In parts of the upper reaches of the Red River Basin in Texas, streamflow is characterized by levels of salinity that limit its usefulness for most purposes. Large dissolved solids and dissolved chloride concentrations are caused primarily by flow from natural salt springs in tributaries to the Red River. To reduce downstream salinity in the Wichita River, a dam in the South Wichita River downstream of an area of salt springs (designated salinity source area VIII) diverts low flows (which are the most saline) to a manmade brine lake for evaporation.
Statistical tests on salinity data for the South Wichita River, Lake Kemp, and the Wichita River for the period October 1982–September 1992 were done to determine the effects on downstream salinity of low-flow diversions from the South Wichita River that began in May 1987.
Salinity in the South Wichita River downstream of the low-flow diversion structure was (statistically) significantly less during the 65-month period of record after diversion than during the 55- month period of record before diversion. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests yielded strong evidence that discharge-weighted dissolved solids and dischargeweighted dissolved chloride concentrations, as well as discharge-weighted specific conductance, were significantly less after diversion.
Whether salinity in Lake Kemp had a significant downward trend during the period of record August 1989–August 1992 could not be determined conclusively from observed salinity data. Mann-Kendall trend tests yielded weak evidence that volume-weighted dissolved solids and dissolved chloride concentrations in Lake Kemp tended to decrease with time. However, serial correlation in the time series of salinity data could have adversely affected the test results.
The significant effects of low-flow diversions on salinity in the South Wichita River are not discernible in the Wichita River downstream from Lake Kemp. Although salinity was significantly less downstream from Lake Kemp after diversion, the decrease probably is mostly a result of dilution of Lake Kemp by large inflows of (assumed) low-salinity water that occurred in the spring of 1989 rather than an effect of diversion.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri954288","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Red River Authority of Texas, City of Wichita Falls, and Wichita County Water Improvement District No. 2","usgsCitation":"Baldys, S., Bush, P.W., and Kidwell, C.C., 1996, Effects of low-flow diversions from the South Wichita River on downstream salinity of the South Wichita River, Lake Kemp, and the Wichita River, North Texas, October 1982-September 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4288, iii, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954288.","productDescription":"iii, 23 p.","temporalStart":"1982-10-01","temporalEnd":"1992-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":428016,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48361.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8918,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri95-4288/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126658,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4288.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Lake Kemp, South Wichita River, Wichita River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.02452397733464,\n 33.967\n ],\n [\n -100.985,\n 33.967\n ],\n [\n -100.985,\n 33.355\n ],\n [\n -99.02452397733464,\n 33.35\n ],\n [\n -99.02452397733464,\n 33.967\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611c86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldys, Stanley sbaldys@usgs.gov","contributorId":3366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldys","given":"Stanley","email":"sbaldys@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bush, Peter W.","contributorId":57820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kidwell, Charles C.","contributorId":68353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidwell","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24923,"text":"ofr94117 - 1996 - Study plan for a field experiment to investigate the effects of low-level radioactive-waste burial on flow of water through a saturated, clayey till at West Valley, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"ofr94117","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-117","title":"Study plan for a field experiment to investigate the effects of low-level radioactive-waste burial on flow of water through a saturated, clayey till at West Valley, New York","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94117","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Yager, R.M., 1996, Study plan for a field experiment to investigate the effects of low-level radioactive-waste burial on flow of water through a saturated, clayey till at West Valley, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-117, vi, 41 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94117.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0117/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53894,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0117/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yager, R. M.","contributorId":8069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25995,"text":"wri954199 - 1996 - Magnitude and frequency of floods in Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-05T09:43:22","indexId":"wri954199","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4199","title":"Magnitude and frequency of floods in Alabama","docAbstract":"Methods of estimating flood magnitudes for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50,100, 200, and 500 years are described for rural streams in Alabama that are not affected by regulation or urbanization. Flood-frequency characteristics are presented for 198 gaging stations in Alabama having 10 or more years of record through September 1991, that are used in the regional analysis. Regression relations were developed using generalized least-squares regression techniques to estimate flood magnitude and frequency on ungaged streams as a function of the drainage area of a basin. Sites on gaged streams should be weighted with gaging station data that are presented in the report Graphical relations of peak discharges to drainage areas are also presented for siter along the Alabama, Black Warrior, Cahaba, Choctawhatchee, Conecuh, and Tombigbee Rivers. Equations for estimating flood magnitudes on ungaged urban streams (taken from a previous report) that use drainage area and percentage of impervious cover as independent variables also are given.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954199","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Atkins, J.B., 1996, Magnitude and frequency of floods in Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4199, Report: v, 234 p.; 1 Plate: 21.02 x 27.36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954199.","productDescription":"Report: v, 234 p.; 1 Plate: 21.02 x 27.36 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4199/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54743,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4199/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358175,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4199/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.165283203125,\n 35.003003395276714\n ],\n [\n -88.48388671874999,\n 31.886886525780806\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 30.6662659463233\n ],\n [\n -88.3740234375,\n 30.363396239603716\n ],\n [\n -88.26416015625,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -88.121337890625,\n 30.240086360983426\n ],\n [\n -87.95654296875,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -87.7587890625,\n 30.211608223816906\n ],\n [\n -87.56103515625,\n 30.259067203213018\n ],\n [\n -87.396240234375,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -87.38525390624999,\n 30.5717205651999\n ],\n [\n -87.462158203125,\n 30.675715404167743\n ],\n [\n -87.593994140625,\n 30.817346256492073\n ],\n [\n -87.57202148437499,\n 30.996445897426373\n ],\n [\n -84.935302734375,\n 30.968189296794247\n ],\n [\n -85.045166015625,\n 31.12819929911196\n ],\n [\n -85.089111328125,\n 31.287939892641734\n ],\n [\n -85.067138671875,\n 31.5504526754715\n ],\n [\n -85.089111328125,\n 31.737511125687828\n ],\n [\n -85.089111328125,\n 31.942839972853083\n ],\n [\n -85.0341796875,\n 32.0732655510424\n ],\n [\n -84.935302734375,\n 32.14771106595571\n ],\n [\n -84.935302734375,\n 32.287132632616384\n ],\n [\n -84.935302734375,\n 32.36140331527543\n ],\n [\n -85.078125,\n 32.58384932565662\n ],\n [\n -85.63842773437499,\n 35.003003395276714\n ],\n [\n -88.165283203125,\n 35.003003395276714\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635a2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atkins, J. Brian","contributorId":49781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25829,"text":"wri954203 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins study unit: Analysis of available data on nutrients, suspended sediments, and pesticides, 1972-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T21:04:56.036888","indexId":"wri954203","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4203","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins study unit: Analysis of available data on nutrients, suspended sediments, and pesticides, 1972-92","docAbstract":"This retrospective report examines available nutrient, suspended sediment, and pesticide data in surface and ground water in the Connecticut, Housatonic and Thames Rivers Study Unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The purpose of this study is to improve the understanding of natural and anthropogenic factors affecting water quality in the study unit. Waterquality data were acquired from various sources, primarily, the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The report examines data for water years 1972-92, focusing on 1980-92, although it also includes additional data from as early as 1905.
The study unit lies within the New England Physiographic Province and altitudes range from sea level in coastal Connecticut to 6,288 feet above sea level at Mount Washington, New Hampshire. Two major aquifer types underlie the study unit unconsolidated glacial deposits and fractured bedrock. The climate generally is temperate and humid, with four distinct seasons. Average annual precipitation ranges from 34 to 65 inches. The study unit has a population of about 4.5 million, which is most highly concentrated in southwestern Connecticut and along the south-central region of the Connecticut River Valley.
Surface-water-quality data were screened to provide information about sites with adequate numbers of analyses (50) over sufficiently long periods (1980-90) to enable valid statistical analyses. In order to compare effects of different types of land use on surface-water quality, examination of data required application of several statistical and graphical techniques, including mapping, histograms, boxplots, concentration-discharge plots, trend analysis, and load estimation. Spatial and temporal analysis of surface-water-quality data indicated that, with a single exception, only stations in the Connecticut water-quality network had sufficient data collected over adequately long time periods to use in detailed analyses.
Ground-water nutrient and pesticide data were compiled from several Federal and State agencies, primarily the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and Connecticut Department of Health Services. Nutrient data were available for several thousand wells; nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen was the most commonly reported constituent. Most wells with nutrient data are in Massachusetts and Connecticut.
Relative to nutrient data in ground and surface water, pesticide data are less common. Pesticide data were available for slightly more than 200 surface-water sites and less than 500 wells; about 95 percent of the wells are completed in stratified-drift or till aquifers. Data for 81 pesticide compounds were available in various data bases. 2,4-D and silvex were the most commonly detected herbicides in surface water and dieldrin and diazinon were the most commonly detected insecticides. Most surface-water pesticide samples and detections are from bed sediment, but much of the data are not recent.
Ethylene dibromide (EDB), a soil fumigant used in tobacco farming was detected in 268 wells in a 50 square-mile area of north-central Connecticut; EDB contamination also was detected in wells in Massachusetts. Atrazine, an herbicide commonly used in corn farming, commonly was detected in wells installed in tilled agricultural fields. Corn herbicides were commonly detected in the northern part of the study unit, although the sampling has been less frequent than in the southern part of the study unit. Pesticides were seldom detected in public-supply wells in Connecticut.
Urban sites with relatively high population densities and high concentrations of dischargers were characterized by having the highest nutrient concentrations and loads when adjusted for differences in drainage area or population. Particularly, the Pequabuck, Naugatuck, and Quinnipiac River Basins were characterized by high nutrient concentrations median total nitrogen concentrations ranged from 3.3 to 4.2 mg/L (milligrams per liter) and median total phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.42 to 0.8 mg/L. In contrast, the predominantly forested and low density residential land-use sites, such as Saugatuck and Salmon River Basins, were characterized by low nutrient concentrations median total nitrogen ranged from 0.50 to 0.60 mg/L and median total phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/L. Estimated total nitrogen loadings in median discharge years ranged from 940 kilograms per square mile at the Salmon River near East Hampton, Conn., to 5,800 kilograms per square mile at the Naugatuck River at Beacon Falls, Conn. Water quality, in terms of nutrient concentrations and areally adjusted loadings, for sites with large drainage basins integrating a wide variety of land-use categories fell between the extremes of the urban and forested sites total nitrogen was 1,400 kilograms per square mile per year at the Connecticut River at Thompsonville, Conn.
Nitrate concentrations in ground water occasionally exceeded the safe drinking-water standard of 10 mg/L as nitrogen. The greatest number of detections exceeding the standard, however, were not in public-water supplies but in shallow observation wells in agricultural settings (the most frequently sampled type of well). None of the public-supply wells in Massachusetts exceeded the standard. Although nitrate concentrations for Vermont and New Hampshire generally were low, few data were available and those were seldom reported on the basis of drainage basin, making analysis difficult.
Trend analysis indicated that flow-adjusted concentrations of total and dissolved phosphorus generally decreased during the period of analysis, however, total nitrogen did not change substantially. Decreases in ammonia concentrations with time were usually accompanied by increases in nitrate, suggesting improvements in sewage treatment.
The lack of adequate data from more or less exclusively agricultural areas points to the need for further study of the effects of fanning on surface-water quality in the study unit. Furthermore, additional information is needed on the rates, transformations, and movements of nutrients and other materials through and between the aquatic and terrestrial components of the study unit.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954203","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, M.J., Grady, S.J., Trench, E.C., Flanagan, S.M., and Nielson, M.G., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins study unit: Analysis of available data on nutrients, suspended sediments, and pesticides, 1972-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4203, Report: x, 162 p.; 1 Plate: 35.00 x 43.81 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954203.","productDescription":"Report: x, 162 p.; 1 Plate: 35.00 x 43.81 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393471,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48290.htm"},{"id":358782,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4203/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54577,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4203/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4203/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Quebec, Rhode Island, Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Connecticut River Basin, Housatonic River Basin, Thames River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e7121","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Marc J. mzimmerm@usgs.gov","contributorId":3245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Marc","email":"mzimmerm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grady, Stephen J.","contributorId":101636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trench, Elaine C. Todd etrench@usgs.gov","contributorId":4557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trench","given":"Elaine","email":"etrench@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C. Todd","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flanagan, Sarah M. sflanaga@usgs.gov","contributorId":2666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanagan","given":"Sarah","email":"sflanaga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nielson, Martha G.","contributorId":210067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":26291,"text":"wri964001 - 1996 - Evaluation of the streamflow-gaging network of Alaska in providing regional streamflow information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:07","indexId":"wri964001","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4001","title":"Evaluation of the streamflow-gaging network of Alaska in providing regional streamflow information","docAbstract":"In 1906, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began operating a network of streamflow-gaging stations in Alaska. The primary purpose of the streamflow- gaging network has been to provide peak flow, average flow, and low-flow characteristics to a variety of users. In 1993, the USGS began a study to evaluate the current network of 78 stations. The objectives of this study were to determine the adequacy of the existing network in predicting selected regional flow characteristics and to determine if providing additional streamflow-gaging stations could improve the network's ability to predict these characteristics. Alaska was divided into six distinct hydrologic regions: Arctic, Northwest, Southcentral, Southeast, Southwest, and Yukon. For each region, historical and current streamflow data were compiled. In Arctic, Northwest, and Southwest Alaska, insufficient data were available to develop regional regression equations. In these areas, proposed locations of streamflow-gaging stations were selected by using clustering techniques to define similar areas within a region and by spatial visual analysis using the precipitation, physiographic, and hydrologic unit maps of Alaska. Sufficient data existed in Southcentral and Southeast Alaska to use generalized least squares (GLS) procedures to develop regional regression equations to estimate the 50-year peak flow, annual average flow, and a low-flow statistic. GLS procedures were also used for Yukon Alaska but the results should be used with caution because the data do not have an adequate spatial distribution. Network analysis procedures were used for the Southcentral, Southeast, and Yukon regions. Network analysis indicates the reduction in the sampling error of the regional regression equation that can be obtained given different scenarios. For Alaska, a 10-year planning period was used. One scenario showed the results of continuing the current network with no additional gaging stations and another scenario showed the results of adding gaging stations to the network. With the exception of the annual average discharge equation for Southeast Alaska, by adding gaging stations in all three regions, the sampling error was reduced to a greater extent than by not adding gaging stations. The proposed streamflow-gaging network for Alaska consists of 308 gaging stations, of which 32 are designated as index stations. If the proposed network can not be implemented in its entirety, then a lesser cost alternative would be to establish the index stations and to implement the network for a particular region.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Report Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964001","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., 1996, Evaluation of the streamflow-gaging network of Alaska in providing regional streamflow information: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4001, 1 vol. (various pagings) [98 p.]:ill., maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964001.","productDescription":"1 vol. (various pagings) [98 p.]:ill., maps; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4001.jpg"},{"id":1979,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri96-4001/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -172,54 ], [ -172,71 ], [ -131,71 ], [ -131,54 ], [ -172,54 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de699","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":196127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68013,"text":"ha735D - 1996 - Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River Basin — Flood of June 18 through August 4, 1993, in Des Moines and vicinity, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-07T20:48:04.030372","indexId":"ha735D","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"735","chapter":"D","title":"Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River Basin — Flood of June 18 through August 4, 1993, in Des Moines and vicinity, Iowa","docAbstract":"This hydrologic investigations atlas shows the areas in and near Des Moines, Iowa, that were flooded by the Des Moines and the Raccoon Rivers and Walnut, Fourmile, and Beaver Creeks from June 18 through August 4, 1993. This map also depicts the Federal Emergency Management Agency 100-year flood boundaries. The area drained by the Des Moines River upstream from Des Moines received more than 100 percent of normal rainfall in May, June, and July, 1993. At Boone, which is located about 35 miles north-northeast of Des Moines, July rainfall was 424 percent of normal. The discharges at streamflow- gaging stations on the Des Moines River near Stratford, downstream from Saylorville Lake, and at Des Moines are shown. The cumulative discharge for inflow-gaging stations in the Des Moines area and discharge for the Des Moines River below the Raccoon River at Des Moines from July 8 through 21, 1993, are shown. The water-surface elevations of Saylorville Lake from June 18 through August 4, 1993, are shown. Profiles of the maximum water- surface elevations of the Des Moines and Raccoon Rivers during the 1993 flood in Des Moines and vicinity are higher than the respective Federal Emergency Management Agency 100- and 500-year flood profiles.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha735D","usgsCitation":"Schaap, B.D., 1996, Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River Basin — Flood of June 18 through August 4, 1993, in Des Moines and vicinity, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 735, 2 Plates: 30.00 × 41.00 inches and 36.50 × 47.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha735D.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 30.00 × 41.00 inches and 36.50 × 47.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":408132,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16202.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":89260,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/735d/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89259,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/735d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Iowa","city":"Des Moines","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.74977111816406,\n 41.75031186312044\n ],\n [\n -93.74977111816406,\n 41.51577568269484\n ],\n [\n -93.65982055664062,\n 41.54815851009314\n ],\n [\n -93.57536315917967,\n 41.54610293952231\n ],\n [\n -93.4991455078125,\n 41.51680395810118\n ],\n [\n -93.50120544433594,\n 41.6682956292328\n ],\n [\n -93.59458923339844,\n 41.67086022030498\n ],\n [\n -93.63990783691406,\n 41.75133640385731\n ],\n [\n -93.74977111816406,\n 41.75031186312044\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab4e4b07f02db67005a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaap, Bryan D.","contributorId":63438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaap","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68031,"text":"ha736 - 1996 - Geohydrology of the shallow aquifers in the Denver metropolitan area, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T11:25:32","indexId":"ha736","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"736","title":"Geohydrology of the shallow aquifers in the Denver metropolitan area, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Denver metropolitan area is underlain by shallow layers of water-bearing sediments (aquifers) consisting of unconsolidated gravel, sand, silt, and clay. The depth to water in these aquifers is less than 20 feet in much of the area, and the aquifers provide a ready source of water to numerous shallow, small-capacity wells. The shallow depth to water also makes the aquifers susceptible to contamination from the land surface. Water percolating downward from residential, commercial, and industrial property, spills of hazardous materials, and leaks from underground storage tanks and pipelines can cause contaminants to enter the shallow aquifers. Wet basements, unstable foundation materials, and waterlogged soils also are common in areas of very shallow ground water.
Knowledge of the extent, thickness, and water-table altitude of the shallow aquifers is incomplete. This, coupled with the complexity of development in this large metropolitan area, makes effective use, management, and protection of these aquifers extremely difficult. Mapping of the geologic and hydrologic characteristics of these aquifers would provide the general public and technical users with information needed to better use, manage, and protect this water resource. A study to map the geohydrology of shallow aquifers in the Denver metropolitan area was begun in 1994. The work was undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army-Rocky Mountain Arsenal, U.S. Department of Energy-Rocky Flats Field Office, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Colorado Department of Natural Resources-State Engineers Office, Denver Water Department, Littleton-Englewood Wastewater Treatment Plant, East Cherry Creek Valley Water and Sanitation District, Metro Wastewater Reclamation District, Willows Water District, and the cities of Aurora, Lakewood, and Thornton.
This report presents the results of a systematic mapping of the extent, thickness, and water-table altitude of the shallow aquifers in a 700-square-mile part of the greater Denver metropolitan area (fig. 1). The five sheets in this report (figs. 2-7) show (1) the thickness and extent of the unconsolidated sediments that overlie bedrock formations in the area, (2) the altitude and configuration of the buried bedrock surface, (3) the altitude of the water table and direction of ground-water movement, (4) the saturated thickness of the shallow aquifers, and (5) the depth to the water table in the shallow aquifers. The maps primarily are intended to indicate the general trends in altitude and thickness of the aquifers and are not intended to define conditions at specific sites.
The hydrologic investigations atlas shows areas in and near Davenport, Iowa, that were flooded by the Mississippi River in 1993. This atlas also depicts the Federal Emergency Management Agency 100-year flood boundary. The drainage basin upstream from Mississippi River Lock and Dam 15 at Davenport received between 100 and 250 percent of normal rainfall from January through July, 1993. The profile of the maximum water-surface elevations of the 1993 flood in the Davenport area is less than the Federal Emergency Management Agency 100-year flood profile. The Mississippi River Lock and Dam 15 tailwater elevation was above the flood elevation from June 19 to July 31, 1993, but did not exceed the 100-year flood elevation. For most of the time during October 1992 through September 1993, the daily mean discharge of the Mississippi River at Clinton, Iowa, greatly exceeded the monthly mean discharges from October 1874 through September 1993, but was less than the 100-year flood discharge. The daily mean discharge at Keokuk, Iowa, exceeded the 100-year flood discharge for nearly the entire month of July 1993.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha735C","usgsCitation":"Schaap, B.D., 1996, Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River Basin—Flood of June 19-July 31, 1993, in Davenport, Iowa, and vicinity: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 735, 1 Plate: 41.00 × 42.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha735C.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.00 × 42.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":89261,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/735c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":391822,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16201.htm"},{"id":190096,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa","city":"Davenport","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.694,\n 41.439\n ],\n [\n -90.5,\n 41.439\n ],\n [\n -90.5,\n 41.533\n ],\n [\n -90.694,\n 41.533\n ],\n [\n -90.694,\n 41.439\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab7e4b07f02db67046c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaap, Bryan D.","contributorId":63438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaap","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28395,"text":"wri954189 - 1996 - Ground-water and surface-water relations along the Mojave River, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T08:38:02","indexId":"wri954189","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4189","title":"Ground-water and surface-water relations along the Mojave River, southern California","docAbstract":"The Mojave River and the associated floodplain aquifer are important water supplies in the Mojave Desert of Southern California. The river and aquifer, in many areas, are in excellent hydraulic connection, and when flow conditions change in one, the other almost always is affected.
To better understand these relations, records of gaging stations were analyzed to determine the frequency and duration of historical streamflow. Annual ground-water recharge from the river during water years 1931-94 was estimated from an accounting of all streamflow accretions and losses. Annual recharge ranged from about 24,000 to 460,000 acre-feet and averaged about 96,000 acre-feet. Channel-geometry regression techniques were used to estimate runoff of ungaged ephemeral streams that are tributary to the river. Water-table and gravity changes were used to estimate specific yield of the aquifer and changes in ground-water storage following storm runoff during the winters of 1992-94. In addition, streamflow hydrographs were analyzed to estimate both ground-water discharge to the river (base flow) and historical streamflow depletion caused by ground-water pumping and evapotranspiration. Ground-water pumpage from the flood-plain aquifer was about 120,000 acre-feet during water year 1994. Annual evapotranspiration along the river probably ranges from about 10,000 to 30,000 acre-feet.
Factors controlling the exchange of water are identified in this report on the basis of the historical response of the river-aquifer system to stress (stormflows and pumping). Also identified are reaches of the river that are hydraulically suitable for artificial recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954189","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Mojave Water Agency","usgsCitation":"Lines, G.C., 1996, Ground-water and surface-water relations along the Mojave River, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4189, v, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954189.","productDescription":"v, 43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57201,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4189/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4189/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.75,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -115.25,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -115.25,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -117.75,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -117.75,\n 34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b09e4b07f02db69c161","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lines, Gregory C.","contributorId":50502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lines","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28408,"text":"wri964029 - 1996 - Sources and loads of nutrients in the South Platte River, Colorado and Nebraska, 1994-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri964029","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4029","title":"Sources and loads of nutrients in the South Platte River, Colorado and Nebraska, 1994-95","docAbstract":"The South Platte River Basin was one of 20 river basins selected in 1991 for investigation as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water- Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Nationwide, nutrients have been identified as one of the primary nationwide water-quality concerns and are of particular interest in the South Platte River Basin where nutrient concentrations are large compared to concentrations in other NAWQA river basins. This report presents estimates of the magnitude of nutrient-source inputs to the South Platte River Basin, describes nutrient concen- trations and loads in the South Platte River during different seasons, and presents comparisons of nutrient inputs to instream nutrient loads. Annual nutrient inputs to the basin were estimated to be 306,000 tons of nitrogen and 41,000 tons of phosphorus. The principal nutrient sources were wastewater-treatment plants, fertilizer and manure applications, and atmospheric deposition. To characterize nutrient concentrations and loads in the South Platte River during different seasons, five nutrient synoptic samplings were conducted during 1994 and 1995. Upstream from Denver, Colorado, during April 1994 and January 1995, total nitrogen concentrations were less than 2 milligrams per liter (mg/L), and total phosphorus concentrations were less than 0.2 mg/L. The water in the river at this point was derived mostly from forested land in the mountains west of Denver. Total nutrient concentrations increased through the Denver metropolitan area, and concentration peaks occurred just downstream from each of Denver's largest wastewater-treatment plants with maximum concentrations of 13.6 mg/L total nitrogen and 2.4 mg/L total phosphorus. Nutrient concen- concentrations generally decreased downstream from Denver. Upstream from Denver during April 1994 and January 1995, total nitrogen loads were less than 1,000 pounds per day (lb/d), and total phosphorus loads were less than 125 lb/d. Total nutrient loads increased through the Denver metropolitan area, and load peaks occurred just downstream from each of Denver's largest wastewater-treatment plants, with a maximum load of 14,000 lb/d total nitrogen and 2,300 lb/d total phosphorus. In April 1994, nutrient loads generally decreased from Henderson, Colorado, to North Platte, Nebraska. In January 1995, however, nutrient loads increased from Henderson to Kersey, Colorado (maximum loads of 31,000 lb/d total nitrogen and 3,000 lb/d total phosphorus), and then decreased from Kersey to North Platte. Seasonal nutrient loads primarily were dependent on streamflow. Total nitrogen loads were largest in June 1994 and January 1995 when streamflows also were largest. During June, streamflow was large, but nitrogen concentrations were small, which indicated that snowmelt runoff diluted the available supply of nitrogen. Total phosphorus loads were largest in June, when streamflow and phosphorus concentrations were large, which indicated an additional source of phosphorus during snowmelt runoff. Streamflow along the South Platte River was smallest in April and August 1994, and nutrient loads also were smallest during these months. The downstream pattern for nutrient loads did not vary much by season. Loads were large at Henderson, decreased between Henderson and Kersey, and usually were largest at Kersey. The magnitude of the decrease in loads between Henderson and Kersey varied between synoptics and was dependent on the amount of water removed by irrigation ditches. Nutrient loads leaving the basin were very small compared to the estimated total nutrient inputs to the basin. Streamflow balances indicated that the South Platte River is a gaining river throughout much of its length; streamflow-balance residuals were as large as 15 cubic feet per second per mile. Nutrient-load balances indicated that increases in river nitrate loads were, in some places, due to nitrification and, elsewhere, were due to the influx of nitrate-enriched ground water to","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nInformation Services, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964029","usgsCitation":"Litke, D.W., 1996, Sources and loads of nutrients in the South Platte River, Colorado and Nebraska, 1994-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4029, vi, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964029.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4029/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d5e4b07f02db54904d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Litke, D. W.","contributorId":94346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litke","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26547,"text":"wri954137 - 1996 - Hydrogeology of the alluvial aquifers at the Pueblo Depot Activity near Pueblo, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T21:17:24.905666","indexId":"wri954137","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4137","title":"Hydrogeology of the alluvial aquifers at the Pueblo Depot Activity near Pueblo, Colorado","docAbstract":"In 1992, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Army Pueblo Depot Activity requested that the U.S. Geological Survey study the hydrogeology of the Pueblo Depot Activity, a 36-square-mile facility that has been operated by the U.S. Army since 1942. The purpose of the study was to provide an updated hydrogcological framework to facilitate the investigation of specific sites on the facility that might require remediation. This report describes the hydrogeology of the alluvial aquifers beneath the facility and the distribution of specific conductance of ground water in those aquifers.
The Pueblo Depot Activity is underlain by two alluvial aquifers: (1) The terrace alluvial aquifer, which is a southernmost, downgradicnt part of an erosional remnant of an extensive terrace deposit; and (2) the Chico Creek alluvial aquifer, a smaller alluvial system along Chico Creek. These aquifers primarily consist of sand separated by clay layers and are underlain by the almost impermeable Pierre Shale of Upper Cretaceous age.
The bedrock surface, which has an average slope of 28 feet per mile to the south-southeast, is relatively regular beneath the northern two-thirds of the terrace deposits at the Pueblo Depot Activity, but forms an irregular surface of troughs, hills, and ridges in the southwestern part of the terrace alluvium. Saturated thickness of the terrace aquifer ranges from 0 to about 45 feet.
The bedrock surface beneath the Chico Creek aquifer slopes about 31 feet per mile to the south. Saturated thickness of the Chico Creek alluvium ranges from 0 to about 30 ft, but generally is less than 15 ft. Total thickness of the Chico Creek alluvium in the saturated area ranges from 16 to 41 ft.
Water in the terrace alluvial aquifer generally flows southward, except in the southwestern part where directions of flow are complex. Measured hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.4 to 400 feet per day (median 26 feet per day). Estimates for vertically averaged ground-water-flow velocity range from 0.02 to 3 feet per day (median 0.9 foot per day).
Water in the Chico Creek alluvial aquifer generally flows southward to the Arkansas River alluvium. Measured hydraulic conductivity ranges from 14 to 310 feet per day (median 42 feet per day). Estimates for vertically averaged ground water-flow velocity range from 0.5 to 4 feet per day (median 0.7 foot per day).
Specific conductance of ground water in the terrace alluvial aquifer generally is less than 800 microsiemens per centimeter; the smallest values were observed in the north-central part of the Pueblo Depot Activity. In the southwestern part of the terrace alluvial aquifer, values varied in an irregular pattern, and values as large as 3,300 microsiemens per centimeter were measured locally. Water in the terrace alluvial aquifer was dominated by the sodium cation and usually by the bicarbonate anion, and sulfate usually was present in substantial (and locally predominant) concentrations.
Measured specific conductance of water in the Chico Creek alluvial aquifer ranged from 683 to 1,460 microsiemens per centimeter. This water was dominated by the sodium cation and by the bicarbonate and sulfate anions; sulfate was more predominant to the south.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954137","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army of Engineers and the U.S. Army Pueblo Depot Activity","usgsCitation":"Chafin, D.T., 1996, Hydrogeology of the alluvial aquifers at the Pueblo Depot Activity near Pueblo, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4137, Report: iv, 22 p.; 4 Plates: 25.05 x 32.11 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954137.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 22 p.; 4 Plates: 25.05 x 32.11 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":423720,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48237.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55415,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118828,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":357390,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":357391,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":357389,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":357388,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4137/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Pueblo","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.4,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -104.25,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -104.25,\n 38.375\n ],\n [\n -104.4,\n 38.375\n ],\n [\n -104.4,\n 38.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614c44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chafin, Daniel T.","contributorId":77500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chafin","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28061,"text":"wri934142 - 1996 - Estimated short-term yields of and quality of ground water in stratified-drift aquifer areas in the Neponset River Basin, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri934142","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4142","title":"Estimated short-term yields of and quality of ground water in stratified-drift aquifer areas in the Neponset River Basin, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"This report presents the estimated short-term yields and quality of ground water in stratifieddrift aquifer areas in the Neponset River Basin, Massachusetts. Stratified glacial drift forms the major aquifer areas in the basin. These thin valley-fill aquifer areas of sand and gravel have saturated thicknesses of as much as 130 feet and widths that reach a maximum of 8,000 feet in some of the bedrock valleys. For 14 selected aquifer areas, estimated shortterm yields from aquifer storage, which is repre- sentative of short-term duration yield available during severe drought conditions, ranged from 2.1 to 12.4 cubic feet per second after 30 days of pumping and from 0.3 to 7.1 cubic feet per second after 180 days of pumping. Ground water in the basin tends to be slightly acidic, of low to moderate hardness, and hasrelatively low concentrations of dissolved solids. Sodium is the dominant cation and chloride the dominant anion. In one-half of the wells sampled, iron and manganese concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCL's) of 300 and 50 micrograms per liter, respectively.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934142","usgsCitation":"Klinger, A.R., 1996, Estimated short-term yields of and quality of ground water in stratified-drift aquifer areas in the Neponset River Basin, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4142, iv, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934142.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4142/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56892,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4142/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fccfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klinger, A. R.","contributorId":63431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klinger","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27424,"text":"wri954266 - 1996 - Calculated hydrographs for unsteady research flows at selected sites along the Colorado River downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, 1990 and 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-10T16:42:41","indexId":"wri954266","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4266","title":"Calculated hydrographs for unsteady research flows at selected sites along the Colorado River downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, 1990 and 1991","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional model of unsteady discharge waves was applied to research flowr that were released from Glen Canyon Dam in support of the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies. These research flows extended over periods of 11 days during which the discharge followed specific, regular patterns repeated on a daily cycle that were similar to the daily releases for power generation. The model was used to produce discharge hydrographs at 38 selected sites in Marble and Grand Canyons for each of nine unsteady flows released from the dam in 1990 and 1991. In each case, the discharge computed from stage measurements and the associated stage-discharge relation at the streamflow-gaging station just below the dam (09379910 Colorado River Hlow Glen Canyon Dam) was routed to Diamond Creek, which is 386 kilometers downstream. Steady and unsteady tributary inflows downstream from the dam were included in the model calculations.
Steady inflow to the river from tributaries downstream from the dam was determined for each case by comparing the steady base flow preceding and following the unsteady flow measured at six streamflow-gaging stations between Glen Canyon Dam and Diamond Creek. During three flow periods, significant unsteady inflow was received from the Paria River, or the Little Colorado River, or both. The amount and timing of unsteady inflow was determined using the discharge computed from records of streamflow-gaging stations on the tributaries. Unsteady flow then was added to the flow calculated by the model at the appropriate location.
Hydrographs were calculated using the model at 5 streamflow-gaging stations downstream from the dam and at 33 beach study sites. Accuracy of model results was evaluated by comparing the results to discharge hydrographs computed from the records of the five streamflow-gaging stations between Lees Ferry and Lake Mead. Results show that model predictions of wave speed and shape agree well with data from the five streamflow-gaging stations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954266","usgsCitation":"Griffin, E.R., and Wiele, S.M., 1996, Calculated hydrographs for unsteady research flows at selected sites along the Colorado River downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, 1990 and 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4266, iv, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954266.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4266/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56278,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4266/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Glen Canyon Dam,","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e75b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Eleanor R. 0000-0001-6724-9853 egriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-9853","contributorId":1775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Eleanor","email":"egriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiele, Stephen M. smwiele@usgs.gov","contributorId":2199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiele","given":"Stephen","email":"smwiele@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27446,"text":"wri954273 - 1996 - Effects of increased urbanization from 1970's to 1990's on storm-runoff characteristics in Perris Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri954273","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4273","title":"Effects of increased urbanization from 1970's to 1990's on storm-runoff characteristics in Perris Valley, California","docAbstract":"Urban areas in Perris Valley, California, have more than tripled during the last 20 years. To quantify the effects of increased urbanization on storm runoff volumes and peak discharges, rainfall-runoff models of the basin were developed to simulate runoff for 1970-75 and 1990-93 conditions. Hourly rainfall data for 1949-93 were used with the rainfall-runoff models to simulate a long-term record of storm runoff. The hydrologic effects of increased urbanization from 1970-75 to 1990-93 were analyzed by comparing the simulated annual peak discharges and volumes, and storm runoff peaks, frequency of annual peak discharges and runoff volumes, and duration of storm peak discharges for each study period. A Log-Pearson Type-III frequency analysis was calculated using the simulated annual peaks to estimate the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence intervals. The estimated 2-year discharge at the outlet of the basin was 646 cubic feet per second for the 1970-75 conditions and 1,328 cubic feet per second for the 1990-93 conditions. The 100-year discharge at the outlet of the basin was about 14,000 cubic feet per second for the 1970-75 and 1990-93 conditions. The station duration analysis used 925 model-simulated storm peaks from each basin to estimate the percent chance a peak discharge is exceeded. At the outlet of the basin, the chances of exceeding 100 cubic feet per second were about 33 percent under 1970-75 conditions and about 59 percent under 1990-93 conditions. The chance of exceeding 2,500 cubic feet per second at the outlet of the basin was less than 1 percent higher under the 1990-93 conditions than under the 1970-75 conditions. The increase in urbanization from the early 1970's to the early 1990's more than doubled the peak discharges with a 2-year return period. However, peak discharges with return periods greater than 50 years were not significantly affected by the change in urbanization.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954273","usgsCitation":"Guay, J.R., 1996, Effects of increased urbanization from 1970's to 1990's on storm-runoff characteristics in Perris Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4273, v, 59 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954273.","productDescription":"v, 59 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4273/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56304,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4273/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db610ee3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guay, J. R.","contributorId":108127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guay","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27501,"text":"wri964037 - 1996 - Analysis of nutrients in the surface waters of the Georgia–Florida Coastal Plain study unit, 1970–91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T19:07:37.741665","indexId":"wri964037","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4037","title":"Analysis of nutrients in the surface waters of the Georgia–Florida Coastal Plain study unit, 1970–91","docAbstract":"During the early phase of the Georgia-Florida National Water Quality Assessment study, existing information on nutrients was compiled and analyzed in order to evaluate the nutrient concentrations within the 61,545 square mile study unit. Evaluation of the nutrient concentrations collected at surface- water sites between October 1, 1970, and September 30,1991, utilized the environmental characteristics of land resource provinces, land use, and nonpoint and point-source discharges within the study unit. Long-term trends were investigated to determine the temporal distribution of nutrient concentrations. In order to determine a level of concern for nutrient concentrations, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines were used-(1) for nitrate concentrations, the maximum contaminant level in public-drinking water supplies (10 mg/L); (2) for ammonia concentrations, the chronic exposure of aquatic organisms to un-ionized ammonia (2.1 mg/L); (3) for total-phosphorus concentrations, the recommended concentration in flowing water to discourage excessive growth of aquatic plants (0.1 mg/L); and (4) for kjeldahl concentrations, however, no guidelines were available. For sites within the 10 major river basins, median nutrient concentrations were generally below USEPA guidelines, except for total-phosphorus concentrations where 45 percent of the medians exceeded the guideline. The only median ammonia concentration that exceeded the guideline occurred at the Swift Creek site (3.4 mg/L), in the Suwannee River basin, perhaps due to wastewater discharges. For all sites within the Withlacoochee, Aucilla, and St. Marys River basins, median concentrations of nitrate, ammonia, and total phosphorus were below the USEPA guidelines. Nutrient data at each monitoring site within each major basin were aggregated for comparisons of median nutrient concentrations among major basins. The Ochlockonee and Hillsborough River basins had the highest median nutrient concentrations, the Aucilla River basin had the lowest. Median concentrations of nitrate and ammonia among all major basins were below USEPA guidelines. The median total-phosphorus concentrations for the following river basins exceeded the USEPA guideline-Hillsborough, St. Johns, Suwannee, Ochlockonee, Satilla, Altamaha, and Ogeechee. Although nutrient concentrations within the study unit were low, long-term increasing trends were found in all four nutrients. All 18 study-unit wide nitrate trends had increasing slopes ranging from less than 0.01 to 0.07 (mg/L)/yr. The range in slope for the 13 ammonia trends was -0.03 to 0.01 (mg/L)/yr with 6 increasing trends in the northern part of the study unit. Of the 17 total-phosphorus trends found in the study unit, 10 were found at sites where the median concentration exceeded the USEPA guideline. At these 10 sites, 4 sites had increasing trends with slopes ranging from less than 0.01 to 0.07 (mg/L)/yr, 5 sites had decreasing trends with slopes ranging from -0.01 to -0.24 (mg/L)/yr, and one site showed a seasonal concentration trend. Median nutrient concentrations were significantly different among the four land resource provinces-Southern Piedmont, Southern Coastal Plain, Coastal Flatwoods, and Central Florida Ridge. As a result, nutrient concentrations among basins with similar nutrient inputs but located within different land resource provinces are not expected to be the same due to differences in the combination of factors such as soil permeability, runoff rates, and stream channel slopes. This concept is an important consideration in designing a surface-water quality network within the study area. For the most part, the Coastal Flatwoods showed the lowest median nutrient concentrations and the Southern Coastal Plain had the highest median nutrient concentrations. Lower median nitrate concentrations in surface-water basins were associated with the forest/wetland land-use category and higher median concentrations of nitrate and ammonia with","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964037","usgsCitation":"Ham, L.K., and Hatzell, H.H., 1996, Analysis of nutrients in the surface waters of the Georgia–Florida Coastal Plain study unit, 1970–91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4037, v, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964037.","productDescription":"v, 67 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4037.jpg"},{"id":2142,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri964037/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":394409,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48402.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.7210693359375,30.704058230919504],[-84.90234375,30.543338954230222],[-85.0177001953125,30.24957724046765],[-84.803466796875,30.164126343161097],[-84.627685546875,29.935895213372444],[-84.57275390625,29.859701442126756],[-84.44091796875,29.859701442126756],[-84.29809570312499,29.859701442126756],[-84.2926025390625,30.012030680358613],[-84.17724609375,30.035811042667792],[-83.990478515625,30.050076521698735],[-83.7322998046875,29.893043385434165],[-83.6224365234375,29.76914573606667],[-83.51806640624999,29.602118211647333],[-83.397216796875,29.415675471217877],[-83.2489013671875,29.377388403478992],[-83.1610107421875,29.233683670282787],[-83.0841064453125,29.1281717828162],[-82.8753662109375,29.10897615145302],[-82.77099609375,28.945668833650508],[-82.75451660156249,28.815799886487298],[-82.694091796875,28.671310915880834],[-82.694091796875,28.492833128965096],[-82.8094482421875,28.265682390146477],[-82.891845703125,28.164032516628076],[-82.869873046875,27.955591004642553],[-82.8973388671875,27.790491224830877],[-82.7874755859375,27.68352808378776],[-82.75451660156249,27.552111841284695],[-80.299072265625,27.571590861376308],[-80.2935791015625,27.649472352561876],[-80.37597656249999,27.848790459862073],[-80.52429199218749,28.105903469076186],[-80.540771484375,28.20760859532738],[-80.540771484375,28.318888915773826],[-80.5133056640625,28.386567819657213],[-80.46936035156249,28.44454394857482],[-80.518798828125,28.647210004919998],[-80.6341552734375,28.815799886487298],[-80.771484375,29.065772888415406],[-81.0406494140625,29.439597566602902],[-81.1614990234375,29.807284450222504],[-81.27685546875,30.107117887092357],[-81.3592529296875,30.5764500266181],[-81.34277343749999,30.873940237887624],[-81.32080078125,31.052933985705163],[-81.23291015625,31.22689446881399],[-81.19445800781249,31.358327833411312],[-81.14501953125,31.48020882071693],[-81.03515625,31.648705289976853],[-80.958251953125,31.835565983656227],[-80.85937499999999,31.94750122367064],[-80.782470703125,32.00341778396365],[-80.8978271484375,32.0732655510424],[-81.046142578125,32.115148622612445],[-81.1175537109375,32.16166284018013],[-81.112060546875,32.2546200600072],[-81.0955810546875,32.30570601389429],[-81.177978515625,32.43097672054704],[-81.1669921875,32.47732919639942],[-81.24938964843749,32.537551746769],[-81.34277343749999,32.59773394005744],[-81.4031982421875,32.648625783736726],[-81.39770507812499,32.76880048488168],[-81.4031982421875,32.86574639547474],[-81.441650390625,32.95797741405952],[-81.4801025390625,33.04550781490999],[-81.5899658203125,33.1329513125159],[-81.73278808593749,33.15594830078649],[-81.88110351562499,33.330528249028085],[-82.06787109374999,33.41310221370827],[-82.28759765625,33.348884792201694],[-82.5732421875,33.22949814144951],[-83.056640625,33.25706340236547],[-83.33129882812499,33.0178760185549],[-83.507080078125,32.80574473290688],[-83.82568359375,32.722598604044066],[-83.66638183593749,32.263910555201306],[-83.7652587890625,32.05464469054932],[-83.8421630859375,31.76086695137955],[-84.19921875,31.353636941500987],[-84.6826171875,30.869225348040825],[-84.7210693359375,30.704058230919504]]]}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6801e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ham, L. K.","contributorId":13276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ham","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatzell, H. H.","contributorId":7732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatzell","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26530,"text":"wri954261 - 1996 - Synthesis of natural flows at selected sites in the upper Missouri River basin, Montana, 1928-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri954261","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4261","title":"Synthesis of natural flows at selected sites in the upper Missouri River basin, Montana, 1928-89","docAbstract":"Natural monthly streamflows were synthesized for the years 1928-89 for 43 sites in the upper Missouri River Basin upstream from Fort Peck Lake in Montana. The sites are represented as nodes in a streamflow accounting model being developed by the Bureau of Reclamation. Recorded and historical flows at most sites have been affected by human activities including reservoir storage, diversions for irrigation, and municipal use. Natural flows at the sites were synthesized by eliminating the effects of these activities. Recorded data at some sites do not include the entire study period. The missing flows at these sites were estimated using a statistical procedure. The methods of synthesis varied, depending on upstream activities and information available. Recorded flows were transferred to nodes that did not have streamflow-gaging stations from the nearest station with a sufficient length of record. The flows at one node were computed as the sum of flows from three upstream tributaries. Monthly changes in reservoir storage were computed from monthend contents. The changes in storage were corrected for the effects of evaporation and precipitation using pan-evaporation and precipitation data from climate stations. Irrigation depletions and consumptive use by the three largest municipalities were computed. Synthesized natural flow at most nodes was computed by adding algebraically the upstream depletions and changes in reservoir storage to recorded or historical flow at the nodes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954261","usgsCitation":"Cary, L.E., and Parrett, C., 1996, Synthesis of natural flows at selected sites in the upper Missouri River basin, Montana, 1928-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4261, v, 109 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954261.","productDescription":"v, 109 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4261/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55392,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4261/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687d12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cary, L. E.","contributorId":47369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cary","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28559,"text":"wri954277 - 1996 - Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1992 balance year","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri954277","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4277","title":"Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1992 balance year","docAbstract":"The 1992 measured winter snow, maximum winter snow, net, and annual balances in the Gulkana Glacier basin were evaluated on the basis of meteorological, hydrological, and glaciological data measured in the basin and are reported herein. Averaged over the glacier, the measured winter snow balance was 0.97 meters on March 26, 1992; the maximum winter snow balance was 1.05 meters on May 19, 1992; the net balance (from September 8, 1991 to August 17, 1992) was -0.29 meters; and the annual balance (October 1, 1991 to September 30, 1992) was -0.38 meters. Ice surface, motion, and altitude changes measured at three index sites document seasonal changes in ice speed and glacier thickness. Annual stream runoff was 1.24 meters averaged over the basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954277","usgsCitation":"March, R., and Trabant, D., 1996, Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1992 balance year: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4277, vi, 32 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954277.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2348,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954277","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4277.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6358cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"March, R.S.","contributorId":16431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"March","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trabant, D.C.","contributorId":42209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207251,"text":"70207251 - 1996 - Remote sensing of mangrove wetlands: Relating canopy spectra to site-specific data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-13T11:39:28","indexId":"70207251","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-31T11:33:26","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing of mangrove wetlands: Relating canopy spectra to site-specific data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, W. J. 0000-0003-4780-8835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":56261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fallon, J. D.","contributorId":57478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kroening, S. E.","contributorId":31793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroening","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70157394,"text":"70157394 - 1996 - Annual report of the USGS Mission, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, for the fiscal year 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-22T13:02:52","indexId":"70157394","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-16T11:45:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":414,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"seriesNumber":"USGS-TR-96-1","title":"Annual report of the USGS Mission, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, for the fiscal year 1995","docAbstract":"An interagency report prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey Saudi Arabian Mission for the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources","publisherLocation":"Jiddah, Saudi Arabia","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey Saudi Arabia Mission, and Saudi Arabia. Wizārat al-Batrūl wa-al-Tharwah al-Maʻdinīyah, 1996, Annual report of the USGS Mission, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, for the fiscal year 1995: Technical Report USGS-TR-96-1, vi, 80 p.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308379,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56027bb3e4b03bc34f5447fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey Saudi Arabia Mission","contributorId":147326,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey Saudi Arabia Mission","id":572957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saudi Arabia. Wizārat al-Batrūl wa-al-Tharwah al-Maʻdinīyah","contributorId":147333,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Saudi Arabia. Wizārat al-Batrūl wa-al-Tharwah al-Maʻdinīyah","id":572958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199509,"text":"70199509 - 1996 - Subsidence of agricultural lands in the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta, California: Role of aqueous and gaseous carbon fluxes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T16:18:21","indexId":"70199509","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T16:17:40","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsidence of agricultural lands in the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta, California: Role of aqueous and gaseous carbon fluxes","docAbstract":"To examine the causes of land subsidence on marshes drained for agriculture, carbon fluxes and changes in land‐surface elevation were determined on three islands in the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta, California. Over the time period of March 1990 to May 1992, gaseous CO2 fluxes were determined approximately monthly using closed chambers, and dissolved carbon fluxes were determined from the dissolved carbon loads of drainage ditches adjacent to each field site. Surface elevation changes were measured continuously by measuring the distance between the land surface and an elevated structure anchored beneath the organic soil layer. Gaseous CO2 fluxes accounted for most of the permanent subsidence measured over the monitoring period. Gaseous CO2fluxes are strongly affected by soil temperature. Net subsidence rates for the three islands, which have different depths of organic soils and water‐management practices, range from 0.46 to 1.06 cm/yr. Estimates of dissolved organic carbon fluxes for all three islands were small relative to gaseous CO2 losses and represent <1% of the measured subsidence.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geologists Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR01338","usgsCitation":"Deverel, S.J., and Rojstaczer, S., 1996, Subsidence of agricultural lands in the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta, California: Role of aqueous and gaseous carbon fluxes: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 8, p. 2359-2367, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR01338.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2359","endPage":"2367","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357515,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","volume":"32","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110a9be4b034bf6a80fea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deverel, Steven J.","contributorId":208022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deverel","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rojstaczer, Stuart","contributorId":102101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojstaczer","given":"Stuart","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207764,"text":"70207764 - 1996 - Effects of nutrients and hydroperiod on Typha, Cladium, and Eleocharis: Implications for everglades restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-09T14:23:20","indexId":"70207764","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T14:12:54","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Effects of nutrients and hydroperiod on Typha, Cladium, and Eleocharis: Implications for everglades restoration","title":"Effects of nutrients and hydroperiod on Typha, Cladium, and Eleocharis: Implications for everglades restoration","docAbstract":"The recent expansion of Typha domingensis (Typha) into areas of the Everglades previously dominated by Cladium jamaicense (Cladium) communities has led to competing hypotheses about the importance of nutrient concentration vs. hydroperiod in controlling the distribution of these species. In this study, experimental mixtures of Typha domingensis, Cladium jamaicense, and Eleocharis interstincta (Eleocharis), a member of the Cladium community, were subjected to two levels of nutrient concentration and three contrasting hydroperiods to determine how these variables might affect Typha's ability to displace the Cladium community. Mixtures of the three species were established in outdoor tanks containing soil from the northern Everglades region where the experiment was conducted. Nutrient treatments consisted of nutrient additions to adjust ambient water concentrations to either 50 μg/L phosphorus (P) or 100 μg/L P plus nitrogen (N). The three hydroperiods were achieved by maintaining water depths within ranges observed in the northern Everglades. Maximum water depths of 15, 30, and 60 cm were established throughout the wet season (May‐November) followed by lowering to 5 cm during the dry season. Over a 2‐yr period, biomass was monitored nondestructively and aboveground material was harvested at the end of the experiment. Analysis of the biomass changes over time showed that differences between the species developed by the end of the first growing season. Typha and Eleocharis had initial growth rates substantially higher than those observed for Cladium. Typha's growth in mixtures responded positively to both elevated nutrients (by as much as 45%) as well as to increased water depth (by as much as 60%), while Cladium and Eleocharis did not increase in response to these variables. Tissue P concentrations were found to be higher for Typha and Eleocharis than for Cladium under nearly all conditions. Net accumulation of P in Typha shoots was 2‐3 times greater than in the other species. The enhancement of Typha by elevated nutrients and increased flooding is associated with a syndrome of life history characteristics that includes rapid growth rates, high tissue concentrations of P, tall leaves, and a greater response to contrasting environmental conditions. Cladium, in contrast, showed a slow growth rate, low tissue concentrations of P, a greater capacity to resist invasion by Typha in shallow waters, and less of a growth response to contrasting environmental conditions, traits that would seem to be well suited to the nutrient‐poor, hydrologically unstable conditions natural to the Everglades. Results from this study suggest that attempts to limit the spread of Typha should consider hydrologic restoration as well as reduction in surface water nutrients.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2269482","usgsCitation":"Newman, S., Grace, J.B., and Koebel, J.W., 1996, Effects of nutrients and hydroperiod on Typha, Cladium, and Eleocharis: Implications for everglades restoration: Ecological Applications, v. 6, no. 3, p. 774-783, https://doi.org/10.2307/2269482.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"774","endPage":"783","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371123,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.33752441406249,\n 26.696545111585152\n ],\n [\n -81.36474609375,\n 26.522192867724723\n ],\n [\n -81.3812255859375,\n 25.720735134412106\n ],\n [\n -81.1669921875,\n 25.23972731233395\n ],\n [\n -81.1175537109375,\n 25.090573819461\n ],\n [\n -80.71929931640624,\n 25.12787928859755\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 25.249664387120884\n ],\n [\n -80.35125732421875,\n 26.09625490696853\n ],\n [\n -80.2001953125,\n 26.536937135265685\n ],\n [\n -80.33752441406249,\n 26.696545111585152\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newman, S.","contributorId":7678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koebel, J. W.","contributorId":221626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koebel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}