{"pageNumber":"3761","pageRowStart":"94000","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185258,"records":[{"id":1002902,"text":"1002902 - 1996 - Thermoregulatory effects of radiotelemetry transmitters on mallard ducklings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-27T16:55:19.115131","indexId":"1002902","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermoregulatory effects of radiotelemetry transmitters on mallard ducklings","docAbstract":"

Many telemetry transmitter attachments disrupt downy insulation, and may bias survival studies during cold weather by making ducklings more susceptible to chilling. We compared thermal responses of untreated 1-day-old mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) to ducklings carrying external sutured backpack or subcutaneously implanted transmitters. Ducklings carrying external transmitters showed areas of increased surface temperature in thermographic images. However, open-circuit respirometry studies at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 C and wind speeds of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1 m/s indicated no biologically significant differences in total heat production, net heat production, or short-term body mass loss. These results do not exclude the possibility of other negative effects of transmitters on duckling behavior and survival.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802086","usgsCitation":"Bakken, G., Reynolds, P., Kenow, K.P., Korschgen, C.E., and Boysen, A., 1996, Thermoregulatory effects of radiotelemetry transmitters on mallard ducklings: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 60, no. 3, p. 669-678, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802086.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"669","endPage":"678","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133808,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb599","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakken, G.S.","contributorId":96629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakken","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, P.S.","contributorId":52131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kenow, Kevin P. 0000-0002-3062-5197 kkenow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3062-5197","contributorId":3339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenow","given":"Kevin","email":"kkenow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Korschgen, C. E.","contributorId":9197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korschgen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boysen, A.F.","contributorId":99507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boysen","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":33739,"text":"b2059A - 1996 - Overview of landslide problems, research, and mitigation, Cincinnati, Ohio, area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T10:47:13","indexId":"b2059A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2059","chapter":"A","title":"Overview of landslide problems, research, and mitigation, Cincinnati, Ohio, area","docAbstract":"

Landslides cause much damage to property throughout the metropolitan area of Cincinnati, Ohio. Most landslides occur in unconsolidated deposits, including colluvium, till, glacial lake clays, and man-made fill derived from colluvium and glacial deposits. Landslides in thin colluvium are widespread on steeper slopes that wall the valleys of the Ohio River and its tributaries. Abundant landslides also form in thick colluvium on flatter slopes, especially where the colluvium has been disturbed by earthwork. Unusual block glides and block-extrusion glides form where till rests on lake clay. Through the years, knowledge of the distribution and causes of landslides has increased as a result of many investigations. This knowledge became part of the basis for landslide mitigation programs adopted by the City of Cincinnati and Hamilton County, Ohio. In 1974 the Cincinnati City Council passed an excavation and fill ordinance to help reduce landslide damage in areas of new construction. In 1989 following much additional study, Cincinnati created a geotechnical office within its Department of Public Works. The office, which is staffed by a geotechnical engineer, an engineering geologist, and two technicians, carries out a mitigation program. Since 1989, members of the geotechnical staff have worked in several ways to reduce landslide damage in the city; their work includes engineering-geologic mapping of selected parts of the city, inspection of retaining walls that impact public right-of-way, review of proposed construction in hillside areas, inspecting and arranging for repair of landslide areas that affect city property, and compiling geologic and geotechnical data on landslide areas within the city. In 1990, Hamilton County also adopted an excavation and fill ordinance to help reduce the damage due to landslides in areas of new construction.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b2059A","usgsCitation":"Baum, R.L., and Johnson, A.M., 1996, Overview of landslide problems, research, and mitigation, Cincinnati, Ohio, area: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2059, iii, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2059A.","productDescription":"iii, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"44","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330814,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2059-A/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","county":"Hamilton County","city":"Cincinnati","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.3529,39.2916],[-84.3339,39.2932],[-84.2624,39.2883],[-84.2659,39.2829],[-84.2652,39.2802],[-84.2604,39.2789],[-84.2574,39.2775],[-84.2573,39.2735],[-84.2602,39.2703],[-84.2614,39.2689],[-84.2625,39.2652],[-84.2689,39.262],[-84.2707,39.2597],[-84.2818,39.2527],[-84.2918,39.2499],[-84.2953,39.2471],[-84.2969,39.2393],[-84.3021,39.2343],[-84.3092,39.2324],[-84.3203,39.225],[-84.3209,39.2236],[-84.3208,39.2222],[-84.3166,39.2209],[-84.3116,39.2083],[-84.295,39.2095],[-84.2897,39.2127],[-84.2844,39.2128],[-84.2776,39.2047],[-84.2775,39.2002],[-84.2786,39.197],[-84.2827,39.1947],[-84.285,39.1906],[-84.2879,39.1883],[-84.2885,39.1864],[-84.2901,39.1814],[-84.2931,39.1805],[-84.3001,39.1749],[-84.2994,39.1722],[-84.2998,39.1659],[-84.3027,39.1604],[-84.302,39.1581],[-84.3025,39.1536],[-84.3057,39.1173],[-84.3194,39.0223],[-84.3284,39.0285],[-84.3372,39.0331],[-84.3543,39.0395],[-84.3783,39.0441],[-84.3815,39.0445],[-84.3976,39.0452],[-84.4076,39.046],[-84.4252,39.0533],[-84.4316,39.0622],[-84.4324,39.0637],[-84.4344,39.0695],[-84.4344,39.0718],[-84.4342,39.0859],[-84.4344,39.0922],[-84.4344,39.0938],[-84.4369,39.1037],[-84.4403,39.1096],[-84.4535,39.1191],[-84.4553,39.12],[-84.4622,39.1215],[-84.4627,39.1216],[-84.4666,39.121],[-84.4701,39.1202],[-84.4738,39.1184],[-84.4776,39.1163],[-84.487,39.1072],[-84.4952,39.0993],[-84.4962,39.0985],[-84.498,39.0974],[-84.5052,39.0938],[-84.5185,39.0913],[-84.5197,39.0914],[-84.533,39.095],[-84.5449,39.0982],[-84.5532,39.0951],[-84.5552,39.0933],[-84.564,39.0852],[-84.5705,39.0828],[-84.5795,39.0795],[-84.5953,39.075],[-84.5997,39.0736],[-84.6159,39.0725],[-84.6237,39.0736],[-84.6381,39.0799],[-84.6441,39.0842],[-84.6552,39.0923],[-84.6603,39.0944],[-84.6663,39.0961],[-84.6705,39.0969],[-84.6777,39.0982],[-84.6806,39.0992],[-84.6848,39.1012],[-84.6879,39.103],[-84.6931,39.1082],[-84.6946,39.1097],[-84.7044,39.1204],[-84.713,39.1297],[-84.7185,39.1346],[-84.724,39.1391],[-84.7296,39.1421],[-84.7339,39.1441],[-84.739,39.146],[-84.7446,39.1471],[-84.7453,39.1472],[-84.7506,39.1461],[-84.7521,39.1458],[-84.7596,39.1414],[-84.7671,39.1328],[-84.7722,39.1268],[-84.7764,39.122],[-84.781,39.1189],[-84.7838,39.1171],[-84.7848,39.1166],[-84.803,39.11],[-84.8191,39.1069],[-84.8197,39.1907],[-84.8199,39.2262],[-84.8191,39.3056],[-84.7029,39.3049],[-84.6417,39.3051],[-84.6376,39.3092],[-84.6306,39.3121],[-84.599,39.3085],[-84.5633,39.3082],[-84.5239,39.303],[-84.5049,39.306],[-84.4834,39.3009],[-84.4644,39.3026],[-84.4358,39.2994],[-84.4292,39.2981],[-84.3881,39.2969],[-84.3529,39.2916]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Hamilton\",\"state\":\"OH\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a1f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":211855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Arvid M.","contributorId":99547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Arvid","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24293,"text":"ofr9652B - 1996 - Digital bedrock geologic map of the Saxtons River 7.5 x 15 minute quadrangle, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T14:22:21","indexId":"ofr9652B","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-52","chapter":"B","title":"Digital bedrock geologic map of the Saxtons River 7.5 x 15 minute quadrangle, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"The Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9652B","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Ratcliffe, N.M., and Armstrong, T.R., 1996, Digital bedrock geologic map of the Saxtons River 7.5 x 15 minute quadrangle, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-52, 4 computer disks :col. ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9652B.","productDescription":"4 computer disks :col. ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277645,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0052b/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4621","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ratcliffe, N. M.","contributorId":80691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"N.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armstrong, T. R.","contributorId":91528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24457,"text":"ofr95759 - 1996 - Water-quality data of stormwater runoff from Davenport, Iowa, 1992 and 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-16T15:03:49","indexId":"ofr95759","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-759","title":"Water-quality data of stormwater runoff from Davenport, Iowa, 1992 and 1994","docAbstract":"

The Water Quality Act of 1987 required the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to regulate stormwater discharges under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System program, and guidelines for obtaining permits under this program were established for areas served by municipal separate storm sewer systems with populations greater than 100,000 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992a, 1992b). The City of Davenport, Iowa, and the U.S. Geological Survey cooperatively conducted a study designed to meet technical conditions of the permit application and to develop criteria for ongoing monitoring during the term of the permit.

\n

During 1992 and 1994, stormwater runoff in Davenport, Iowa, was sampled from the following land use types: agricultural and vacant, residential, commercial, parks and wooded areas, and industrial. Grab samples collected within the first hour of the runoff event were analyzed for many constituents including volatile organic compounds. Flow-weighted composite samples, composed from discrete samples collected at 15-minute intervals during the first three hours of the event or until discharge returned to pre-event levels, also were analyzed for many constituents including major ions, nitrogen, phosphorus, metals, total organic carbon, acid/base-neutral organics, organochlorine pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/ofr95759","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Davenport, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Schaap, B., and Einhellig, R., 1996, Water-quality data of stormwater runoff from Davenport, Iowa, 1992 and 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-759, iv, 46 p.: maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95759.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p.: maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0759/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53525,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0759/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","city":"Davenport","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.49507141113281,\n 41.51680395810118\n ],\n [\n -90.52047729492188,\n 41.52245918082221\n ],\n [\n -90.54039001464844,\n 41.52657175967683\n ],\n [\n -90.55755615234375,\n 41.52348735004112\n ],\n [\n -90.56991577148438,\n 41.51680395810118\n ],\n [\n -90.59326171875,\n 41.51166241770766\n ],\n [\n -90.60287475585938,\n 41.50240661583931\n ],\n [\n -90.60356140136719,\n 41.492120839687786\n ],\n [\n -90.63446044921875,\n 41.475660200278234\n ],\n [\n -90.64750671386719,\n 41.465884717221364\n ],\n [\n -90.65574645996094,\n 41.49983532494226\n ],\n [\n -90.71548461914062,\n 41.51166241770766\n ],\n [\n -90.7415771484375,\n 41.54044978347556\n ],\n [\n -90.72921752929686,\n 41.57898422585703\n ],\n [\n -90.670166015625,\n 41.58155237169248\n ],\n [\n -90.66879272460938,\n 41.6257084937525\n ],\n [\n -90.50193786621094,\n 41.625195224114876\n ],\n [\n -90.49507141113281,\n 41.51680395810118\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaap, B.D.","contributorId":56249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaap","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Einhellig, R.F.","contributorId":41032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einhellig","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000759,"text":"1000759 - 1996 - Competition between nonindigenous ruffe and native yellow perch in laboratory studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-25T16:12:01.715421","indexId":"1000759","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Competition between nonindigenous ruffe and native yellow perch in laboratory studies","docAbstract":"

The ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus is a European percid that was accidently introduced in Duluth Harbor, Lake Superior. This nonindigenous species is closely related to yellow perch Perca flavescens, and because the two species have similar diets and habitat requirements, they are potential competitors. Laboratory studies in aquaria and pools were conducted to determine whether ruffe can compete with yellow perch for food. Ruffe had capture rates similar to those of yellow perch when food was unlimited. Ruffe spent more time than yellow perch over a feeding container before leaving it and searching again, and they also required less time to ingest (or handle) prey. However, the presence of yellow perch shortened the time ruffe spent over foraging areas when food was more limited. In addition, yellow perch were more active than ruffe, as indicated by their more frequent visits to a feeding container. Hence, the outcome of exploitative competition was not conclusive; ruffe appear to have the advantage in some behaviors, yellow perch in others. Ruffe were much more aggressive than yellow perch, and interference competition may be important in the interactions between these species. Our results indicate that ruffe might compete with native yellow perch.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0562:CBNRAN>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Savino, J.F., and Kolar, C.S., 1996, Competition between nonindigenous ruffe and native yellow perch in laboratory studies: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 125, no. 4, p. 562-571, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0562:CBNRAN>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"562","endPage":"571","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133263,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Duluth Harbor, Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.35503972145341,\n 46.88429334129793\n ],\n [\n -92.35503972145341,\n 46.64000745580137\n ],\n [\n -91.8456818691482,\n 46.64000745580137\n ],\n [\n -91.8456818691482,\n 46.88429334129793\n ],\n [\n -92.35503972145341,\n 46.88429334129793\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"125","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa3d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savino, Jacqueline F. jsavino@usgs.gov","contributorId":2213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savino","given":"Jacqueline","email":"jsavino@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolar, Cynthia S. 0000-0001-6634-2343 ckolar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6634-2343","contributorId":3621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolar","given":"Cynthia","email":"ckolar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018674,"text":"70018674 - 1996 - The age and thermal history of Cerro Rico de Potosi, Bolivia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T16:55:18.49732","indexId":"70018674","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The age and thermal history of Cerro Rico de Potosi, Bolivia","docAbstract":"

Cerro Rico de Potosi, Bolivia, is the world's largest silver deposit and has been mined since the sixteenth century for silver, and for tin and zinc during the twentieth century, together with by-product copper and lead. The deposit consists primarily of veins that cut an altered igneous body that we interpret to be a dacitic volcanic dome and its underlying tuff ring and explosion breccia. The deposit is compositionally and thermally zoned, having a core of cassiterite, wolframite, bismuthinite, and arsenopyrite surrounded by a peripheral, lower-temperature mineral assemblage consisting principally of sphalerite, galena, lead sulfosalt, and silver minerals. The low-temperature assemblage also was superimposed on the high-temperature assemblage in response to cooling of the main hydrothermal system. Both the dacite dome and the ore fluids were derived from a larger magmatic/hydrothermal source at depth. The dome was repeatedly fractured by recurrent movement on the fault system that guided its initial emplacement. The dome was extruded at 13.8 ± 0.2 Ma (2σ), based on U-Th-Pb dating of zircon. Mineralization and alteration occurred within about 0.3 my of dome emplacement, as indicated by a 40Ar/39Ar date of 13.76 ± 0.10Ma (1σ) for sericite from the pervasive quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration associated with the main-stage, high-temperature, mineralization. The last thermal event able to reset zircon fission tracks occurred no later than 12.5 ± 1.1 Ma (1σ), as indicated by fission-tract dating. Minor sericite, and magmatic-steam alunite veins, were episodically formed around 11 Ma and between 8.3 and 5.7 Ma; the younger episodes occurring at the time of extensional fracturing at Cerro Rico and wide-spread volcanism in the adjacent Los Frailes volcanic field. None of these younger events appear to be significant thermal/mineralizing events; the exceptionally flat thermal release pattern of 39Ar from sericite and the results of the fission-tract dating of zircon show that none of the younger events was hot enough, and lasted long enough, to cause significant loss of Ar or annealing of zircon fission tracks. U-Th-Pb dating of zircon cores indicates a Precambrian progenitor for some zircons, and REE analyses of dated samples of hydrothermally altered dacite show the presence of a prominent positive Eu anomaly, which constrains interpretations of the origin and evolution of the magmatic/hydrothermal system.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF00189185","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, C.G., Zartman, R., McKee, E., Rye, R.O., Naeser, C.W., Sanjines, V., Ericksen, G.E., and Tavera, V., 1996, The age and thermal history of Cerro Rico de Potosi, Bolivia: Mineralium Deposita, v. 31, no. 5, p. 374-385, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00189185.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"374","endPage":"385","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227265,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bolivia","otherGeospatial":"Cerro Rico de Potosi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.73382346850451,\n -18.034918753301127\n ],\n [\n -67.73382346850451,\n -21.830413253801055\n ],\n [\n -65.03541936805107,\n -21.830413253801055\n ],\n [\n -65.03541936805107,\n -18.034918753301127\n ],\n [\n -67.73382346850451,\n -18.034918753301127\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9abe4b08c986b322413","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, C. G.","contributorId":76741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"C.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sanjines, V.O. V.","contributorId":67675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanjines","given":"V.O.","suffix":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ericksen, G. E.","contributorId":44538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tavera, V.F. V.","contributorId":92442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tavera","given":"V.F.","suffix":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":31955,"text":"ofr9662B - 1996 - Analytical data and sample locality map of stream-sediment and soil samples from the Winnemucca-Surprise Resource Assessment Area, Northwest Nevada and Northeast California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T14:20:04","indexId":"ofr9662B","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-62","chapter":"B","title":"Analytical data and sample locality map of stream-sediment and soil samples from the Winnemucca-Surprise Resource Assessment Area, Northwest Nevada and Northeast California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9662B","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"King, H.D., Fey, D., Motooka, J.M., Knight, R.J., Roushey, B.H., and McGuire, D., 1996, Analytical data and sample locality map of stream-sediment and soil samples from the Winnemucca-Surprise Resource Assessment Area, Northwest Nevada and Northeast California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-62, One 3 1/2 inch DS/HD IBM-compatible diskette., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9662B.","productDescription":"One 3 1/2 inch DS/HD IBM-compatible diskette.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277641,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0062b/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67ff2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Harley D. hking@usgs.gov","contributorId":4046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Harley","email":"hking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":207345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fey, D.L.","contributorId":44537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Motooka, J. M.","contributorId":8834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motooka","given":"J.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knight, R. J.","contributorId":96255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roushey, B. H.","contributorId":84387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roushey","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McGuire, D.J.","contributorId":80702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":31963,"text":"ofr9633A - 1996 - Digital bedrock geologic map of the Rochester quadrangle, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-23T14:46:03.004679","indexId":"ofr9633A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-33","chapter":"A","title":"Digital bedrock geologic map of the Rochester quadrangle, Vermont","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9633A","usgsCitation":"Walsh, G.J., and Falta, C., 1996, Digital bedrock geologic map of the Rochester quadrangle, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-33, 2 Plates: 30.01 × 32.40 inches and 29.54 × 32.28 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9633A.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 30.01 × 32.40 inches and 29.54 × 32.28 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":60120,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0033a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60121,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0033a/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":397794,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18567.htm"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Rochester quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.75,\n 43.75\n ],\n [\n -72.875,\n 43.75\n ],\n [\n -72.875,\n 43.875\n ],\n [\n -72.75,\n 43.875\n ],\n [\n -72.75,\n 43.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b462e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, Gregory J. 0000-0003-4264-8836 gwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Gregory","email":"gwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Falta, C. K.","contributorId":37382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falta","given":"C. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5279,"text":"fs09796 - 1996 - Water Quality in a Wet Meadow, Platte River Valley, Central Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"fs09796","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"097-96","title":"Water Quality in a Wet Meadow, Platte River Valley, Central Nebraska","docAbstract":"The Platte River Valley in Nebraska, and in particular the reach from Kearney to Grand Island, is an extremely important natural habitat area. Over 300 migratory bird species, including several threatened and endangered species, have been observed along the Platte River. In the spring, nearly 500,000 sandhill cranes, along with millions of ducks and geese, use this reach as a staging and feeding area during their northerly migration. Wet meadows (grasslands which have waterlogged soils much of the year) are a critical part of this migratory-bird habitat. However, the area of wet meadows between Kearney and Grand Island has declined nearly 50 percent due to the activities of man. The condition of the remaining wet meadows is of vital importance. \r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program is designed to describe the status and trends in the quality of the Nation's surface water and groundwater resources and to provide a sound understanding of the natural and human factors that affect the quality of these resources. A study of the groundwater beneath a selected wet meadow was undertaken as part of the Central Nebraska Basins NAWQA study unit. \r\n\r\nObservation wells were installed in the wet meadow at various distances along two transects downgradient from the edge of a corn field. One to five wells completed at depths of about 15 to 100 feet were located at each of the 5 sites. The wells were completed in the Platte River alluvium or the underlying Ogallala Formation. The depth to the water table ranges from 0 to 5 feet below land surface. The general direction of groundwater flow is parallel to flow in the Platte River. Selected wells were sampled in February, March, June, and December 1994 for major cations and anions, nutrients, and organonitrogen herbicides. \r\n\r\nPesticides and fertilizers are used extensively in Nebraska to enhance the production of row crops. Some of these pesticides and fertilizers have migrated into the groundwater. Atrazine was detected in water from all of the wells sampled in February and June and most of the wells sampled at other times, but only in concentrations of 0.1 to 0.6 micrograms per liter. Concentrations of the other pesticides analyzed, including alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor, were at or below the detection limit of 0.05 micrograms per liter. The highest concentrations of nitrate were found in water from the shallow wells (about 15 feet deep). The concentrations of nitrate as nitrogen in water from these wells ranged from 5 to 13 milligrams per liter in June. \r\n\r\nConcentrations of major cations and anions decreased and their ratios varied with depth. The major cations were calcium and sodium, and the major anions were sulfate and bicarbonate. Water from the shallowest wells was a mixed calcium sodium sulfate type, whereas the deepest alluvial-aquifer water was a calcium sulfate type. The water from the Ogallala Formation was a calcium bicarbonate type. The variability of the groundwater quality reflects seasonal changes in recharge to and evaporation from the alluvial aquifer and rates of movement and mixing within and between the aquifers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs09796","usgsCitation":"Emmons, P.J., 1996, Water Quality in a Wet Meadow, Platte River Valley, Central Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 097-96, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09796.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0097/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":13213,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ne.water.usgs.gov/Nawqa/pubs/pje_prs96.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":31983,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faddc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emmons, Patrick J.","contributorId":48958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmons","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":63612,"text":"gp1016 - 1996 - Bouguer gravity map of interior Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-16T20:27:08.581877","indexId":"gp1016","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1016","title":"Bouguer gravity map of interior Alaska","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp1016","usgsCitation":"Meyer, J., Saltus, R.W., Barnes, D., and Morin, R.L., 1996, Bouguer gravity map of interior Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 1016, 2 Plates: 40.00 x 53.34 inches and 34.50 x 53.30 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp1016.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 40.00 x 53.34 inches and 34.50 x 53.30 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":111149,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/14567","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":260513,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/1016/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":490797,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5960.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":260512,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/1016/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":186987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -159,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -159,\n 66\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fcf4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, J.F. Jr.","contributorId":20835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"J.F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":269225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saltus, R. W.","contributorId":85588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":269227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, D.F.","contributorId":48960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":269226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morin, R. L.","contributorId":95484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":269228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5175,"text":"fs11596 - 1996 - Effectiveness of highway-drainage systems in preventing road-salt contamination of ground water, southeastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T09:18:26","indexId":"fs11596","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"115-96","title":"Effectiveness of highway-drainage systems in preventing road-salt contamination of ground water, southeastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Road-salt contamination of public and\nprivate water supplies has become a\nserious and costly problem, particularly in\nthe Northeast and Midwest. For example,\nreports of road-salt contamination from\n100 of the 351 municipalities in\nMassachusetts from 1983 through 1990\nrequired an expenditure of about 2.5\nmillion dollar to investigate and\nremediate. Nationally, an estimated 10\nmillion dollar are spent annual ly by State\nand local governments to prevent and\nremediate road-salt contamination.\nOne method used by State highway\nagencies to reduce road- salt\ncontamination of public-water supplies is\nto divert the salt-laden highway runoff\nthrough drainage systems from section\nof highway that pass near public-water\nsupplies to less sensitive areas. The U.S.\nGeological Survey (USGS), in\ncooperation with the Massachusetts\nHighway Department (MHO), has\nconducted an investigation of the relative\neffectiveness of four highway-drainage\nsystems in preventing road-salt\ncontamination of ground water.\nThis fact sheet describes the\nhighway-drainage systems tested, the\ngeneral hydrogeology of the study area,\nand the methods used to evaluate the\ndrainage systems; and presents\npreliminary findings of the effectiveness\nof the systems in preventing road-salt\ncontamination of ground water. These\nfindings are based on data collected from\nNovember 1990 through May 1992. The\nre ult of this investigation will have\nwider application than just in the\nsnow-belt regions of the United States,\nCanada, and Europe, as other\ncontaminants in highway runoff either\ncan be diverted from sensitive areas by\ndrainage systems or allowed to seep into\nthe ground, potentially contaminating\nground water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs11596","usgsCitation":"Church, P.E., 1996, Effectiveness of highway-drainage systems in preventing road-salt contamination of ground water, southeastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 115-96, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11596.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs11596.jpg"},{"id":285396,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0115-96/report.pdf"}],"scale":"25000","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Buttermilk Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.666667,41.75 ], [ -70.666667,41.783333 ], [ -70.583333,41.783333 ], [ -70.583333,41.75 ], [ -70.666667,41.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6252fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Church, Peter E.","contributorId":99178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":61911,"text":"gq1777 - 1996 - Geologic map of the Lem Peak quadrangle, Lemhi County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:33","indexId":"gq1777","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1777","title":"Geologic map of the Lem Peak quadrangle, Lemhi County, Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq1777","usgsCitation":"Tysdal, R.G., 1996, Geologic map of the Lem Peak quadrangle, Lemhi County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 1777, 1 map :col. ;58 x 42 cm., on sheet 106 x 73 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/gq1777.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;58 x 42 cm., on sheet 106 x 73 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108377,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13135.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13135"},{"id":248199,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1777/report.pdf","size":"25","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":253025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1777/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.86749999999999,44.75 ], [ -113.86749999999999,44.8675 ], [ -113.75,44.8675 ], [ -113.75,44.75 ], [ -113.86749999999999,44.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696f5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tysdal, Russell G.","contributorId":1700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tysdal","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":266545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":66577,"text":"i2493 - 1996 - Geologic map of the Empey Mountain area, Stevens County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:14","indexId":"i2493","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2493","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Geologic map of the Empey Mountain area, Stevens County, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2493","isbn":"0607855533","usgsCitation":"Miller, F.K., 1996, Geologic map of the Empey Mountain area, Stevens County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2493, 1 map :col. ;58 x 39 cm., on sheet 97 x 143 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2493.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;58 x 39 cm., on sheet 97 x 143 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":107438,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10297.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"10297"},{"id":187940,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"48000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118,48 ], [ -118,48.25 ], [ -117.75,48.25 ], [ -117.75,48 ], [ -118,48 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69996f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, F. K.","contributorId":10803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21882,"text":"ofr9610 - 1996 - Hydrothermal alteration mineralogy of SOH drill holes, Kilauea East Rift Zone geothermal area, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-15T10:20:16","indexId":"ofr9610","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-10","title":"Hydrothermal alteration mineralogy of SOH drill holes, Kilauea East Rift Zone geothermal area, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

Thirty-eight hydrothermal minerals were identified from 356 drill-core specimens that were obtained from three Scientific Observation Holes (SOH-1, SOH-2, and SOH-4) drilled along the lower East Rift Zone (ERZ) of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. The minerals formed during alteration of basaltic rocks and glass by hot, circulating, waters in aquifers consisting of variable mixtures of meteoric water and sea water. Several zeolites, hydrated calcium silicates, carbonates, clays, silicates, sulfates, sulfides, and other minerals were found filling open spaces of vesicles, fractures, and between breccia fragments of the recovered drill core; many specimens that originally consisted of glass are completely altered to some of these minerals, especially clays. Several hydrothermal minerals (erionite, mordenite, truscottite, smectite, chlorite-smectite, chalcedony, anhydrite, and hematite), occur in the SOH drill holes at higher measured temperatures than the same minerals are found in geothermal drill holes of Iceland or other geothermal areas, suggesting that temperatures within the ERZ geothermal system have increased since the minerals formed. Fluid-inclusion freezing data for quartz, anhydrite, and calcite from the three SOH holes show that composition of the inclusion fluids ranges from dilute meteoric water to highly modified sea water concentrated by boiling. Comparison of measured drill-hole temperatures with fluid-inclusion homogenization-temperature data indicates that only about 15% of the fluid inclusions could have formed under the present thermal conditions. The majority of fluid inclusions studied apparently formed during one or more temperature fluctuations associated with the emplacement of nearby dikes and their subsequent cooling.

Bacteria-like particles at 1734.6 m depth in SOH-4 could be very significant because the particles occurred at much hotter temperatures (about 265°C) than the generally accepted 110°C limit for survival of bacteria. The presence of Cl in the particles suggests that they might have lived in a saline environment and did not result from contamination by the fresh water drilling fluids. We reccomend that future drilling and subsequent handling of drill hole specimens in the ERZ and elsewhere employ controls to minimize and(or) recognize bacterial contamination.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9610","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Bargar, K.E., Keith, T.E., Trusdell, F., Evans, S., and Sykes, M., 1996, Hydrothermal alteration mineralogy of SOH drill holes, Kilauea East Rift Zone geothermal area, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-10, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9610.","productDescription":"75 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51370,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0010/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0010/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc611","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, Keith E.","contributorId":9643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trusdell, Frank A. 0000-0002-0681-0528 trusdell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-0528","contributorId":754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"Frank A.","email":"trusdell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, S.R.","contributorId":83954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sykes, M.L.","contributorId":47394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":22346,"text":"ofr93638 - 1996 - Automated, colorimetric methods for determination of nitrate plus nitrite, nitrite, ammonium and orthophosphate ions in natural water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-01T14:56:57.120087","indexId":"ofr93638","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-638","title":"Automated, colorimetric methods for determination of nitrate plus nitrite, nitrite, ammonium and orthophosphate ions in natural water samples","docAbstract":"The apparatus and methods used for the automatic, colorimetric determinations of dissolved nutrients (nitrate plus nitrite, nitrite, ammonium and orthophosphate) in natural waters are described. These techniques allow for the determination of nitrate plus nitrite for the concentration range 0.02 to 8 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as N (nitrogen); for nitrite, the range is 0.002 to 1.0 mg/L as N; for ammonium, the range is 0.006 to 2.0 mg/L as N; and for orthophosphate, the range is 0.002 to 1.0 mg/L as P (phosphorus). Data are presented that demonstrate the accuracy, precision and quality control of the methods.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93638","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Antweiler, R.C., Patton, C.J., and Taylor, H.E., 1996, Automated, colorimetric methods for determination of nitrate plus nitrite, nitrite, ammonium and orthophosphate ions in natural water samples: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-638, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93638.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51753,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0638/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":8231,"rank":9998,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/SW_inorganic/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0638/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667eb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Antweiler, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5652-6034 antweil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-6034","contributorId":1481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"Ronald","email":"antweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patton, Charles J. cjpatton@usgs.gov","contributorId":809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"Charles","email":"cjpatton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":188075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24822,"text":"ofr96108 - 1996 - Statistical and descriptive summaries of water-resources data for the Cannonball River basin, North Dakota and South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-14T16:36:44","indexId":"ofr96108","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-108","title":"Statistical and descriptive summaries of water-resources data for the Cannonball River basin, North Dakota and South Dakota","docAbstract":"

Existing hydrologic data and information for the Cannonball River Basin were compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation. This report presents a summary of surface-water quality and streamflow data, ground-water quality data, ground-water level data, water-use data, and other information compiled from the U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Reclamation, North Dakota Game and Fish Department, North Dakota Department of Health, North Dakota Parks and Recreation Department, North Dakota State Water Commission, and Standing Rock Sioux Tribe data bases. The data are summarized statistically or descriptively, depending on the amount or nature of the data.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96108","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Wesolowski, E.A., Zainhofsky, S., and Dressler, V.M., 1996, Statistical and descriptive summaries of water-resources data for the Cannonball River basin, North Dakota and South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-108, iii, 301 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96108.","productDescription":"iii, 301 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0108/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53830,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0108/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e22ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesolowski, Edwin A.","contributorId":14014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesolowski","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zainhofsky, S.D.","contributorId":78774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zainhofsky","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dressler, Valerie M. dressler@usgs.gov","contributorId":5791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dressler","given":"Valerie","email":"dressler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":192629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24668,"text":"ofr95749 - 1996 - Hydrologic data for the East Poplar oil field, Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Northeastern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:00:14","indexId":"ofr95749","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-749","title":"Hydrologic data for the East Poplar oil field, Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Northeastern Montana","docAbstract":"This report presents selected hydrologic data for the East Poplar oil field, located in the south-central part of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation in northeastern Montana. Data about the occurrence, quantity, and quality of ground and surface water are presented in tabular form. The tables contain records of privately owned wells (active and abandoned), monitoring wells installed by the U.S. Geological Survey and Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, oil wells, and brine-injection wells; lithologic descriptions of drill cuttings and well-completion data from monitoring wells; data from two aquifer tests conducted in Quaternary alluvial and glacial deposits; chemical quality of ground water; and information on the quantity and chemical quality of surface water. Records of electromagnetic geophysical measurements collected throughout an area of about 20 square miles of the study area are compiled and included on a floppy disk. Illustrations in this report contain information about study area location, site- numbering system, general physical and cultural features, and construction of monitoring wells installed by the U.S. Geological Survey. plate-sized map presents additional information about privately owned wells, monitoring wells, oil wells, brine-injections wells, surface-water data-collection sites, and area of electromagnetic data collection. The data presented in this report provide a base with which to better define and interpret the occurrence, quantity, and quality of ground and surface water in the vicinity of the Poplar River Valley in the south-central part of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation. The data can be used to help delineate the occurrence of brine and saline water in Quaternary alluvial and glacial deposits in the East Poplar oil field.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95749","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Thamke, J., Craigg, S.D., and Mendes, T., 1996, Hydrologic data for the East Poplar oil field, Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Northeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-749, v, 92 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95749.","productDescription":"v, 92 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0749/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19507,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0749/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53696,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0749/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277679,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0749/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ec16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thamke, J.N.","contributorId":77965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thamke","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Craigg, S. D.","contributorId":59839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craigg","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mendes, T.M.","contributorId":48213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendes","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24843,"text":"ofr95773 - 1996 - Chemical analyses of ground-water samples from the Rio Grande Valley in the vicinity of Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 1993 through January 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:13","indexId":"ofr95773","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-773","title":"Chemical analyses of ground-water samples from the Rio Grande Valley in the vicinity of Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 1993 through January 1994","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to investigate general ground-water-\r\nquality conditions and contaminant locations in the Rio Grande \r\nValley in the vicinity of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Water samples \r\nfrom 36 observation wells in 12 well nests were analyzed. The \r\nwell nests are located along three roads near the Rio Grande--two \r\nwell nests near Paseo del Norte, five well nests near Monta?o \r\nRoad, and five well nests near Rio Bravo Boulevard.\r\n\r\n The water samples were collected from October 19, 1993, \r\nthrough January 18, 1994. Water-quality types by major-ion \r\ncomposition were calcium bicarbonate (found in most samples), \r\nsodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and calcium sulfate chloride. \r\nNutrients were detected in all but one sample. Ammonia was \r\ndetected in 34 samples, nitrite in 4 samples, and nitrate in 17 \r\nsamples. Orthophosphate was detected in 31 samples. Organic \r\ncarbon was detected in all samples collected. The trace elements \r\narsenic and barium were detected in all samples and zinc in 31 \r\nsamples. Fourteen samples contained detectable copper. Cadmium \r\nwas detected in one sample, chromium in two samples, lead in four \r\nsamples, and selenium in two samples. Mercury and silver were not \r\ndetected.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95773","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Wilkins, D.W., Schlottmann, J., and Ferree, D.M., 1996, Chemical analyses of ground-water samples from the Rio Grande Valley in the vicinity of Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 1993 through January 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-773, iv, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95773.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0773/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53843,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0773/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499fe4b07f02db5bd34b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilkins, D. W.","contributorId":97471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkins","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schlottmann, J.L.","contributorId":103699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlottmann","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferree, D. M.","contributorId":53423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferree","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":62993,"text":"gq1778 - 1996 - Geologic map of the Allison Creek quadrangle, Lemhi County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:42","indexId":"gq1778","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1778","title":"Geologic map of the Allison Creek quadrangle, Lemhi County, Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq1778","usgsCitation":"Tysdal, R.G., and Moye, F., 1996, Geologic map of the Allison Creek quadrangle, Lemhi County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 1778, 1 map :col. ;58 x 42 cm., on sheet 98 x 74 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/gq1778.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;58 x 42 cm., on sheet 98 x 74 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108378,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13136.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13136"},{"id":249129,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1778/report.pdf","size":"22","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":252130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1778/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114,44.75 ], [ -114,44.8675 ], [ -113.86749999999999,44.8675 ], [ -113.86749999999999,44.75 ], [ -114,44.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2557","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tysdal, Russell G.","contributorId":1700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tysdal","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":268151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moye, Falma","contributorId":84444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moye","given":"Falma","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":268152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24700,"text":"ofr96165 - 1996 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through September 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"ofr96165","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-165","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through September 1995","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic and climatic data that describe the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data presented are from January 1993 through September 1995, although the report focuses on hydrologic events from July through September 1995. Cumulative rainfall for July through September 1995 was about 15 inches which is 32 percent less than the mean cumulative rainfall of about 22 inches for July through September. July and August are within the annual dry season, while September is the start of the annual wet season. Mean cumulative rainfall is calculated for the fixed base period 1951-90. Ground-water withdrawal during July through September 1995 averaged 888,500 gallons per day. Withdrawal for the same 3 months in 1994 averaged 919,400 gallons per day. Patterns of withdrawal during the third quarter of 1995 did not change significantly since 1993 at all five ground-water production areas. At the end of September 1995, the chloride concentration of the composite water supply was 51 milligrams per liter, well below the 250 milligrams per liter secondary drinking-water standard established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chloride concentrations of the composite water supply from July through September 1995 ranged between 42 and 68 milligrams per liter. Chloride concentration of ground water in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations continued to increase since April 1995, with water from the deepest monitoring wells increasing in chloride concentration by as much as 2,000 milligrams per liter. A fuel leak at Air Operations caused the shutdown of ten wells in May 1991. Four of the wells resumed pumping for water-supply purposes in April 1992. The remaining six wells are being used to hydraulically divert fuel migration away from water-supply wells by recirculating about 150,000 gallons of water each day.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96165","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1996, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through September 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-165, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96165.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0165/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53733,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0165/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635350","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24416,"text":"ofr9661 - 1996 - Active-, inactive-, and abandoned-mine information and selected geochemical data for the State of Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"ofr9661","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-61","title":"Active-, inactive-, and abandoned-mine information and selected geochemical data for the State of Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9661","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Ryder, J.L., 1996, Active-, inactive-, and abandoned-mine information and selected geochemical data for the State of Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-61, 2 computer disks ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9661.","productDescription":"2 computer disks ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1760,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/ofr-96-0061/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2a67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, Jean L.","contributorId":80709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23311,"text":"ofr95763 - 1996 - Well-construction, water-level, and water-quality data for ground-water monitoring wells for the J4 hydrogeologic study, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-08T18:27:48.958415","indexId":"ofr95763","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-763","title":"Well-construction, water-level, and water-quality data for ground-water monitoring wells for the J4 hydrogeologic study, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Between December 1993 and March 1994, 27 wells were installed at 12 sites near the J4 test cell at Arnold Engineering Development Center in Coffee County, Tennessee. The wells ranged from 28 to 289 feet deep and were installed to provide information on subsurface lithology, aquifer characteristics, ground-water levels, and ground-water quality. This information will be used to help understand the effects of dewatering operations at the J4 test cell on the local ground-water-flow system. The J4 test cell, extending approximately 250 feet below land surface, is used in the testing of rocket motors. Ground water must be pumped continuously from around the test cell to keep it structurally intact. The amount of water discharged from the J4 test cell was monitored to estimate the average rate of ground-water withdrawal at the J4 test cell. Ground- water levels were monitored continuously at 14 wells for 12 months. Water-quality samples were collected from 26 of the new wells, 9 existing wells, and the ground-water discharge from the J4 test cell. All samples were analyzed for common inorganic ions, trace metals, and volatile organic compounds.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95763","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Haugh, C., 1996, Well-construction, water-level, and water-quality data for ground-water monitoring wells for the J4 hydrogeologic study, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-763, iv, 81 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95763.","productDescription":"iv, 81 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155133,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1678,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/ofr95-763/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b4e4b07f02db532d2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haugh, C.J.","contributorId":24380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugh","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1905,"text":"wsp2473 - 1996 - A dynamical-systems approach for computing ice-affected streamflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T10:36:38","indexId":"wsp2473","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2473","title":"A dynamical-systems approach for computing ice-affected streamflow","docAbstract":"A dynamical-systems approach was developed and evaluated for computing ice-affected streamflow. The approach provides for dynamic simulation and parameter estimation of site-specific equations relating ice effects to routinely measured environmental variables. Comparison indicates that results from the dynamical-systems approach ranked higher than results from 11 analytical methods previously investigated on the basis of accuracy and feasibility criteria. Additional research will likely lead to further improvements in the approach.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2473","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Holtschlag, D.J., 1996, A dynamical-systems approach for computing ice-affected streamflow: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2473, iii, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2473.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27202,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2473/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2473/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-464","title":"Water-quality data for the Arkansas River Basin, southeastern Colorado, 1990-93","docAbstract":"Water-quality data were collected and compiled for 59 surface-water stations in the Arkansas River Basin of Colorado. The purpose of the data collection was to describe selected water-quality characteristics of the Arkansas River from the headwaters downstream to the Colorado-Kansas State line. Data are presented for 19 Arkansas River stations, 31 tributary stations, 2 mine-drainage stations, and 7 transmountain diversion stations. Water-quality data presented in this report include instantaneous discharge; onsite measurements of specific conductance, pH, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen; analytical concentrations of bacteria, dissolved solids, major nutrients, trace elements, pesticides, radiochemicals, and suspended sediment; and quality-assurance data for selected water-quality constituents. Sampling began in April 1990 and continued through March 1993 at the 59 surface-water stations. The basinwide water-quality study was initiated in 1988 by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with 14 local agencies and the Bureau of Reclamation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95464","usgsCitation":"Dash, R.G., and Ortiz, R.F., 1996, Water-quality data for the Arkansas River Basin, southeastern Colorado, 1990-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-464, Report: v, 137 p.; 1 Plate: 36.96 x 29.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95464.","productDescription":"Report: v, 137 p.; 1 Plate: 36.96 x 29.94 inches","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0464/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":411205,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18481.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":19436,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0464/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52265,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0464/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -102.045,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -102.045,\n 39.566\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 39.566\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 37\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e575a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dash, Russell G.","contributorId":64695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dash","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22861,"text":"ofr96120 - 1996 - Lithologic and ground-water data for monitoring wells in the Santa Clara-Calleguas ground-water basin, Ventura County, California, 1989-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:59","indexId":"ofr96120","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-120","title":"Lithologic and ground-water data for monitoring wells in the Santa Clara-Calleguas ground-water basin, Ventura County, California, 1989-95","docAbstract":"Twenty-three multiple-well (nested) monitoring sites were constructed in the western part of the Santa Clara-Calleguas Hydrologic Unit and ground-water basin between October 1989 and May 1994. This report is a compilation of the data collected at these sites from October 1989 through April 1995 and includes location and design of the monitoring sites, lithologic data, geophysical logs, ground-water-level measurements, and water-quality analyses. Grain-size distribution and mineralogical analyses also are included. Ninety-nine piezometers were installed at the 23 sites to enable collection of depth-dependent data. Lithologic logs were compiled from descriptions of drill cuttings for each site and from observations recorded during logging. Generalized stratigraphic columns were compiled by grouping similar lithologic units. Grain-size and mineralogical analyses were used to identify and characterize the various lithologic units and to distinguish changes among them. Geophysical logs provided information on the character of the lithologic units and on the presence and chemical characteristics of ground water. Water levels were measured periodically during 1989-94. Water-quality data were collected periodically during 1989-95.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96120","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Densmore, J., 1996, Lithologic and ground-water data for monitoring wells in the Santa Clara-Calleguas ground-water basin, Ventura County, California, 1989-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-120, v, 179 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96120.","productDescription":"v, 179 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0120/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52278,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0120/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb7f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Densmore, J.N. 0000-0002-5345-6613","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5345-6613","contributorId":100882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"J.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}