No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96219","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Matheson, L.J., Guidetti, J., Visscher, P., Schaefer, J., and Oremland, R., 1996, Summary of research results on bacterial degradation of trifluoroacetate (TFA), October, 1993 - October, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-219, v, 59 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96219.","productDescription":"v, 59 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156445,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0219/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51631,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0219/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db6989b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matheson, Leah J.","contributorId":15233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matheson","given":"Leah","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guidetti, J.R.","contributorId":72001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guidetti","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Visscher, P.T.","contributorId":21568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Visscher","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schaefer, J.K.","contributorId":17256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":29431,"text":"wri954222 - 1996 - Sediment transport, particle size, and loads in North Fish Creek in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, water years 1990-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-23T14:14:27","indexId":"wri954222","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4222","title":"Sediment transport, particle size, and loads in North Fish Creek in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, water years 1990-91","docAbstract":"North Fish Creek is underused as a trout and salmon hatchery despite its excellent water quality. The shifting-sand streambed in the lower 9 miles of the stream inhibits successful spawning and is a poor habitat for macroinvertebrates, the primary food for juvenile trout and salmon. To provide data necessary for evaluation of potential sand-loading-control practices, the U.S. Geological Survey determined total-sediment transport, particle size, and loads for three sites, designated A, B, and C, on North Fish Creek during water years 1990-91.
\nAt site C, the most upstream site, all sediment was transported as suspended sediment. The average annual total-sediment load during 1990- 91 was 479 tons. About 88 percent of the load was transported during periods of snowmelt or storm runoff. About 75 percent of the sediment load was silt- and clay-size particles; the remainder was sand.
\nTotal-sediment discharge was calculated by the modified-Einstein procedure to determine total sediment transport-rate relations for site A, the most downstream site, and for site B. Annual totalsediment load was 11,960 tons in water year 1990 and 18,430 tons in water year 1991 at site B. About 97 percent of the total load was transported during periods of snowmelt and storm runoff. About 60 percent of the total-sediment load was sand-size particles.
\nAnnual total-sediment loads were 20,690 tons and 33,100 tons in water years 1990 and 1991, respectively, at site A. About 67 percent of the total-sediment load was sand-size particles.
\nAnnual average streamflow, as indicated by flow in the Bois Brule River, was about 16 percent below average in water year 1990, and about 4 percent above average in water year 1991.
\nThere was little relation between watershed area and sediment loads for the three sites. The watershed of site C is about 41 percent of that of site A, but the sand load at site C was only 1 percent of that at site A. The watershed area between sites B and C is 40 percent of that above site A, but this area yielded 49 percent of the sand load at site A. Nineteen percent of the watershed above site A is between sites A and B, yet this area yielded about 50 percent of the sand load at site A.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954222","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Rose, W.J., and Graczyk, D., 1996, Sediment transport, particle size, and loads in North Fish Creek in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, water years 1990-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4222, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954222.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4222/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58279,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4222/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Bayfield County","otherGeospatial":"Fish Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 46.32796494040748\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 46.645665192584936\n ],\n [\n -90.9722900390625,\n 46.645665192584936\n ],\n [\n -90.9722900390625,\n 46.32796494040748\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 46.32796494040748\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbe76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, W. J.","contributorId":14433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graczyk, D.J.","contributorId":108119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23861,"text":"ofr95427 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic data from an investigation of water resources near Greenport, Suffolk County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr95427","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-427","title":"Hydrogeologic data from an investigation of water resources near Greenport, Suffolk County, New York","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95427","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"McNew-Cartwright, E.R., 1996, Hydrogeologic data from an investigation of water resources near Greenport, Suffolk County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-427, v, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95427.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0427/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53081,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0427/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db6289b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McNew-Cartwright, E. R.","contributorId":42990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNew-Cartwright","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23942,"text":"ofr95388 - 1996 - Calibration of a ground-water-flow model by regression","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr95388","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-388","title":"Calibration of a ground-water-flow model by regression","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95388","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Misut, P., and McNew-Cartwright, E.R., 1996, Calibration of a ground-water-flow model by regression: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-388, iv, 11 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95388.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0388/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53145,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0388/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9528","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Misut, P.E.","contributorId":59827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Misut","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNew-Cartwright, E. R.","contributorId":42990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNew-Cartwright","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24370,"text":"ofr95715 - 1996 - Hydrologic data at a wetland site, Millington, Shelby County, Tennessee, June 1993 through June 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr95715","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-715","title":"Hydrologic data at a wetland site, Millington, Shelby County, Tennessee, June 1993 through June 1994","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data at a wetland site near Millington, Shelby County, Tennessee, were collected from June 1993 through June 1994. The data were collected to support the efforts of the Tennessee Department of Transportation to better understand hydrologic properties at the site prior to wetland restoration. Water levels were monitored in thirteen 8-inch- diameter wells, approximately 2 feet deep. The casing in each well was slotted and screened from land surface to a depth of about 2 feet. Water-level recorders provided continuous records of stage during periods of wetland inundation, and depth to water table during periods of noninundation. A continuous-stage recorder was installed in a pond. Precipitation data were obtained from the Naval Air Station-Memphis, Millington, Tennessee. Land surface at the wells was inundated from 0 to 56 percent of the study period. Additionally, water levels in the wells were not more than 1.5 feet below land surface for 16 to 68 percent of the study period.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95715","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J.A., Diehl, T., and Stogner, R., 1996, Hydrologic data at a wetland site, Millington, Shelby County, Tennessee, June 1993 through June 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-715, iv, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95715.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1720,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr95-715","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156257,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f904","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, J. A.","contributorId":57417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diehl, T.H.","contributorId":89170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stogner, R.W.","contributorId":86378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stogner","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24270,"text":"ofr9635 - 1996 - Monitoring tidal marshes of Florida's Big Bend: Regional variations and geologic influences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-20T21:01:40.065352","indexId":"ofr9635","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-35","title":"Monitoring tidal marshes of Florida's Big Bend: Regional variations and geologic influences","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9635","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Raabe, E.A., and Stumpf, R.P., 1996, Monitoring tidal marshes of Florida's Big Bend: Regional variations and geologic influences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-35, ii, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9635.","productDescription":"ii, 9 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":53395,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0035/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393123,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18562.htm"}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Big Bend","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.96826171874999,\n 28.420391085674304\n ],\n [\n -82.33154296875,\n 28.420391085674304\n ],\n [\n -82.33154296875,\n 30.164126343161097\n ],\n [\n -84.96826171874999,\n 30.164126343161097\n ],\n [\n -84.96826171874999,\n 28.420391085674304\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69903c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raabe, E. A.","contributorId":58657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raabe","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stumpf, R. P.","contributorId":30649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stumpf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68031,"text":"ha736 - 1996 - Geohydrology of the shallow aquifers in the Denver metropolitan area, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T11:25:32","indexId":"ha736","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"736","title":"Geohydrology of the shallow aquifers in the Denver metropolitan area, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Denver metropolitan area is underlain by shallow layers of water-bearing sediments (aquifers) consisting of unconsolidated gravel, sand, silt, and clay. The depth to water in these aquifers is less than 20 feet in much of the area, and the aquifers provide a ready source of water to numerous shallow, small-capacity wells. The shallow depth to water also makes the aquifers susceptible to contamination from the land surface. Water percolating downward from residential, commercial, and industrial property, spills of hazardous materials, and leaks from underground storage tanks and pipelines can cause contaminants to enter the shallow aquifers. Wet basements, unstable foundation materials, and waterlogged soils also are common in areas of very shallow ground water.
Knowledge of the extent, thickness, and water-table altitude of the shallow aquifers is incomplete. This, coupled with the complexity of development in this large metropolitan area, makes effective use, management, and protection of these aquifers extremely difficult. Mapping of the geologic and hydrologic characteristics of these aquifers would provide the general public and technical users with information needed to better use, manage, and protect this water resource. A study to map the geohydrology of shallow aquifers in the Denver metropolitan area was begun in 1994. The work was undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army-Rocky Mountain Arsenal, U.S. Department of Energy-Rocky Flats Field Office, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Colorado Department of Natural Resources-State Engineers Office, Denver Water Department, Littleton-Englewood Wastewater Treatment Plant, East Cherry Creek Valley Water and Sanitation District, Metro Wastewater Reclamation District, Willows Water District, and the cities of Aurora, Lakewood, and Thornton.
This report presents the results of a systematic mapping of the extent, thickness, and water-table altitude of the shallow aquifers in a 700-square-mile part of the greater Denver metropolitan area (fig. 1). The five sheets in this report (figs. 2-7) show (1) the thickness and extent of the unconsolidated sediments that overlie bedrock formations in the area, (2) the altitude and configuration of the buried bedrock surface, (3) the altitude of the water table and direction of ground-water movement, (4) the saturated thickness of the shallow aquifers, and (5) the depth to the water table in the shallow aquifers. The maps primarily are intended to indicate the general trends in altitude and thickness of the aquifers and are not intended to define conditions at specific sites.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96135","usgsCitation":"Metz, P.A., Mattie, J.A., and Swenson, E.S., 1996, Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan aquifer, west-central Florida, September 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-135, 1 Plate: 26.00 × 33.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96135.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 26.00 × 33.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":408812,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18586.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":19584,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0135/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81,\n 29.75\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 29.75\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 26.5\n ],\n [\n -81,\n 26.5\n ],\n [\n -81,\n 29.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db68291d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metz, Patricia A. pmetz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"Patricia","email":"pmetz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mattie, J. A.","contributorId":86392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattie","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swenson, E. S.","contributorId":31795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26547,"text":"wri954137 - 1996 - Hydrogeology of the alluvial aquifers at the Pueblo Depot Activity near Pueblo, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T21:17:24.905666","indexId":"wri954137","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4137","title":"Hydrogeology of the alluvial aquifers at the Pueblo Depot Activity near Pueblo, Colorado","docAbstract":"In 1992, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Army Pueblo Depot Activity requested that the U.S. Geological Survey study the hydrogeology of the Pueblo Depot Activity, a 36-square-mile facility that has been operated by the U.S. Army since 1942. The purpose of the study was to provide an updated hydrogcological framework to facilitate the investigation of specific sites on the facility that might require remediation. This report describes the hydrogeology of the alluvial aquifers beneath the facility and the distribution of specific conductance of ground water in those aquifers.
The Pueblo Depot Activity is underlain by two alluvial aquifers: (1) The terrace alluvial aquifer, which is a southernmost, downgradicnt part of an erosional remnant of an extensive terrace deposit; and (2) the Chico Creek alluvial aquifer, a smaller alluvial system along Chico Creek. These aquifers primarily consist of sand separated by clay layers and are underlain by the almost impermeable Pierre Shale of Upper Cretaceous age.
The bedrock surface, which has an average slope of 28 feet per mile to the south-southeast, is relatively regular beneath the northern two-thirds of the terrace deposits at the Pueblo Depot Activity, but forms an irregular surface of troughs, hills, and ridges in the southwestern part of the terrace alluvium. Saturated thickness of the terrace aquifer ranges from 0 to about 45 feet.
The bedrock surface beneath the Chico Creek aquifer slopes about 31 feet per mile to the south. Saturated thickness of the Chico Creek alluvium ranges from 0 to about 30 ft, but generally is less than 15 ft. Total thickness of the Chico Creek alluvium in the saturated area ranges from 16 to 41 ft.
Water in the terrace alluvial aquifer generally flows southward, except in the southwestern part where directions of flow are complex. Measured hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.4 to 400 feet per day (median 26 feet per day). Estimates for vertically averaged ground-water-flow velocity range from 0.02 to 3 feet per day (median 0.9 foot per day).
Water in the Chico Creek alluvial aquifer generally flows southward to the Arkansas River alluvium. Measured hydraulic conductivity ranges from 14 to 310 feet per day (median 42 feet per day). Estimates for vertically averaged ground water-flow velocity range from 0.5 to 4 feet per day (median 0.7 foot per day).
Specific conductance of ground water in the terrace alluvial aquifer generally is less than 800 microsiemens per centimeter; the smallest values were observed in the north-central part of the Pueblo Depot Activity. In the southwestern part of the terrace alluvial aquifer, values varied in an irregular pattern, and values as large as 3,300 microsiemens per centimeter were measured locally. Water in the terrace alluvial aquifer was dominated by the sodium cation and usually by the bicarbonate anion, and sulfate usually was present in substantial (and locally predominant) concentrations.
Measured specific conductance of water in the Chico Creek alluvial aquifer ranged from 683 to 1,460 microsiemens per centimeter. This water was dominated by the sodium cation and by the bicarbonate and sulfate anions; sulfate was more predominant to the south.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954137","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army of Engineers and the U.S. Army Pueblo Depot Activity","usgsCitation":"Chafin, D.T., 1996, Hydrogeology of the alluvial aquifers at the Pueblo Depot Activity near Pueblo, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4137, Report: iv, 22 p.; 4 Plates: 25.05 x 32.11 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954137.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 22 p.; 4 Plates: 25.05 x 32.11 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":423720,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48237.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55415,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118828,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":357390,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":357391,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":357389,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":357388,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Pueblo","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.4,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -104.25,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -104.25,\n 38.375\n ],\n [\n -104.4,\n 38.375\n ],\n [\n -104.4,\n 38.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614c44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chafin, Daniel T.","contributorId":77500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chafin","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26530,"text":"wri954261 - 1996 - Synthesis of natural flows at selected sites in the upper Missouri River basin, Montana, 1928-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri954261","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4261","title":"Synthesis of natural flows at selected sites in the upper Missouri River basin, Montana, 1928-89","docAbstract":"Natural monthly streamflows were synthesized for the years 1928-89 for 43 sites in the upper Missouri River Basin upstream from Fort Peck Lake in Montana. The sites are represented as nodes in a streamflow accounting model being developed by the Bureau of Reclamation. Recorded and historical flows at most sites have been affected by human activities including reservoir storage, diversions for irrigation, and municipal use. Natural flows at the sites were synthesized by eliminating the effects of these activities. Recorded data at some sites do not include the entire study period. The missing flows at these sites were estimated using a statistical procedure. The methods of synthesis varied, depending on upstream activities and information available. Recorded flows were transferred to nodes that did not have streamflow-gaging stations from the nearest station with a sufficient length of record. The flows at one node were computed as the sum of flows from three upstream tributaries. Monthly changes in reservoir storage were computed from monthend contents. The changes in storage were corrected for the effects of evaporation and precipitation using pan-evaporation and precipitation data from climate stations. Irrigation depletions and consumptive use by the three largest municipalities were computed. Synthesized natural flow at most nodes was computed by adding algebraically the upstream depletions and changes in reservoir storage to recorded or historical flow at the nodes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954261","usgsCitation":"Cary, L.E., and Parrett, C., 1996, Synthesis of natural flows at selected sites in the upper Missouri River basin, Montana, 1928-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4261, v, 109 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954261.","productDescription":"v, 109 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4261/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55392,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4261/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687d12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cary, L. E.","contributorId":47369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cary","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26910,"text":"wri954290 - 1996 - Flood-plain and channel aggradation at selected bridge sites in the Iowa and Skunk River basins, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-24T19:25:44.236417","indexId":"wri954290","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4290","title":"Flood-plain and channel aggradation at selected bridge sites in the Iowa and Skunk River basins, Iowa","docAbstract":"Flood-plain and channel-aggradation rates were estimated at 10 bridge sites on the Iowa River upstream of Coralville Lake and at two bridge sites in the central part of the Skunk River Basin. Four measurement methods were used to quantify aggradation rates: (1) a dendrogeomorphic method that used tree-age data and sediment-deposition depths, (2) a bridge-opening cross-section method that compared historic and recent cross sections of bridge openings, (3) a stage-discharge rating-curve method that compared historic and recent stages for the 5-year flood discharge and the average discharge, and (4) nine sediment pads that were installed on the Iowa River flood plain at three bridge sites in the vicinity of Marshalltown. The sediment pads were installed prior to overbank flooding in 1993. Sediments deposited on the pads as a result of the 1993 flood ranged in depth from 0.004 to 2.95 feet. Measurement periods used to estimate average aggradation rates ranged from 1 to 98 years and varied among methods and sites. The highest aggradation rates calculated for the Iowa River Basin using the dendrogeomorphic and rating- curve measurement methods were for the State Highway 14 crossing at Marshalltown, where these highest rates were 0.045 and 0.124 feet per year, respectively. The highest aggradation rates calculated for the Skunk River Basin were for the U.S. Highway 63 crossing of the South Skunk River near Oskaloosa, where these highest rates were 0.051 and 0.298 feet per year, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954290","usgsCitation":"Eash, D.A., 1996, Flood-plain and channel aggradation at selected bridge sites in the Iowa and Skunk River basins, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4290, vi, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954290.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394767,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48363.htm"},{"id":55788,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4290/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126322,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4290/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Iowa and Skunk River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.9667,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -92,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -92,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -93.9667,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -93.9667,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48abe4b07f02db52d0a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eash, D. A.","contributorId":60237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27233,"text":"wri964021 - 1996 - Infiltration of wastewater effluent in the Santa Cruz River Channel, Pima County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T10:47:10","indexId":"wri964021","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4021","title":"Infiltration of wastewater effluent in the Santa Cruz River Channel, Pima County, Arizona","docAbstract":"Infiltration of effluent into the Santa Cruz River channel from water-treatment plants near Tucson, Arizona was studied from March 23, 1990, to September 30, 1993. The study reach extended along a 23-mile stream reach from the water-treatment plants, about 5 miles northwest of central Tucson, downstream to Trico Road, about 5 miles west of Marana, Arizona. Data indicate that 88.4 to 90.2 percent of the effluent discharged from the two water-treatment plants infiltrated the Santa Cruz River channel. During 1991 93, the volume of effluent discharge that flowed out of the study area was 2,880, 4,120, and 3,320 acre-feet per year, respectively, and the volume of infiltration was 41,890, 43,640, and 45,670 acre-feet per year, respectively. Intermittent rainstorms resulted in high flows that altered the composition, structure, and geometry of the channel bed and may have caused the infiltration to increase to nearly 100 percent. In comparison, variations in evapotranspiration and open-channel evaporation had a minimal effect on the water budget. In the study reach, 3.2 to 3.9 percent of the effluent was lost to evapotranspiration and open-channel evaporation; 6.2 to 8.3 percent flowed through the reach.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964021","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Tuscon","usgsCitation":"Galyean, K., 1996, Infiltration of wastewater effluent in the Santa Cruz River Channel, Pima County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4021, v, 82 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964021.","productDescription":"v, 82 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4021/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56100,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Pima County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.29166667,\n 32.29166667\n ],\n [\n -111.04166667,\n 32.29166667\n ],\n [\n -111.04166667,\n 32.45833333\n ],\n [\n -111.29166667,\n 32.45833333\n ],\n [\n -111.29166667,\n 32.29166667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee81e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galyean, Ken","contributorId":212707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galyean","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30623,"text":"wri954271 - 1996 - Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:00","indexId":"wri954271","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4271","title":"Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida","docAbstract":"The potential for subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent into the uppermost producing zone (zone A) of the Upper Floridan aquifer in St. Petersburg, Florida, is being studied by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of St. Petersburg and the Southwest Florida Water Management District. A measure of the success of this practice is the recovery efficiency, or the quantity of water relative to the quantity injected, that can be recovered before the water that is withdrawn fails to meet water-quality standards. The feasibility of this practice will depend upon the ability of the injected zone to receive, store, and discharge the injected fluid. A cylindrical model of ground-water flow and solute transport, incorporating available data on aquifer properties and water quality, was developed to determine the relation of recovery efficiency to various aquifer and fluid properties that could prevail in the study area. The reference case for testing was a base model considered representative of the saline aquifer underlying St. Petersburg. Parameter variations in the tests represent possible variations in aquifer conditions in the area. The model also was used to study the effect of various cyclic injection and withdrawal schemes on the recovery efficiency of the well and aquifer system. A base simulation assuming 15 days of injection of effluent at a rate of 1.0 million gallons per day and 15 days of withdrawal at a rate of 1.0 million gallons per day was used as reference to compare changes in various hydraulic and chemical parameters on recovery efficiency. A recovery efficiency of 20 percent was estimated for the base simulation. For practical ranges of hydraulic and fluid properties that could prevail in the study area, the model analysis indicates that (1) the greater the density contrast between injected and resident formation water, the lower the recovery efficiency, (2) recovery efficiency decreases significantly as dispersion increases, (3) high formation permeability favors low recovery efficiencies, and (4) porosity and anisotropy have little effect on recovery efficiencies. In several hypothetical tests, the recovery efficiency fluctuated between about 4 and 76 percent. The sensitivity of recovery efficiency to variations in the rate and duration of injection (0.25, 0.50, 1.0, and 2.0 million gallons per day) and withdrawal cycles (60, 180, and 365 days) was determined. For a given operational scheme, recovery efficiency increased as the injection and withdrawal rate is increased. Model results indicate that recovery efficiencies of between about 23 and 37 percent can be obtained for different subsurface storage and recovery schemes. Five successive injection, storage, and recovery cycles can increase the recovery efficiency to about 46 to 62 percent. There is a larger rate of increase at smaller rates than at larger rates. Over the range of variables studied, recovery efficiency improved with successive cycles, increasing rapidly during initial cycles tyhen more slowly at later cycles. The operation of a single well used for subsurface storage and recovery appears to be technically feasible under moderately favorable conditions; however, the recovery efficiency is higly dependent upon local physical and operational parameters. A combination of hydraulic, chemical, and operational parameters that minimize dispersion and buoyancy flow, maximizes recovery efficiency. Recovery efficiency was optimal where resident formation water density and permeabilities were relatively similar and low.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954271","usgsCitation":"Yobbi, D.K., 1996, Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4271, iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954271.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2938,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954271/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1f65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yobbi, D. K.","contributorId":56622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30589,"text":"wri964079 - 1996 - Relation between selected water-quality variables and lake level in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:38:41","indexId":"wri964079","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4079","title":"Relation between selected water-quality variables and lake level in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon","docAbstract":"Upper Klamath Lake is a large (140 square-mile), shallow (mean depth about 8 ft) lake in south-central Oregon that the historical record indicates has been eutrophic since its discovery by non-Native Americans. In recent decades, however, the lake has had annual occurrences of near- monoculture blooms of the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. In 1988 two sucker species endemic to the lake, the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and the shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris), were listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and it has been proposed that the poor water quality conditions associated with extremely long and productive blooms are contributing to the decline of those species.
\nIt has also been proposed that the low lake levels made possible by the construction of a dam at the outlet from the lake in 1921 have contributed to worsening water quality through a variety of possible mechanisms (Jacob Kann, Klamath Tribes, written commun., 1995). One such mechanism would be an increase in internal phosphorus loading from resuspended sediments (Jacoby and others, 1982), resulting from an increase in bottom shear stresses at lower lake levels (Laenen and LeTourneau, 1996), leading in turn to more intense algal blooms. Another possible mechanism is an earlier triggering of algal blooms. When early spring lake levels are low, greater light intensity at the sediment surface might speed recruitment of algal cells from the sediments. Sediment recruitment has been shown to be an important contributor to water column biomass increases in A. flos aquae (Barbiero and Kann, 1994) and Gloeotrichia echinulata (Barbiero, 1993). An earlier bloom could result in poor water quality conditions occurring earlier in the year, when young-of-the-year fish may be more susceptible to those conditions.
\nLake level can also influence water quality directly. An increased frequency of sediment resuspension at lower lake levels could increase chemical and biological oxygen demand, resulting in decreased dissolved oxygen concentrations. Sediment oxygen demand also may be enhanced at lower lake levels because it is concentrated over a smaller volume of water. Some compensation for increased oxygen demand at lower lake levels might be provided by increased reaeration, if the water column mixes from top to bottom more frequently.
\nBased on the analysis of data that they have been collecting for several years, the Klamath Tribes recently recommended that the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) modify the operating plan for the dam to make the minimum lake levels for the June-August period more closely resemble pre-dam conditions (Jacob Kann, written commun., 1995). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was asked to analyze the available data for the lake and to assess whether the evidence exists to conclude that year-to-year differences in certain lake water-quality variables are related to year-to-year differences in lake level. The results of the analysis will be used as scientific input in the process of developing an operating plan for the Link River Dam.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri964079","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Wood, T.M., Fuhrer, G.J., and Morace, J.L., 1996, Relation between selected water-quality variables and lake level in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4079, vi, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964079.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p.","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160800,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4079/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59349,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4079/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Agency Lake, Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.74749755859375,\n 41.99828401778616\n ],\n [\n -122.74749755859375,\n 42.938328528472546\n ],\n [\n -120.77270507812499,\n 42.938328528472546\n ],\n [\n -120.77270507812499,\n 41.99828401778616\n ],\n [\n -122.74749755859375,\n 41.99828401778616\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634c88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Tamara M. 0000-0001-6057-8080 tmwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6057-8080","contributorId":1164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Tamara","email":"tmwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuhrer, Gregory J. gjfuhrer@usgs.gov","contributorId":944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuhrer","given":"Gregory","email":"gjfuhrer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":203498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morace, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-8132-4044 jlmorace@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-4044","contributorId":945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morace","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlmorace@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30106,"text":"wri954254 - 1996 - Trends in chloride, dissolved-solids, and nitrate concentrations in ground water, Carson Valley and Topaz Lake Areas, Douglas County, Nevada, 1959-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T20:35:15.002886","indexId":"wri954254","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4254","title":"Trends in chloride, dissolved-solids, and nitrate concentrations in ground water, Carson Valley and Topaz Lake Areas, Douglas County, Nevada, 1959-88","docAbstract":"Rapid population growth in Douglas County, an area of approximately 750 square miles in west-central Nevada, has led to concern about the present and future effects of development on ground water. This report describes the results of two nonparametric statistical procedures applied to detect trends in concentrations of chloride, dissolved solids, and nitrate in ground water. The water-quality data consist of analytical results from ground-water samples collected and analyzed by the U. S. Geological Survey and ground-water-quality data provided by the Nevada Bureau of Health Protection Services for the Carson Valley and Topaz Lake areas of Douglas County, Nevada. For purposes of this study, statistical significance, expressed as the p-value, was set at 0.1. The Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxan rank-sum test detected increasing step-trends for nitrate in one of seven residential areas and for dissolved-solids concentrations throughout the study area. Decreasing step-trends for chloride and dissolved-solids concentrations were detected in the west Carson Valley area. Kendall's Tau detected monotonic trends for increasing nitrate concentrations at four domestic wells and for increasing dissolved-solids concentrations at two domestic wells. No other statistically significant trends were indicated by either test. Land-use relations to areas where increasing trends were detected suggest that the density of individual wastewater-treatment systems may exceed the capacity of soils to treat wastewater leachate.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954254","usgsCitation":"Thodal, C.E., 1996, Trends in chloride, dissolved-solids, and nitrate concentrations in ground water, Carson Valley and Topaz Lake Areas, Douglas County, Nevada, 1959-88: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4254, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954254.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":408776,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48333.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58923,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4254/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4254/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Douglas County","otherGeospatial":"Carson Valley and Topaz Lake area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.8822,\n 39.115\n ],\n [\n -119.8822,\n 38.6667\n ],\n [\n -119.45,\n 38.6667\n ],\n [\n -119.45,\n 39.115\n ],\n [\n -119.8822,\n 39.115\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db6265da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thodal, C. E.","contributorId":8136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thodal","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29806,"text":"wri954115 - 1996 - Water quality along selected flowpaths in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, southeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T19:51:36.644304","indexId":"wri954115","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4115","title":"Water quality along selected flowpaths in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, southeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954115","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.E., and Nemetz, D.A., 1996, Water quality along selected flowpaths in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, southeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4115, vi, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954115.","productDescription":"vi, 76 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410725,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48218.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4115/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4115/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.625,\n 45.1167\n ],\n [\n -93.625,\n 44.05\n ],\n [\n -92.25,\n 44.05\n ],\n [\n -92.25,\n 45.1167\n ],\n [\n -93.625,\n 45.1167\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9cdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, S. E.","contributorId":46120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nemetz, D. A.","contributorId":101705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nemetz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28378,"text":"wri954077 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of glacial-drift aquifers, Leech Lake Indian Reservation, north-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-13T19:33:55.631534","indexId":"wri954077","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4077","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of glacial-drift aquifers, Leech Lake Indian Reservation, north-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"Among the duties of the water managers of the Leech Lake Indian Reservation in north-central Minnesota are the development and protection of the water resources of the Reservation. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Leech Lake Indian Reservation Business Committee, conducted a three and one half-year study (1988-91) of the ground-water resources of the Leech Lake Indian Reservation. The objectives of this study were to describe the availability and quality of ground water contained in glacial-drift aquifers underlying the Reservation.
Aquifers and confining units are present throughout the entire thickness of the glacial drift in the study area, which includes the Leech Lake Indian Reservation and adjacent parts of Beltrami, Hubbard, Itasca, and Cass Counties in north-central Minnesota, an area of approximately 2,145 square miles. An unconfined aquifer underlies most of the central and north-central parts of the study area. The saturated thickness of the aquifer ranges from 0 to about 105 feet. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity, estimated from 19 slug tests, ranges from 0.6 to 31 feet per day. The transmissivity of the aquifer ranges from 19 to more than 20,000 feet squared per day and is greatest in an area from west of Cass Lake to Lake Winnibigoshish. Theoretical maximum well yields range from less than 10 to about 2,000 gallons per minute. The unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers are physically and hydraulically separated by a fine-grained confining unit, consisting of till or lake deposits, that ranges in thickness from 3 to 254 feet.
The thickness of the uppermost confined aquifer ranges from 5 to about 53 feet. On the basis of specific-capacity data, the transmissivity of the aquifer ranges from less than 100 feet squared per day in the northeastern and southeastern parts of the study area to about 21,000 feet squared per day near Cass Lake. Theoretical maximum well yields range from less than 10 to about 2,600 gallons per minute.
Recharge to the ground-water system is predominantly from precipitation that infiltrates to the saturated zone. An analysis of four hydrographs for observation wells screened in the unconfined aquifer indicated spring recharge amounts during 1989 of 1-4 inches.
Discharge from the ground-water system occurs by leakage to streams, lakes, and wetlands, evapotranspiration, withdrawals by wells, and underflow to the southeast within the Mississippi River Valley. Streamflow measurements indicate that ground-water discharge to the Mississippi River is greater in the western part of the study area between Cass Lake and Lake Winnibigoshish than in the eastern part downstream from Lake Winnibigoshish.
The general regional direction of ground-water flow in the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers is to the east and southeast. Ground-water flow is also toward the Mississippi River and the three large lakes in the study area, Lake Winnibigoshish and Cass and Leech Lakes.
Water moves through the ground-water system predominantly horizontally in the aquifers, whereas vertical components of flow are significant in confining units. Downward leakage of water occurs in highland areas where ground water flows downward from overlying till to the uppermost confined aquifer. Water moves vertically upward from deep to shallow aquifers in areas of regional discharge, the Mississippi River, Cass Lake, Lake Winnibigoshish. and Leech Lake.
Waters from both the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers generally are suitable for domestic consumption, crop irrigation, and most other uses. Concentrations of iron and manganese in water from both aquifers frequently exceed levels that may impart an undesirable taste or odor to water.
Calcium and bicarbonate are the predominant ions in water from both the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers. Water from both the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers is hard to very hard, averaging 187 and 247 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate, respectively.
Differences in the mean concentrations of constituents in waters from the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers vary. The mean concentrations of chloride, manganese, dissolved organic carbon, sulfate, and dissolved iron were greater for water from the unconfined aquifer than for water from the uppermost confined aquifer. Conversely, the mean concentrations of calcium, potassium, silica, sodium, fluoride, and boron were greater for water from the uppermost confined aquifer than for water from the unconfined aquifer. These higher concentrations of naturally occurring constituents in waters from the uppermost confined aquifer may occur because of the longer flow paths and longer residence times of water in the uppermost confined aquifer as compared to the unconfined aquifer.
Nutrients include nitrogen and phosphorus species. The mean concentrations of dissolved nitrogen (NO2 + NO3, dissolved) and total phosphorus were about 5 and 1.5 times greater for water from the unconfined aquifer than for water from the uppermost confined aquifer, respectively. None of the water samples had concentrations of dissolved nitrogen greater than the maximum contaminant level established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (10 milligrams per liter) and only one water sample had a concentration greater than 3 milligrams per liter.
Water collected from wells completed in the unconfined aquifer in residential and recreational land-use areas had concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, and cyanide equal to or less than 6 micrograms per liter. Concentrations of organic-acid herbicides in water from three wells screened in the unconfined aquifer in managed-forest land-use areas were all below detection levels. Concentrations of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutants in water from three wells screened in the unconfined aquifer and from one well screened in the uppermost confined aquifer were also all below detection levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954077","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Leech Lake Indian Reservation Business Committee","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R.J., 1996, Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of glacial-drift aquifers, Leech Lake Indian Reservation, north-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4077, viii, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954077.","productDescription":"viii, 78 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415725,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48186.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57180,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4077/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121738,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4077/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Leech Lake Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.8,\n 47.666667\n ],\n [\n -93.7,\n 47.666667\n ],\n [\n -93.7,\n 47.2\n ],\n [\n -94.1,\n 47.2\n ],\n [\n -94.1,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -94.8,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -94.8,\n 47.666667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62567f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, R. J.","contributorId":70808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28272,"text":"wri954178 - 1996 - Laboratory and quality assurance protocols for the analysis of herbicides in ground water from the Management Systems Evaluation Area, Princeton, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:12:45","indexId":"wri954178","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4178","title":"Laboratory and quality assurance protocols for the analysis of herbicides in ground water from the Management Systems Evaluation Area, Princeton, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Laboratory and quality assurance procedures for the analysis of ground-water samples for herbicides at the Management Systems Evaluation Area near Princeton, Minnesota are described. The target herbicides include atrazine, de-ethylatrazine, de-isopropylatrazine, metribuzin, alachlor, 2,6-diethylaniline, and metolachlor. The analytical techniques used are solid-phase extraction, and analysis by gas chromatography with mass-selective detection. Descriptions of cleaning procedures, preparation of standard solutions, isolation of analytes from water, sample transfer methods, instrumental analysis, and data analysis are included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954178","usgsCitation":"Larson, S., Capel, P., and VanderLoop, A., 1996, Laboratory and quality assurance protocols for the analysis of herbicides in ground water from the Management Systems Evaluation Area, Princeton, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4178, v, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954178.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4178/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57093,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4178/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Princeton","otherGeospatial":"Management Systems Evaluation Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.62385749816895, 45.52312701460922 ], [ -93.62385749816895, 45.530222474607434 ], [ -93.6140513420105, 45.530222474607434 ], [ -93.6140513420105, 45.52312701460922 ], [ -93.62385749816895, 45.52312701460922 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b44ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, S.J.","contributorId":17641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, P. D. 0000-0003-1620-5185","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":95498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"P. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"VanderLoop, A.G.","contributorId":17276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanderLoop","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28408,"text":"wri964029 - 1996 - Sources and loads of nutrients in the South Platte River, Colorado and Nebraska, 1994-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri964029","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4029","title":"Sources and loads of nutrients in the South Platte River, Colorado and Nebraska, 1994-95","docAbstract":"The South Platte River Basin was one of 20 river basins selected in 1991 for investigation as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water- Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Nationwide, nutrients have been identified as one of the primary nationwide water-quality concerns and are of particular interest in the South Platte River Basin where nutrient concentrations are large compared to concentrations in other NAWQA river basins. This report presents estimates of the magnitude of nutrient-source inputs to the South Platte River Basin, describes nutrient concen- trations and loads in the South Platte River during different seasons, and presents comparisons of nutrient inputs to instream nutrient loads. Annual nutrient inputs to the basin were estimated to be 306,000 tons of nitrogen and 41,000 tons of phosphorus. The principal nutrient sources were wastewater-treatment plants, fertilizer and manure applications, and atmospheric deposition. To characterize nutrient concentrations and loads in the South Platte River during different seasons, five nutrient synoptic samplings were conducted during 1994 and 1995. Upstream from Denver, Colorado, during April 1994 and January 1995, total nitrogen concentrations were less than 2 milligrams per liter (mg/L), and total phosphorus concentrations were less than 0.2 mg/L. The water in the river at this point was derived mostly from forested land in the mountains west of Denver. Total nutrient concentrations increased through the Denver metropolitan area, and concentration peaks occurred just downstream from each of Denver's largest wastewater-treatment plants with maximum concentrations of 13.6 mg/L total nitrogen and 2.4 mg/L total phosphorus. Nutrient concen- concentrations generally decreased downstream from Denver. Upstream from Denver during April 1994 and January 1995, total nitrogen loads were less than 1,000 pounds per day (lb/d), and total phosphorus loads were less than 125 lb/d. Total nutrient loads increased through the Denver metropolitan area, and load peaks occurred just downstream from each of Denver's largest wastewater-treatment plants, with a maximum load of 14,000 lb/d total nitrogen and 2,300 lb/d total phosphorus. In April 1994, nutrient loads generally decreased from Henderson, Colorado, to North Platte, Nebraska. In January 1995, however, nutrient loads increased from Henderson to Kersey, Colorado (maximum loads of 31,000 lb/d total nitrogen and 3,000 lb/d total phosphorus), and then decreased from Kersey to North Platte. Seasonal nutrient loads primarily were dependent on streamflow. Total nitrogen loads were largest in June 1994 and January 1995 when streamflows also were largest. During June, streamflow was large, but nitrogen concentrations were small, which indicated that snowmelt runoff diluted the available supply of nitrogen. Total phosphorus loads were largest in June, when streamflow and phosphorus concentrations were large, which indicated an additional source of phosphorus during snowmelt runoff. Streamflow along the South Platte River was smallest in April and August 1994, and nutrient loads also were smallest during these months. The downstream pattern for nutrient loads did not vary much by season. Loads were large at Henderson, decreased between Henderson and Kersey, and usually were largest at Kersey. The magnitude of the decrease in loads between Henderson and Kersey varied between synoptics and was dependent on the amount of water removed by irrigation ditches. Nutrient loads leaving the basin were very small compared to the estimated total nutrient inputs to the basin. Streamflow balances indicated that the South Platte River is a gaining river throughout much of its length; streamflow-balance residuals were as large as 15 cubic feet per second per mile. Nutrient-load balances indicated that increases in river nitrate loads were, in some places, due to nitrification and, elsewhere, were due to the influx of nitrate-enriched ground water to","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nInformation Services, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964029","usgsCitation":"Litke, D.W., 1996, Sources and loads of nutrients in the South Platte River, Colorado and Nebraska, 1994-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4029, vi, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964029.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4029/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d5e4b07f02db54904d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Litke, D. W.","contributorId":94346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litke","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33570,"text":"b1969A - 1996 - Stratigraphic framework of the Alaska Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-22T13:51:27.667672","indexId":"b1969A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1969","chapter":"A","title":"Stratigraphic framework of the Alaska Peninsula","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1969A","usgsCitation":"Detterman, R.L., Case, J.E., Miller, J.W., Wilson, F.H., and Yount, M.E., 1996, Stratigraphic framework of the Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1969, v, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1969A.","productDescription":"v, 74 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":167756,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":111157,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/3754","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af468","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Detterman, Robert L.","contributorId":71526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detterman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Case, J. E.","contributorId":56625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Case","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, J. W.","contributorId":62199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":211574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yount, M. E.","contributorId":76748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yount","given":"M.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":28519,"text":"wri914035 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri914035","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4035","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Ky., lies in a valley eroded by glacial meltwater that was later partly filled with outwash sand and gravel deposits. The aquifer is primarily unconfined, and the direction of flow is from the adjacent limestone and shale valley wall toward the Ohio River and major pumping centers. Pumpage and water-level data indicate that the alluvial aquifer was in a steady-state condition in November 1962 and again in November 1983. Between these two dates, water-level data indicate a general rise in the water table. A two-dimensional finite-element ground-water-flow model of the alluvial aquifer was calibrated for both the steady-state and the transient-state period of 1962-83. The year 1962 represented a period in time when pumping was nearly three times that in 1983. The simulated steady-state water budget for 1962 indicated that of the total recharge to the aquifer of 5.19 million feet per day, 37.2 percent was flow from the river to pumped wells, 28.3 percent was recharge from rainfall, 19.7 percent was flow across the eastern valley wall, and 14.8 percent was upward flow from the bedrock. Discharge from the aquifer was to wells (68.9 percent) and to the Ohio River (31.1 percent). The simulated steady-state water budget for 1983 indicated that of the total recharge to the aquifer of 4.11 million feet per day, 42.6 percent was recharge from rainfall, 18.2 percent was flow across the eastern valley wall, 17.8 percent was flow from the river to pumped wells, 15.6 percent was upward flow from the bedrock, and 5.8 percent was flow from septic systems. The transient simulation resulted in an acceptable match between measured and simulated hydrographs. This gave additional confidence to the model calibration, choice of boundary conditions, and published values of specific yield. Both steady-state and transient-state models demonstrated that the main source of water needed to meet increased pumping requirements was induced flow from the Ohio River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri914035","usgsCitation":"Lyverse, M.A., Starn, J., and Unthank, M., 1996, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4035, vi, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914035.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4035/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57319,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62562d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyverse, M. A.","contributorId":89151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyverse","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Starn, J.J.","contributorId":69591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starn","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Unthank, M.D.","contributorId":35351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unthank","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28559,"text":"wri954277 - 1996 - Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1992 balance year","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri954277","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4277","title":"Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1992 balance year","docAbstract":"The 1992 measured winter snow, maximum winter snow, net, and annual balances in the Gulkana Glacier basin were evaluated on the basis of meteorological, hydrological, and glaciological data measured in the basin and are reported herein. Averaged over the glacier, the measured winter snow balance was 0.97 meters on March 26, 1992; the maximum winter snow balance was 1.05 meters on May 19, 1992; the net balance (from September 8, 1991 to August 17, 1992) was -0.29 meters; and the annual balance (October 1, 1991 to September 30, 1992) was -0.38 meters. Ice surface, motion, and altitude changes measured at three index sites document seasonal changes in ice speed and glacier thickness. Annual stream runoff was 1.24 meters averaged over the basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954277","usgsCitation":"March, R., and Trabant, D., 1996, Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1992 balance year: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4277, vi, 32 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954277.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2348,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954277","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4277.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6358cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"March, R.S.","contributorId":16431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"March","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trabant, D.C.","contributorId":42209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28395,"text":"wri954189 - 1996 - Ground-water and surface-water relations along the Mojave River, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T08:38:02","indexId":"wri954189","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4189","title":"Ground-water and surface-water relations along the Mojave River, southern California","docAbstract":"The Mojave River and the associated floodplain aquifer are important water supplies in the Mojave Desert of Southern California. The river and aquifer, in many areas, are in excellent hydraulic connection, and when flow conditions change in one, the other almost always is affected.
To better understand these relations, records of gaging stations were analyzed to determine the frequency and duration of historical streamflow. Annual ground-water recharge from the river during water years 1931-94 was estimated from an accounting of all streamflow accretions and losses. Annual recharge ranged from about 24,000 to 460,000 acre-feet and averaged about 96,000 acre-feet. Channel-geometry regression techniques were used to estimate runoff of ungaged ephemeral streams that are tributary to the river. Water-table and gravity changes were used to estimate specific yield of the aquifer and changes in ground-water storage following storm runoff during the winters of 1992-94. In addition, streamflow hydrographs were analyzed to estimate both ground-water discharge to the river (base flow) and historical streamflow depletion caused by ground-water pumping and evapotranspiration. Ground-water pumpage from the flood-plain aquifer was about 120,000 acre-feet during water year 1994. Annual evapotranspiration along the river probably ranges from about 10,000 to 30,000 acre-feet.
Factors controlling the exchange of water are identified in this report on the basis of the historical response of the river-aquifer system to stress (stormflows and pumping). Also identified are reaches of the river that are hydraulically suitable for artificial recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954189","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Mojave Water Agency","usgsCitation":"Lines, G.C., 1996, Ground-water and surface-water relations along the Mojave River, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4189, v, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954189.","productDescription":"v, 43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57201,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4189/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4189/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.75,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -115.25,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -115.25,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -117.75,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -117.75,\n 34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b09e4b07f02db69c161","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lines, Gregory C.","contributorId":50502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lines","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26450,"text":"wri954274 - 1996 - Trend analysis of selected water-quality data associated with salinity-control projects in the Grand Valley, in the lower Gunnison River basin, and at Meeker Dome, western Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-08T21:44:51.983626","indexId":"wri954274","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4274","title":"Trend analysis of selected water-quality data associated with salinity-control projects in the Grand Valley, in the lower Gunnison River basin, and at Meeker Dome, western Colorado","docAbstract":"To decrease salt loading to the Colorado River from irrigated agriculture, salinity-control projects have been under construction since 1979 by the Bureau of Reclamation and the U.S. Department of Agriculture in the Grand Valley and since 1988 in the lower Gunnison River Basin of western Colorado. In 1980, a salinity-control project was initiated at Meeker Dome, which involved plugging three abandoned oil wells that were discharging saline water to the White River. Trend analysis was used to determine if the salinity-control projects had affected salinity in the Colorado and White Rivers.
The mean annual dissolved-solids load in the Colorado River near the Colorado-Utah State line for water years 1970-93 was about 3.32 million tons. About 46 percent of that load was from the Colorado River upstream from the Grand Valley and about 38 percent was from the Gunnison River. About 16 percent of the dissolved-solids load in the Colorado River near the State line was discharged from the Grand Valley, and most of the Grand Valley dissolved-solids load was from irrigation-induced sources.
Monotonic trend analysis of dissolved-solids and major-ion data for the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers was used for determining if salinity-control projects had affected salinity (dissolved solids) in the Colorado River. Data collected in water years 1970-93 at gaging stations on the Colorado River-one near Cameo and the other near the Colorado-Utah State line, and at the station on the Gunnison River near Grand Junction-were analyzed for trends. A computerized procedure developed by the U.S. Geological Survey that uses the nonparametric seasonal Kendall test with adjustment for streamflow was used for trend analysis of periodic and monthly data, and linear regression was used for trend analysis of annual data. Three time periods were tested, including periods that were concurrent with work on salinity-control projects. Many of the trends in unadjusted concentration and load data were not statistically significant. There were downward trends in flow-adjusted dissolved-solids and major-ion concentrations and in monthly dissolved-solids loads for all three stations in the 1970's, prior to the salinity-control projects. The two stations on the Colorado River also had significant downward trends in flow-adjusted concentrations and loads for water years 1986-93. The cumulative effects of salinity-control projects in the Grand Valley and in the lower Gunnison River Basin on salinity in the Colorado River would have become more substantial after the mid-1980's. Part of the decrease in dissolved solids in the Colorado River near the State line probably was related to salinity-control projects; however, there apparently are other factors that are affecting dissolved solids in the upper Colorado River in addition to salinity-control projects.
A significant decrease in chloride and sodium concentrations in the White River downstream from Meeker Dome indicated that the well plugging in 1981 was successful in stopping much of the discharge of saline water from the wells. Chloride and sodium concentrations have not changed in the White River at Meeker or downstream from Meeker during water years 1982-95, indicating that the well plugging has remained intact.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954274","usgsCitation":"Butler, D.L., 1996, Trend analysis of selected water-quality data associated with salinity-control projects in the Grand Valley, in the lower Gunnison River basin, and at Meeker Dome, western Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4274, v, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954274.","productDescription":"v, 38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157827,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4274/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55273,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4274/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465910,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48347.htm","text":"Grand Valley and lower Gunnison area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465911,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48348.htm","text":"Meeker Dome area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Grand Valley, lower Gunnison River basin, Meeker Dome","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109,\n 39.25\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -106.5,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -106.5,\n 39.25\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 39.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4880e4b07f02db515e40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, D. L.","contributorId":36967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}