{"pageNumber":"3754","pageRowStart":"93825","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185258,"records":[{"id":22517,"text":"ofr95761 - 1996 - Simulation of ground-water flow paths and traveltime in relation to tritium and aldicarb concentrations in the upper glacial aquifer on the North Fork, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-04T19:36:20.941147","indexId":"ofr95761","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-761","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow paths and traveltime in relation to tritium and aldicarb concentrations in the upper glacial aquifer on the North Fork, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95761","usgsCitation":"Bohn-Buxton, D.E., Buxton, H., and Eagen, V.K., 1996, Simulation of ground-water flow paths and traveltime in relation to tritium and aldicarb concentrations in the upper glacial aquifer on the North Fork, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-761, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95761.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415185,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18552.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154314,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0761/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52025,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0761/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island, North Fork","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72.692,\n              41.059\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.692,\n              40.889\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.409,\n              40.89\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.409,\n              41.059\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.692,\n              41.059\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f241f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohn-Buxton, D. E.","contributorId":37771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohn-Buxton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buxton, H. T.","contributorId":67873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"H. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eagen, V. K.","contributorId":20353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eagen","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":22021,"text":"ofr9642 - 1996 - Possible continuous-type (unconventional) gas accumulation in the Lower Silurian \"Clinton\" sands, Medina Group and Tuscarora Sandstone in the Appalachian Basin; a progress report of the 1995 project activities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:45","indexId":"ofr9642","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-42","title":"Possible continuous-type (unconventional) gas accumulation in the Lower Silurian \"Clinton\" sands, Medina Group and Tuscarora Sandstone in the Appalachian Basin; a progress report of the 1995 project activities","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION: \r\nIn the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) 1995 National Assessment of United States oil and gas resources (Gautier and others, 1995), the Appalachian basin was estimated to have, at a mean value, about 61 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of recoverable gas in sandstone and shale reservoirs of Paleozoic age. Approximately one-half of this gas resource is estimated to reside in a regionally extensive, continuous-type gas accumulation whose reservoirs consist of low-permeability sandstone of the Lower Silurian 'Clinton' sands and Medina Group (Gautier and others, 1995; Ryder, 1995). Recognizing the importance of this large regional gas accumulation for future energy considerations, the USGS initiated in January 1995 a multi-year study to evaluate the nature, distribution, and origin of natural gas in the 'Clinton' sands, Medina Group sandstones, and equivalent Tuscarora Sandstone. The project is part of a larger natural gas project, Continuous Gas Accumulations in Sandstones and Carbonates, coordinated in FY1995 by Ben E. Law and Jennie L. Ridgley, USGS, Denver. Approximately 2.6 man years were devoted to the Clinton/Medina project in FY1995.\r\n\r\nA continuous-type gas accumulation, referred to in the project, is a new term introduced by Schmoker (1995a) to identify those natural gas accumulations whose reservoirs are charged throughout with gas over a large area and whose entrapment does not involve a downdip gas-water contact. Gas in these accumulations is located downdip of the water column and, thus, is the reverse of conventional-type hydrocarbon accumulations. Commonly used industry terms that are more or less synonymous with continuous-type gas accumulations include basin- centered gas accumulation (Rose and others, 1984; Law and Spencer, 1993), tight (low-permeability) gas reservoir (Spencer, 1989; Law and others, 1989; Perry, 1994), and deep basin gas (Masters, 1979, 1984).\r\n\r\nThe realization that undiscovered gas in Lower Silurian sandstone reservoirs of the Appalachian basin probably occurs in a continuous accumulation rather than in conventionally trapped, discrete accumulations represents a significant departure from the 1989 National Assessment (Mast and others, 1989; deWitt, 1993). In 1989, a direct assessment (field-size distributions required for play analysis were unavailable) of the Lower Silurian sandstone play gave, at a mean value, about 1.7 TCF of gas. The 1995 estimate (~30 TCF of gas) is so much greater than the 1989 estimate (~1.7 TCF of gas) because of the interpreted continuous nature of the accumulation and the assessment methodology applied. The methodology for continuous hydrocarbon accumulations assumes that the reservoirs in the accumulation are gas-saturated and takes into account: 1) estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) per well probability distributions, 2) optimum area that a well can drain (spacing), 3) number of untested drill sites having the appropriate spacing area, 4) success ratio of previously drilled holes, and 5) risk (Schmoker, 1995b).\r\n\r\nDavis (1984), Zagorski (1988, 1991), and Law and Spencer (1993) were among the first petroleum geologists to suggest that gas in the 'Clinton' sands and Medina Group sandstones was trapped in a basin-centered/deep basin accumulation. They recognized many of the earmarks of a basin-centered/deep basin accumulation such as low-permeability reservoirs, abnormally low formation pressure, coalesced gas fields, gas shows or production in most holes drilled, low water yields, and a general lack of structural control on entrapment. Ryder (1995) adopted this interpretation by defining four continuous-type gas plays (6728-6731) in the 'Clinton' sands-Medina Group interval (fig.1).\r\n\r\nPlay 6728 (Clinton/Medina sandstone gas high potential) covers a 17,000 sq mi region of western New York, northwestern Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio, and a small part of westernmost West Virginia that is very favorable for future gas resources (fig.1). Also, this play includes a l","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9642","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Ryder, R., Aggen, K., Hettinger, R.D., Law, B.E., Miller, J.J., Nuccio, V.F., Perry, W.J., Prensky, S.E., Filipo, J.J., and Wandrey, C.J., 1996, Possible continuous-type (unconventional) gas accumulation in the Lower Silurian \"Clinton\" sands, Medina Group and Tuscarora Sandstone in the Appalachian Basin; a progress report of the 1995 project activities: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-42, iv, 82 p. :ill., maps (some col.); 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9642.","productDescription":"iv, 82 p. :ill., maps (some col.); 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0042/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":9116,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-042/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":51489,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0042/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683d3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, Robert T.","contributorId":77918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Robert T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aggen, Kerry L.","contributorId":106749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aggen","given":"Kerry L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hettinger, Robert D.","contributorId":102486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hettinger","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Law, Ben E.","contributorId":85033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Law","given":"Ben","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, John J. 0000-0002-9098-0967 jmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9098-0967","contributorId":3785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"John","email":"jmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nuccio, Vito F. vnuccio@usgs.gov","contributorId":853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuccio","given":"Vito","email":"vnuccio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":186715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Perry, William J. Jr.","contributorId":32498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Prensky, Stephen E.","contributorId":96703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prensky","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Filipo, John J.","contributorId":45955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filipo","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wandrey, Craig J. cwandrey@usgs.gov","contributorId":1590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandrey","given":"Craig","email":"cwandrey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":22036,"text":"ofr9648 - 1996 - Preliminary geochemical studies of pollutant and natural organic compounds in sediments from Sonoma Baylands; a wetland restoration project in San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-11T16:45:27.974307","indexId":"ofr9648","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-48","title":"Preliminary geochemical studies of pollutant and natural organic compounds in sediments from Sonoma Baylands; a wetland restoration project in San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9648","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hostettler, F.D., Pereira, W.E., Kvenvolden, K.A., Jones, D.R., and Murphy, F., 1996, Preliminary geochemical studies of pollutant and natural organic compounds in sediments from Sonoma Baylands; a wetland restoration project in San Francisco Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-48, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9648.","productDescription":"1 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0048/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51499,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0048/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay, Sonoma Baylands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.02490234375,\n              37.31338308990806\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.79443359375,\n              37.31338308990806\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.79443359375,\n              38.24249456800328\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.02490234375,\n              38.24249456800328\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.02490234375,\n              37.31338308990806\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c33a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":186788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pereira, Wilfred E.","contributorId":95552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"Wilfred","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, David R.","contributorId":75510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murphy, Fred fmurphy@usgs.gov","contributorId":4572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Fred","email":"fmurphy@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":22748,"text":"ofr95770 - 1996 - Reconnaissance of water quality at four swine farms in Jackson County, Florida, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:05","indexId":"ofr95770","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-770","title":"Reconnaissance of water quality at four swine farms in Jackson County, Florida, 1993","docAbstract":"The quality of ground water on four typical swine farms in Jackson County, Florida, was studied by analyzing water samples from wastewater lagoons, monitoring wells, and supply wells. Water samples were collected quarterly for 1 year and analyzed for the following dissolved species:  nitrate, nitrite, ammonium nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, fluoride, total ammonium plus organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkalinity, carbonate, and bicarbonate. Additionally, the following field constituents were determined in the water samples:  temperature, specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, and fecal streptococcus and fecal coliform bacteria. Chemical changes in swine waste as it leaches and migrates through the saturated zone were examined by comparing median values and ranges of water- quality data from farm wastewater in lagoons, shallow pond, shallow monitoring wells, and deeper farm supply wells. The effects of hydrogeologic settings and swine farmland uses on shallow ground-water quality were examined by comparing the shallow ground-water-quality data set with the results of the chemical analyses of water from the Upper Floridan aquifer, and to land uses adjacent to the monitoring wells. Substantial differences occur between the quality of diluted swine waste in the wastewater lagoons, and that of the water quality found in the shallow pond, and the ground water frm all but two of the monitoring wells of the four swine farms. The liquid from the wastewater lagoons and ground water from two wells adjacent to and down the regional gradient from a lagoon on one site, have relatively high values for the following properties and constituents:  specific conductance, dissolved ammonia nitrogen, dissolved potassium, and dissolved chloride. Ground water from all other monitoring wells and farm supply wells and the surface water pond, have relatively much lower values for the same properties and constituents. To determine the relation between land uses and ground-water quality on the four swine farms, ground-water-quality data were divided according to the following land uses: confined operations in which swine are kept in houses and not allowed to roam freely, and unconfined operations in which swine are allowed to roam freely in determined areas. Confined operations had lagoons to receive the diluted swine wastes washed from the houses.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95770","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Collins, J., 1996, Reconnaissance of water quality at four swine farms in Jackson County, Florida, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-770, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95770.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1483,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr95-770/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e6f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, J.J.","contributorId":67844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21979,"text":"ofr9620B - 1996 - Neogene and Quaternary geology of a stratigraphic test hole on Horn Island, Mississippi Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T06:59:20","indexId":"ofr9620B","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-20","chapter":"B","title":"Neogene and Quaternary geology of a stratigraphic test hole on Horn Island, Mississippi Sound","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9620B","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Gohn, G., Brewster-Wingard, G., Cronin, T.M., Edwards, L.E., Gibson, T., Rubin, M., and Willard, D., 1996, Neogene and Quaternary geology of a stratigraphic test hole on Horn Island, Mississippi Sound: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-20, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9620B.","productDescription":"23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51453,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0020b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0020b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi, Alabama ","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.78910064697266,\n              30.208937975696163\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.57315063476562,\n              30.208937975696163\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.57315063476562,\n              30.267370168467806\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.78910064697266,\n              30.267370168467806\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.78910064697266,\n              30.208937975696163\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gohn, Gregory 0000-0003-2000-479X ggohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2000-479X","contributorId":219822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gohn","given":"Gregory","email":"ggohn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brewster-Wingard, G. L.","contributorId":102508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewster-Wingard","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0002-2643-0979 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":2579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gibson, T. G.","contributorId":103702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"T. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rubin, Meyer","contributorId":107283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Meyer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Willard, Debra  A. 0000-0003-4878-0942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":85982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra  A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":22536,"text":"ofr9680A - 1996 - SMSIM : Fortran programs for simulating ground motions from earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:02","indexId":"ofr9680A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-80","chapter":"A","title":"SMSIM : Fortran programs for simulating ground motions from earthquakes","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9680A","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Boore, D.M., 1996, SMSIM : Fortran programs for simulating ground motions from earthquakes (Version 1.0.): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-80, 73 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9680A.","productDescription":"73 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155771,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0080a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52034,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0080a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ca5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boore, David M. boore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":188421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28969,"text":"wri964005 - 1996 - Flood-frequency and detention-storage characteristics of Bear Branch watershed, Murfreesboro, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri964005","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4005","title":"Flood-frequency and detention-storage characteristics of Bear Branch watershed, Murfreesboro, Tennessee","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model [DR3M] was applied to a 2.27-square-mile portion of Bear Branch watershed at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, to demonstrate the application of this model to small urban watersheds in central Tennessee. Kinematic wave theory was used to route excess rainfall overland and through a branched system of stream channels. The model was calibrated with hyetographs from two raingages, hydrographs from two streamflow gages, and peak-stage elevations from two crest-stage gages that were operated in the watershed from March 1989 through July 1992. Standard errors of estimate for peak discharge at Northfield Boulevard and Compton Road are 41.1 and 92.2 percent, respectively. Standard errors of estimate for runoff volumes at Northfield Boulevard and Compton Road are 53.5 and 97.6 percent, respectively. The calibrated model was used to simulate flood hydrographs for 73 large storms occurring during the period 1901-1990 and the simulated flood peaks were used to develop flood-frequency relations for present (1992) conditions in the watershed. Flood discharges for the 100-year recurrence-interval storm were estimated as 350 cubic feet per second at Northfield Boulevard, 1,000 cubic feet per second upstream of DeJarnett Lane, 610 cubic feet per second downstream of DeJarnett Lane, 800 cubic feet per second upstream of Osborne Lane, 790 cubic feet per second downstream of Osborne Lane, and 1,000 cubic feet per second at Compton Road. The effect of detention storage on flood hydrographs was simulated at several locations in the watershed. Detention storage upstream of DeJarnett Lane significantly reduces downstream flood peaks, whereas detention storage upstream of Osborne Lane has almost no effect. The results of this study indicate that the Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model could be an important tool for testing the effects of future development and flood storage alternatives on flooding in small urban watersheds throughout the area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964005","usgsCitation":"Outlaw, G., 1996, Flood-frequency and detention-storage characteristics of Bear Branch watershed, Murfreesboro, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4005, 24 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964005.","productDescription":"24 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4005/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57842,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4005/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e704e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Outlaw, G.S.","contributorId":51330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Outlaw","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018987,"text":"70018987 - 1996 - Ground-water-flow conditions within a bottomland hardwood wetland, eastern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-27T17:09:27.608481","indexId":"70018987","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-water-flow conditions within a bottomland hardwood wetland, eastern Arkansas","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>Water levels were measured monthly at 9 staff gages and 35 wells along two transects within the Black Swamp bottomland hardwood wetland and perpendicular to the Cache River in eastern Arkansas from December 1989 to September 1992 in order to (1) describe the ground-water-flow conditions at locations within a bottomland hardwood wetland and (2) determine the relation between the frequency of different ground-water-flow conditions and physical characteristics within the wetland. Three ground-water-flow conditions predominated at various times in the Black Swamp: (1) discharge of water from the alluvial aquifer to the wetland, (2) recharge of water from the wetland into the alluvial aquifer, and (3) flow of water from the wetland into the alluvial aquifer and then to the nearby Cache River (local flow). Analyses of hydraulic head differences between surface and ground water indicate that discharge occurred 31% of the measurement times at both transects. Recharge occurred 39% of the measurement times and tended to occur more often at locations that are far from the Cache River and that overlie low ground-water levels in the lower part of the alluvial aquifer. Local ground-water flow occurred 28% of the measurement times and tended to occur more often at locations close to the Cache River. Ground-water pumpage results in water-level declines in the lower part of the alluvial aquifer near the Black Swamp wetland. When compared with an area not affected by pumping, these lower ground-water levels increased the frequency of recharge of Black Swamp water into the alluvial aquifer by nearly a factor of 7, decreased the frequency of local ground-water flow to the Cache River to less than half, and decreased the frequency of discharge by about 22%.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03161324","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Gonthier, G., 1996, Ground-water-flow conditions within a bottomland hardwood wetland, eastern Arkansas: Wetlands, v. 16, no. 3, p. 334-346, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161324.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"334","endPage":"346","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226718,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"eastern Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.21480606880425,\n              36.05701646084884\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.6592849714275,\n              34.425186910956285\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.5122639998533,\n              32.53441399953529\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.84299278500842,\n              32.331053891219526\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.86333874610101,\n              33.56914964201549\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.5141845795728,\n              36.16899487873114\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.77878071589814,\n              36.5449158948269\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.21480606880425,\n              36.05701646084884\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2d7ae4b0c8380cd5bef4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gonthier, G.J.","contributorId":27484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonthier","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":44860,"text":"wri954275 - 1996 - Ground-water resources and contamination at Roi-Namur Island, Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, 1990-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-26T09:18:28","indexId":"wri954275","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4275","title":"Ground-water resources and contamination at Roi-Namur Island, Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, 1990-91","docAbstract":"A study was conducted on Roi-Namur Island, Kwajalein Atoll to define the extent of the freshwater lenses and recharge zones and to asses potential contaminant migration from known sources of contamination. Rainfall, which is the sole natural source of freshwater, is strongly seasonal and occasional multi-year droughts are capable of disrupting the island's water supply. The supply of freshwater is produced by a joint system of rain catchments and shallow wells. From 1980-91, rain- catchment yield and ground-water withdrawal average 22,632 and 5,829 gallons per day, respectively. Maps were produced showing the areal extent of freshwater, the thickness of the freshwater lenses, the water-table configuration and directions of ground-water flow, and contamination sites and potential migration pathways of contaminants. Sectional views of freshwater lens thicknesses and seasonal freshwater lens thickness changes were also constructed. The freshwater lens attains a maximum thickness of 23 feet beneath the central area of Roi where recharge is high. The estimated amount of water in the lenses with chloride concentrations less than 250 milligrams per liter underlying Roi and Namur is 226 million and 4.2 million gallons, respectively. The presence of thick vegetation on Namur increases evapotranspiration losses significantly producing a smaller freshwater lens. Freshwater thicknesses shrank and expanded in a seasonal cycle as much as 3 feet near withdrawal wells. The water table forms broad mounds beneath Roi and Namur and freshwater heads reach a maximum of 1.4 feet. Most known sites of contamination lie near the periphery of the island where ground-water flow patterns will carry contaminants away from the withdrawal wells toward the shore.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954275","usgsCitation":"Gingerich, S.B., 1996, Ground-water resources and contamination at Roi-Namur Island, Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, 1990-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4275, 3 Plates: 25.51 x 32.24 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954275.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 25.51 x 32.24 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":332669,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4275/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4275/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":332670,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4275/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":332671,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4275/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Marshall Islands","otherGeospatial":"Kwajalein Atoll, Roi-Namur Island","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649d1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gingerich, Stephen B. 0000-0002-4381-0746 sbginger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-0746","contributorId":1426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"Stephen","email":"sbginger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27570,"text":"wri964016 - 1996 - Physical and chemical characteristics of Lake Powell at the forebay and outflows of Glen Canyon Dam, northeastern Arizona, 1990-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri964016","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4016","title":"Physical and chemical characteristics of Lake Powell at the forebay and outflows of Glen Canyon Dam, northeastern Arizona, 1990-91","docAbstract":"The physical and chemical characteristics of Lake Powell have a direct effect on the quality of water below Glen Canyon Dam. Understanding the physical and chemical characteristics of the lake and outflows from the dam is essential in order to effectively manage the operation of the dam. During August 1990 to September 1991, physical and chemical measurements were made and water samples were collected in the forebay of Lake Powell and at the outflows (draft tubes) of Glen Canyon Dam to document the physical and chemical characteristics of water entering the Colorado River.  A persistent chemocline in the forebay of Lake Powell fluctuated seasonally during the study. Thermal stratification began in mid-April and persisted into late October. Spatial variation of specific conductance, pH, water temperature, and dissolved-oxygen concentration in the forebay was negligible. Sodium and sulfate were the dominant ions. Major ions, nutrients, and metals generally increased in concentration with depth in the forebay. Concentrations of dissolved nitrogen (as nitrite plus nitrate) in the forebay ranged from less than 0.02 to 0.58 milligrams per liter. Strontium and lithium were the most abundant metals. Dissolved organic carbon ranged from about 2.6 to 4.9 milligrams per. liter with larger concentrations generally occurring in the epilimnion. No diel variations of chemical constituents were observed. Vertical-attenuation coefficients of light penetration in the forebay ranged from 0.058 to 0.080 microeinsteins per meter squared per second, and the euphotic depth ranged from about 82 to 113 feet.  Generally, the physical and chemical characteristics of outflows through the draft tubes of Glen Canyon Dam were similar to the physical and chemical characteristics of the water at penstock depth and deeper depths. Specific conductance ranged from 803 to 1,090 microsiemens per centimeter, and pH values ranged from about 7.2 to 8.0. Water temperatures measured in the outflows ranged from 7.0 to 9.0 degrees Celsius, and dissolved oxygen ranged from about 6.5 to 9.1 milligrams per liter. Concentrations of dissolved nitrogen (as nitrite plus nitrate) ranged from 0.13 to 0.74 milligrams per liter. Dissolved phosphorus (as orthophosphate) and ammonia (NH4) generally were less than the minimum reporting level of 0.01 milligrams per liter. Availability and Quality of Water from Drift Aquifers in Marshall, Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake Counties, Northwestern Minnesota  By R.J. Lindgren  Abstract Sand and gravel aquifers present within glacial deposits are important sources of water in Marshall, Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake Counties in northwestern Minnesota. Saturated thicknesses of the unconfined aquifers range from 0 to 30 feet. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivities range from 2.5 to 600 feet per day. Transmissivity of the unconfined aquifers ranges from 33 to greater than 3,910 feet squared per day. Theoretical maximum well yields for 6 wells with specific-capacity data range from 12 to 123 gallons per minute.  Saturated thicknesses of shallow confined aquifers (depth to top of the aquifer less than 100 feet below land surface) range from 0 to 150 feet. Thicknesses of intermediate, deep, and basal confined aquifers (depths to top of the aquifer from 100 to 199 feet, from 200 to 299 feet, and 300 feet or more below land surface, respectively) range from 0 to more than 126 feet. Transmissivity of the confined aquifers ranges from 2 to greater than 210,000 feet squared per day. Theoretical maximum well yields range from 3 to about 2,000 gallons per minute.  Recharge to ground water is predominantly from precipitation that percolates downward to the saturated zone. Recharge to unconfined aquifers in the study area ranged from 4.5 to 12.0 inches per year during 1991 and 1992, based on hydrograph analysis. Model simulations done for this study indicate that recharge rates from 8 to 9 inches per year to unconfined aquifers produce the best matches","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964016","usgsCitation":"Hart, R.J., and Sherman, K., 1996, Physical and chemical characteristics of Lake Powell at the forebay and outflows of Glen Canyon Dam, northeastern Arizona, 1990-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4016, vi, 78 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964016.","productDescription":"vi, 78 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4016/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56435,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4016/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, R. J.","contributorId":62607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherman, K.M.","contributorId":7329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherman","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30159,"text":"wri954101 - 1996 - Initial effects of Stagecoach Reservoir on discharge, water-quality characteristics, and suspended-sediment loads in the Yampa River, northwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri954101","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4101","title":"Initial effects of Stagecoach Reservoir on discharge, water-quality characteristics, and suspended-sediment loads in the Yampa River, northwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"The construction and filling of Stagecoach Reservoir on the Yampa River during 1988-91 were done to enhance water management and to use local water resources. To assess the initial effects of the reservoir on the hydrology of the upper Yampa River, physical, chemical, and biological data were collected at a site upstream (YR-1) during water years 1989-92 and a site downstream (YR-2) from the reservoir during water years 1985-92 and at two sites in the reservoir during 1990-92. Annual suspended-sediment loads were determined for the Yampa River for water years 1985-92, and sediment retention in Stagecoach Reservoir was estimated. The initial filling of the 33,275-acre-foot reservoir proceeded slower than expected because inflow from the Yampa River was about 50 to 73 percent of average during water years 1989-91. Secchi-disk measurements in Stagecoach Reservoir ranged from 2.5 to 18 feet.  Algal growth and sediment transport during stormy weather decreased water clarity, and possible algal grazing by zooplankton and sediment deposition improved water clarity. Water temperature in the reservoir ranged from 0 to 22 degrees Celsius, and thermal stratification was maintained during summer. Values of pH ranged from 7.2 in the hypolimnion to 8.9 in the epilimnion. Changes in pH were related to photosynthesis and respiration. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the reservoir ranged from 0 milligram per liter in the hypolimnion to 13 milligrams per liter in the epilimnion. Average 5-day biochemical-oxygen-demand rates ranged from 0.33 to 0.46 milligram per liter per day. Oxygen production from photosynthesis was greatest in the epilimnion; oxygen depletion from respiration was characteristic in the hypolimnion. Near or above average inflow might decrease the incidence of anaerobic conditions. Specific conductance in the reservoir ranged from 414 to 520 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius, depending on the specific conductance of inflow from the Yampa River. The water was a very hard, calcium bicarbonate type. Nitrogen input to the reservoir was mostly as organic nitrogen that ranged in concentration from less than 0.18 to about 1.0 milligram per liter. Concentrations of dissolved phosphorus in the inflow of the Yampa River ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.06 milligram per liter. Decomposition of organic material and release of nutrients from sediments under reducing conditions were probable causes for dissolved-ammonia concentrations near the reservoir bottom to increase to maximum values of 0.9 to 1.6 milligrams per liter as nitrogen during thermal stratification in summer. Dissolved phosphorus also increased in the same conditions to a range of 0.32 to 0.35 milligram per liter. Except for concentrations of total recoverable manganese that ranged from 210 to 440 micrograms per liter near the reservoir bottom, most concentrations of 20 trace constituents were measured at or near analytical detection limits. A total of 119 phytoplankton from 7 phyla was identified in Stagecoach Reservoir during 1990-92. Cyanophyta (blue-green algae) accounted for most of the cell counts. Cyanophyta blooms of Aphanizomenon and Aphanocapsa developed during 1990-92, and photosynthesis caused concentrations of dissolved oxygen to exceed 150-percent saturation in the epilimnion. Diversity index values for phytoplankton ranged from 0.05 to 3.06.  Values of diversity index during the summer of 1992 indicated that the community diversity of algae could be greatest in spring and least in fall.  All colony counts of fecal coliform bacteria in the reservoir during 1990-92 were less than criteria limits set by the State of Colorado. During water years 1985-88 (preconstruction period), at a site on the Yampa River downstream from the proposed damsite, and water years 1989-92 (post-construction period), at a site upstream from the dam, annual loads of suspended sediment ranged from 2,480 to 22,650 tons. The average annual suspended-sediment load for th","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954101","usgsCitation":"Tobin, R., 1996, Initial effects of Stagecoach Reservoir on discharge, water-quality characteristics, and suspended-sediment loads in the Yampa River, northwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4101, v, 111 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954101.","productDescription":"v, 111 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4101/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58961,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48afe4b07f02db52f3c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tobin, R.L.","contributorId":34143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tobin","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":60637,"text":"mf1835I - 1996 - Maps showing thickness and limestone-dolostone ratios of selected Paleozoic carbonate units in the northern Midcontinent, U.S.A.; folio of the northern Midcontinent area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-28T21:28:56.618216","indexId":"mf1835I","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1835","chapter":"I","title":"Maps showing thickness and limestone-dolostone ratios of selected Paleozoic carbonate units in the northern Midcontinent, U.S.A.; folio of the northern Midcontinent area","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf1835I","usgsCitation":"Pratt, W.P., and Wandrey, C., 1996, Maps showing thickness and limestone-dolostone ratios of selected Paleozoic carbonate units in the northern Midcontinent, U.S.A.; folio of the northern Midcontinent area: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1835, Report: 10 p.; 3 Plates: 41.99 x 56.30 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1835I.","productDescription":"Report: 10 p.; 3 Plates: 41.99 x 56.30 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369052,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1835-I/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":369051,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1835-I/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":369050,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1835-I/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":369048,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1835-I/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1835-I/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Midcontinent","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100,36 ], [ -100,46 ], [ -88,46 ], [ -88,36 ], [ -100,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606364","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratt, W. P. (compiler)","contributorId":43621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"W.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wandrey, C. J.","contributorId":99578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandrey","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":33316,"text":"b2083AK - 1996 - Mineral resource potential and geology of Coronado National Forest, southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-28T19:46:23.028057","indexId":"b2083AK","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2083","chapter":"A-K","title":"Mineral resource potential and geology of Coronado National Forest, southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2083AK","usgsCitation":"1996, Mineral resource potential and geology of Coronado National Forest, southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2083, 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States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Coronado National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.457,\n              31.329\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.917,\n              31.329\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.917,\n              33.058\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.457,\n              33.058\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.457,\n              31.329\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db68324a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"du Bray, Edward A. 0000-0002-4383-8394 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,{"id":58321,"text":"wri954157NY - 1996 - Simulated Effects of a Stormwater-Detention Basin on Peak Flows and Water Quality of East Branch Allen Creek, Monroe County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:00","indexId":"wri954157NY","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4157-NY","title":"Simulated Effects of a Stormwater-Detention Basin on Peak Flows and Water Quality of East Branch Allen Creek, Monroe County, New York","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954157NY","usgsCitation":"Zarriello, P.J., 1996, Simulated Effects of a Stormwater-Detention Basin on Peak Flows and Water Quality of East Branch Allen Creek, Monroe County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4157-NY, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954157NY.","productDescription":"40 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4157ny/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":88369,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4157ny/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649541","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zarriello, Phillip J. 0000-0001-9598-9904 pzarriel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-9904","contributorId":1868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarriello","given":"Phillip","email":"pzarriel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30623,"text":"wri954271 - 1996 - Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:00","indexId":"wri954271","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4271","title":"Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida","docAbstract":"The potential for subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent into the uppermost producing zone (zone A) of the Upper Floridan aquifer in St. Petersburg, Florida, is being studied by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of St. Petersburg and the Southwest Florida Water Management District. A measure of the success of this practice is the recovery efficiency, or the quantity of water relative to the quantity injected, that can be recovered before the water that is withdrawn fails to meet water-quality standards. The feasibility of this practice will depend upon the ability of the injected zone to receive, store, and discharge the injected fluid. A cylindrical model of ground-water flow and solute transport, incorporating available data on aquifer properties and water quality, was developed to determine the relation of recovery efficiency to various aquifer and fluid properties that could prevail in the study area. The reference case for testing was a base model considered representative of the saline aquifer underlying St. Petersburg. Parameter variations in the tests represent possible variations in aquifer conditions in the area. The model also was used to study the effect of various cyclic injection and withdrawal schemes on the recovery efficiency of the well and aquifer system. A base simulation assuming 15 days of injection of effluent at a rate of 1.0 million gallons per day and 15 days of withdrawal at a rate of 1.0 million gallons per day was used as reference to compare changes in various hydraulic and chemical parameters on recovery efficiency. A recovery efficiency of 20 percent was estimated for the base simulation. For practical ranges of hydraulic and fluid properties that could prevail in the study area, the model analysis indicates that (1) the greater the density contrast between injected and resident formation water, the lower the recovery efficiency, (2) recovery efficiency decreases significantly as dispersion increases, (3) high formation permeability favors low recovery efficiencies, and (4) porosity and anisotropy have little effect on recovery efficiencies. In several hypothetical tests, the recovery efficiency fluctuated between about 4 and 76 percent. The sensitivity of recovery efficiency to variations in the rate and duration of injection (0.25, 0.50, 1.0, and 2.0 million gallons per day) and withdrawal cycles (60, 180, and 365 days) was determined. For a given operational scheme, recovery efficiency increased as the injection and withdrawal rate is increased. Model results indicate that recovery efficiencies of between about 23 and 37 percent can be obtained for different subsurface storage and recovery schemes. Five successive injection, storage, and recovery cycles can increase the recovery efficiency to about 46 to 62 percent. There is a larger rate of increase at smaller rates than at larger rates. Over the range of variables studied, recovery efficiency improved with successive cycles, increasing rapidly during initial cycles tyhen more slowly at later cycles. The operation of a single well used for subsurface storage and recovery appears to be technically feasible under moderately favorable conditions; however, the recovery efficiency is higly dependent upon local physical and operational parameters. A combination of hydraulic, chemical, and operational parameters that minimize dispersion and buoyancy flow, maximizes recovery efficiency. Recovery efficiency was optimal where resident formation water density and permeabilities were relatively similar and low.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954271","usgsCitation":"Yobbi, D.K., 1996, Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4271, iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954271.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2938,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954271/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1f65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yobbi, D. K.","contributorId":56622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24697,"text":"ofr96183 - 1996 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through December 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"ofr96183","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-183","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through December 1995","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic and climatic data that describe the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data presented are from January 1993 through December 1995, although the report focuses on hydrologic events from October through December 1995 (fourth quarter of 1995). Cumulative rainfall for October through December 1995 was about 41 inches, which is 32 percent more than the mean cumulative rainfall of about 31 inches for October through December. The period October through December is within the annual wet season. Mean cumulative rainfall is calculated for the fixed base period 1951-90. Ground-water withdrawal during October through December 1995 averaged 931,000 gallons per day. Withdrawal for the same 3 months in 1994 averaged 902,900 gallons per day. Patterns of withdrawal during the fourth quarter of 1995 did not change significantly since 1993 at all five ground-water production areas. At the end of December 1995, the chloride concentration of the composite water supply was 60 milligrams per liter, well below the 250 milligrams per liter secondary drinking-water standard established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chloride concentrations of the composite water supply from October through December 1995 ranged between 28 and 67 milligrams per liter. Chloride concentration of ground water in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations continued to decrease during the fourth quarter of 1995, with water from the deepest monitoring wells decreasing in chloride concentration by as much as 2,000 milligrams per liter. This trend follows increases in chloride concentration during the first half of 1995. A fuel leak at Air Operations caused the shutdown of ten wells in May 1991. Four of the wells resumed pumping for water-supply purposes in April 1992. The remaining six wells are being used to hydraulically divert fuel migration away from water-supply wells by recirculating about 150,000 gallons of water each day.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96183","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1996, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through December 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-183, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96183.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0183/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53730,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0183/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6973b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29806,"text":"wri954115 - 1996 - Water quality along selected flowpaths in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, southeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T19:51:36.644304","indexId":"wri954115","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4115","title":"Water quality along selected flowpaths in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, southeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954115","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.E., and Nemetz, D.A., 1996, Water quality along selected flowpaths in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, southeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4115, vi, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954115.","productDescription":"vi, 76 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410725,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48218.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4115/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4115/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.625,\n              45.1167\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.625,\n              44.05\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.25,\n              44.05\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.25,\n              45.1167\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.625,\n              45.1167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9cdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, S. E.","contributorId":46120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nemetz, D. A.","contributorId":101705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nemetz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27446,"text":"wri954273 - 1996 - Effects of increased urbanization from 1970's to 1990's on storm-runoff characteristics in Perris Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri954273","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4273","title":"Effects of increased urbanization from 1970's to 1990's on storm-runoff characteristics in Perris Valley, California","docAbstract":"Urban areas in Perris Valley, California, have more than tripled during the last 20 years. To quantify the effects of increased urbanization on storm runoff volumes and peak discharges, rainfall-runoff models of the basin were developed to simulate runoff for 1970-75 and 1990-93 conditions. Hourly rainfall data for 1949-93 were used with the rainfall-runoff models to simulate a long-term record of storm runoff. The hydrologic effects of increased urbanization from 1970-75 to 1990-93 were analyzed by comparing the simulated annual peak discharges and volumes, and storm runoff peaks, frequency of annual peak discharges and runoff volumes, and duration of storm peak discharges for each study period. A Log-Pearson Type-III frequency analysis was calculated using the simulated annual peaks to estimate the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence intervals. The estimated 2-year discharge at the outlet of the basin was 646 cubic feet per second for the 1970-75 conditions and 1,328 cubic feet per second for the 1990-93 conditions. The 100-year discharge at the outlet of the basin was about 14,000 cubic feet per second for the 1970-75 and 1990-93 conditions. The station duration analysis used 925 model-simulated storm peaks from each basin to estimate the percent chance a peak discharge is exceeded. At the outlet of the basin, the chances of exceeding 100 cubic feet per second were about 33 percent under 1970-75 conditions and about 59 percent under 1990-93 conditions. The chance of exceeding 2,500 cubic feet per second at the outlet of the basin was less than 1 percent higher under the 1990-93 conditions than under the 1970-75 conditions. The increase in urbanization from the early 1970's to the early 1990's more than doubled the peak discharges with a 2-year return period. However, peak discharges with return periods greater than 50 years were not significantly affected by the change in urbanization.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954273","usgsCitation":"Guay, J.R., 1996, Effects of increased urbanization from 1970's to 1990's on storm-runoff characteristics in Perris Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4273, v, 59 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954273.","productDescription":"v, 59 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4273/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56304,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4273/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db610ee3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guay, J. R.","contributorId":108127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guay","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28519,"text":"wri914035 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri914035","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4035","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Ky., lies in a valley eroded by glacial meltwater that was later partly filled with outwash sand and gravel deposits. The aquifer is primarily unconfined, and the direction of flow is from the adjacent limestone and shale valley wall toward the Ohio River and major pumping centers. Pumpage and water-level data indicate that the alluvial aquifer was in a steady-state condition in November 1962 and again in November 1983. Between these two dates, water-level data indicate a general rise in the water table. A two-dimensional finite-element ground-water-flow model of the alluvial aquifer was calibrated for both the steady-state and the transient-state period of 1962-83. The year 1962 represented a period in time when pumping was nearly three times that in 1983. The simulated steady-state water budget for 1962 indicated that of the total recharge to the aquifer of 5.19 million feet per day, 37.2 percent was flow from the river to pumped wells, 28.3 percent was recharge from rainfall, 19.7 percent was flow across the eastern valley wall, and 14.8 percent was upward flow from the bedrock. Discharge from the aquifer was to wells (68.9 percent) and to the Ohio River (31.1 percent). The simulated steady-state water budget for 1983 indicated that of the total recharge to the aquifer of 4.11 million feet per day, 42.6 percent was recharge from rainfall, 18.2 percent was flow across the eastern valley wall, 17.8 percent was flow from the river to pumped wells, 15.6 percent was upward flow from the bedrock, and 5.8 percent was flow from septic systems. The transient simulation resulted in an acceptable match between measured and simulated hydrographs. This gave additional confidence to the model calibration, choice of boundary conditions, and published values of specific yield. Both steady-state and transient-state models demonstrated that the main source of water needed to meet increased pumping requirements was induced flow from the Ohio River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri914035","usgsCitation":"Lyverse, M.A., Starn, J., and Unthank, M., 1996, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4035, vi, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914035.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4035/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57319,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62562d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyverse, M. A.","contributorId":89151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyverse","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Starn, J.J.","contributorId":69591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starn","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Unthank, M.D.","contributorId":35351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unthank","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26530,"text":"wri954261 - 1996 - Synthesis of natural flows at selected sites in the upper Missouri River basin, Montana, 1928-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri954261","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4261","title":"Synthesis of natural flows at selected sites in the upper Missouri River basin, Montana, 1928-89","docAbstract":"Natural monthly streamflows were synthesized for the years 1928-89 for 43 sites in the upper Missouri River Basin upstream from Fort Peck Lake in Montana. The sites are represented as nodes in a streamflow accounting model being developed by the Bureau of Reclamation. Recorded and historical flows at most sites have been affected by human activities including reservoir storage, diversions for irrigation, and municipal use. Natural flows at the sites were synthesized by eliminating the effects of these activities. Recorded data at some sites do not include the entire study period. The missing flows at these sites were estimated using a statistical procedure. The methods of synthesis varied, depending on upstream activities and information available. Recorded flows were transferred to nodes that did not have streamflow-gaging stations from the nearest station with a sufficient length of record. The flows at one node were computed as the sum of flows from three upstream tributaries. Monthly changes in reservoir storage were computed from monthend contents. The changes in storage were corrected for the effects of evaporation and precipitation using pan-evaporation and precipitation data from climate stations. Irrigation depletions and consumptive use by the three largest municipalities were computed. Synthesized natural flow at most nodes was computed by adding algebraically the upstream depletions and changes in reservoir storage to recorded or historical flow at the nodes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954261","usgsCitation":"Cary, L.E., and Parrett, C., 1996, Synthesis of natural flows at selected sites in the upper Missouri River basin, Montana, 1928-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4261, v, 109 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954261.","productDescription":"v, 109 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4261/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55392,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4261/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687d12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cary, L. E.","contributorId":47369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cary","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28272,"text":"wri954178 - 1996 - Laboratory and quality assurance protocols for the analysis of herbicides in ground water from the Management Systems Evaluation Area, Princeton, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:12:45","indexId":"wri954178","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4178","title":"Laboratory and quality assurance protocols for the analysis of herbicides in ground water from the Management Systems Evaluation Area, Princeton, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Laboratory and quality assurance procedures for the analysis of ground-water samples for herbicides at the Management Systems Evaluation Area near Princeton, Minnesota are described. The target herbicides include atrazine, de-ethylatrazine, de-isopropylatrazine, metribuzin, alachlor, 2,6-diethylaniline, and metolachlor. The analytical techniques used are solid-phase extraction, and analysis by gas chromatography with mass-selective detection. Descriptions of cleaning procedures, preparation of standard solutions, isolation of analytes from water, sample transfer methods, instrumental analysis, and data analysis are included.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954178","usgsCitation":"Larson, S., Capel, P., and VanderLoop, A., 1996, Laboratory and quality assurance protocols for the analysis of herbicides in ground water from the Management Systems Evaluation Area, Princeton, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4178, v, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954178.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4178/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57093,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4178/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Princeton","otherGeospatial":"Management Systems Evaluation Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.62385749816895, 45.52312701460922 ], [ -93.62385749816895, 45.530222474607434 ], [ -93.6140513420105, 45.530222474607434 ], [ -93.6140513420105, 45.52312701460922 ], [ -93.62385749816895, 45.52312701460922 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b44ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, S.J.","contributorId":17641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, P. D. 0000-0003-1620-5185","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":95498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"P. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"VanderLoop, A.G.","contributorId":17276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanderLoop","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27626,"text":"wri954219 - 1996 - Simulation of water available for runoff in clearcut forest openings during rain-on-snow events in the western Cascade Range of Oregon and Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:42","indexId":"wri954219","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4219","title":"Simulation of water available for runoff in clearcut forest openings during rain-on-snow events in the western Cascade Range of Oregon and Washington","docAbstract":"Rain-on-snow events are common on mountain slopes within the transient-snow zone of the Pacific Northwest. These events make more water available for runoff than does precipitation alone by melting the snowpack and by adding a small amount of condensate to the snowpack. In forest openings (such as those resulting from clearcut logging), the amount of snow that accumulates and the turbulent- energy input to the snowpack are greater than below forest stands. Both factors are believed to contribute to a greater amount of water available for runoff during rain-on-snow events in forest openings than forest stands. Because increased water available for runoff may lead to increased downstream flooding and erosion, knowledge of the amount of snowmelt that can occur during rain on snow and the processes that control snowmelt in forest openings is useful when making land-use decisions. Snow accumulation and melt were simulated for clearcut conditions only, using an enery- balance approach that accounts for the most important energy and mass exchanges between a snowpack and its environment. Meteorological measurements provided the input for the simulations. Snow accumulation and melt were not simulated in forest stands because interception of precipitation processes are too complex to simulate with a numerical model without making simplifying assumptions. Such a model, however, would need to be extensively tested against representative observations, which were not available for this study. Snowmelt simulated during three rain-on-snow events (measured in a previous study in a clearcut in the transient-snow zone of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in Oregon) demonstrated that melt generation is most sensitive to turbulent- energy exchanges between the air and the snowpack surface. As a result, the most important climate variable that controls snowmelt is wind speed. Air temperature, however, is a significant variable also. The wind speeds were light, with a maximum of 3.3 meters per second during one event and average wind speeds for all three events ranging from 1.7 to 2.1 meters per second. For observed and estimated conditions, the average simulated snowmelt ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 millimeter liquid water per hour, and turbulent-energy exchange provided 51 percent of the energy that led to snowmelt during the largest of the three rain-on-snow events. When wind speeds were multiplied by a factor of 4, the simulated snowmelt ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 millimeters per hour. Similarly, when wind speeds were multiplied by a factor of 6, the simulated snowmelt ranged from 1.6 to 3.7 millimeters per hour. Turbulent-energy exchange provided a dominant 88 and 92 percent of the energy input to the snowpack during the largest rain-on-snow event when average wind speeds were multiplied by factors of 4 and 6, respectively. During the same event, the contribution to melt by the sum of net solar and net thermal radiation (net all-wave radiation) was roughly equal to the contribution of sensible energy carried by the precipitation itself (advective heat). Estimates of snowmelt resulting from rain on snow for climate conditions other than those observed and estimated in the simulated plot-scale data were expanded by simulating snowmelt for 24-hour presumed rain-on-snow events extracted from the reconstructed, long-term historical climate records for Cedar Lake and Snoqualmie Pass National Weather Service stations in Washington State. The selected events exceeded 75 millimeters of precipitation in 24 hours. When clearcut conditions were assumed to be identical to those at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest site and a ripe snowpack that never completely melted was assumed to be available, simulated 24-hour snowmelt ranged from 4.2 to 47.0 millimeters (0.2 to 2.0 millimeters per hour) for low wind speeds (1.5 meters per second) and from 10.3 to 178.8 millimeters (0.4 to 7.5 millimeters per hour) for high wind speeds (8.2 meters per second). The ranges in ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954219","usgsCitation":"van Heeswijk, M., Kimball, J., and Marks, D., 1996, Simulation of water available for runoff in clearcut forest openings during rain-on-snow events in the western Cascade Range of Oregon and Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4219, vii, 67 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954219.","productDescription":"vii, 67 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4219/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56490,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4219/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1cb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Heeswijk, Marijke heeswijk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Heeswijk","given":"Marijke","email":"heeswijk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":198433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimball, J.S.","contributorId":79141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marks, Danny","contributorId":57110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marks","given":"Danny","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26714,"text":"wri954279 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri954279","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4279","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio","docAbstract":"The City of Columbus, Ohio, operates four radial collector wells in southern Franklin County. The 'South Well Field' is completed in permeable outwash and ice-contact deposits, upon which flow the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. The wells are designed to yield approximately 42 million gallons per day; part of that yield results from induced infiltration of surface water from the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. The well field supplied up to 30 percent of the water supply of southern Columbus and its suburbs in 1991. This report describes the hydrogeology of southern Franklin County and a tran sient three-dimensional, numerical ground-water- flow model of the South Well Field.\r\n\r\nThe primary source of ground water in the study area is the glacial drift aquifer. The glacial drift is composed of sand, gravel, and clay depos ited during the Illinoian and Wisconsinan glaciations. In general, thick deposits of till containing lenses of sand and gravel dominate the drift in the area west of the Scioto River. The thickest and most productive parts of the glacial drift aquifer are in the buried valleys in the central and eastern parts of the study area underlying the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the glacial drift aquifer differs spa tially and ranges from 30 to 375 feet per day. The specific yield ranges from 0.12 to 0.30.\r\n\r\nThe secondary source of ground water within the study area is the underlying carbonate bedrock aquifer, which consists of Silurian and Devonian limestones, dolomites, and shales. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the carbonate bedrock aquifer ranges from 10 to 15 feet per day. The storage coefficient is about 0.0002. \r\n\r\nThe ground-water-flow system in the South Well Field area is recharged by precipitation, regional ground-water flow, and induced stream infiltration. Yearly recharge rates varied spatially and ranged from 4.0 to 12.0 inches. \r\n\r\nThe three-dimensional, ground-water-flow model was constructed by use of the U.S. Geological Survey three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water-flow code. Recharge, boundary flux, and river leakage are the principal sources of water to the flow system. The study area is bounded on the north and south by streamlines, with flow entering the area from the east and west. Areal recharge is contributed throughout the study area, although a comparatively high percentage of precipitation reaches the water table in the area east of the Scioto River where little surface drain age exists. Ground-water flow is downward in the uplands of the Scioto River, and upward near the river in the glacial drift and carbonate bedrock aquifers.\r\n\r\nThe numerical model contains 53 rows, 45 columns, and 3 layers. The uppermost two layers represent the glacial drift. The bottom layer represents the carbonate bedrock. The horizontal model grid is variably spaced to account for differences in available data and to simulate heads accurately in specific areas of interest. The length and width of grid cells range from 200 to 2,000 feet; the finer spacings are designed to increase detail in the areas near the collector wells. The model uses 7,155 active nodes. \r\n\r\nMeasurements of water levels from October 1979 were used to represent steady-state conditions before municipal pumping at the well field began. Measurements made during March 1986 were used to represent steady-state conditions after commencement of pumping at the well field. Water levels measured during March 1986 - June 1991 were used for calibration targets in the transient simulations. \r\n\r\nThe transient model was discretized into eight stress periods of 93 to 487 days on the basis of recharge, well-field pumpage, and available water-level data. Transient model calibration was based on seven sets of hydraulic-head measure ments made during March 1986 - June 1991. This time period includes large-scale increases in well- field production associated with a drought in the summer of 1988, an","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarch Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954279","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, W.L., Bair, E., and Yost, W., 1996, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4279, iv, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954279.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4279/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55589,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4279/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6253b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, W. L.","contributorId":22801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bair, E. Scott","contributorId":73231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bair","given":"E. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yost, W.P.","contributorId":51791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yost","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28408,"text":"wri964029 - 1996 - Sources and loads of nutrients in the South Platte River, Colorado and Nebraska, 1994-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri964029","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4029","title":"Sources and loads of nutrients in the South Platte River, Colorado and Nebraska, 1994-95","docAbstract":"The South Platte River Basin was one of 20 river basins selected in 1991 for investigation as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water- Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program.  Nationwide, nutrients have been identified as one of the primary nationwide water-quality concerns and are of particular interest in the South Platte River Basin where nutrient concentrations are large compared to concentrations in other NAWQA river basins. This report presents estimates of the magnitude of nutrient-source inputs to the South Platte River Basin, describes nutrient concen- trations and loads in the South Platte River during different seasons, and presents comparisons of nutrient inputs to instream nutrient loads. Annual nutrient inputs to the basin were estimated to be 306,000 tons of nitrogen and 41,000 tons of phosphorus. The principal nutrient sources were wastewater-treatment plants, fertilizer and manure applications, and atmospheric deposition. To characterize nutrient concentrations and loads in the South Platte River during different seasons, five nutrient synoptic samplings were conducted during 1994 and 1995. Upstream from Denver, Colorado, during April 1994 and January 1995, total nitrogen concentrations were less than 2 milligrams per liter (mg/L), and total phosphorus concentrations were less than 0.2 mg/L. The water in the river at this point was derived mostly from forested land in the mountains west of Denver. Total nutrient concentrations increased through the Denver metropolitan area, and concentration peaks occurred just downstream from each of Denver's largest wastewater-treatment plants with maximum concentrations of 13.6 mg/L total nitrogen and 2.4 mg/L total phosphorus. Nutrient concen- concentrations generally decreased downstream from Denver. Upstream from Denver during April 1994 and January 1995, total nitrogen loads were less than 1,000 pounds per day (lb/d), and total phosphorus loads were less than 125 lb/d. Total nutrient loads increased through the Denver metropolitan area, and load peaks occurred just downstream from each of Denver's largest wastewater-treatment plants, with a maximum load of 14,000 lb/d total nitrogen and 2,300 lb/d total phosphorus. In April 1994, nutrient loads generally decreased from Henderson, Colorado, to North Platte, Nebraska. In January 1995, however, nutrient loads increased from Henderson to Kersey, Colorado (maximum loads of 31,000 lb/d total nitrogen and 3,000 lb/d total phosphorus), and then decreased from Kersey to North Platte. Seasonal nutrient loads primarily were dependent on streamflow. Total nitrogen loads were largest in June 1994 and January 1995 when streamflows also were largest. During June, streamflow was large, but nitrogen concentrations were small, which indicated that snowmelt runoff diluted the available supply of nitrogen. Total phosphorus loads were largest in June, when streamflow and phosphorus concentrations were large, which indicated an additional source of phosphorus during snowmelt runoff. Streamflow along the South Platte River was smallest in April and August 1994, and nutrient loads also were smallest during these months. The downstream pattern for nutrient loads did not vary much by season. Loads were large at Henderson, decreased between Henderson and Kersey, and usually were largest at Kersey. The magnitude of the decrease in loads between Henderson and Kersey varied between synoptics and was dependent on the amount of water removed by irrigation ditches. Nutrient loads leaving the basin were very small compared to the estimated total nutrient inputs to the basin. Streamflow balances indicated that the South Platte River is a gaining river throughout much of its length; streamflow-balance residuals were as large as 15 cubic feet per second per mile. Nutrient-load balances indicated that increases in river nitrate loads were, in some places, due to nitrification and, elsewhere, were due to the influx of nitrate-enriched ground water to","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nInformation Services, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964029","usgsCitation":"Litke, D.W., 1996, Sources and loads of nutrients in the South Platte River, Colorado and Nebraska, 1994-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4029, vi, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964029.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4029/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d5e4b07f02db54904d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Litke, D. W.","contributorId":94346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litke","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26547,"text":"wri954137 - 1996 - Hydrogeology of the alluvial aquifers at the Pueblo Depot Activity near Pueblo, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T21:17:24.905666","indexId":"wri954137","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4137","title":"Hydrogeology of the alluvial aquifers at the Pueblo Depot Activity near Pueblo, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>In 1992, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Army Pueblo Depot Activity requested that the U.S. Geological Survey study the hydrogeology of the Pueblo Depot Activity, a 36-square-mile facility that has been operated by the U.S. Army since 1942. The purpose of the study was to provide an updated hydrogcological framework to facilitate the investigation of specific sites on the facility that might require remediation. This report describes the hydrogeology of the alluvial aquifers beneath the facility and the distribution of specific conductance of ground water in those aquifers.</p><p>The Pueblo Depot Activity is underlain by two alluvial aquifers: (1) The terrace alluvial aquifer, which is a southernmost, downgradicnt part of an erosional remnant of an extensive terrace deposit; and (2) the Chico Creek alluvial aquifer, a smaller alluvial system along Chico Creek. These aquifers primarily consist of sand separated by clay layers and are underlain by the almost impermeable Pierre Shale of Upper Cretaceous age.</p><p>The bedrock surface, which has an average slope of 28 feet per mile to the south-southeast, is relatively regular beneath the northern two-thirds&nbsp;of the terrace deposits at the Pueblo Depot Activity, but forms an irregular surface of troughs, hills, and ridges in the southwestern part of the terrace alluvium. Saturated thickness of the terrace aquifer ranges from 0 to about 45 feet.</p><p>The bedrock surface beneath the Chico Creek aquifer slopes about 31 feet per mile to the south. Saturated thickness of the Chico Creek alluvium ranges from 0 to about 30 ft, but generally is less than 15 ft. Total thickness of the Chico Creek alluvium in the saturated area ranges from 16 to 41 ft.</p><p>Water in the terrace alluvial aquifer generally flows southward, except in the southwestern part where directions of flow are complex. Measured hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.4 to 400 feet per day (median 26 feet per day). Estimates for vertically averaged ground-water-flow velocity range from 0.02 to 3 feet per day (median 0.9 foot per day).</p><p>Water in the Chico Creek alluvial aquifer generally flows southward to the Arkansas River alluvium. Measured hydraulic conductivity ranges from 14 to 310 feet per day (median 42 feet per day). Estimates for vertically averaged ground water-flow velocity range from 0.5 to 4 feet per day (median 0.7 foot per day).</p><p>Specific conductance of ground water in the terrace alluvial aquifer generally is less than 800 microsiemens per centimeter; the smallest values were observed in the north-central part of the Pueblo Depot Activity. In the southwestern part of the terrace alluvial aquifer, values varied in an irregular pattern, and values as large as 3,300 microsiemens per centimeter were measured locally. Water in the terrace alluvial aquifer was dominated by the sodium cation and usually by the bicarbonate anion, and sulfate usually was present in substantial (and locally predominant) concentrations.</p><p>Measured specific conductance of water in the Chico Creek alluvial aquifer ranged from 683 to 1,460 microsiemens per centimeter. This water was dominated by the sodium cation and by the bicarbonate and sulfate anions; sulfate was more predominant to the south.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954137","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army of Engineers and the U.S. Army Pueblo Depot Activity","usgsCitation":"Chafin, D.T., 1996, Hydrogeology of the alluvial aquifers at the Pueblo Depot Activity near Pueblo, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4137, Report: iv, 22 p.; 4 Plates: 25.05 x 32.11 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954137.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 22 p.; 4 Plates: 25.05 x 32.11 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":423720,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48237.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55415,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118828,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":357390,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":357391,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":357389,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":357388,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Pueblo","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.4,\n              38.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.25,\n              38.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.25,\n              38.375\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.4,\n              38.375\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.4,\n              38.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614c44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chafin, Daniel T.","contributorId":77500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chafin","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}