% of total DDT residues, as it did in 1974–79. DDT contamination attributable to former DDT manufacturing facilities remained evident at sites in Alabama and Arkansas, and high concentrations at one site in Hawaii suggested that input to the environment was continuing. Conversely, the data do not support the contention of others that DDT was still being used in the Southwest. Residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) remained widespread, but a significant downward trend in total PCBs was evident, especially in areas that the NPMP has previously shown to be the most heavily contaminated. Mean concentrations of dieldrin had not changed since 1978–79, and levels remained highest in Hawaii and in the Great Lakes. Toxaphene concentrations plateaued after a period of steady increase through the 1970's, but the incidence of toxaphene continued to increase; residues were present at 88% of the stations sampled in 1980–81, including one in Alaska (most likely as a consequence of atmospheric transport). Mean chlordane concentrations were slightly lower than in 1978–79, and residues were detected at fewer stations in 1980–81 than in 1978–79. Residues of other organochlorines [e.g., mirex, pentachloroanisole (PCA), benzene hexachloride (BHC) isomers, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), Dacthal® (DCPA)2, and methoxychlor] were either found at relatively few (<25%) of the stations sampled in 1980–81 or were characterized by relatively low concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01055615","usgsCitation":"Schmitt, C.J., Zajicek, J.L., and Ribick, M.A., 1985, National Pesticide Monitoring Program: Residues of organochlorine chemicals in freshwater fish, 1980–81: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 14, no. 2, p. 225-260, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055615.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"260","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348355,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a082a52e4b09af898c8ea23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmitt, Christopher J. 0000-0001-6804-2360 cjschmitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-2360","contributorId":491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"Christopher","email":"cjschmitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zajicek, James L. jzajicek@usgs.gov","contributorId":2775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zajicek","given":"James","email":"jzajicek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":720868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ribick, M. A.","contributorId":82367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribick","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206858,"text":"70206858 - 1985 - Devonian eustatic fluctuations in Euramerica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-26T14:26:47.011064","indexId":"70206858","displayToPublicDate":"1985-11-25T12:52:59","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Devonian eustatic fluctuations in Euramerica","docAbstract":"The Devonian System of Euramerica contains at least 14 transgressive-regressive (T-R) cycles of eustatic origin. These are separated into three groups (or depophases) and from Carboniferous cycles by three prominent regressions. Twelve post-Lochkovian T-R cycles are recognized, and they commonly appear to result from abrupt deepening events followed by prolonged upward shallowing. Deepening events in the western United States (especially Nevada), western Canada, New York, Belgium, and Germany have been dated in the standard conodont zonation and are demonstrably simultaneous in several or all five regions. This synchroneity indicates control by eustatic sea-level fluctuations rather than by local or regional epeirogeny. Facies shifts in shelf sedimentary successions are more reliable indicators of the timing of sea-level fluctuations than are strandline shifts in the cratonic interior, because the latter are more influenced by local epeirogeny. Strandline shifts are most useful in estimating the relative magnitude for sea-level fluctuations.
Devonian facies progressions and the three prominent regressions are of a duration and an order of magnitude that could have been caused by episodes of growth and decay of Devonian oceanic ridge systems. The described T-R cycles could have formed in response to mid-plate thermal uplift and submarine volcanism. The latter process may have been a control on small-scale (1–5 m thick), upward-shallowing cycles within the major T-R cycles. Continental glaciation could have been a factor in sea-level fluctuations only in the Famennian and could not have been responsible for the Devonian facies progressions or the numerous T-R cycles.
The Frasnian extinctions were apparently cumulative rather than due to a single calamity. Two rapid sea-level rises occurred just before, and one at, the Frasnian-Famennian boundary. It is probable that this series of deepening events reduced the size of shallow-shelf habitats, caused repeated anoxic conditions in basinal areas, and drowned the reef ecosystems that had sustained the immensely diverse Devonian benthos.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<567:DEFIE>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J., Klapper, G., and Sandberg, C., 1985, Devonian eustatic fluctuations in Euramerica: GSA Bulletin, v. 96, no. 5, p. 567-587, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<567:DEFIE>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"567","endPage":"587","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J.G.","contributorId":83515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klapper, Gilbert","contributorId":54853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klapper","given":"Gilbert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sandberg, Charles sandberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":199124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"Charles","email":"sandberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70120913,"text":"70120913 - 1985 - Snowpack and variation in reproductive ecology of a montane ground-nesting passerine, Junco hyemalis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T13:16:22","indexId":"70120913","displayToPublicDate":"1985-04-01T13:09:18","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2964,"text":"Ornis Scandinavica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Snowpack and variation in reproductive ecology of a montane ground-nesting passerine, Junco hyemalis","docAbstract":"Effects of snow depth and rate of snowmelt on reproduction of a montane ground-nesting passerine were examined in a 5-year study of Dark-eyed Juncos Junco hyemalis in northern Utah, USA. Distribution of clucth sizes differed significantly among years. Although most clutches contained four eggs, 3-egg clutches, due primarily to second nestings, were more common during a year of early snowmelt and 5-egg clutches were most common during two years of late snowmelt. Average clutch size was lowest in an early snowmelt year and average clutch size and date at which meadows became snow-free were significantly positively correlated. Average hatching date of 4-egg clutches was also significantly positively correlated with date at which meadows became snow-free demonstrating that most birds tracked the pattern of snowmelt. Early snowmelt may allow more pairs to attempt second nesting, but late-lying snow causes breeding to be delayed, allowing time for only one nesting attempt. During this delay, female juncos continue to feed and some may gain enough reserves to produce larger clutches, accounting for the increase in average clutch size in years of late snowmelt. Three female juncos examined in June 1982, a period of late snowmelt, had significantly more lipid reserves than did six males collected at the same time, suggesting that females are not physiologically stressed while awaiting snowmelt. By tracking snowmelt patterns, juncos synchronize production of young with peak summer insect abundance and potentially decrease risk of predation. Snow depth and rate of snowmelt are thus proximate environmental factors that may influence the reproductive ecology of ground-nesting passerines.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ornis Scandinavica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Scandinavian Ornithologists' Union","publisherLocation":"Oslo","doi":"10.2307/3676568","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.G., and Andersen, D., 1985, Snowpack and variation in reproductive ecology of a montane ground-nesting passerine, Junco hyemalis: Ornis Scandinavica, v. 16, no. 1, p. 8-13, https://doi.org/10.2307/3676568.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292438,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292436,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3676568"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.053,36.9979 ], [ -114.053,42.0016 ], [ -109.0411,42.0016 ], [ -109.0411,36.9979 ], [ -114.053,36.9979 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fede4b0333418718957","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kimberly G.","contributorId":80200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andersen, Douglas C. doug_andersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Douglas C.","email":"doug_andersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}