This report presents data assembled during a July 1975 to August 1977 study of the water resources of an area within, and adjacent to, a part of the Fort Lewis Military Reservation that prior to 1917 was included in the Nisqually Indian Reservation. Because the area is within or near the artillery ranges of the U.S. Army, the existing water resources of the study area are almost undeveloped.
The only surface-water bodies of significance in the study area are Muck Creek, Nisqually Lake, and springs. The flow of Muck Creek as measured at a gaging station at Roy, east of the study area, ranged from no flow to a maximum discharge of 692 cubic feet per second during the period 1956-77. No flow occurred there about 9 percent of the time during the period 19.56-71. A large spring discharged from 0.12 to 4.56 cubic feet per second during the study period.
Development or diversion of Muck Creek near its mouth would provide sufficient water for a small- to medium-sized fish-rearing facility. The highest water temperature recorded at this site during the study was 14.0°C, in August 1977, with a stream discharge of 7.12 cubic feet per second.
Nisqually Lake, with a surface area of about 89 acres, is shallow with a flat bottom. The existing lake water is relatively high with dissolved solids, organic nitrogen and phosphorus, and biologically productive. Species of warm-water fish are probably best suited for the lake.
Ground water beneath the study area occurs in unconsolidated glacial drift or outwash of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. One of the permeable rock units is the Steilacoom Gravel of Pleistocene age. Yields to wells from this material in a nearby area are from 100 to 250 gallons per minute. Drilling of test wells in the study area would provide more reliable data on ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri78101","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nisqually Community Council","usgsCitation":"Pearson, H.E., and Dion, N.P., 1979, Water resources of the Nisqually Lake area, Pierce County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-101, ix, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri78101.","productDescription":"ix, 34 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0101/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":363797,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Pierce County","otherGeospatial":"Nisqually Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.77256011962889,\n 47.00132908676542\n ],\n [\n -122.58132934570311,\n 47.00132908676542\n ],\n [\n -122.58132934570311,\n 47.095837806027205\n ],\n [\n -122.77256011962889,\n 47.095837806027205\n ],\n [\n -122.77256011962889,\n 47.00132908676542\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0410","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearson, H. E.","contributorId":52970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dion, N. P.","contributorId":33302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dion","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29658,"text":"wri7914 - 1979 - Ground-water quality in Bannock, Bear Lake, Caribou, and part of Power counties, southeastern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-07T13:13:03","indexId":"wri7914","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-14","title":"Ground-water quality in Bannock, Bear Lake, Caribou, and part of Power counties, southeastern Idaho","docAbstract":"This report provides information about the current quality of ground waters in southeastern Idaho and discusses the natural and manmade environmental controls on that quality. This information will be useful in planning and monitoring the development and use of the ground-water resources of southeastern Idaho.
The southeastern corner of Idaho, as described in this report, encompasses an area of about 4,000 mil in Bannock, Bear Lake, Caribou, and part of Power Counties. The popu- lation of the area in 1975, based on best estimates by the Idaho Division of Budget, Policy Planning, and Coordination (1976) was 75,200. About 80 percent of the population is in and near the city of Pocatello, which is the second largest population center in the State.
Pocatello's economy depends largely on manufacturing and industrial processing, which includes chemicalfertilizer plants. The econ- omy in the rural areas depends largely on agriculture--both dry and irrigated farming are practiced. Mining is important and expected to dominate the economy in the eastcentral part of the area in the future.
Natural resources include phosphate ore, which makes up about 35 percent of the U.S. reserves (U.S. Department of Interior and U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1977); ground water, which mostly underlies the several intermontane valleys that dissect the area; and hot springs, which indicate that geothermal energy sources may underlie part of the area. Also, current (1978) speculation is that petroleum reserves may be present in the vicinity of Bear Lake. Development of more sprink- ler-irrigated lands, increases in population, and growth of phosphate mining are expected to place stress on the ground-water resources, both in quality and quantity.
The purpose of this report is to present the results of a study whose primary objectives were (1) to provide current waterquality data representative of the water in several different aquifers (water- bearing formations) in the study area, and (2) to relate these data to natural and manmade environmental controls. The wells sampled during this study establish a quasi-network, which could be resampled in the future to document and analyze changes (if any) in ground-water quality. Based on this information, planners and water managers could better understand the causeand-effect relations controlling water quality and could better manage land and water-resource development.
The report is designed for ease of reading and presentation. It uses maps, tables, and abbreviated text to describe geology, hydrology, and ground-water quality and how they are interrelated. Some practical ways for improving water quality are discussed for the benefit of individual water users. The field data collected in making the study are contained in the Data Section of this report.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the many individual well owners, municipal officials, and private industries that provided well information and allowed access to their properties and collection of water samples. Without their help, this work could not have been done. Water samples were collected at 103 well sites. Waterlevel measurements were made at 98 of these sites during July, August, and September of 1976.
This study was made by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Water Resources. A similar study is being made (1978) in north Idaho. Other studies are planned, specifically to obtain ground-water-quality data in areas where land and water-resource development is expected or accelerating.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7914","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Seitz, H.R., and Norvitch, R.F., 1979, Ground-water quality in Bannock, Bear Lake, Caribou, and part of Power counties, southeastern Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 79-14, vii, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7914.","productDescription":"vii, 53 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":357118,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1979/0014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1979/0014/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Bannock County, Bear Lake County, Caribou County, Power County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.90924072265625,\n 42.004407212963585\n ],\n [\n -111.04705810546874,\n 42.004407212963585\n ],\n [\n -111.04705810546874,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -112.90924072265625,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -112.90924072265625,\n 42.004407212963585\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66726f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seitz, Harold R.","contributorId":61814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seitz","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Norvitch, Ralph F.","contributorId":65456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norvitch","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29695,"text":"wri78108 - 1979 - Contamination potential in the Silurian Dolomite aquifer, eastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-21T09:23:47","indexId":"wri78108","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-108","title":"Contamination potential in the Silurian Dolomite aquifer, eastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The Silurian dolomite aquifer is used for water supply in much of a 14-county area bordering Lake Michigan in eastern Wisconsin. Because of the rapidity of ground-water movement, the aquifer is susceptible to contamination by waters percolating downward from surface sources. Maps showing the distribution of permeability, the thickness of unconsolidated materials, and the depth to the water table are combined to show areas where the dolomite aquifer has the greatest contamination potential. Several areas have above-normal potential for contamination. These include the Casco-Luxemburg area of Kewaunee County, the area south of Chilton in Calumet County, a part of western Manitowoc County, drainageway areas in Sheboygan County, the Byron-Campbellsport area of Fond du Lac County, the Sussex-Lannon-Cedarburg areas of Waukesha and Ozaukee Counties, and the Racine-Burlington areas of Racine County.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri78108","usgsCitation":"Sherrill, M., 1979, Contamination potential in the Silurian Dolomite aquifer, eastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-108, 2 Plates: 33.87 x 43.95 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri78108.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 33.87 x 43.95 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":58518,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0108/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58519,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0108/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.05517578125,\n 42.49640294093708\n ],\n [\n -87.615966796875,\n 42.48830197960227\n ],\n [\n -87.78076171875,\n 43.41302868475145\n ],\n [\n -87.56103515625,\n 43.96909818325174\n ],\n [\n -87.484130859375,\n 44.36313311380771\n ],\n [\n -87.4951171875,\n 44.55133484083592\n ],\n [\n -87.989501953125,\n 44.535674532413196\n ],\n [\n -88.143310546875,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -88.17626953125,\n 44.10336537791152\n ],\n [\n -88.319091796875,\n 43.79488907226601\n ],\n [\n -88.385009765625,\n 43.636075155965784\n ],\n [\n -88.692626953125,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -88.714599609375,\n 42.76314586689494\n ],\n [\n -88.8134765625,\n 42.577354839557856\n ],\n [\n -89.05517578125,\n 42.49640294093708\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691d68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherrill, M.G.","contributorId":19945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrill","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30842,"text":"ofr79665 - 1979 - Chemical analysis of 617 coal samples from the Eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-28T17:56:33.837403","indexId":"ofr79665","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-665","title":"Chemical analysis of 617 coal samples from the Eastern United States","docAbstract":"This report includes all the analytical data on 617 coal samples from 8 states east of the Mississippi River. The samples from each state are, Pennsylvania 71, Ohio 40, West Virginia 252, Virginia 72, Kentucky 27, Tennessee 27, Alabama 20, and Indiana 108.
The U.S. Geological Survey has quantitatively determined the amounts of 35 major, minor and trace elements in each sample. It has also searched for 35 other trace elements using semi-quantitative spectrographic methods. In addition, the Coal Analysis Section of the Department of Energy has provided proximate and ultimate analyses, Btu, forms of sulfur, free swelling index, and ash fusion temperatures on 491 samples.
Comparison of the geometric means of these samples with 331 bituminous coal samples of the Appalachian region reported by Swanson and others (1976) are as follows. As shown by the means for ultimate and proximate analyses small differences exist between the two sets of data, only the moisture content and oxygen are significantly different. The forms of sulfur and heat of combustion are also similar. The means for the major and minor oxides in ash are similar for SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, K2O3 and TiO2. Na2O is significantly lower and Fe2O3 and MnO higher in the analyses of the 617 samples of this report. Most means for the trace elements in the coals studied for this report are lower. Only Be is significantly higher in these coals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79665","usgsCitation":"Zubovic, P., Oman, C., Coleman, S., Bragg, L., Kerr, P., Kozey, K., Simon, F., Rowe, J., Medlin, J., and Walker, F., 1979, Chemical analysis of 617 coal samples from the Eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-665, 452 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79665.","productDescription":"452 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425513,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0665/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160338,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0665/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Eastern United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.3803328073747,\n 41.840505484818664\n ],\n [\n -87.3803328073747,\n 30.339134698831103\n ],\n [\n -78.13565977457397,\n 30.339134698831103\n ],\n [\n -78.13565977457397,\n 41.840505484818664\n ],\n [\n -87.3803328073747,\n 41.840505484818664\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e4936","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zubovic, Peter","contributorId":6072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zubovic","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oman, Charles L. coman@usgs.gov","contributorId":4343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oman","given":"Charles L.","email":"coman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coleman, S.L.","contributorId":15230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bragg, Linda","contributorId":63440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bragg","given":"Linda","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kerr, P.T.","contributorId":83970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerr","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kozey, K.M.","contributorId":72424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozey","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Simon, F.O.","contributorId":41808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"F.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rowe, J.J.","contributorId":29460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Medlin, J.H.","contributorId":27869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medlin","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Walker, F.E.","contributorId":57903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"F.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":30844,"text":"ofr79720 - 1979 - Resource report for proposed OCS lease sale 57: Norton Basin, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-28T22:05:52.000445","indexId":"ofr79720","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-720","title":"Resource report for proposed OCS lease sale 57: Norton Basin, Alaska","docAbstract":"This report is a summary of information about an area of the northern Bering Sea continental shelf that is bounded by the Seward Peninsula on the north, by the line of the United States-Russia Convention of 1867 on the west, and by St. Lawrence Island and the coastline that rims Norton Sound on the south and east. Scholl and Hopkins (1969) report that a sedimentary basin underlies the offshore area. More recent data, which form the basis of part of this report, show the basin is deepest beneath Norton Sound; also, the basin has sufficient depth and areal extent that the basin may be a target for development of hydrocarbon resources after Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Lease Sale 57. The informal, but widely used, name for the basin is Norton Basin.
The following discussion includes regional geology, geologic history, and offshore structure and stratigraphy as background data to discussion of the hydrocarbon potential and resource appraisal of the offshore area. Sections on environmental geology and on the technology and manpower needed and available for development of offshore resources are also included.
Precipitation in the 270,000-square-mile South Atlantic-Gulf Region ranges from 44 to 80 inches, and the average runoff is about 15 inches. The ground-water discharge that forms the base flow of streams is conservatively estimated to be about 78,000 million gallons per day the equivalent of about 6 inches of precipitation. On this basis, the regional sustained ground-water supply is about 286,000 gallons per day per square mile. Projected water use through 2020 indicates that about 10 percent of the supply will meet the region's requirement for ground water.
\nEnormous quantities of ground water are available in the South Atlantic-Gulf States in the extensive aquifers that underlie the Coastal Plain province. Large supplies of ground water can be developed also in places in the Cumberland Plateau and the Valley and Ridge provinces. In the Piedmont and Blue Ridge provinces ground water is available only in modest quantities.
\nThe principal Coastal Plain aquifers consist largely of deltaic sand and gravel deposits of Cretaceous to Quaternary age; however, a notable exception is the highly permeable Tertiary limestone aquifer, which underlies parts of four States. Ground water in the Blue Ridge and the Valley and Ridge provinces is available from openings along fissures and joints in consolidated rocks and from the unconsolidated sand and gravel in the residuum and alluvium that overlie the bedrock. In parts of these areas faulting and folding has created favorable conditions for the development of moderate supplies of ground water. In the Piedmont province modest quantities of water are available from joints and fractures. Solution cavities in massive limestone units in some areas underlying the Cumberland Plateau section yield very large quantities of ground water.
\nMost of the major Coastal Plain aquifers are recharged where they are exposed and water moves downdip to the south. The general direction of ground-water movement in the Coastal Plain aquifers is seaward. There is, however, movement of water vertically and laterally that affects pressure and quality in every aquifer.
\nGround water of good chemical and physical quality is available generally except in a small area in western Alabama and eastern Mississippi and in some small coastal areas. Freshwater extends to depths of slightly more than 3,000 feet in some areas. In many areas, water can be produced that does not require any treatment for general use. The more common objectionable constituents or properties are excessive iron, fluoride, hardness, color, and acidity. Contamination or pollution of ground water is not a major regional problem, but it is significant in local areas. Many of these local problems of contamination were the result of earlier improper disposal of oil-field and industrial waste. Saltwater intrusion either directly from the sea or from estuaries has been reported in every State in the region, and the potential for the proliferation of this problem is very large.
\nThe relationship of ground water and surface water is significant at many places in the region where large ground-water withdrawals affect swamps, lakes, and the flow of streams and springs. There is a potential in some areas for using ground water during dry periods for low-flow augmentation of stream supplies. In other areas it is feasible to recharge ground-water reservoirs artificially by means of injection wells, pits, and water spreading.
\nAlthough large water-level declines caused by withdrawals have occurred locally, water-level changes have been small or modest when considered on a regional basis owing to the abundant rainfall and favorable recharge conditions.
\nThe saline-water resources of the region are known to be extremely large. In some areas where the availability of freshwater is limited, saline ground water is available for desalinization to supplement freshwater supplies. Also, the saline aquifers are potential storage sites for injected freshwater.
\nGround-water problems generally are not severe. Critical situations are restricted to areas where large quantities of ground water are being withdrawn or where aquifers are contaminated by oil-field or industrial waste. Large withdrawals in coastal areas have caused some saltwater intrusion. In other localities, highly mineralized water may have migrated along fault zones to freshwater aquifers. Many of the present problems can be resolved or ameliorated by redistributing withdrawals or developing alternative water sources.
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D.","contributorId":85561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bentley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byerly, G. R.","contributorId":6826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerly","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gardner, J. N.","contributorId":25913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wright, T. L.","contributorId":11188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":43471,"text":"ofr791283 - 1979 - Geology and phosphate resources of the Hawley Creek area, Lemhi County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-14T18:27:21.747703","indexId":"ofr791283","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1283","title":"Geology and phosphate resources of the Hawley Creek area, Lemhi County, Idaho","docAbstract":"Phosphate resources occur within the Retort Phosphatic Shale Member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation in the Hawley Creek area, near Leadore, in east-central Idaho. About 12 square miles (31 km2 ) of the Retort Member and enclosing rocks were mapped at a scale of 1:12,000 to evaluate the leasable Federal mineral resources. The Retort has an average thickness of 73 feet (22.3 m) and 12.9 linear miles (20.8 linear km) of outcrop within the area mapped.
Rock samples taken from a bulldozer trench were analyzed for phosphate content and for minor trace elements. Analyses show a cumulative thickness of 8.7 feet ( 2.7 m) of medium-grade phosphate rock ( 24 to 31 percent P2O5) and 33.4 feet (10.2 m) of low-grade phosphate rock (16 to 24 percent P2O5). Minor elements in the Retort include uranium, vanadium, fluorine, cadmium, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, silver, and rare earths. These minor elements are potential byproducts of any future phosphate production in the Hawley Creek area. In addition, analyses of six phosphate rock samples taken from a prospect trench show a cumulative thickness of 14.9 ft (4.5 m) at 17.6 percent P2O5.
Indicated phosphate resources are calculated for phosphate beds under less than 600 feet (183.0 m) of overburden. Approximately 36.5 feet (11.1 m), representing 50 percent of the total Retort Member, were measured in trench CP-71. There are 80.42 million short tons (72.96 million metric tons) of medium-grade phosphate rock, and 308.76 million short tons ( 280.10 million metric tons) of low-grade phosphate rock in the Retort Member within the map area. Because the thickness and grade of the phosphate beds for each block are based on the recovered section from CP-71, the calculated phosphate resource estimates represent a minimum.
Other mineral resources in the area are thorium (35 ppm) in a Precambrian (?) granite body located immediately west of the Hawley Creek area; oil and gas accumulations may occur beneath the Medicine Lodge thrust system in this part of the Beaverhead Mountains.
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic rocks are present in the Hawley Creek area. Fold axes and thrust faults have a dominant northwest trend. These thrusts and folds are probably associated with the northeast-oriented stress field that existed in Late Cretaceous time. Evidence of younger, high-angle normal and reverse faults in the area also exists.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791283","usgsCitation":"Oberlindacher, P., and Hovland, R.D., 1979, Geology and phosphate resources of the Hawley Creek area, Lemhi County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1283, Report: i, 18 p.; 3 Plates: 27.78 × 36.24 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791283.","productDescription":"Report: i, 18 p.; 3 Plates: 27.78 × 36.24 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":81125,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1283/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81124,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1283/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81127,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1283/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81126,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1283/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1283/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":408334,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_11101.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Lemhi County","otherGeospatial":"Hawley Creek Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.238,\n 44.583\n ],\n [\n -113.083,\n 44.583\n ],\n [\n -113.083,\n 44.714\n ],\n [\n -113.238,\n 44.714\n ],\n [\n -113.238,\n 44.583\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68432e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oberlindacher, Peter","contributorId":64717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberlindacher","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":228253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hovland, Robert David","contributorId":55064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hovland","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":228252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":43659,"text":"ofr79336 - 1979 - Hydrologic overlay maps of the Cape Canaveral Quadrangle, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T10:54:44","indexId":"ofr79336","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-336","title":"Hydrologic overlay maps of the Cape Canaveral Quadrangle, Florida","docAbstract":"Brevard County is an area of some 1,300 square miles located on the east coast of central Florida. The Cape Canaveral quadrangle, in central Brevard, includes part of the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, John F. Kennedy Space Center (NASA), and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The eastern part of the quadrangle is occupied by the Atlantic Ocean and the western part by estuarine waters of the Banana River. Topography is characterized by numerous elongate sand dumes, with altitudes up to 10 feet or greater, which roughly parallel the estuary and ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79336","usgsCitation":"Frazee, J.M., and Laughlin, C.P., 1979, Hydrologic overlay maps of the Cape Canaveral Quadrangle, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-336, 5 Plates: 23.73 x 36.34 or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79336.","productDescription":"5 Plates: 23.73 x 36.34 or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr79336.PNG"},{"id":326951,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0336/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":326952,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0336/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":326953,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0336/plate-3.pdf"},{"id":326954,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0336/plate-4.pdf"},{"id":326955,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0336/plate-5.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Cape Canaveral","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.628662109375,\n 28.405896722414823\n ],\n [\n -80.628662109375,\n 28.514556057751705\n ],\n [\n -80.50094604492186,\n 28.514556057751705\n ],\n [\n -80.50094604492186,\n 28.405896722414823\n ],\n [\n -80.628662109375,\n 28.405896722414823\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db60652c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frazee, James M. Jr.","contributorId":83887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frazee","given":"James","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":228520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laughlin, Charles P.","contributorId":6490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laughlin","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":228519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129669,"text":"70129669 - 1979 - Multichannel seismic depth sections and interval velocities over outer continental shelf and upper continental slope between Cape Hatteras and Cape Cod: Rifted margins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T14:46:36","indexId":"70129669","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T15:06:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"29","title":"Multichannel seismic depth sections and interval velocities over outer continental shelf and upper continental slope between Cape Hatteras and Cape Cod: Rifted margins","docAbstract":"Six computer-generated seismic depth sections over the outer continental shelf and upper slope reveal that subhorizontal Lower Cretaceous reflectors continue 20 to 30 km seaward of the present shelf edge. Extensive erosion on the continental slope has occurred primarily during the Tertiary, causing major unconformities and retreat of the shelf edge to its present position. The precise age and number of erosional events is not established, but at least one major erosional event is thought to be Oligocene and related to a marine regression in response to a worldwide eustatic lowering of sea level.
\nVelocities derived from the multichannel data reveal distinctive ranges and lateral trends as functions of sediment age, depth of burial, and distance from the coastline. Seismic units beneath the shelf and slope of inferred Tertiary age range from 1.7 to 2.7 km/sec, increasing with age and depth of burial. Units interpreted as Upper Cretaceous rocks beneath the shelf range from 2.3 to 3.6 km/sec and show a distinct lateral increase across the shelf followed by a decrease beneath the present continental slope. Inferred Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic rocks beneath the shelf increase from 3.7 to 4.8 km/sec from nearshore to offshore and indicate a change in facies from clastic units below the inner shelf to carbonate units beneath the outer shelf and upper continental slope. Both reflection and refraction data suggest that thin, high-velocity limestone units (5.0 km/sec) are present within the Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic units beneath the outermost shelf edge, but that these change lithology or pinch out before reaching the middle shelf. Although lateral changes in velocity across the shelf and local velocity inversions appear, the interval velocities along the length of the margin show excellent continuity between Cape Hatteras and Cape Cod. The high-velocity horizons within the Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic shelf-edge complex indicate the presence of a carbonate bank or reef.
\nThe continental shelf off New Jersey is underlain by a trough approximately 150 km wide with up to 12 km of sedimentary fill. The oceanic basement beneath the upper continental rise is usually at a depth of 10 to 11 km and is overlain by 6 to 8 km of sediments. The rise sediment trough is separated from the shelf trough by an acoustic basement ridge 25 to 75 km wide where penetration never exceeds 6 km beneath sea level, although faulting and carbonate bank or reef complexes frequently limit penetration to 3 to 4 km in this zone. The acoustic basement ridge coincides with the East Coast Magnetic Anomaly and is interpreted as thick oceanic crust formed during the initial phase of seafloor spreading between North America and Africa. Rapid differential subsidence occurred on opposite sides of the basement ridge during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Differential subsidence beneath the shelf also occurred along the margins, with narrower and shallower shelf troughs occurring off platform areas such as Cape Cod and Cape Hatteras.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological and geophysical investigations of continental margins","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Grow, J.A., Mattick, R.E., and Schlee, J., 1979, Multichannel seismic depth sections and interval velocities over outer continental shelf and upper continental slope between Cape Hatteras and Cape Cod: Rifted margins, chap. of Geological and geophysical investigations of continental margins, p. 65-83.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"83","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295743,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/history2/data/a109/a109/0001/0050/0065.htm"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod, Cape Hatteras","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.4041748046875,\n 34.49750272138159\n ],\n [\n -75.091552734375,\n 34.49750272138159\n ],\n [\n -75.091552734375,\n 36.097938036628065\n ],\n [\n -77.4041748046875,\n 36.097938036628065\n ],\n [\n -77.4041748046875,\n 34.49750272138159\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544b6a2be4b03653c63fb1db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grow, John A.","contributorId":41763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grow","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mattick, Robert E.","contributorId":50462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattick","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schlee, John S.","contributorId":99912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlee","given":"John S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70137322,"text":"70137322 - 1979 - An instrument system for long-term sediment transport studies on the continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-16T09:13:51","indexId":"70137322","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2321,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An instrument system for long-term sediment transport studies on the continental shelf","docAbstract":"A bottom-mounted instrument system has been designed and built to monitor processes of bottom sediment movement on the continental shelf. The system measures bottom current speed and direction, pressure, temperature, and light transmission and photographs the bottom. The system can be deployed for periods of 2–6 months to monitor intermitent processes of sediment movement such as storms and to assess seasonal variability. Deployments of the system on the U.S. east coast continental shelf show sediment resuspension and changes in bottom microtopography due to surface waves, tidal currents, and storms.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JC084iC03p01215","usgsCitation":"Butman, B., and Folger, D., 1979, An instrument system for long-term sediment transport studies on the continental shelf: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, v. 84, no. C3, p. 1215-1220, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC084iC03p01215.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1215","endPage":"1220","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297041,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic Projection","country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.67578124999999,\n 47.45780853075031\n ],\n [\n -87.451171875,\n 26.23430203240673\n ],\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 22.39071391683855\n ],\n [\n -62.62207031249999,\n 45.058001435398296\n ],\n [\n -67.67578124999999,\n 47.45780853075031\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"C3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b2fe4b08de9379b3298","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Folger, David W.","contributorId":78349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"David W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206911,"text":"70206911 - 1979 - Similarities between the thick-skinned Blue Ridge anticlinorium and the thin-skinned Powell Valley anticline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-26T16:45:35","indexId":"70206911","displayToPublicDate":"1979-12-31T16:21:48","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" Similarities between the thick-skinned Blue Ridge anticlinorium and the thin-skinned Powell Valley anticline","docAbstract":"The Blue Ridge anticlinorium in northern Virginia is a part of an integrated deformational system spanning the area from the Piedmont to the Appalachian Plateaus. Deformation intensity within the system decreases from east to west. Differences of opinion have emerged concerning the central Appalachians as to whether the basement rocks exposed in the core of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium are rooted or are allochthonous. Available surface and subsurface stratigraphic and structural data suggest that the anticlinorium may be a rootless thick-skinned analogue to the rootless thin-skinned Powell Valley anticline in the Valley and Ridge. Both structures were produced during the Alleghenian orogeny by similar deformational processes. The form of the Powell Valley anticline is attributed to duplication of about 4,575 m (15,000 ft) of sedimentary rock during approximately 16 km (10 mi) of northwest movement above a subhorizontal décollement. Similarly, the form of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium is attributed to duplication of about 9,150 m (30,000 ft) of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock during a minimum of 59 km (37 mi) of northwest movement above an eastward continuation of a subhorizontal décollement within Cambrian sedimentary rocks beneath the Valley and Ridge. Thus, in northern Virginia there is a mixing of structural styles: the thick-skinned rootless Blue Ridge anticlinorium sits above a thin-skinned detachment. This relationship implies that thin- and thick-skinned styles are simply end members of a complex deformational process that includes a transition zone, where characteristics of both styles commingle. © 1979 Geological Society of America.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1979)90<525:SBTTBR>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Harris, L.D., 1979, Similarities between the thick-skinned Blue Ridge anticlinorium and the thin-skinned Powell Valley anticline: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 90, no. 6, p. 525-539, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1979)90<525:SBTTBR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"525","endPage":"539","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369684,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Virginia ","otherGeospatial":"Blue Ridge Mountains, northern Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.44238281249999,\n 37.405073750176925\n ],\n [\n -77.2119140625,\n 37.405073750176925\n ],\n [\n -77.2119140625,\n 39.470125122358176\n ],\n [\n -78.44238281249999,\n 39.470125122358176\n ],\n [\n -78.44238281249999,\n 37.405073750176925\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, L. D. (compiler)","contributorId":23636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"L.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207177,"text":"70207177 - 1979 - Strain accumulation rates in the western United States between 1970 and 1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-02T12:01:52.420557","indexId":"70207177","displayToPublicDate":"1979-12-11T12:23:40","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation rates in the western United States between 1970 and 1978","docAbstract":"The rate of dilatation and the rate and direction of shear have been determined from trilateration data for 23 Geodolite networks in the western United States. Sixteen nets are located along the San Andreas fault system between Point Reyes, California, and the United States‐Mexico border. Other locations are across the Garlock fault in California; across Puget Sound near Seattle, Washington; near Hanford in eastern Washington; near Hebgen Lake in Montana; across the Wasatch fault at Ogden, Utah; across the Rio Grande rift at Socorro, New Mexico; and Dixie Valley in Nevada; and at the northern end of Owens Valley on the California‐Nevada border. Implicit in the treatment are the assumptions that the strain was accumulating at a constant rate over the time period (within the interval 1970–1978) and over the local area (usually about 50‐km diameter) covered by the surveys. Of the nets located away from the San Andreas fault, only Ogden and Hebgen show significant strain accumulation. At Ogden the deformation is principally an east‐west compression of 0.23±0.05 μstrain/yr and at Hebgen Lake a northeast‐southwest extension of 0.17±0.03 μstrain/yr. Along the San Andreas fault system the rate of shear is 0.2 to 0.4μ/yr. The direction of shear agrees very well with the surface strike of nearby faults. This agreement is maintained even in regions like the ‘big bend,’ where both the fault strike and the observed shear direction are more westerly than they are elsewhere. Shear strain in northern California appears to be concentrated more closely on the faults, whereas in southern California the strain is a broader, smoother feature. In the San Francisco Bay area the strain data indicate slip at depth on both the San Andreas and the Calaveras faults. In addition to the observed shear the nets in California indicate a negative dilatation (areal decrease) of about 0.2 μstrain/yr. This dilatation is unexplained, but the following sources appear unlikely: (1) systematic survey error, (2) an association with the southern California uplift, (3) an association with the big bend in the San Andreas fault in Southern California, or (4) the result of the superposition of a uniaxial strain on the Pacific‐North American plate boundary shear.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB084iB10p05423","usgsCitation":"Prescott, W., Savage, J.C., and Kinoshita, W.T., 1979, Strain accumulation rates in the western United States between 1970 and 1978: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 84, no. B10, p. 5423-5435, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB10p05423.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"5423","endPage":"5435","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.459.1069","text":"External Repository"},{"id":370159,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -126.21093749999999,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -102.12890625,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -102.12890625,\n 49.26780455063753\n ],\n [\n -126.21093749999999,\n 49.26780455063753\n ],\n [\n -126.21093749999999,\n 29.38217507514529\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kinoshita, W. T.","contributorId":41494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinoshita","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199492,"text":"70199492 - 1979 - Nature of firm expectations in petroleum exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T15:26:19","indexId":"70199492","displayToPublicDate":"1979-08-01T11:43:54","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2598,"text":"Land Economics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nature of firm expectations in petroleum exploration","docAbstract":"Recent interest in the state of the United States domestic petroleum industry has resulted in an increased concern regarding the ability of current large- scale econometric models to provide useful predictions about supply price sensitivity and about the effects of differing policy options on future supply. The petroleum industry's exploration and reserve response functions appear to have eluded traditional modeling approaches. Properties of firm exploration behavior are obscured when highly aggregated data are used. Data pertaining to different geographical areas are frequently combined using dummy variables to denote characteristics peculiar to a region. In these models price tends to be more related to the quality of the crude oil than to incremental costs of exploration and development of individual deposits. The effect of price changes on expected supplies is clearly moderated by the level of resource depletion for a particular basin. A major obstacle to carrying out a less aggregated analysis has been the lack of data on specific basins, but another obstacle has been the belief that field behavior is too erratic to model successful.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Wisconsin Press","doi":"10.2307/3145904","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., 1979, Nature of firm expectations in petroleum exploration: Land Economics, v. 55, no. 3, p. 299-312, https://doi.org/10.2307/3145904.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"312","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357490,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208028,"text":"70208028 - 1979 - Frontier Formation and equivalent rocks in eastern Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-24T13:16:01","indexId":"70208028","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-24T13:10:04","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Frontier Formation and equivalent rocks in eastern Wyoming","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":" Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists","usgsCitation":"Merewether, E.A., Cobban, W.A., and Cavanaugh, E., 1979, Frontier Formation and equivalent rocks in eastern Wyoming: Mountain Geologist, v. 16, no. 3, p. 67-95.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"95","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371521,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Western Wyoming","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merewether, E. Allen merewether@usgs.gov","contributorId":3586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merewether","given":"E.","email":"merewether@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cobban, W. A.","contributorId":21577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobban","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cavanaugh, E.T.","contributorId":221783,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cavanaugh","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207914,"text":"70207914 - 1979 - Late Jurassic Independence dike swarm in eastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-17T16:26:57","indexId":"70207914","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-17T16:11:10","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Jurassic Independence dike swarm in eastern California","docAbstract":"The Independence dike swarm in eastern California, more than 250 km long, extends from the eastern Sierra Nevada and Inyo Mountains through the Argus Range, Alabama Hills, and Spangler Hills to the Garlock fault, where it is offset 64 km before continuing into the Mojave Desert. The dike swarm includes a wide variety of rock types, from lamprophyre to granite porphyry belonging to a calc-alkalic suite. U-Pb dating of three silicic dikes gives concordant ages of 148 m.y., which probably indicates the time of intrusion of the entire swarm. Analyses of rare zircons in the mafic dikes yield discordant, inordinately old ages that suggest entrainment of Pre-cambrian zircons in the dike magma at depth. The regional fracture system intruded by the dikes is believed to have been produced by a crustal extension event that occurred after the Nevadan orogeny during Late Jurassic time, when subduction beneath the Sierra Nevada foothill belt jumped westward and subduction of Franciscan rocks began along the Coast Range thrust.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1979)7<129:LJIDSI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Chen, J., and Moore, J.G., 1979, Late Jurassic Independence dike swarm in eastern California: Geology, v. 7, no. 3, p. 129-133, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1979)7<129:LJIDSI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"133","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371369,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.33325195312499,\n 37.90953361677018\n ],\n [\n -118.004150390625,\n 35.46961797120201\n ],\n [\n -116.56494140625001,\n 36.359374956015856\n ],\n [\n -119.43237304687499,\n 38.54816542304656\n ],\n [\n -120.33325195312499,\n 37.90953361677018\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, J.-H.","contributorId":203812,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"J.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36211,"text":"GFDL/NOAA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207913,"text":"70207913 - 1979 - Regional deformation of the Sierra Nevada, California, on conjugate microfault sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-17T16:09:44","indexId":"70207913","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-17T15:54:15","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional deformation of the Sierra Nevada, California, on conjugate microfault sets","docAbstract":"Strike slip microfaults are pervasive throughout the granitic rocks of the eastern Sierra Nevada. Offsets typically range from less than a millimeter to several tens of centimeters but exceed 100 m in some places. The spacing between microfaults varies from a few tens of centimeters to a few tens of meters throughout much of the high Sierra Nevada. Many of these microfaults are loci of slickensided, compact fault gouge, and they are commonly mineralized by quartz veinlets with minor amounts of epidote, chlorite, and rare sulphide minerals. The microfaults are oriented in two nearly vertical conjugate sets; a north to northeast striking set showing right lateral offset and an east to northeast striking set showing left lateral offset. Microfaults with left lateral offset are more common than microfaults with right lateral offset. Most lineaments visible on aerial photographs are microfaults. The age of this microfaulting is not precisely known. It developed after consolidation of the youngest granitic plutons in the Sierra (79 m.y. B.P.) and is known to cut a late Miocene volcanic dike in one area. Slickensides along the microfaults are subhorizontal but show a slight (about 3°) westward plunging average inclination, suggesting that much of the deformation occurred prior to the westward tilting of the Sierran block in late Tertiary time. The direction of maximum horizontal extensional strain (determined as the bisector of average microfault trends) changes systematically from north to south (WNW at 38.5°N; NW at 36.5°N). A pure shear constant volume solution based on a detailed study of microfaults at 37°20′N indicates a maximum extension of 2.3% in a N61°W direction. These extension directions are remarkably parallel to late Mesozoic to present‐day tectonic extension directions in the Basin and Range province. The pattern of microfaulting demonstrates that the supposedly monolithic Sierran terrane was also affected by the late Cenozoic and possibly earlier regional extension of western North America and provides an independent criterion for determining extensional strain directions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB084iB11p06041","usgsCitation":"Lockwood, J.P., and Moore, J.G., 1979, Regional deformation of the Sierra Nevada, California, on conjugate microfault sets: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 84, no. B11, p. 6041-6049, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB11p06041.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"6041","endPage":"6049","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371368,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.47607421874999,\n 35.99578538642032\n ],\n [\n -117.46582031249999,\n 35.99578538642032\n ],\n [\n -117.46582031249999,\n 39.639537564366684\n ],\n [\n -120.47607421874999,\n 39.639537564366684\n ],\n [\n -120.47607421874999,\n 35.99578538642032\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockwood, J. 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Existing hydrologic and geologic data have been compiled as a base for additional investigations to determine the water-bearing characteristics of the shallow aquifer system in the area. These data include lithologic logs from 51 wells in excess of 90 feet in depth, periodic ground-water levels from 100 wells, and ground-water levels from 100 wells, and ground-water quality data from 93 wells. 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U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314