{"pageNumber":"376","pageRowStart":"9375","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10450,"records":[{"id":70012848,"text":"70012848 - 1985 - Storm-induced response of a nearshore-bar system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-18T15:36:22.39189","indexId":"70012848","displayToPublicDate":"1985-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storm-induced response of a nearshore-bar system","docAbstract":"<p><span>A nearshore-bar system was surveyed periodically through a storm and the following recovery period. The data showed a very rapid response of morphology to changing wave conditions and allowed various models on bar formation to be tested.</span></p><p><span>Under low-energy conditions prior to the storm a small bar was surveyed 13 m offshore. Both the high reflectivity of the beach and the cross-shore distance to the bar are consistent with a model of sediment convergence at the node or antinode of a standing wave of incident period. Such a small-scale bar may be a common feature on beaches with steep foreshores and more gentle offshore slopes.</span></p><p><span>With the increase in wave height during the storm, the bar became better developed and migrated offshore at rates up to 2.2 m h<sup>−1</sup>. The bar maintained its form in that the ratio of trough depth to crest depth (<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>h</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn><mtext>t</mtext></mn></msub><mtext>h</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn><mtext>c</mtext></mn></msub></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">h<sub>t</sub>h<sub>c</sub></span></span></span>) remained roughly constant. The bar was in no way related to processes which would cause the convergence of sediment in the breaker zone; through most of the storm the bar-crest distance offshore was typically only 10% of the surf-zone width. Analysis of the bar distance offshore in terms of a standing wave motion showed that the causative wave period must have been much longer than that of incident waves, probably on the order of a minute. Surf-zone wave data showed significant energy in the infragravity band at these periods although no definite link has been made.</span></p><p><span>After the height of the storm, the bar had a crescentic morphology. The development of this morphology occurred very rapidly with parts of the bar migrating onshore at rates up to 1.2 m h<sup>−1</sup>. In contrast to the storm, during the recovery period&nbsp;<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>h</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn><mtext>t</mtext></mn></msub><mtext>h</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn><mtext>c</mtext></mn></msub></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">h<sub>t</sub>h<sub>c</sub></span></span></span>&nbsp;varied by nearly a factor of three. Analysis of the offshore and longshore length scales showed the bar to be similar to one which would be generated by a standing mode 1 edge wave of period on the order of one minute.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(85)90107-0","usgsCitation":"Sallenger, A.H., Holman, R.A., and Birkemeier, W., 1985, Storm-induced response of a nearshore-bar system: Marine Geology, v. 64, no. 3-4, p. 237-257, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(85)90107-0.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"257","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9880e4b08c986b31c06e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sallenger, Asbury H Jr.","contributorId":21091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"Asbury","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holman, Robert A.","contributorId":37896,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":364665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Birkemeier, W.A.","contributorId":8997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birkemeier","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70226903,"text":"70226903 - 1985 - A constitutive equation for mass-movement behavior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-20T20:26:15.029186","indexId":"70226903","displayToPublicDate":"1985-03-01T14:22:02","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A constitutive equation for mass-movement behavior","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-lg-9 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body show-references \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>A phenomenological constitutive equation can serve as a basis for modeling and classifying mass-movement processes. The equation is derived using the principles of continuum mechanics and several simplifying assumptions about mass-movement behavior. These assumptions represent idealizations of field behavior, but they appear highly justifiable in light of the geomorphological insight that can be gained through modeling application of a mathematically tractable constitutive equation. The equation represents coupled pressure-dependent plastic yield and nonlinear viscous flow deformation components. The plastic yield component is a generalization of the Coulomb criterion to three-dimensional stress states, and the effect of pore-water pressures is accounted for by treating normal stresses as effective stresses. The nonlinear viscous flow component is a dimensionally homogeneous form of a three-dimensional power-law equation. Straightforward laboratory and field experiments can be used to estimate all plastic and viscous parameters in the constitutive equation. Reduction of the three-dimensional constitutive equation to two-and one-dimensional forms shows that it embodies, as special cases, many other constitutive models for mass movement. These include models of creeping, slumping, sliding, and flowing types of deformation. The equation may, therefore, serve as a conceptual basis for rheological classification of diverse mass-movement phenomena.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/628937","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., 1985, A constitutive equation for mass-movement behavior: Journal of Geology, v. 93, no. 2, p. 143-160, https://doi.org/10.1086/628937.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"160","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393115,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1014236,"text":"1014236 - 1985 - Use of otoliths to determine age and growth of largemouth bass in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-09T16:55:52.057251","indexId":"1014236","displayToPublicDate":"1985-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of otoliths to determine age and growth of largemouth bass in Florida","docAbstract":"<p><span>The annual formation of otolith annuli was validated through age 5 for Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus. Sectioned otoliths (sagittae) gave more reliable ages than whole otoliths. Beginning at age 2, at least one annulus was obscure in some whole‐otolith mounts, a problem that worsened with fish age. By age 5, over 20% of the whole otoliths gave under‐estimates of true age; otoliths producing these errors came from fish with slower than average growth rates. Sectioned otoliths gave poorer regressions (lower coefficients of determination) of otolith radius on body length than intact structures because the sectioning plane varied slightly among otoliths. Nevertheless, back calculations of fish size and growth from sectioned and correctly aged whole otoliths were equally accurate. Otolith sectioning is the procedure of choice for age‐and‐growth analysis of Florida largemouth bass. Whole otoliths, however, require much less time for analysis than sectioned ones and may be used for rapidly growing fish and fish known to be age 3 or younger.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1985)114<307:UOOTDA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hoyer, M., Shireman, J., and Maceina, M., 1985, Use of otoliths to determine age and growth of largemouth bass in Florida: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 114, no. 2, p. 307-309, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1985)114<307:UOOTDA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"309","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131728,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70012711,"text":"70012711 - 1985 - Barrier island arcs along abandoned Mississippi River deltas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-18T15:26:12.068616","indexId":"70012711","displayToPublicDate":"1985-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Barrier island arcs along abandoned Mississippi River deltas","docAbstract":"<p><span>Generation of transgressive barrier island arcs along the Mississippi River delta plain and preservation of barrier shoreline facies in their retreat paths on the inner shelf is controlled by: (1) shoreface translation; (2) age of the transgression; and (3) the thickness of the barrier island arc sediment package. Barrier island arcs experience an average relative sea level rise of 0.50–1.00 cm yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;and shoreface retreat rates range from 5–15 m yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. Young barrier island arc sediment packages (Isles Dernieres) are thin and have experienced limited landward retreat of the shoreface. Older barrier island arcs (Chandeleur Islands) are thicker and have experienced significant landward movement of the shoreface because of the greater time available for retreat. If the transgressed barrier shoreline sediment package lies above the advancing ravinement surface, the entire sequence is truncated. A thin reworked sand sheet marks the shoreface retreat path. The base of the transgressive sediment package can lie below the ravinement surface in older barrier shorelines. In this setting, the superstructure of the barrier shoreline is truncated, leaving the basal portion of the transgressive sequence preserved on the inner shelf.</span></p><p><span>A variety of transgressive stratigraphic sequences from sand sheets to truncated barrier islands to sand-filled tidal inlet scars have been identified by high resolution seismic profiling across the shoreface retreat paths of Mississippi delta barrier island arcs. One of these examples, the Isles Dernieres, represents a recently detached barrier island arc in the early stages of transgression. An older example, the Chandeleur Islands, represents a barrier island arc experiencing long-term shoreface retreat. This paper describes the stratigraphic character and preserved transgressive facies for the Isles Dernieres and Chandeleur Islands.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(85)90084-2","usgsCitation":"Penland, S., Suter, J.R., and Boyd, R., 1985, Barrier island arcs along abandoned Mississippi River deltas: Marine Geology, v. 63, no. 1-4, p. 197-233, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(85)90084-2.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"233","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221967,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efbde4b0c8380cd4a413","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Penland, Shea","contributorId":88401,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Penland","given":"Shea","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":364294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suter, John R.","contributorId":42362,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suter","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":364295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyd, Ron","contributorId":54737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyd","given":"Ron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207795,"text":"70207795 - 1985 - Classification of deep-sea, fine-grained sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-22T13:06:18.953422","indexId":"70207795","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-13T09:58:48","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification of deep-sea, fine-grained sediments","docAbstract":"<p><span>Most deep-sea sediments contain one or more biogenic components and one dominant nonbiogenic component, usually clay or silty clay. The authors present a descriptive classification scheme in which deep-sea, fine-grained sediments are placed within a three-components system of calcareous-biogenic, siliceous-biogenic, and nonbiogenic components. In a three-procedure the user assesses whether the dominant component is biogenic or nonbiogenic, whether the dominant biogenic component is siliceous or calcareous, and what the relative abundances of the biogenic components are within limits of 10, 25, and 50%. The terminology proposed is that commonly used by many sedimentologists, with some refinements and greater precision in the use of terms.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.1306/212F868E-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Leinen, M., and Stow, D., 1985, Classification of deep-sea, fine-grained sediments: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 55, no. 2, p. 250-256, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F868E-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"256","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371184,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leinen, Margaret","contributorId":221649,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leinen","given":"Margaret","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stow, D.A.","contributorId":44336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stow","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70197164,"text":"70197164 - 1985 - The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition, 2.  Field intensity variations and discussion of reversal models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T14:26:27","indexId":"70197164","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition, 2.  Field intensity variations and discussion of reversal models","docAbstract":"<p><span>We carried out an extensive paleointensity study of the 15.5±0.3 m.y. Miocene reversed‐to‐normal polarity transition recorded in lava flows from Steens Mountain (south central Oregon). One hundred eighty‐five samples from the collection whose paleodirectional study is reported by Mankinen et al. (this issue) were chosen for paleointensity investigations because of their low viscosity index, high Curie point and reversibility, or near reversibility, of the strong field magnetization curve versus temperature. Application of the Thellier stepwise double heating method was very successful, yielding 157 usable paleointensity estimates corresponding to 73 distinct lava flows. After grouping successive lava flows that did not differ significantly in direction and intensity, we obtained 51 distinguishable, complete field vectors of which 10 are reversed, 28 are transitional, and 13 are normal. The record is complex, quite unlike that predicted by simple flooding or standing nondipole field models. It begins with an estimated several thousand years of reversed polarity with an average intensity of 31.5±8.5 μT, about one third lower than the expected Miocene intensity. This difference is interpreted as a long‐term reduction of the dipole moment prior to the reversal. When site directions and intensities are considered, truly transitional directions and intensities appear almost at the same time at the beginning of the transition, and they disappear simultaneously at the end of the reversal. Large deviations in declination occur during this approximately 4500±1000 year transition period that are compatible with roughly similar average magnitudes of zonal and nonzonal field components at the site. The transitional intensity is generally low, with an average of 10.9±4.9 μT for directions more than 45° away from the dipole field and a minimum of about 5 μT. The root‐mean‐square of the three field components&nbsp;</span><i>X</i><span>,<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Y</i><span>, and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Z</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>are of the same order of magnitude for the transitional field and the historical nondipole field at the site latitude. However, a field intensity increase to pretransitional values occurs when the field temporarily reaches normal directions, which suggests that dipolar structure could have been briefly regenerated during the transition in an aborted attempt to reestablish a stationary field. Changes in the field vector are progressive but jerky, with at least two, and possibly three, large swings at astonishingly high rates. Each of those transitional geomagnetic impulses occurs when the field intensity is low (less than 10 μT) and is followed by an interval of directional stasis during which the magnitude of the field increases greatly. For the best documented geomagnetic impulse the rapid directional change corresponds to a vectorial intensity change of 6700±2700 nT yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, which is about 15–50 times larger than the maximum rate of change of the nondipole field observed during the last centuries. The occurrence of geomagnetic impulses seems to support reversal models assuming an increase in the level of turbulence within the liquid core during transitions. The record closes with an estimated several thousand years of normal polarity with an average intensity of 46.7±20.1 μT, agreeing with the expected Miocene value. However, the occurrence of rather large and apparently rapid intensity fluctuations accompanied by little change in direction suggests that the newly reestablished dipole was still somewhat unstable.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB12p10417","usgsCitation":"Prevot, M., Mankinen, E.A., Coe, R.S., and Gromme, C.S., 1985, The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition, 2.  Field intensity variations and discussion of reversal models: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B12, p. 10417-10448, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB12p10417.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"10417","endPage":"10448","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354331,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff3a76e4b0da30c1bfd9fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prevot, M.","contributorId":75679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prevot","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coe, Robert S.","contributorId":20477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gromme, C. Sherman","contributorId":22236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gromme","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Sherman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70175199,"text":"70175199 - 1985 - Persistence of an introduced mud flat community in south San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-02T13:53:33","indexId":"70175199","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence of an introduced mud flat community in south San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<p>The benthic invertebrate community inhabiting the extensive and sedimentologically homogeneous mudflats of South San Francisco Bay has demonstrated a high degree of constancy in both species composition and relative abundance among species throughout 10 yr of observation. The community, composed predominantly of introduced species with opportunistic lifestyles, is dominated numerically by <i>Gemma gernma</i>, <i>Ampelisca abdita</i>, and <i>Streblospio benedicti</i>. The key to the persistent co-occurrence of these species on the mudflats seems to lie in the combination of (1) the recurrence of minor disturbances of the mudflat habitat (e.g. sediment deposition/erosion, inundation by low-salinity water) on time scales comparable to that of life cycles; (2) opportunistic life history strategies (rapid maturity, brooding of young, multiple generations each year, ease of local dispersal of both juveniles and adults) that permit continued colonization of the mudflat surface or rapid recolonization after disturbances. Only 1 of the 3 numerically-dominant species. <i>A. abdita</i>, displays an annual periodicity in abundance. <i>S. benedicti</i> and <i>G. gemma</i>, through broadly flexible reproductive strategies permitted in the mild San Francisco climate, can exhibit strong recruitment at any time between spring and autumn. The most extreme community changes, involving temporary reduction or elimination of normally dominant populations, occurred as a result of anomalous disturbances such as unusual buildup and decay of an algal mat during 1 summer and prolonged periods of unusually high freshwater inflow during 2 successive winters. The introduced opportunists routinely co-occur at high densities. However, one of these, the tube-dwelling amphipod <i>A. abdita</i>, may control the abundance of the native mollusk <i>Macoma balthica</i>.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","usgsCitation":"Nichols, F.H., and Thompson, J.K., 1985, Persistence of an introduced mud flat community in south San Francisco Bay, California: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 24, p. 83-97.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"97","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325938,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v24/"}],"volume":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c431e4b006cb45552c34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, Frederic H.","contributorId":25548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70175195,"text":"70175195 - 1985 - Abundance fluctuations among benthic invertebrates in two pacific estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-02T13:26:53","indexId":"70175195","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abundance fluctuations among benthic invertebrates in two pacific estuaries","docAbstract":"<p><span>Long-term studies were used to examine (1) contrasting time scales and mechanisms of structural variations within two benthic communities and (2) the usefulness of long data sets for evaluating human impact. A 10-year study of a San Francisco Bay mudflat, the details of which are reported elsewhere, has revealed large short-term (on the order of months) variations in species abundances within a community composed predominantly of opportunistic species. The study site, located in a highly urbanized estuary, is subject to the influence of a nearby sewage-treatment facility. However, rapid changes in population size of the common species, in part due to periodic natural habitat disturbance, impedes the detection of anthropogenic influences on community composition. Only a very long-term data set may provide evidence of progressive change. Data collected for a 20-year period on the benthic community at 200 m depth in the main basin of Puget Sound, an environment subject to little apparent habitat disturbance show that numerical abundance of the common species can also change markedly. Here, however, numerical dominance shifts from one species to another at irregular, multiyear intervals. Recent increases in two heretofore rare species, and a significant increase in total numbers of individuals suggest that long-term changes may be occurring in this community. These two long-term data sets demonstrate the importance of measuring both the amplitude and the periodicity of fluctuations in population size of aquatic species as well as long-term fluctuations and patterns in environmental factors before attempting to demonstrate the effect of anthropogenic influences on aquatic communities. The results of these studies also demonstrate the usefulness of long-term data sets for revealing the potential importance of interactions among species in determining abundance patterns in the soft-bottom benthos.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1351863","usgsCitation":"Nichols, F.H., 1985, Abundance fluctuations among benthic invertebrates in two pacific estuaries: Estuaries, v. 8, no. 2, p. 136-144, https://doi.org/10.2307/1351863.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"136","endPage":"144","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325930,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c42ce4b006cb45552bea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, Frederic H.","contributorId":25548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70197165,"text":"70197165 - 1985 - The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition: 1. Directional history, duration of episodes, and rock magnetism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T14:30:24","indexId":"70197165","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition: 1. Directional history, duration of episodes, and rock magnetism","docAbstract":"<p><span>The thick sequence of Miocene lava flows exposed on Steens Mountain in southeastern Oregon is well known for containing a detailed record of a reversed‐to‐normal geomagnetic polarity transition. Paleomagnetic samples were obtained from the sequence for a combined study of the directional and intensity variations recorded; the paleointensity study is reported in a companion paper. This effort has resulted in the first detailed history of total geomagnetic field behavior during a reversal of polarity. A comparison of the directional variation history of the reversed and normal polarity intervals on either side of the transition with the Holocene record has allowed an estimate of the duration of these periods to be made. These time estimates were then used to calculate accumulation rates for the volcanic sequence and thereby provide a means for estimating time periods within the transition itself. The polarity transition was found to consist of two phases, each with quite different characteristics. At the onset of the first phase, a one‐third decrease in magnetic field intensity may have preceded the first intermediate field directions by about 600 years. Changes in field direction were confined near the local north‐south vertical plane when the actual reversal in direction occurred and normal polarity directions may have been attained within 550±150 years. The end of the first phase of the transition was marked by a brief (possibly 100–300 years) period with normal polarity and a pretransitional intensity which suggests a quasi‐normal dipole field structure existed during this interval. The second phase of the transition was characterized by a return to very low field intensities with the changes in direction describing a long counterclockwise loop in contrast to the earlier narrowly constrained changes. This second phase lasted 2900±300 years, and both normal directions and intensities were recovered at the same time. Both directional and intensity data document very erratic geomagnetic field behavior during the polarity transition. Changes in magnetic field direction were variable and occurred either (1) in a regular, progressive manner, (2) with sudden, extremely rapid angular changes (58°±21°/year), or (3) with little or no movement for periods of the order of 600±200 years. Changes in magnetic intensity occurred in a like manner and were sometimes correlated with changes in direction, but during other periods both directional and intensity changes occurred independently. Directional changes following the polarity transition occurred in a seemingly normal manner, although intensity fluctuations attest to some instability of the newly reestablished dipole.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB12p10393","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E.A., Prevot, M., Gromme, C.S., and Coe, R.S., 1985, The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition: 1. Directional history, duration of episodes, and rock magnetism: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B12, p. 10393-10416, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB12p10393.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"10393","endPage":"10416","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354332,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff3a76e4b0da30c1bfd9fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prevot, M.","contributorId":75679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prevot","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gromme, C. Sherman","contributorId":22236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gromme","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Sherman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coe, Robert S.","contributorId":20477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70013003,"text":"70013003 - 1985 - An estimate of hydrothermal fluid residence times and vent chimney growth rates based on  210Pb Pb ratios and mineralogic studies of sulfides dredged from the Juan de Fuca Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T21:44:29.513906","indexId":"70013003","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An estimate of hydrothermal fluid residence times and vent chimney growth rates based on  210Pb Pb ratios and mineralogic studies of sulfides dredged from the Juan de Fuca Ridge","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p>The<i><sup>210</sup>PbPb</i><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios across two sulfide samples dredged from the Juan de Fuca Ridge are used to estimate the growth rate of the sulfide material and the residence time of the hydrothermal fluid within the oceanic crust from the onset of basalt alteration.<sup>210</sup>Pb is added to the hydrothermal fluid by two processes: (1) high-temperature alteration of basalt and (2) if the residence time of the fluid is on the order of the 22.3-year half-life of<sup>210</sup>Pb, by in-situ growth from<sup>222</sup>Rn (<a class=\"anchor u-display-inline anchor-paragraph\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0012821X85901463#bib17\" data-sd-ui-side-panel-opener=\"true\" data-xocs-content-type=\"reference\" data-xocs-content-id=\"bib17\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0012821X85901463#bib17\"><span class=\"anchor-text\">Krishnaswami and Turekian, 1982</span></a>). Stable lead is derived only from the alteration of basalt.</p><p>The<i><sup>210</sup>Pb/Pb</i><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio across one sample was ∼ 0.5 dpm/10<sup>−6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>g Pb, and across the other it was ∼ 0.4 dpm/10<sup>−6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>g Pb. These values are quite close to the<i><sup>238</sup>UP/b</i><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios of basalts from the area, suggesting that the residence time of the hydrothermal fluid from the onset of basalt alteration is appreciably less than the mean life of<sup>210</sup>Pb, i.e., the time required for ingrowth from the radon.</p><p>An apparent growth rate of 1.2 cm/yr is derived from the slope of the<i><sup>210</sup>Pb/Pb</i><span>&nbsp;</span>curve for one of the samples. This is consistent with its mineralogy and texture which suggest an accretionary pattern of development. There is no obvious sequential growth pattern, and virtually no gradient in<i><sup>210</sup>Pb/Pb</i><span>&nbsp;</span>across the second sample. This is consistent with alteration of the original<i><sup>210</sup>Pb/Pb</i><span>&nbsp;</span>distribution by extensive remobilization reactions which are inferred from the mineralogic and textural relationships of the sample.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(85)90146-3","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Kadko, D., Koski, R., Tatsumoto, M., and Bouse, R., 1985, An estimate of hydrothermal fluid residence times and vent chimney growth rates based on  210Pb Pb ratios and mineralogic studies of sulfides dredged from the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 76, no. 1-2, p. 35-44, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90146-3.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220506,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea42e4b0c8380cd4873c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kadko, D.","contributorId":87686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kadko","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koski, R.","contributorId":67217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bouse, R.","contributorId":89956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouse","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70135813,"text":"70135813 - 1985 - Why deposits of longitudinal dunes are rarely recognized in the geologic record","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-17T13:41:56","indexId":"70135813","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Why deposits of longitudinal dunes are rarely recognized in the geologic record","docAbstract":"<p><span>Dunes that are morphologically of linear type, many of which are probably of longitudinal type in a morphodynamic sense, are common in modern deserts, but their deposits are rarely identified in aeolian sandstones. One reason for non-recognition of such dunes is that they can migrate laterally when they are not exactly parallel to the long-term sand-transport direction, thereby depositing cross-strata that have unimodal cross-bed dip directions and consequently resemble deposits of transverse dunes. Dune-parallel components of sand transport can be recognized in ancient aeolian sands by examining compound cross-bedding formed by small dunes that migrated across the lee slopes of large dunes and documenting that the small dunes migrated with a component in a preferred along-crest direction over the large dunes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00498.x","usgsCitation":"Rubin, D.M., and Hunter, R., 1985, Why deposits of longitudinal dunes are rarely recognized in the geologic record: Sedimentology, v. 32, no. 1, p. 147-157, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00498.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"157","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296761,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5492b748e4b00eda8915ad33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunter, Ralph E.","contributorId":53759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Ralph E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70013119,"text":"70013119 - 1985 - U. S. PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY: REVISED PROSPECTS AND POTENTIAL.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:38","indexId":"70013119","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2678,"text":"Marine Technology Society Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U. S. PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY: REVISED PROSPECTS AND POTENTIAL.","docAbstract":"Although the United States is the world's largest producer and exporter of phosphates, serious doubts have arisen in recent years that U. S. deposits could sustain this important role. The development of borehole mining; i. e. , extracting the phosphate matrix as a slurry through a drill hole, however, is cause for optimism. Commercial borehole mining is still years away, but the potential advantages are numerous and important. Recent surveys also suggest that offshore deposits and deeply buried onshore deposits much exceed previous estimates. On the basis of the new technology and revised resource estimates, one can easily see the potential for increased production from U. S. deposits.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Technology Society Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00253324","usgsCitation":"McKelvey, V., 1985, U. S. PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY: REVISED PROSPECTS AND POTENTIAL.: Marine Technology Society Journal, v. 19, no. 4, p. 65-67.","startPage":"65","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bba3ae4b08c986b32804f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKelvey, Vincent E.","contributorId":106637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKelvey","given":"Vincent E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012731,"text":"70012731 - 1985 - Precambrian tholeiitic-dacitic rock-suites and Cambrian ultramafic rocks in the Pennine nappe system of the Alps: Evidence from Sm-Nd isotopes and rare earth elements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:02","indexId":"70012731","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precambrian tholeiitic-dacitic rock-suites and Cambrian ultramafic rocks in the Pennine nappe system of the Alps: Evidence from Sm-Nd isotopes and rare earth elements","docAbstract":"Major element, trace element and Sm-Nd isotope analyses were made of polymetamorphic hornblendefelses, plagioclase amphibolites and banded amphibolites from the Berisal complex in the Simplon area (Italy, Switzerland) to determine their age, origin and genetic relationships. In light of major and rare earth element data, the hornblendefelses are inferred to have originally been pyroxene-rich cumulates, the plagioclase amphibolites and the dark layers of the banded amphibolites to have been tholeiitic basalts and the light layers dacites. The Sm-Nd isotope data yield isochron ages of 475??81 Ma for the hornblendefelses, 1,018??59 Ma for the plagioclase amphibolites and 1,071??43 Ma for the banded amphibolites. The 1 Ga magmatic event is the oldest one ever found in the crystalline basement of the Pennine nappes. The Sm -Nd isotope data support the consanguinity of the tholeiitic dark layers and the dacitic light layers of the banded amphibolites with the tholeiitic plagioclase amphibolites and the ultramafic hornblendefelses. The initial e{open}Nd values indicate that all three rock types originated from sources depleted in light rare earth elements. We suggest that plagioclase and banded amphibolites were a Proterozoic tholeiite-dacite sequence that was strongly deformed and flattened during subsequent folding. The hornblendefelses are thought to be Cambrian intrusions of pyroxene-rich material. ?? 1985 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00379452","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Stille, P., and Tatsumoto, M., 1985, Precambrian tholeiitic-dacitic rock-suites and Cambrian ultramafic rocks in the Pennine nappe system of the Alps: Evidence from Sm-Nd isotopes and rare earth elements: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 89, no. 2-3, p. 184-192, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379452.","startPage":"184","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205225,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379452"},{"id":222321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8108e4b0c8380cd7b324","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stille, P.","contributorId":70113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stille","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012751,"text":"70012751 - 1985 - Role of small oil and gas fields in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T16:38:25.404388","indexId":"70012751","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of small oil and gas fields in the United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>With the maturation of oil and gas production operations in a province or country, fields found by new-field wildcats diminish in size. The actual economic size cutoff is a function of such factors as depth, water depth offshore, and accessibility to transportation infrastructure. Because of the constraint of resource availability, price is now the principal force driving drilling activity. The proportion of new-field wildcats to other exploratory wells has fallen in recent years, but success in new-field wildcats has risen to about 20%. However, only very small fields, less than 1 million BOE, are being found in large numbers. The 200 largest companies, based on lease revenues, drill 30% of all wells and 44% of the footage, and they make 83% of drilling expenditures. The 20 largest companies alone find 60% of the large fields and 20% of the small ones. Through 1979, almost 93% of known gas fields and 94.5% of known oil fields were small, yet they contain only 14.5% of the ultimately recoverable gas and 12.5% of the oil. However, small fields are less capital intensive than equivalent-capacity synthetic-fuel plants, they are extremely numerous, and they are relatively easy and inexpensive to find and put on production.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/9488557A-1704-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Meyer, R.F., and Fleming, M.L., 1985, Role of small oil and gas fields in the United States: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 69, no. 11, p. 1950-1962, https://doi.org/10.1306/9488557A-1704-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1950","endPage":"1962","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222611,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": 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,{"id":70012769,"text":"70012769 - 1985 - Benthic fluxes in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T10:55:28","indexId":"70012769","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Benthic fluxes in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"<p>Measurements of benthic fluxes have been made on four occasions between February 1980 and February 1981 at a channel station and a shoal station in South San Francisco Bay, using in situ flux chambers. On each occasion replicate measurements of easily measured substances such as radon, oxygen, ammonia, and silica showed a variability (??1??) of 30% or more over distances of a few meters to tens of meters, presumably due to spatial heterogeneity in the benthic community. Fluxes of radon were greater at the shoal station than at the channel station because of greater macrofaunal irrigation at the former, but showed little seasonal variability at either station. At both stations fluxes of oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and silica were largest following the spring bloom. Fluxes measured during different seasons ranged over factors of 2-3, 3, 4-5, and 3-10 (respectively), due to variations in phytoplankton productivity and temperature. Fluxes of oxygen and carbon dioxide were greater at the shoal station than at the channel station because the net phytoplankton productivity is greater there and the organic matter produced must be rapidly incorporated in the sediment column. Fluxes of silica were greater at the shoal station, probably because of the greater irrigation rates there. N + N (nitrate + nitrite) fluxes were variable in magnitude and in sign. Phosphate fluxes were too small to measure accurately. Alkalinity fluxes were similar at the two stations and are attributed primarily to carbonate dissolution at the shoal station and to sulfate reduction at the channel station. The estimated average fluxes into South Bay, based on results from these two stations over the course of a year, are (in mmol m-2 d-1): O2 = -27 ?? 6; TCO2 = 23 ?? 6; Alkalinity = 9 ?? 2; N + N = -0.3 ?? 0.5; NH3 = 1.4 ?? 0.2; PO4 = 0.1 ?? 0.4; Si = 5.6 ?? 1.1. These fluxes are comparable in magnitude to those in other temperate estuaries with similar productivity, although the seasonal variability is smaller, probably because the annual temperature range in San Francisco Bay is smaller. Budgets constructed for South San Francisco Bay show that large fractions of the net annual productivity of carbon (about 90%) and silica (about 65%) are recycled by the benthos. Substantial rates of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification must occur in shoal areas, apparently resulting in conversion to N2 of 55% of the particulate nitrogen reaching the sediments. In shoal areas, benthic fluxes can replace the water column standing stocks of ammonia in 2-6 days and silica in 17-34 days, indicating the importance of benthic fluxes in the maintenance of productivity. Pore water profiles of nutrients and Rn-222 show that macrofaunal irrigation is extremely important in transport of silica, ammonia, and alkalinity. Calculations of benthic fluxes from these profiles are less accurate, but yield results consistent with chamber measurements and indicate that most of the NH3, SiO2, and alkalinity fluxes are sustained by reactions occurring throughout the upper 20-40 cm of the sediment column. In contrast, O2, CO2, and N + N fluxes must be dominated by reactions occurring within the upper one cm of the sediment-water interface. While most data support the statements made above, a few flux measurements are contradictory and demonstrate the complexity of benthic exchange. ?? 1985 Dr W. Junk Publishers.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Berlin, Germany","doi":"10.1007/BF00048688","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Hammond, D.E., Fuller, C., Harmon, D., Hartman, B., Korosec, M., Miller, L., Rea, R., Warren, S., Berelson, W., and Hager, S., 1985, Benthic fluxes in San Francisco Bay: Hydrobiologia, v. 129, no. 1, p. 69-90, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048688.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205162,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048688"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.01940917968751,\n              37.23470197166817\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.01940917968751,\n              38.22307753495298\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.5472412109375,\n              38.22307753495298\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.5472412109375,\n              37.23470197166817\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.01940917968751,\n              37.23470197166817\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"129","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0b6e4b0c8380cd4a889","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammond, Douglas E.","contributorId":67878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, C.","contributorId":106640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harmon, D.","contributorId":40732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hartman, Blayne","contributorId":77664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"Blayne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Korosec, M.","contributorId":81251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korosec","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, L.G.","contributorId":32522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rea, R.","contributorId":65602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Warren, S.","contributorId":20075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Berelson, W.","contributorId":48312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berelson","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hager, S.W.","contributorId":51746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70012877,"text":"70012877 - 1985 - Variations in tilt rate and harmonic tremor amplitude during the January-August 1983 east rift eruptions of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:06","indexId":"70012877","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in tilt rate and harmonic tremor amplitude during the January-August 1983 east rift eruptions of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"During January-August 1983, a network of telemetered tiltmeters and seismometers recorded detailed temporal changes associated with seven major eruptive phases along the east rift of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Each eruptive phase was accompanied by subsidence of the summit region and followed by reinflation of the summit to approximately the same level before renewal of eruptive activity. The cyclic summit tilt pattern and the absence of measurable tilt changes near the eruptive site suggest that conditions in the summit region controlled the timing of the last six eruptive phases. The rate of summit subsidence progressively increased from one eruptive phase to the next during the last six phases; the amplitude of harmonic tremor increased during the last four phases. The increases in subsidence rate and in tremor amplitude suggest that frequent periods of magma movement have reduced the flow resistance of the conduit system between the summit and the rift zone. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Dvorak, J., and Okamura, A., 1985, Variations in tilt rate and harmonic tremor amplitude during the January-August 1983 east rift eruptions of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 25, no. 3-4, p. 249-258.","startPage":"249","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc191e4b08c986b32a656","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dvorak, J.J.","contributorId":52597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dvorak","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Okamura, A.T.","contributorId":70400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okamura","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012913,"text":"70012913 - 1985 - A reconnaissance of the major Holocene tephra deposits in the upper Cook Inlet region, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:06","indexId":"70012913","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A reconnaissance of the major Holocene tephra deposits in the upper Cook Inlet region, Alaska","docAbstract":"The upper Cook Inlet region of southcentral Alaska would be significantly impacted by a major tephrafall, owing to a widespread population and heavily travelled transportation corridors. To evaluate the likelihood of such an occurrence, the tephra deposits of the region have been inventoried. Approximately 90 deposits of Holocene age are sufficiently thick to have been preserved for sampling; the frequency of such major tephrafalls ranges from 1 every 200 years near sources on the west side of upper Cook Inlet, to 1 every 1000 years on the more populated east side. The volcanoes located on the west side of upper Cook Inlet are, from north to south, Hayes, Spurr, Redoubt, and Iliamna. Hayes volcano produced the most extensive set of 6 to perhaps 8 tephra layers in the region about 3650 yr B.P. and produced one other, less extensive tephra layer during Holocene time. Spurr and Redoubt volcanoes have produced, respectively, approximately 35 and 30 Holocene layers which were dispersed eastward toward population centers. No Holocene tephra layers of Iliamna have been recognized with certainty; consequently, several tephra layers which originated to the south of the region must have a source at Augustine Volcano, or some more distant volcano. Tephra layers of Hayes volcano are calc-alkaline dacites. Most of the Spurr deposits are tholeiitic, basaltic andesites whereas those of Redoubt Volcano are calc-alkaline andesites and dacites. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Riehle, J., 1985, A reconnaissance of the major Holocene tephra deposits in the upper Cook Inlet region, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 26, no. 1-2, p. 37-74.","startPage":"37","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e538e4b0c8380cd46bf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riehle, J.R.","contributorId":73573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riehle","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012914,"text":"70012914 - 1985 - Forecasts and predictions of eruptive activity at Mount St. Helens, USA: 1975-1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T16:21:37.730521","indexId":"70012914","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2304,"text":"Journal of Geodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forecasts and predictions of eruptive activity at Mount St. Helens, USA: 1975-1984","docAbstract":"<p>Public statements about volcanic activity at Mount St. Helens include factual statements, forecasts, and predictions. A<span>&nbsp;</span><i>factual statement</i><span>&nbsp;</span>describes current conditions but does not anticipate future events. A<span>&nbsp;</span><i>forecast</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is a comparatively imprecise statement of the time, place, and nature of expected activity. A<span>&nbsp;</span><i>prediction</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is a comparatively precise statement of the time, place, and ideally, the nature and size of impending activity. A prediction usually covers a shorter time period than a forecast and is generally based dominantly on interpretations and measurements of ongoing processes and secondarily on a projection of past history. The three types of statements grade from one to another, and distinctions are sometimes arbitrary.</p><p>Forecasts and predictions at Mount St. Helens became increasingly precise from 1975 to 1982. Stratigraphic studies led to a long-range forecast in 1975 of renewed eruptive activity at Mount St. Helens, possibly before the end of the century. On the basis of seismic, geodetic and geologic data, general forecasts for a landslide and eruption were issued in April 1980, before the catastrophic blast and landslide on 18 May 1980. All extrusions except two from June 1980 to the end of 1984 were predicted on the basis of integrated geophysical, geochemical, and geologic monitoring. The two extrusions that were not predicted were preceded by explosions that removed a substantial part of the dome, reducing confining pressure and essentially short-circuiting the normal precursors.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-3707(85)90044-4","issn":"02643707","usgsCitation":"Swanson, D.A., Casadevall, T.J., Dzurisin, D., Holcomb, R.T., Newhall, C.G., Malone, S.D., and Weaver, C., 1985, Forecasts and predictions of eruptive activity at Mount St. Helens, USA: 1975-1984: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 3, no. 3-4, p. 397-423, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-3707(85)90044-4.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"423","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222329,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a131ee4b0c8380cd54518","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, D. A.","contributorId":34102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casadevall, T. J.","contributorId":96680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holcomb, R. T.","contributorId":99146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Newhall, C. G.","contributorId":93056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newhall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Malone, S. D.","contributorId":48310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malone","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70012975,"text":"70012975 - 1985 - Chesterian davidsoniacean and orthotetacean brachiopods, Ozark region of Arkansas and Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-21T11:22:40.671733","indexId":"70012975","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chesterian davidsoniacean and orthotetacean brachiopods, Ozark region of Arkansas and Oklahoma","docAbstract":"<p>Three species of orthotetaceans and one species of davidsoniacean are among the strophomenid brachiopods from Chesterian (Upper Mississippian) rocks of northern Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma. Type material from the Fayetteville Shale, Orthotetes subglobosus and O. subglobosus var. protensus, is figured for the first time. We regard these species, and O. subglobosus var. batesvillensis Girty from the Batesville Sandstone, as distinct species, for which we are selecting lectotypes. We describe a fourth species, O. stenopsis n.sp., from the Pitkin Limestone. Another species, described from the Pitkin as Streptorhynchus suspectum, has an impunctate shell and is thus not an orthotetacean. This bizarre species generally has a long twisted beak, high interarea, and large forked cardinal process; a myophragm may occur in either valve, but more commonly is in the brachial valve alone. We designate a lectotype for this species and propose a new genus Adectorhynchus and a new family Adectorhynchidae, under the Davidsoniacea, for this taxon.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontological Society","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Henry, T.W., and Gordon, M., 1985, Chesterian davidsoniacean and orthotetacean brachiopods, Ozark region of Arkansas and Oklahoma: Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, no. 1, p. 32-59.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":430407,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1304826"},{"id":220167,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5b5e4b0c8380cd4c399","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henry, T. W.","contributorId":81904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gordon, M. Jr.","contributorId":34260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70013036,"text":"70013036 - 1985 - Water balance models in one-month-ahead streamflow forecasting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T18:00:25","indexId":"70013036","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water balance models in one-month-ahead streamflow forecasting","docAbstract":"<p>T<span>echniques are tested that incorporate information from water balance models in making 1-month-ahead streamflow forecasts in New Jersey. The results are compared to those based on simple autoregressive time series models. The relative performance of the models is dependent on the month of the year in question. The water balance models are most useful for forecasts of April and May flows. For the stations in northern New Jersey, the April and May forecasts were made in order of decreasing reliability using the water-balance-based approaches, using the historical monthly means, and using simple autoregressive models. The water balance models were useful to a lesser extent for forecasts during the fall months. For the rest of the year the improvements in forecasts over those obtained using the simpler autoregressive models were either very small or the simpler models provided better forecasts. When using the water balance models, monthly corrections for bias are found to improve minimum mean-square-error forecasts as well as to improve estimates of the forecast conditional distributions.</span><br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i004p00597","usgsCitation":"Alley, W.M., 1985, Water balance models in one-month-ahead streamflow forecasting: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 4, p. 597-606, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i004p00597.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"597","endPage":"606","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220009,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc7c3e4b08c986b32c5fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, William M. walley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William","email":"walley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":365135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013037,"text":"70013037 - 1985 - Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013037","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"Soil compaction and substrate modification produced during large-scale armored military maneuvers in the early 1940s were examined in 1981 at seven sites in California's eastern Mojave Desert Recording penetrometer measurements show that tracks left by a single pass of an M3 \"medium\" tank have average soil resistance values that are 50% greater than those of the surrounding untracked soil in the upper 20 cm At one site, measurements made along short segments of track that have been visually eliminated by erosion and deposition processes show a 73% increase in penetrometer resistance over adjacent, undisturbed soils Dirt roadways at three former base camp locations could not be penetrated below 5-10 cm because of extreme compaction Soil bulk density was not as sensitive an indicator of soil compaction as was penetrometer resistance Density values in the upper 10 cm of soil are not significantly different between tank tracks and undisturbed soils at most sites, and roadways at two base camps show an average increase in bulk density of only 12% over adjacent soils. Trench excavations across tank tracks show that physical modifications of the substrate can extend vertically beneath a track to a depth of 25 cm and outward from a track's edge to 50 cm These soil disturbances are probably major factors that encourage accelerated soil erosion throughout the manuever area and also retard or prevent the return of vegetation to pre-disturbance conditions ?? 1985 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02528800","issn":"00990094","usgsCitation":"Prose, D., 1985, Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 7, no. 3, p. 163-170, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02528800.","startPage":"163","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204997,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02528800"},{"id":220010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a76ffe4b0c8380cd783dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prose, D.V.","contributorId":92682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prose","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013088,"text":"70013088 - 1985 - The 1983 hydraulic jump in Crystal Rapid: Implications for river- running and geomorphic evolution in the Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T16:29:54.8765","indexId":"70013088","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1983 hydraulic jump in Crystal Rapid: Implications for river- running and geomorphic evolution in the Grand Canyon","docAbstract":"At Crystal Creek, a debris fan was emplaced in 1966, constricting the channel of the Colorado River to about 0.25 of its upstream width between 1967 and 1983, forming a major rapid. The hydraulics of Crystal Creek rapid are described, and an analysis is presented to support the hypothesis that the major wave in the rapid was a normal wave (one type of hydraulic jump). Hydraulic jumps rarely occur in natural river channels with erodible beds, but one was present at Crystal Rapid because of the unusually severe constriction of the Colorado River by the 1966 debris fan. A quantitative model for river debris fan shapes is proposed and is used to estimate prehistoric flood levels from the observed constrictions: the 0.5 value of river constriction found at the more mature debris fans in the Grand Canyon suggests that peak flood discharges of approximately 11 320 m3/s have occurred. -from Author","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/628962","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, S.W., 1985, The 1983 hydraulic jump in Crystal Rapid: Implications for river- running and geomorphic evolution in the Grand Canyon: Journal of Geology, v. 93, no. 4, p. 385-406, https://doi.org/10.1086/628962.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"406","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220674,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba62ae4b08c986b320f29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, S. W.","contributorId":19186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieffer","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013099,"text":"70013099 - 1985 - An ocean bottom seismometer study of shallow seismicity near the Mid- America Trench offshore Guatemala","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-25T14:53:05.449242","indexId":"70013099","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An ocean bottom seismometer study of shallow seismicity near the Mid- America Trench offshore Guatemala","docAbstract":"<p><span>Five ocean bottom seismometers recorded seismicity near the Mid-America Trench offshore Guatemala for 27 days in 1979. The array was emplaced in the lower slope region, just above the topographic trench, in the area investigated during Deep Sea Drilling Project legs 67 and 84. Approximately 170 events were recorded by three or more seismometers, and almost half were located with statistical hypocentral errors of less than 10 km. Most epicenters were located immediately landward of the trench axis, and many were further confined to a zone northwest of the array. In terms of depth, most events were located within the subducting Cocos plate rather than in the overlying plate or at the plate-plate boundary. Their apparent concentration in the lower crust and upper mantle may suggest that the upper crust does not have the strength to support earthquake-generating stresses. The data permit construction of a magnitude-duration scale, calibrated with&nbsp;</span><i>m<sub>b</sub></i><span>&nbsp;magnitudes for events located by the World-Wide Standard Seismograph Network (WWSSN) and recorded by our array and by the network recording foreshocks and aftershocks of the 1979 Petatlan earthquake. Most magnitudes ranged between 3.0 and 4.0&nbsp;</span><i>m<sub>b</sub></i><span>, and the threshold magnitude of locatable events was about 2.8&nbsp;</span><i>m<sub>b</sub></i><span>. Two distinct composite focal mechanisms were determined. One appears to indicate high-angle reverse faulting in the subducting plate, in a plane parallel to trench axis strike. The other, constructed for some earthquakes in the zone northwest of the array, seems to show normal faulting along possible fault planes oriented quasi-perpendicular to the trench axis. The normal faulting is consistent with the segmentation of the Cocos plate that has been proposed from land evidence. Such segmentation might be evidenced offshore by normal faulting along planes subperpendicular to trench strike. Alternatively, the seismicity zone and associated normal faulting mechanism may be the subsurface expression of the tectonics responsible for the San Jose Canyon, a prominent submarine canyon located farther upslope. Finally, projection of our seismicity sample and of well-located WWSSN events from 1954 to 1980 onto a plane perpendicular to the trench axis shows a distinct gap between the shallow seismicity located by our array, and the deeper Wadati-Benioff zone seismicity located by the WWSSN. We tentatively ascribe this gap to inadequate sampling, but we suggest that it requires further investigation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB13p11397","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ambos, E.L., Hussong, D., and Holman, C., 1985, An ocean bottom seismometer study of shallow seismicity near the Mid- America Trench offshore Guatemala: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B13, p. 11397-11412, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB13p11397.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"11397","endPage":"11412","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219835,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea98e4b0c8380cd4897e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ambos, E. L.","contributorId":23957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ambos","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hussong, D.M.","contributorId":99696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hussong","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holman, C.E.","contributorId":20892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holman","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70135827,"text":"70135827 - 1985 - Block Island fault: A Paleozoic crustal boundary on the Long Island platform","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T10:53:45","indexId":"70135827","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Block Island fault: A Paleozoic crustal boundary on the Long Island platform","docAbstract":"<p><span>A major fault cutting through most of the crust can be identified and mapped on the Long Island platform using multichannel seismic reflection profiles and magnetic data. The fault, here called the Block Island fault (BIF), strikes north-northeast, dips westward at low angle, and does not resemble the thin-skinned thrust faulting observed in the foreland of the Appalachians. The BIF is located within the hinterland of the Appalachian mountain belt in the collision zone between Africa and North America. We present several interpretations but favor one in which the fault originated as an east-verging mid&ndash;late Paleozoic thrust fault, possibly related to the collision of Avalon or Meguma with North America. It was probably reactivated during early Mesozoic continental breakup and again in the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary, causing the steeply dipping postrift New Shoreham fault to form, either as an antithetic (normal) or splay (reverse) fault.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<875:BIFAPC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, D.R., Klitgord, K.D., and Detrick, R.S., 1985, Block Island fault: A Paleozoic crustal boundary on the Long Island platform: Geology, v. 13, no. 12, p. 875-879, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<875:BIFAPC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"875","endPage":"879","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296776,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Long Island platform","volume":"13","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5492b73ce4b00eda8915ad07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah R. 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Detrick, R. S.","contributorId":29133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Detrick","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6923,"text":"University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012324,"text":"70012324 - 1985 - SAS program for quantitative stratigraphic correlation by principal components","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T15:44:01","indexId":"70012324","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SAS program for quantitative stratigraphic correlation by principal components","docAbstract":"A SAS program is presented which constructs a composite section of stratigraphic events through principal components analysis. The variables in the analysis are stratigraphic sections and the observational units are range limits of taxa. The program standardizes data in each section, extracts eigenvectors, estimates missing range limits, and computes the composite section from scores of events on the first principal component. Provided is an option of several types of diagnostic plots; these help one to determine conservative range limits or unrealistic estimates of missing values. Inspection of the graphs and eigenvalues allow one to evaluate goodness of fit between the composite and measured data. The program is extended easily to the creation of a rank-order composite. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(85)90028-7","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Hohn, M., 1985, SAS program for quantitative stratigraphic correlation by principal components: Computers & Geosciences, v. 11, no. 4, p. 471-477, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(85)90028-7.","startPage":"471","endPage":"477","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266188,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(85)90028-7"},{"id":222069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf09e4b0c8380cd8735f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hohn, M.E.","contributorId":98470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hohn","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}