{"pageNumber":"3764","pageRowStart":"94075","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185258,"records":[{"id":6706,"text":"fs08196 - 1996 - Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban streams as assessed using semipermeable membrane devices, Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T18:01:10","indexId":"fs08196","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"081-96","title":"Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban streams as assessed using semipermeable membrane devices, Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>One of the primary goals of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program is to determine the occurrence and distribution of contaminants in stream sediments and tissues of aquatic organisms (Crawford and Luoma, 1993). Metals and persistent organic contaminants are of principal concern.</p>\n<p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds that occur abundantly in the environment, are toxic and often carcinogenic to organisms, and could represent a long-term source of contamination. PAHs are metabolized and excreted by most higher vertebrates, particularly fishes, often making assessment of tissues concentrations impossible. Major sources of PAHs are the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials and oil spills.</p>\n<p>The objectives of this fact sheet are to summarize the occurrence of water-borne PAHs in three urban streams in the Dallas- Fort Worth metropolitan area and to assess the use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as PAH samplers. One site on each of three streams was selected for monitoring the occurrence of PAHs (fig. 1). The sites were chosen to reflect varied urban land uses and the influences of point- and nonpointsource pollution. The monitoring was done using SPMDs during a 30-day period in late May and June 1994.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs08196","usgsCitation":"Moring, J., 1996, Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban streams as assessed using semipermeable membrane devices, Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 081-96, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08196.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0081/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34102,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0081/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"85.91 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Dallas, Fort Worth","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.7510986328125,\n              33.25706340236547\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.6522216796875,\n              33.261656767328006\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.580810546875,\n              33.25936011503665\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.53411865234375,\n              33.19962596829635\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.55059814453125,\n              33.09614359735857\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.51763916015625,\n              32.99023555965106\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.492919921875,\n              32.90726224488304\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.492919921875,\n              32.80805323886752\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.51489257812499,\n              32.722598604044066\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.5478515625,\n              32.650938361757355\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.66046142578125,\n              32.6093028087336\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.7291259765625,\n              32.532920675187846\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.80328369140624,\n              32.48659682936049\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.90765380859375,\n              32.50281289041497\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.05596923828125,\n              32.49586350791503\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.196044921875,\n              32.56533316084101\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.44598388671875,\n              32.553758616640046\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.5421142578125,\n              32.602361666817515\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.58331298828125,\n              32.71797709835758\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.55584716796875,\n              32.82421110161336\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.4761962890625,\n              32.909568110575655\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.38555908203125,\n              32.97641208290517\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.349853515625,\n              33.07543248121335\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.24273681640625,\n              33.13065128220441\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.16033935546875,\n              33.16284622181141\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.01751708984375,\n              33.213414392242655\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.91314697265625,\n              33.24557893338554\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.7510986328125,\n              33.25706340236547\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af5e4b07f02db69223a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moring, J. Bruce","contributorId":53372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"J. Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6920,"text":"fs24395 - 1996 - Naturally occurring and mining-affected dissolved metals in two subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T10:26:13","indexId":"fs24395","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"243-95","title":"Naturally occurring and mining-affected dissolved metals in two subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs24395","usgsCitation":"Wright, W.G., and Janik, C.J., 1996, Naturally occurring and mining-affected dissolved metals in two subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 243-95, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs24395.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0243/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0243/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Upper Animas River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n        \"stroke-width\": 2,\n        \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n        \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n        \"fill-opacity\": 0.3\n      },\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.74017333984375,\n              37.819548028632376\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.82806396484375,\n              37.65773212628272\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.87200927734375,\n              37.58811876638322\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.95852661132812,\n              37.26312408340919\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.9296875,\n              37.243448378654115\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.8912353515625,\n              37.243448378654115\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.85415649414062,\n              37.243448378654115\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.82257080078125,\n              37.25547303105431\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.81570434570312,\n              37.32102825630305\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.80059814453125,\n              37.397437140899775\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.77999877929686,\n              37.49556277942662\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.75802612304688,\n              37.58594229860422\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.677001953125,\n              37.621845878167704\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.64472961425781,\n              37.68871084320727\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.61383056640625,\n              37.82280243352756\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.74017333984375,\n              37.819548028632376\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4895e4b07f02db522911","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Winfield G.","contributorId":27044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Winfield","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Janik, Cathy J.","contributorId":87090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"Cathy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019000,"text":"70019000 - 1996 - Patterns of late Cenozoic volcanic and tectonic activity in the West Antarctic rift system revealed by aeromagnetic surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-09T15:07:34.770002","indexId":"70019000","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of late Cenozoic volcanic and tectonic activity in the West Antarctic rift system revealed by aeromagnetic surveys","docAbstract":"<p><span>Aeromagnetic surveys, spaced ≤5 km, over widely separated areas of the largely ice- and sea-covered West Antarctic rift system, reveal similar patterns of 100- to 1700-nT, shallow-source magnetic anomalies interpreted as evidence of extensive late Cenozoic volcanism. We use the aeromagnetic data to extend the volcanic rift interpretation over West Antarctica starting with anomalies over (1) exposures of highly magnetic, late Cenozoic volcanic rocks several kilometers thick in the McMurdo-Ross Island area and elsewhere; continuing through (2) volcanoes and subvolcanic intrusions directly beneath the Ross Sea continental shelf defined by marine magnetic and seismic reflection data and aeromagnetic data and (3) volcanic structures interpreted beneath the Ross Ice Shelf partly controlled by seismic reflection determinations of seafloor depth to (4) an area of similar magnetic pattern over the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (400 km from the nearest exposed volcanic rock), where interpretations of late Cenozoic volcanic rocks at the base of the ice are controlled in part by radar ice sounding. North trending magnetic rift fabric in the Ross Sea-Ross Ice Shelf and Corridor Aerogeophysics of the Southeast Ross Transect Zone (CASERTZ) areas, revealed by the aeromagnetic surveys, is probably a reactivation of older rift trends (late Mesozoic?) and is superimposed on still older crosscutting structural trends revealed by magnetic terrace maps calculated from horizontal gradient of pseudogravity. Long-wavelength (∼ 100-km wide) magnetic terraces from sources within the subvolcanic basement cross the detailed survey areas. One of these extends across the Ross Sea survey from the front of the Transantarctic Mountains with an east-southeast trend crossing the north trending rift fabric. The Ross Sea-Ross Ice Shelf survey area is characterized by highly magnetic northern and southern zones which are separated by magnetically defined faults from a more moderately magnetic central zone. Aeromagnetic data in the south delineate the Ross fault of unknown age. The extension of the southern Central Basin south of the Ross fault is associated with an 825-nT magnetic anomaly over the Ross Ice Shelf requiring inferred late Cenozoic volcanic rock essentially at the seafloor at its south end, as shown by magnetic models. Models show that the thickness of magnetic volcanic rocks beneath Hut Point Peninsula at McMurdo Station is probably &lt;2 km. The detailed surveys, combined with data from &gt; 100,000 km of widely spaced aeromagnetic profiles, led to the interpretation of the mostly subglacial West Antarctic flood basalts(?) or their subglacially erupted and intruded equivalent. The volume of the exposed volcanos is small in contrast to the much greater volume (&gt; 10</span><sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;km³) of late Cenozoic magmatic rock remaining at volcanic centers beneath the continental shelf, Ross Ice Shelf and West Antarctic Ice Sheet. We suggest as an alternative or supplemental explanation to the previously proposed mantle plume hypothesis for the late Cenozoic volcanism significantly greater lower lithosphere (mantle) stretching resulting in greater decompression melting than the limited Cenozoic crustal extension allows. However, this implies a space problem that is not obviously resolved, because the Antarctic Plate is essentially surrounded by spreading centers.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95TC03500","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., Saltus, R., Damaske, D., McCafferty, A., Finn, C., Blankenship, D., and Bell, R., 1996, Patterns of late Cenozoic volcanic and tectonic activity in the West Antarctic rift system revealed by aeromagnetic surveys: Tectonics, v. 15, no. 3, p. 660-676, https://doi.org/10.1029/95TC03500.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"660","endPage":"676","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226269,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"West Antarctic","volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75d9e4b0c8380cd77d9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":381350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saltus, R.","contributorId":107040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Damaske, D.","contributorId":66771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damaske","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCafferty, A.","contributorId":83285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCafferty","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finn, C. A. 0000-0002-6178-0405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":93917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Blankenship, D.","contributorId":108260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blankenship","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bell, R.E.","contributorId":70010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70207656,"text":"70207656 - 1996 - Ecosystem management: A decision support GIS approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-02T15:50:56","indexId":"70207656","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-31T15:46:08","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Ecosystem management: A decision support GIS approach","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper describes a new approach using decision support GIS for handling information in ecosystem management. Technical research efforts resulted in specialized spatial decision support systems for wetland restoration planning, wetland permit analysis, and wildlife research and management. These applications are briefly presented to illustrate the usage of the methodology. With its powerful capabilities in information synthesis, analytical visualization, and spatial simulation and modeling, the decision support GIS provided cost-effective technical tools and a conceptual framework for integrating natural resource management with an ecosystem approach.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","conferenceDate":"May 31, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Lincoln, NE","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516943","usgsCitation":"Ji, W., 1996, Ecosystem management: A decision support GIS approach, <i>in</i> IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Lincoln, NE, May 31, 1996, p. 2225-2227, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516943.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"2225","endPage":"2227","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370949,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ji, Wei","contributorId":218024,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ji","given":"Wei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019059,"text":"70019059 - 1996 - Occurrence patterns of foreshocks to large earthquakes in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-27T16:24:57.686182","indexId":"70019059","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence patterns of foreshocks to large earthquakes in the western United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>Observations of foreshocks preceding large earthquakes provide one of the few well documented cases of premonitory events that are clearly related to a subsequent earthquake. Unfortunately, the apparent randomness of foreshock occurrence—they precede some events and not others—has severely hampered their use in reliable earthquake prediction. Understanding the factors that control foreshock occurrence is critical for determining how large earthquakes initiate and whether reliable short-term prediction will ever be possible</span><sup>1</sup><span>. Here we report the results of a comprehensive study of the occurrence patterns of foreshocks to large earthquakes in the western United States. The incidence of foreshocks decreases with increasing depth of the mainshock, and also depends on the mainshock slip orientation. This pattern of occurrence may be explained by a decrease in small-scale crustal heterogeneity with increasing depth, and suggests that increasing normal stress (both regional tectonic stress and lithostatic load) inhibits the occurrence of foreshocks. No relationship is observed between any aspect of foreshock occurrence and the magnitude of the subsequent mainshock, suggesting that the eventual size of the mainshock may be independent of the earthquake nucleation process, or that foreshocks are not part of this process.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/381303a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Abercrombie, R., and Mori, J., 1996, Occurrence patterns of foreshocks to large earthquakes in the western United States: Nature, v. 381, no. 6580, p. 303-307, https://doi.org/10.1038/381303a0.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"307","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226536,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -125.41996898323475,\n              42.02198857745134\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.74392816488624,\n              37.00917404315508\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.20679562172873,\n              32.19218720248436\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.50684900238613,\n              32.566731646414894\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.8978877160888,\n              42.02198857745134\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.41996898323475,\n              42.02198857745134\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"381","issue":"6580","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6c5fe4b0c8380cd74bb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abercrombie, R.E.","contributorId":57611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abercrombie","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mori, J.","contributorId":24923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mori","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207830,"text":"70207830 - 1996 - Proterozoic low-Ti iron-oxide deposits in New York and New Jersey: Relation to Fe-oxide (Cu–U–Au–rare earth element) deposits and tectonic implications: Comment and Reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-14T16:52:39","indexId":"70207830","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-14T16:50:40","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proterozoic low-Ti iron-oxide deposits in New York and New Jersey: Relation to Fe-oxide (Cu–U–Au–rare earth element) deposits and tectonic implications: Comment and Reply","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0475:PLTIOD>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.A., McLelland, J., and Foose, M.P., 1996, Proterozoic low-Ti iron-oxide deposits in New York and New Jersey: Relation to Fe-oxide (Cu–U–Au–rare earth element) deposits and tectonic implications: Comment and Reply: Geology, v. 24, no. 5, p. 475-477, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0475:PLTIOD>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"477","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371245,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York, New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-75.210876,39.865709],[-75.189323,39.880713],[-75.142421,39.886413],[-75.12792,39.911813],[-75.13612,39.933912],[-75.13352,39.954412],[-75.108119,39.970312],[-75.072017,39.980612],[-75.047016,40.008912],[-75.011115,40.021311],[-74.974713,40.048711],[-74.932211,40.068411],[-74.863809,40.08221],[-74.835108,40.10391],[-74.822307,40.12671],[-74.785106,40.12031],[-74.758882,40.134036],[-74.740605,40.13521],[-74.722604,40.15001],[-74.721504,40.158409],[-74.737205,40.177609],[-74.755605,40.186709],[-74.770406,40.214508],[-74.842308,40.250508],[-74.868209,40.295207],[-74.939711,40.338006],[-74.953697,40.376081],[-74.969597,40.39977],[-74.996378,40.410528],[-75.028315,40.403883],[-75.056102,40.416066],[-75.070568,40.455165],[-75.061937,40.486362],[-75.068615,40.542223],[-75.100325,40.567811],[-75.117292,40.573211],[-75.141906,40.575273],[-75.168609,40.564111],[-75.192352,40.574257],[-75.192291,40.602676],[-75.201348,40.614628],[-75.188579,40.624628],[-75.191059,40.637971],[-75.200468,40.646899],[-75.177587,40.677731],[-75.19692,40.681299],[-75.20392,40.691498],[-75.1825,40.729922],[-75.196861,40.750097],[-75.17904,40.761897],[-75.169523,40.778473],[-75.1344,40.773765],[-75.123088,40.786746],[-75.111343,40.789896],[-75.083822,40.827805],[-75.097221,40.844672],[-75.090962,40.849187],[-75.066014,40.847591],[-75.051029,40.865662],[-75.07392,40.892176],[-75.079279,40.91389],[-75.095526,40.924152],[-75.117764,40.953023],[-75.122603,40.970152],[-75.13378,40.970973],[-75.131619,40.9889],[-75.090312,41.013302],[-75.025777,41.039806],[-75.01257,41.066281],[-74.968389,41.087797],[-74.969434,41.096074],[-74.991815,41.089132],[-74.982212,41.108245],[-74.923169,41.138146],[-74.882139,41.180836],[-74.860398,41.217454],[-74.866839,41.226865],[-74.857151,41.248975],[-74.845883,41.254945],[-74.846506,41.261576],[-74.830057,41.2872],[-74.792558,41.310628],[-74.795822,41.318516],[-74.792116,41.322465],[-74.766714,41.328558],[-74.755971,41.344953],[-74.720923,41.347384],[-74.689516,41.363843],[-74.708458,41.378901],[-74.715979,41.392584],[-74.738554,41.401191],[-74.741086,41.411413],[-74.734731,41.422699],[-74.738455,41.430641],[-74.758587,41.423287],[-74.77065,41.42623],[-74.790417,41.42166],[-74.805655,41.442101],[-74.817995,41.440505],[-74.830671,41.430503],[-74.858578,41.444427],[-74.893913,41.43893],[-74.890358,41.455324],[-74.9042,41.459806],[-74.912517,41.475605],[-74.941798,41.483542],[-74.956411,41.476735],[-74.981652,41.479945],[-74.984372,41.506611],[-75.003151,41.508101],[-75.00385,41.524052],[-75.023018,41.533147],[-75.018524,41.551802],[-75.074613,41.605711],[-75.05385,41.618655],[-75.044224,41.617978],[-75.04992,41.662556],[-75.05843,41.669653],[-75.052736,41.688393],[-75.068642,41.710146],[-75.049699,41.715093],[-75.053431,41.752538],[-75.060759,41.764638],[-75.075942,41.771518],[-75.09281,41.768361],[-75.104334,41.772693],[-75.102329,41.786503],[-75.092876,41.796386],[-75.076889,41.798509],[-75.071751,41.811901],[-75.089484,41.811576],[-75.113334,41.822782],[-75.115598,41.844638],[-75.140241,41.852078],[-75.161541,41.849836],[-75.168733,41.859258],[-75.169142,41.87029],[-75.174574,41.87266],[-75.185254,41.85993],[-75.204002,41.869867],[-75.21497,41.867449],[-75.223734,41.857456],[-75.243345,41.866875],[-75.257825,41.862154],[-75.263815,41.870757],[-75.258439,41.875087],[-75.260623,41.883783],[-75.271292,41.88736],[-75.267562,41.907054],[-75.279094,41.938917],[-75.289383,41.942891],[-75.29143,41.952477],[-75.310358,41.949012],[-75.329318,41.968232],[-75.342204,41.972872],[-75.337791,41.984386],[-75.341125,41.992772],[-75.359579,41.999445],[-76.749675,42.001689],[-79.761374,41.999067],[-79.761951,42.26986],[-79.645358,42.315631],[-79.453533,42.411157],[-79.405458,42.453281],[-79.351989,42.48892],[-79.331483,42.489076],[-79.31774,42.499884],[-79.242889,42.531757],[-79.148723,42.553672],[-79.111361,42.613358],[-79.078761,42.640058],[-79.06376,42.644758],[-79.062261,42.668358],[-79.04886,42.689158],[-79.01886,42.701558],[-78.991159,42.705358],[-78.944158,42.731958],[-78.918157,42.737258],[-78.853455,42.783958],[-78.851355,42.791758],[-78.863656,42.813058],[-78.865656,42.826758],[-78.859456,42.841358],[-78.865592,42.852358],[-78.872227,42.853306],[-78.891655,42.884845],[-78.912458,42.886557],[-78.905758,42.899957],[-78.905659,42.923357],[-78.918859,42.946857],[-78.93236,42.955857],[-78.961761,42.957756],[-79.011563,42.985256],[-79.019964,42.994756],[-79.02092,43.014287],[-79.005164,43.047056],[-79.01053,43.064389],[-79.074467,43.077855],[-79.060281,43.105086],[-79.062518,43.120182],[-79.042366,43.143655],[-79.053067,43.173655],[-79.055868,43.238554],[-79.070469,43.262454],[-78.971866,43.281254],[-78.836261,43.318455],[-78.696856,43.341255],[-78.634346,43.357624],[-78.488857,43.374763],[-78.473099,43.370812],[-78.370221,43.376505],[-78.233609,43.36907],[-78.104509,43.375628],[-78.023609,43.366575],[-77.965238,43.368059],[-77.875335,43.34966],[-77.797381,43.339857],[-77.760231,43.341161],[-77.714129,43.323561],[-77.701429,43.308261],[-77.660359,43.282998],[-77.577223,43.243263],[-77.534184,43.234569],[-77.50092,43.250363],[-77.391015,43.276363],[-77.314619,43.28103],[-77.264177,43.277363],[-77.111866,43.287945],[-77.033875,43.271218],[-76.988445,43.2745],[-76.958402,43.270005],[-76.904288,43.291816],[-76.794708,43.309632],[-76.769025,43.318452],[-76.731039,43.343421],[-76.69836,43.344436],[-76.669624,43.366526],[-76.630774,43.413356],[-76.521999,43.468617],[-76.486962,43.47535],[-76.472498,43.492781],[-76.417581,43.521285],[-76.368849,43.525822],[-76.345492,43.513437],[-76.297103,43.51287],[-76.235834,43.529256],[-76.217958,43.545156],[-76.203473,43.574978],[-76.199138,43.600454],[-76.196596,43.649761],[-76.205436,43.718751],[-76.229268,43.804135],[-76.250135,43.825713],[-76.283307,43.843923],[-76.28272,43.858601],[-76.261584,43.873278],[-76.243384,43.877975],[-76.202257,43.864898],[-76.158249,43.887542],[-76.133267,43.892975],[-76.127285,43.897889],[-76.125023,43.912773],[-76.139086,43.962111],[-76.169802,43.962202],[-76.184874,43.971128],[-76.22805,43.982737],[-76.244439,43.975803],[-76.264294,43.978009],[-76.268706,43.980846],[-76.269672,44.001148],[-76.298962,44.017719],[-76.300532,44.057188],[-76.360306,44.070907],[-76.366972,44.100409],[-76.363835,44.111696],[-76.355679,44.133258],[-76.312647,44.199044],[-76.245487,44.203669],[-76.206777,44.214543],[-76.164265,44.239603],[-76.161833,44.280777],[-76.130884,44.296635],[-76.097351,44.299547],[-76.045228,44.331724],[-76.000998,44.347534],[-75.970185,44.342835],[-75.912985,44.368084],[-75.82083,44.432244],[-75.807778,44.471644],[-75.76623,44.515851],[-75.505903,44.705081],[-75.423943,44.756329],[-75.413885,44.76889],[-75.372347,44.78311],[-75.346527,44.805563],[-75.333744,44.806378],[-75.306487,44.826144],[-75.30763,44.836813],[-75.283136,44.849156],[-75.142958,44.900237],[-75.133977,44.911838],[-75.096659,44.927067],[-75.066245,44.930174],[-75.027125,44.946568],[-75.005155,44.958402],[-74.992756,44.977449],[-74.972463,44.983402],[-74.907956,44.983359],[-74.887837,45.000046],[-74.861927,45.002771],[-74.826578,45.01585],[-74.731301,44.990422],[-74.722574,44.998062],[-74.702018,45.003322],[-74.335184,44.991905],[-74.146814,44.9915],[-73.343124,45.01084],[-73.354112,44.984062],[-73.338734,44.965886],[-73.338979,44.917681],[-73.35808,44.901325],[-73.381359,44.845021],[-73.371329,44.830742],[-73.335443,44.804602],[-73.333154,44.788759],[-73.365561,44.741786],[-73.36556,44.700297],[-73.361323,44.695369],[-73.370142,44.684853],[-73.37059,44.662518],[-73.379074,44.656772],[-73.383157,44.645764],[-73.378561,44.641475],[-73.386783,44.636369],[-73.389966,44.61962],[-73.376849,44.599598],[-73.38164,44.590583],[-73.374389,44.575455],[-73.338751,44.548046],[-73.319265,44.51196],[-73.306707,44.500334],[-73.293613,44.440559],[-73.315016,44.388513],[-73.333575,44.372288],[-73.334939,44.364441],[-73.323997,44.333842],[-73.324229,44.310023],[-73.312299,44.280025],[-73.312852,44.265346],[-73.323596,44.243897],[-73.34323,44.238049],[-73.361476,44.210374],[-73.390805,44.189072],[-73.402381,44.145856],[-73.415761,44.132826],[-73.411316,44.112686],[-73.429239,44.079414],[-73.43774,44.045006],[-73.407739,44.021312],[-73.412581,43.98272],[-73.406823,43.967317],[-73.408589,43.932933],[-73.397256,43.905668],[-73.374051,43.875563],[-73.382046,43.855008],[-73.373688,43.84261],[-73.388389,43.832404],[-73.392751,43.822196],[-73.377232,43.800565],[-73.357547,43.785933],[-73.350593,43.771939],[-73.369725,43.744274],[-73.370612,43.725329],[-73.404739,43.690213],[-73.415513,43.65245],[-73.426463,43.642598],[-73.428583,43.636543],[-73.418319,43.623325],[-73.423708,43.612356],[-73.421616,43.603023],[-73.430947,43.587036],[-73.395767,43.568087],[-73.382549,43.579193],[-73.383446,43.596778],[-73.373443,43.603292],[-73.372486,43.622751],[-73.304125,43.627057],[-73.292202,43.59816],[-73.295344,43.580235],[-73.258631,43.564949],[-73.242042,43.534925],[-73.247631,43.51924],[-73.278673,42.83341],[-73.284311,42.834954],[-73.28375,42.813864],[-73.290944,42.80192],[-73.276421,42.746019],[-73.264957,42.74594],[-73.508142,42.086257],[-73.496879,42.049675],[-73.487314,42.049638],[-73.489615,42.000092],[-73.550961,41.295422],[-73.482709,41.21276],[-73.727775,41.100696],[-73.655371,41.012797],[-73.659671,40.987909],[-73.655972,40.979597],[-73.659972,40.968398],[-73.678073,40.962798],[-73.686473,40.945198],[-73.756776,40.912599],[-73.783545,40.88104],[-73.788786,40.858485],[-73.781206,40.838891],[-73.788221,40.842036],[-73.792253,40.855825],[-73.799543,40.848027],[-73.81281,40.846737],[-73.815205,40.831075],[-73.781369,40.794907],[-73.776032,40.795275],[-73.754032,40.820941],[-73.7544,40.826837],[-73.728275,40.8529],[-73.730675,40.8654],[-73.713674,40.870099],[-73.675573,40.856999],[-73.655872,40.863899],[-73.654372,40.878199],[-73.633771,40.898198],[-73.617571,40.897898],[-73.569969,40.915398],[-73.548068,40.908698],[-73.514999,40.912821],[-73.499941,40.918166],[-73.491765,40.942097],[-73.485365,40.946397],[-73.463708,40.937697],[-73.437509,40.934985],[-73.429863,40.929797],[-73.428836,40.921506],[-73.406074,40.920235],[-73.400862,40.953997],[-73.392862,40.955297],[-73.374462,40.937597],[-73.352761,40.926697],[-73.33136,40.929597],[-73.295061,40.924497],[-73.229285,40.905121],[-73.148994,40.928898],[-73.140785,40.966178],[-73.110368,40.971938],[-73.081582,40.973058],[-73.043701,40.962185],[-72.995931,40.966498],[-72.88825,40.962962],[-72.826057,40.969794],[-72.774104,40.965314],[-72.760031,40.975334],[-72.714425,40.985596],[-72.585327,40.997587],[-72.521548,41.037652],[-72.477306,41.052212],[-72.445242,41.086116],[-72.417945,41.087955],[-72.397,41.096307],[-72.356087,41.133635],[-72.322381,41.140664],[-72.278789,41.158722],[-72.2681,41.154146],[-72.238211,41.15949],[-72.253572,41.137138],[-72.300374,41.112274],[-72.300044,41.132059],[-72.306381,41.13784],[-72.32663,41.132162],[-72.335271,41.120274],[-72.335177,41.106917],[-72.317238,41.088659],[-72.280373,41.080402],[-72.276709,41.076722],[-72.283093,41.067874],[-72.273657,41.051533],[-72.260515,41.042065],[-72.229364,41.044355],[-72.201859,41.032275],[-72.190563,41.032579],[-72.162898,41.053187],[-72.153857,41.051859],[-72.137297,41.039684],[-72.137409,41.023908],[-72.116368,40.999796],[-72.10216,40.991509],[-72.083039,40.996453],[-72.076175,41.009093],[-72.051585,41.006437],[-72.051928,41.020506],[-72.047468,41.022565],[-72.035792,41.020759],[-71.99926,41.039669],[-71.96704,41.047772],[-71.961078,41.054277],[-71.959595,41.071237],[-71.919385,41.080517],[-71.857494,41.073558],[-71.87391,41.052278],[-71.903736,41.040166],[-71.935689,41.034182],[-72.114448,40.972085],[-72.39585,40.86666],[-72.863164,40.732962],[-73.054963,40.666371],[-73.23914,40.6251],[-73.306396,40.620756],[-73.319257,40.635795],[-73.450369,40.603501],[-73.562372,40.583703],[-73.610873,40.587703],[-73.646674,40.582804],[-73.754776,40.584404],[-73.753349,40.59056],[-73.774928,40.590759],[-73.934512,40.545175],[-73.932729,40.560266],[-73.95005,40.573363],[-73.991346,40.57035],[-74.012022,40.574528],[-74.001591,40.590684],[-74.003281,40.595754],[-74.032856,40.604421],[-74.03959,40.612934],[-74.042412,40.624847],[-74.038336,40.637074],[-74.018272,40.659019],[-74.024827,40.687007],[-74.0168,40.701794],[-74.024543,40.709436],[-74.038538,40.710741],[-74.082786,40.673702],[-74.089986,40.659903],[-74.087397,40.653607],[-74.094086,40.649703],[-74.143387,40.641903],[-74.186027,40.646076],[-74.202223,40.631053],[-74.214788,40.560604],[-74.231589,40.559204],[-74.248641,40.549601],[-74.251441,40.542301],[-74.246237,40.520963],[-74.27269,40.488405],[-74.261889,40.464706],[-74.209788,40.447407],[-74.208655,40.43752],[-74.193908,40.440995],[-74.174787,40.455607],[-74.175074,40.449144],[-74.157787,40.446607],[-74.135823,40.455196],[-74.047884,40.418908],[-73.998505,40.410911],[-73.991682,40.442908],[-74.006077,40.464625],[-74.017783,40.472207],[-74.014031,40.476471],[-73.995683,40.468707],[-73.978282,40.440208],[-73.971381,40.371709],[-73.977442,40.299373],[-74.030181,40.122814],[-74.031318,40.100541],[-74.064135,39.979157],[-74.096906,39.76303],[-74.141733,39.689435],[-74.240506,39.554911],[-74.27737,39.514064],[-74.311037,39.506715],[-74.313689,39.493874],[-74.302184,39.478935],[-74.304343,39.471445],[-74.334804,39.432001],[-74.36699,39.402017],[-74.406692,39.377516],[-74.412692,39.360816],[-74.459894,39.345016],[-74.521797,39.313816],[-74.551151,39.293539],[-74.560957,39.278677],[-74.581008,39.270819],[-74.614481,39.244659],[-74.646595,39.212002],[-74.651443,39.198578],[-74.67143,39.179802],[-74.714341,39.119804],[-74.704409,39.107858],[-74.705876,39.102937],[-74.738316,39.074727],[-74.778777,39.023073],[-74.792723,38.991991],[-74.819354,38.979402],[-74.864458,38.94041],[-74.882309,38.941759],[-74.933571,38.928519],[-74.963463,38.931194],[-74.971995,38.94037],[-74.94947,39.015637],[-74.892547,39.113183],[-74.887167,39.158825],[-74.905181,39.174945],[-74.962382,39.190238],[-75.026179,39.193621],[-75.026376,39.20985],[-75.035672,39.215415],[-75.086395,39.208159],[-75.107286,39.211403],[-75.136548,39.179425],[-75.165979,39.201842],[-75.164798,39.216606],[-75.177506,39.242746],[-75.205857,39.262619],[-75.241639,39.274097],[-75.251806,39.299913],[-75.271629,39.304041],[-75.288898,39.289557],[-75.315201,39.310593],[-75.333743,39.345335],[-75.355558,39.347823],[-75.365016,39.341388],[-75.39003,39.358259],[-75.399304,39.37949],[-75.431803,39.391625],[-75.465212,39.43893],[-75.483572,39.440824],[-75.508383,39.459131],[-75.536431,39.460559],[-75.542894,39.470447],[-75.542693,39.496568],[-75.528088,39.498114],[-75.526787,39.53144],[-75.534014,39.540702],[-75.514756,39.562612],[-75.512732,39.578],[-75.553502,39.602],[-75.559102,39.629056],[-75.514643,39.668613],[-75.509042,39.694513],[-75.496241,39.701413],[-75.488553,39.714833],[-75.47764,39.715013],[-75.474168,39.735473],[-75.459439,39.765813],[-75.437938,39.783413],[-75.405337,39.796213],[-75.415041,39.801786],[-75.341765,39.846082],[-75.271159,39.84944],[-75.210876,39.865709]]],[[[-74.04086,40.700117],[-74.043441,40.68968],[-74.047313,40.690466],[-74.04086,40.700117]]],[[[-74.144428,40.53516],[-74.219787,40.502603],[-74.246688,40.496103],[-74.254588,40.502303],[-74.252702,40.513895],[-74.242888,40.520903],[-74.247808,40.543396],[-74.210887,40.560902],[-74.204054,40.589336],[-74.195407,40.601806],[-74.20058,40.631448],[-74.1894,40.642121],[-74.174085,40.645109],[-74.152973,40.638886],[-74.075884,40.648101],[-74.0697,40.641216],[-74.067598,40.623865],[-74.053125,40.603678],[-74.059184,40.593502],[-74.111471,40.546908],[-74.137241,40.530076],[-74.144428,40.53516]]],[[[-72.132225,41.104387],[-72.126704,41.115139],[-72.084207,41.101524],[-72.081167,41.09394],[-72.086975,41.058292],[-72.095711,41.05402],[-72.097136,41.075844],[-72.1064,41.088883],[-72.139233,41.092451],[-72.142929,41.097811],[-72.132225,41.104387]]],[[[-71.943563,41.286675],[-71.926802,41.290122],[-71.935259,41.280579],[-72.002461,41.252867],[-72.036846,41.249794],[-72.018926,41.274114],[-71.943563,41.286675]]],[[[-73.767176,40.886299],[-73.766276,40.881099],[-73.775276,40.882199],[-73.770576,40.888399],[-73.767176,40.886299]]],[[[-73.773361,40.859449],[-73.766333,40.857317],[-73.766032,40.844961],[-73.773038,40.848125],[-73.773361,40.859449]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"New Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Craig A. 0000-0002-1334-2996 cjohnso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Craig","email":"cjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLelland, James","contributorId":28271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLelland","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foose, Michael P. mfoose@usgs.gov","contributorId":4756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foose","given":"Michael","email":"mfoose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":779468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70185251,"text":"70185251 - 1996 - Potential-Scour Assessments at 130 Bridges in Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-16T15:51:07","indexId":"70185251","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Potential-Scour Assessments at 130 Bridges in Iowa","docAbstract":"<p><span class=\"EXLDetailsDisplayVal\">A total of <span class=\"searchword\">130</span> highway <span class=\"searchword\">bridges</span> in <span class=\"searchword\">Iowa</span> were assessed for <span class=\"searchword\">potential</span> <span class=\"searchword\">scour</span> using a <span class=\"searchword\">potential</span>-<span class=\"searchword\">scour</span> index developed by the U.S. Geological Survey for a bridge-<span class=\"searchword\">scour</span> study in western Tennessee. Greater values of the index, which is composed of 11 components, suggest a greater likelihood of <span class=\"searchword\">scour</span>-related problems occurring at a bridge. For the <span class=\"searchword\">Iowa</span> <span class=\"searchword\">assessments</span>, the minimum value was 3, the median value was 11.5, and the maximum value was 24.5. None of the <span class=\"searchword\">130</span> <span class=\"searchword\">bridges</span> required immediate attention with regard to installing <span class=\"searchword\">scour</span> countermeasures. Based on the results of the <span class=\"searchword\">assessments</span>, it was concluded that assessing <span class=\"searchword\">potential</span> <span class=\"searchword\">scour</span> only once at a site would be of limited benefit in the <span class=\"searchword\">Iowa</span> Department of Transportation's bridge inspection program. Additional information would help determine whether repeated <span class=\"searchword\">potential</span>-<span class=\"searchword\">scour</span> <span class=\"searchword\">assessments</span> would enhance more timely and cost-effective implementation of <span class=\"searchword\">scour</span>countermeasures.</span> </p>","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Fischer, E.E., 1996, Potential-Scour Assessments at 130 Bridges in Iowa, p. 1149-1155.","startPage":"1149","endPage":"1155","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":337785,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba436e4b0849ce97dc7ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, Edward E. edf@usgs.gov","contributorId":1063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Edward","email":"edf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":684874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70186170,"text":"70186170 - 1996 - Application and limitations of dendrogeomorphic method to estimate sedimentation rate in the Kankakee River flood plain in Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-30T15:00:40","indexId":"70186170","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Application and limitations of dendrogeomorphic method to estimate sedimentation rate in the Kankakee River flood plain in Illinois","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","conferenceTitle":"Sixth Federal interagency sedimentation conference","language":"English","publisher":"American Geosciences Institute ","usgsCitation":"Johnson, G.P., 1996, Application and limitations of dendrogeomorphic method to estimate sedimentation rate in the Kankakee River flood plain in Illinois, Sixth Federal interagency sedimentation conference, v. 6, no. 2, p. 15-18.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338835,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois ","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1952e4b02ff32c699cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Gary P. 0000-0003-0363-9873 gjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0363-9873","contributorId":2959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary","email":"gjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":687744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70188927,"text":"70188927 - 1996 - Optimization of the Ames/salmonella mutagenicity assay for use with extracts of aquatic sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T15:20:43","indexId":"70188927","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimization of the Ames/salmonella mutagenicity assay for use with extracts of aquatic sediments","docAbstract":"<p><span>Non-mutagenic components interfered with the ability of the standard Ames/salmonella assay to detect mutagenicity in extracts of contaminated Great Lakes sediments. The use of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) to remove these macromolecules from methylene chloride extracts prior to Ames testing enhanced the likelihood of transfer of mutagenic components into dimethyl sulf oxide (the assay solvent). Therefore, to optimize the assay's sensitivity we pre-treated sediment extracts using GPC and increased metabolic activity through the use of a 30% S9 mix. Increasing the level of Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S9, typically used to metabolically activate promutagens, had the additional beneficial effect of reducing the cytotoxicity of the extracts. As applied in this study, the Ames assay can serve as a sensitive test for screening the mutagenic potential of large numbers of uncharacterized sediment extracts.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70982-6","usgsCitation":"Papoulias, D.M., Buckler, D.R., and Tillitt, D.E., 1996, Optimization of the Ames/salmonella mutagenicity assay for use with extracts of aquatic sediments: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 584-590, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70982-6.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"584","endPage":"590","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343017,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59536edfe4b062508e3c7b11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Papoulias, Diana M. 0000-0002-5106-2469 dpapoulias@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-2469","contributorId":2726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papoulias","given":"Diana","email":"dpapoulias@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":701297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buckler, Denny R.","contributorId":10107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckler","given":"Denny","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":701298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":701299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70189720,"text":"70189720 - 1996 - Fish egg injection as an alternative exposure route for early life stage toxicity studies: Description of two unique methods: Chapter 4","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-21T10:35:12","indexId":"70189720","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Fish egg injection as an alternative exposure route for early life stage toxicity studies: Description of two unique methods: Chapter 4","docAbstract":"<p>In the environment, lipophilic contaminants such as halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs, e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, e.g., benzo[a]pyrene) readily bioaccumulate in fish, and the bioaccumulation of these lipophilic chemicals by adult fish may have significant consequences on the development and survival of their offspring. Halogenated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons translocate from adult female body stores into eggs during oocyte maturation, and early life stages of fish are often more sensitive than adults to the toxicity of these chemicals. Thus, the presence of persistent, bioaccumulative contaminants in the environment may pose a risk to fish early life stage survival and ultimately reduce recruitment into the adult population.</p><p>Typically, standard early life stage toxicity studies exposed embryos, larvae, and juveniles to graded concentrations of waterborne toxicants, and dose-response relationships are based on the concentrations of chemicals in the water. However, use of waterborne exposure to assess the toxicity of persistent, bioaccumulative contaminants, such as HAHs and PAHs, has two significant drawbacks. First, uptake of hydrophobic chemicals, such as HAHs and PAHs, into the developing embryo from water is not a significant route of exposure in the environment since concentrations of these chemicals freely dissolved in water are extremely low. Rather, maternal deposition into developing oocytes is the most significant source of these chemicals to the embryo. Second, the dose received by the target tissue, in this case the developing embryo, is the most accurate predictor of the toxic response, and since extrapolation from water concentrations of the chemical to egg concentrations is required, the exact dose received by the embryo can only be estimated, often with large uncertainty. Due to these drawbacks, it is important to develop an alternative exposure method that will directly expose the developing embryo without the need to chronically expose adult fish with subsequent natural deposition of hydrophobic chemicals into the oocytes. Fish egg injection provides this exposure route. Embryos are exposed directly after fertilization with known doses of contaminants, the dose is delivered prior to critical developmental events, and extrapolation of the dose received by the embryo is not needed.</p><p>We have developed two unique fish egg injection methods as alternative routes of exposure for fish early life stage toxicity studies of lipophilic environmental contaminants. With either method, individual fish eggs are injected with a known dose of chemical. The first approach, a microinjection method, originally developed to assess the developmental toxicity of HAH congeners to early life stages of salmonids, utilizes micro-syringes, 30- gauge stainless steel injection needles, and micro- to nanoliter injection volume. The second approach, a nano-injection method, utilizes glass capillary micropipettes with 2 to 10 µm tips as injection needles, and nano- to picoliter injection volume, allowing injection of nearly any size of fish egg.</p><p>Both of these egg injection methods allow an investigator to assess the toxicity of lipophilic environmental contaminants to early life stages of fish in a manner that realistically reflects environmental exposure and allows accurate quantitation of the dose to the developing embryo. These injection techniques, however, are not limited to use with only lipophilic chemicals. Since the developmental toxicity of many environmental contaminants ultimately depends on the dose received by the embryo, these egg injection methods could serve as a realistic exposure route in many fish early life stage toxicity studies.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Techniques in aquatic toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","usgsCitation":"Walker, M.K., Zabel, E.W., Akerman, G., Balk, L., Wright, P.J., and Tillitt, D.E., 1996, Fish egg injection as an alternative exposure route for early life stage toxicity studies: Description of two unique methods: Chapter 4, chap. <i>of</i> Techniques in aquatic toxicology, p. 41-72.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"597312aee4b0ec1a488718ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, Mary K.","contributorId":102321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zabel, Erik W.","contributorId":194956,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zabel","given":"Erik","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Akerman, Gun","contributorId":178579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Akerman","given":"Gun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Balk, Lennart","contributorId":178565,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balk","given":"Lennart","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wright, Peggy J.","contributorId":193139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"Peggy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70246744,"text":"70246744 - 1996 - A gold mine of methane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-18T14:32:44.767187","indexId":"70246744","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-09T09:30:33","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A gold mine of methane","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/381114a0","usgsCitation":"Evans, W.C., 1996, A gold mine of methane: Nature, v. 381, p. 114-115, https://doi.org/10.1038/381114a0.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"114","endPage":"115","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419044,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"381","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, William C. 0000-0001-5942-3102 wcevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-3102","contributorId":2353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"wcevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":878149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5223257,"text":"5223257 - 1996 - Spatial and temporal variation in soil and vegetation impacts on campsites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T16:38:24.471258","indexId":"5223257","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T12:17:46","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal variation in soil and vegetation impacts on campsites","docAbstract":"<p><span>We studied the impacts of camping on soil and vegetation at Delaware Water Gap national Recreation Area. We assessed the magnitude of impact on campsites that varied in amount of use and in topographic position. We also evaluated change over a 5-yr period on long-established, recently opened, and recently closed campsites, as well as on plots subjected to experimental trampling. Campsite impacts were intense and spatially variable. Amount of use and topographic position explained some of this variation. Soil and vegetation conditions changed rapidly when campsites were initially opened to use and when they were closed to use. Changes were less pronounced on the long-established campsites that remained open to use. In the trampling experiments, impact varied greatly with trampling intensity and between vegetation types. An open-canopy grassland vegetation type was much more resistant to trampling than a forb-dominated forest vegetation type. Campsite impacts increased rapidly with initial disturbance, stabilized with ongoing disturbance, and–in contrast to what has been found in most other studies–decreased rapidly once disturbance was terminated. Implications of these results for campsite management strategies, such as use concentration or dispersal, and rotation or closure of campsites, are discussed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2269388","usgsCitation":"Marion, J.L., and Cole, D.N., 1996, Spatial and temporal variation in soil and vegetation impacts on campsites: Ecological Applications, v. 6, no. 2, p. 520-530, https://doi.org/10.2307/2269388.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"520","endPage":"530","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479039,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46861","text":"External Repository"},{"id":199717,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Delaware Water Gap national Recreation Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.10559730740822,\n              40.94547839699115\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.87117441967085,\n              41.108456557908426\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.84359525640761,\n              41.1482727566644\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.84359525640761,\n              41.19844134789486\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.78384040267028,\n              41.29866324803211\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.81601609314437,\n              41.33146112664568\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.88841139671045,\n              41.274485830939085\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.91139403276291,\n              41.217460762434655\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.93552580061844,\n              41.171631880499746\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.01366676319739,\n              41.111054002995104\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.04814071727658,\n              41.077279202201424\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.07571988053985,\n              41.03741994018637\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.13662386607918,\n              40.99580191797935\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.16765042475065,\n              40.96283567092081\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.17109782015837,\n              40.942006394591914\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.10559730740822,\n              40.94547839699115\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69758c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marion, Jeffrey L. 0000-0003-2226-689X jeff_marion@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-689X","contributorId":3614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeff_marion@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":338226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, David N.","contributorId":40086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70202463,"text":"70202463 - 1996 - Techniques for visualizing urban growth using a temporal GIS database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T15:08:40","indexId":"70202463","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T12:11:08","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Techniques for visualizing urban growth using a temporal GIS database","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention and Exhibition, Baltimore, Md., 22–25 April 1996, Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention and Exhibition","conferenceDate":"April 22-25, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, Maryland","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, Maryland","usgsCitation":"Masuoka, P., Acevedo, W., Fifer, S., Foresman, T.W., and Tuttle, M., 1996, Techniques for visualizing urban growth using a temporal GIS database, <i>in</i> ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention and Exhibition, Baltimore, Md., 22–25 April 1996, Proceedings, Baltimore, Maryland, April 22-25, 1996, p. 89-100.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"100","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361684,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masuoka, Penny","contributorId":213913,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Masuoka","given":"Penny","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Acevedo, William wacevedo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"William","email":"wacevedo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fifer, S.","contributorId":213916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fifer","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foresman, Timothy W.","contributorId":213897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foresman","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tuttle, M.","contributorId":26397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70170925,"text":"70170925 - 1996 - Nitrate in groundwater and water sources used by riparian trees in an agricultural watershed: A chemical and isotopic investigation in southern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T15:50:23","indexId":"70170925","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T10:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrate in groundwater and water sources used by riparian trees in an agricultural watershed: A chemical and isotopic investigation in southern Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p><span>This study evaluates processes that affect nitrate concentrations in groundwater beneath riparian zones in an agricultural watershed. Nitrate pathways in the upper 2 m of groundwater were investigated beneath wooded and grass-shrub riparian zones next to cultivated fields. Because trees can be important components of the overall nitrate pathway in wooded riparian zones, water sources used by riparian trees and possible effects of trees on nitrate concentrations in groundwater were also investigated. Average nitrate concentrations in shallow groundwater beneath the cultivated fields were 5.5 mg/L upgradient of the wooded riparian zone and 3.5 mg/L upgradient of the grass-shrub zone. Shallow groundwater beneath the fields passed through the riparian zones and discharged into streams that had average nitrate concentrations of 8.5 mg/L (as N). Lateral variations of δD values in groundwater showed that mixing among different water sources occurred beneath the riparian zones. In the wooded riparian zone, nitrate concentrations in shallow groundwater were diluted by upwelling, nitrate-poor, deep groundwater. Upwelling deep groundwater contained ammonium with a δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N of 5‰ that upon nitrification and mixing with nitrate in shallow groundwater caused nitrate δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N values in shallow groundwater to decrease by as much as 19.5‰. Stream water penetrated laterally beneath the wooded riparian zone as far as 19 m from the stream's edge and beneath the grass-shrub zone as far as 27 m from the stream's edge. Nitrate concentrations in shallow groundwater immediately upgradient of where it mixed with stream water averaged 0.4 mg/L in the wooded riparian zone and 0.8 mg/L near the grass-shrub riparian zone. Nitrate concentrations increased toward the streams because of mixing with nitrate-rich stream water. Because nitrate concentrations were larger in stream water than shallow groundwater, concentrated nitrate in the streams cannot have come from shallow groundwater at these sites. Water sources of riparian trees were identified by comparing δD values of sap water, soil water, groundwater, and stream water. Soil water was the main water source for trees in the outer 4 to 6 m of one part of the wooded riparian zone and outer 10 m of another part. Groundwater was a significant water source for trees closer to the streams where the water table was less than about 2.1 to 2.7 m below the surface. No evidence was found in the nitrate concentration profiles that trees close to the streams that took up groundwater through their roots also took up nitrate from groundwater. The lack of such evidence is attributed to the nitrate concentration profiles being insufficiently sensitive indicators of nitrate removal by trees.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR03815","usgsCitation":"Komor, S., and Magner, J.A., 1996, Nitrate in groundwater and water sources used by riparian trees in an agricultural watershed: A chemical and isotopic investigation in southern Minnesota: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 4, p. 1039-1050, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR03815.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1039","endPage":"1050","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321107,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Cobb River","volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"573457c6e4b0dae0d5ddd39c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Komor, Stephen C.","contributorId":12875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komor","given":"Stephen C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magner, Joseph A.","contributorId":172051,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Magner","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70202452,"text":"70202452 - 1996 - Development of the temporal transportation database for the analysis of urban development in the Baltimore-Washington region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T15:09:30","indexId":"70202452","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T09:42:35","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Development of the temporal transportation database for the analysis of urban development in the Baltimore-Washington region","docAbstract":"<p><span>The U.S. Geological Survey is participating in a joint effort with the University of Maryland Baltimore County and other government agencies to construct a dynamic database of urban development for the Baltimore-Washington region from the late-1700's to the 1990's. The multi-theme temporal database includes a principal transportation data layer that documents the primary roads, railroads, and other transportation features that provided the infrastructure for urban development. A geographic information system was used to collect from various maps at various scales. Compilation criteria, such as connectivity, mobility, lineage, and alignment, were developed to accommodate limitations in the source materials. Visualization techniques such as animation and flight simulation are used to portray the changing transportation infrastructure and its effect on urbanization. The database will be used to study the evolution of the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area. The principal transportation data layer is essential to illustrate and analyze the regional and temporal aspects of human-induced land transformations. Modeling applications will explore the urban growth process and its correlation to key transportation development.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention and Exhibition, Baltimore, Md., 20–26 April 1996, Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention and Exhibition","conferenceDate":"April 20-26, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, Maryland","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, Virginia","usgsCitation":"Clark, S.C., Starr, J., Foresman, T.W., Acevedo, W., and Solomon, C., 1996, Development of the temporal transportation database for the analysis of urban development in the Baltimore-Washington region, <i>in</i> ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention and Exhibition, Baltimore, Md., 20–26 April 1996, Proceedings, Baltimore, Maryland, April 20-26, 1996.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361665,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":361664,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/landcover.usgs.gov/urban/umap/pubs/asprs_sc.php.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Baltimore-Washington Region","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Susan C.","contributorId":213899,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Starr, John","contributorId":213900,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Starr","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foresman, Timothy W.","contributorId":213897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foresman","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Acevedo, William wacevedo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"William","email":"wacevedo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Solomon, Carol","contributorId":213901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solomon","given":"Carol","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":758647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70202451,"text":"70202451 - 1996 - Origins and philosophy of building a temporal database to examine human transformation processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T15:10:11","indexId":"70202451","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T09:27:13","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Origins and philosophy of building a temporal database to examine human transformation processes","docAbstract":"<p><span>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with the University of Maryland Baltimore County, is using historical maps and satellite images to map human-induced land transformations for the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area. This work builds on an earlier effort that documented the historical urban development for the San Francisco Bay area. That effort used a geographic information system to compile a database that provided a visual and historical perspective of the urban growth experienced in the Bay area between 1850 and 1990. Historical overviews of urban development can be used to provide insights into the future. The Bay area work was inspired by the desire to draw upon the USGS's rich 100-year topographic map, and 20-year Landsat satellite data archives. A methodology was developed to combine the information from a variety of sources into an integrated, multi-scale, and multi-resolution dataset. Temporal urban mapping is used to examine past landscapes by incorporating historic maps, census statistics, and commerce records to generate a progressive geo-referenced representation of the past changes in the region. Contemporary analysis focuses on the use of remotely sensed data, existing digital land use data, digital census information, and a variety of Earth science infrastructure data, such as Digital Line Graphs, Digital Elevation Models, and key ancillary demographic information. The resulting database of temporal urban demographic changes provides an ideal source of test data and information for both urban geographers and global change research scientists.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annual Convention and Exhibition, Baltimore, Md., 22–25 April 1996, Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Annual Convention and Exhibition","conferenceDate":"April 22-25, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, Maryland","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, Maryland","usgsCitation":"Acevedo, W., Foresman, T.W., and Buchanan, J., 1996, Origins and philosophy of building a temporal database to examine human transformation processes, <i>in</i> Annual Convention and Exhibition, Baltimore, Md., 22–25 April 1996, Proceedings, Baltimore, Maryland, April 22-25, 1996.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361662,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/landcover.usgs.gov/urban/umap/pubs/asprs_wma.php.html"},{"id":361663,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.64862060546875,\n              37.391981943533544\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.74362182617188,\n              37.391981943533544\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.74362182617188,\n              38.238180119798635\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.64862060546875,\n              38.238180119798635\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.64862060546875,\n              37.391981943533544\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Acevedo, William wacevedo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"William","email":"wacevedo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foresman, Timothy W.","contributorId":213897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foresman","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buchanan, Janis T.","contributorId":213898,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buchanan","given":"Janis T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70246980,"text":"70246980 - 1996 - Uncertainty of groundwater vulnerability assessments for agricultural regions in Hawaii: Review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-20T14:23:00.157461","indexId":"70246980","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T09:15:11","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uncertainty of groundwater vulnerability assessments for agricultural regions in Hawaii: Review","docAbstract":"<p><span>There are important challenges associated with assessing potential groundwater vulnerability hazards that may result from regional scale applications of agrochemicals. The increasing availability of Geographic Information System (GIS) software to those involved in assisting with landuse decisions has resulted in the widespread production of multicolored risk management maps for many environmentally sensitive issues. Soil-based GIS's have recently been coupled to various solute-leaching models to make near-surface groundwater vulnerability assessments for guidance in pesticide regulation in several states. In general, these assessments rest on soil, climatic, and chemical data that are extremely sparse and contain considerable uncertainty. It is also important to acknowledge the uncertainty associated with the transport/fate processes that are not accounted for by the modeling approach used to make the assessment. In this paper, we review the results from a series of papers that have focused on characterization of uncertainty in pesticide mobility estimates, using the attenuation and retardation indices (AF and RF), for the Pearl Harbor Basin on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. Relative to data error uncertainties, we discuss the impacts of: (i) soil, climatic, and chemical data base uncertainties, (ii) reductions in data base uncertainties, (iii) extrapolation of soil data base information based on soil taxonomy and soil survey, and (iv) importing information from outside the region of interest. Relative to model error uncertainties, we compare pesticide leaching estimates from the simple AF and RF mobility indices with simulations from the EPA's Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM) and field observations. Finally, we outline a Regional Integrated Risk Assessment approach for characterizing regional scale groundwater vulnerability for near-surface nonpoint sources.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500030013x","usgsCitation":"Loague, K., Bernknopf, R., Green, R.E., and Giambelluca, T., 1996, Uncertainty of groundwater vulnerability assessments for agricultural regions in Hawaii: Review: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 25, p. 475-490, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500030013x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"490","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419185,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Oahu","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -158.17001943695823,\n              21.455619564327932\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.17001943695823,\n              21.299771904317055\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.87349649295143,\n              21.299771904317055\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.87349649295143,\n              21.455619564327932\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.17001943695823,\n              21.455619564327932\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loague, Keith","contributorId":178119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loague","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bernknopf, R. L.","contributorId":46082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Green, R. E.","contributorId":316828,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Green","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Giambelluca, T. W.","contributorId":90115,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giambelluca","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":39631,"text":"pp1408A - 1996 - Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19841,"text":"ofr9198 - 1993 - Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"ofr9198","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39631,"text":"pp1408A - 1996 - Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"pp1408A","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-19T15:48:35","indexId":"pp1408A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1408","chapter":"A","title":"Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"Regional aquifers underlying the 15,600-square-mile Snake River Plain in southern Idaho and eastern Oregon was studied as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis program. The largest and most productive aquifers in the Snake River Plain are composed of Quaternary basalt of the Snake River Group, which underlies most of the 10,8000-square-mile eastern plain. Aquifer tests and simulation indicate that transmissivity of the upper 200 feet of the basalt aquifer in the eastern plain commonly ranges from about 100,000 to 1,000,000 feet squared per day. However, transmissivity of the total aquifer thickness may be as much as 10 million feet squared per day. Specific yield of the upper 200 feet of the aquifer ranges from about 0.01 to 0.20. Average horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the upper 200 feet of the basalt aquifer ranges from less than 100 to 9,000 feet per day. Values may be one to several orders of magnitude higher in parts in individual flows, such as flow tops. Vertical hydraulic conductivity is probably several orders of magnitude lower than horizontal hydraulic conductivity and is generally related to the number of joints. Pillow lava in ancestral Snake River channels has the highest hydraulic conductivity of all rock types. Hydraulic conductivity of the basalt decreases with depth because of secondary filling of voids with calcite and silica. An estimated 80 to 120 million acre-feet of water is believed to be stored in the upper 200 feet of the basalt aquifer in the eastern plain. The most productive aquifers in the 4,800-square-mile western plain are alluvial sand and gravel in the Boise River valley. Although aquifer tests indicate that transmissivity of alluvium in the Boise River valley ranges from 5,000 to 160,000 feet squared per day, simulation suggests that average transmissivity of the upper 500 feet is generally less than 20,000 feet squared per day. Vertically averaged horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the upper 500 feet of alluvium ranges from about 4 to 40 feet per day; higher values can be expected in individual sand and gravel zones. Vertical hydraulic conductivity is considerably lower because of the presence of clay layers. Hydraulic heads measured in piezometers, interpreted from diagrams showing ground-water flow and equipotential lines and estimated by computer simulation, demonstrate that water movement is three dimensional through the rock framework. Natural recharge takes place along the margins of the plain where head decreases with depth; discharge takes place near some reaches of the Snake River and the Boise River where head increases with depth. Geothermal water in rhyolitic rocks in the western plain and western part of the eastern plain has higher hydraulic head than the overlying cold water. Geothermal water, therefore, moves upward and merges into the cold-water system. Basin water-budget analyses indicate that the volume of cold water. Carbon-14 age determinations, which indicate that residence time of geothermal water is 17,700 to 20,300 years, plus or minus 4,000 years, imply slow movement of water through the geothermal system. Along much of its length, the Snake River gains large quantities of ground water. On the eastern plain, the river gained about 1.9 million acre-feet of water between Blackfoot and Neeley, Idaho, in 1980. Between Milner and King Hill, Idaho, the river gained 4.7 million acre-feet, mostly as spring flow from the north side. Upstream from Blackfoot and in the vicinity of Lake Walcott, the rover loses flow to ground water during parts or all of the year. On the western plain, river gains from ground water are small relative to those on the eastern plain; most are from seepage. Streams in tributary drainage basins supply calcium/bicarbonate type and calcium/magnesium/bicarbonate type water to the plain. Water type is a reflection of the chemical composition of rocks in the drainage basin, Concentrations of dissolved solids are smallest, about 50 milligrams per liter, in streams such as the Boise River that drain areas of granitic rocks; concentrations are greatest, about 400 milligrams per liter, in streams such as the Owyhee and Raft Rivers that drain area of sedimentary rocks. Water chemistry reflects the interaction of surface water and ground water. The chemical composition of ground water in the plain is essentially the same as that in streamflow and groundwater discharge from tributary drainage basins. Tributary drainage basins supplied 85 percent of the ground-water recharge in the eastern plain during 1980 and a nearly equivalent percentage of the solute load in ground water; human activities and dissolution of minerals supplied the other solutes. Dissolved-solids concentrations in ground water were generally less than 400 milligrams per liter. Water from the lower geothermal system is chemically different from water from the upper cold-water system. Geothermal water typically has greater concentrations of sodium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, silica, arsenic, boron, and lithium and smaller concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen. Difference are attributed to ion exchange as geothermal moves through the rock framework. Irrigation, mostly on the Snake River Plain, accounted for about 96 percent of consumptive water use in Idaho during 1980. The use of surface water for irrigation for more than 100 years has caused major changes in the hydrologic system on the plain. Construction of dams, reservoirs, and diversifications effected planned changes in the surface-water system but resulted in largely unplanned changes in the ground-water system. During those years of irrigation, annual recharge in the main part of the eastern plain increased to about 6.7 million acre-feet in 1980, or by about 70 percent. Most of the increase was from percolation of surface water diverted for irrigation. From preirrigation to 1952, groundwater storage increased about 24 million acre-feet, and storage decreased from 1952 to 1964 and from 1976 to 1980 because of below-normal precipitation and increased withdrawals of ground water for irrigation. Annual ground-water discharge increased to about 7.1 million acre-feet in 1980, or about 80 percent since the start of irrigation. About 10 percent of the 1980 total discharge was ground-water pumpage. About 3.1 million acres, or almost one-third of the plain, was irrigated during 1980: 2.0 million acres with surface water, 1.0 million acres with ground water, and 0.1 million acres with combined surface and ground water. About 8.9 million acre-feet of Snake River water was diverted for irrigation during 1980 and 2.3 million acre-feet of ground water was pumped from 5,300 wells. Most irrigation wells on the eastern plain are open to basalt. About two-thirds of them yield more than 1,500 gallons per minute with a reported maximum of 7,240 gallons per minute; drawdown is less than 20 feet in two-thirds of the wells. Most irrigation wells on the western plain are open to sedimentary rocks. About one-third of them yield more than 1,00 gallons per minute with a reported maximum of 3,850 gallons per minute; drawndown is less than 20 feet in about one-fifth of the wells. The major instream use of water on the Snake River Plain is hydroelectric power generation. Fifty-two million acre-feet of water generated 2.6 million megawatthours of electricity during 1980. Digital computer ground-water flows models of the eastern and western plain reasonably simulated regional changes in water levels and ground-water discharges from 1880 (preirrigation) to 1980. Model results support the concept of three-dimensional flow and the hypotheses of no underflow between the eastern and western plain. Simulation of the regional aquifer system in the eastern plain indicates that is 1980 hydrologic conditions, including pumpage, were to remain the same for another 30 years, moderate declines in ground-water levels and decreases in spring discharges would continue. Increased ground-water pumpage to irrigate an additional 1 million acres could cause ground-water levels to decline a few tens of feet in the central part of the plain and could cause corresponding decreases in ground-water discharge. A combination of actions such as increased ground-water pumpage and decreased use of surface water for irrigation (resulting in reduced recharge) would accentuate the changes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1408A","usgsCitation":"Lindholm, G.F., 1996, Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1408, Report: vii, 59 p.; 1 Plate: 34.00 x 24.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1408A.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 59 p.; 1 Plate: 34.00 x 24.00 inches","numberOfPages":"68","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":104631,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4855.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4855"},{"id":124963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67291,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67292,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,45.0 ], [ -111.0,45.0 ], [ -111.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6985c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindholm, G. F.","contributorId":88763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindholm","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1014619,"text":"1014619 - 1996 - Comparative diets of hatchery and wild Atlantic salmon smolts in the Merrimack River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-27T16:11:33.023794","indexId":"1014619","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative diets of hatchery and wild Atlantic salmon smolts in the Merrimack River","docAbstract":"<p><span>We examined diets of smolts of 224 “wild” and 150 hatchery Atlantic salmon&nbsp;</span><i>Salmo salar</i><span>; wild smolts had been released as fry from the hatchery 2 years before collection, whereas hatchery fish were released as smolts from the hatchery 3–15 d before. Smolts were collected from 1991 to 1993 at trapping facilities at dams in the Merrimack River during spring outmigration. About 50% of the hatchery smolts and 50% of the wild smolts examined had empty stomachs. For smolts containing food, terrestrial invertebrates were the major prey of both hatchery and wild salmon. Adult aquatic dipterans (i.e., chironomids, culicids, and simuliids) also composed a large portion of the diet of both groups of salmon. Hydropsychid and chironomid larvae were the main benthic taxa consumed. Surface‐oriented prey dominated the diet of hatchery (73.7%) and wild (62.4%) smolts. The coefficient of dietary overlap (</span><i>C</i><span>λ) between hatchery and wild smolts was high during all years and ranged from 0.83 to 0.93. Stomach fullness of hatchery smolts was significantly less than that of wild smolts. Further research is needed to determine if the low food consumption of hatchery smolts affects survival.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1996)016<0440:CDOHAW>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.H., McKeon, J., and Dropkin, D.S., 1996, Comparative diets of hatchery and wild Atlantic salmon smolts in the Merrimack River: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 16, no. 2, p. 440-444, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1996)016<0440:CDOHAW>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"440","endPage":"444","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132265,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts, New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Merrimack River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.18997213065708,\n              42.84649356735159\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.18997213065708,\n              42.70813341182091\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.80179940249525,\n              42.70813341182091\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.80179940249525,\n              42.84649356735159\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.18997213065708,\n              42.84649356735159\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae539","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J. H.","contributorId":54914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKeon, J.F.","contributorId":7237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeon","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dropkin, D. S.","contributorId":87084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dropkin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":66926,"text":"i2432 - 1996 - Geologic map of the Darvel Quadrangle (MTM 20052), Maja Valles Region of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-28T13:59:51","indexId":"i2432","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2432","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Geologic map of the Darvel Quadrangle (MTM 20052), Maja Valles Region of Mars","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2432","isbn":"0607623764","usgsCitation":"Rice, J.W., and DeHon, R., 1996, Geologic map of the Darvel Quadrangle (MTM 20052), Maja Valles Region of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2432, 1 map :col. ;61 x 59 cm., on sheet 99 x 115 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2432.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;61 x 59 cm., on sheet 99 x 115 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":438910,"rank":401,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VVXOX4","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the Darvel Quadrangle (MTM 20052), Maja Valles Region of Mars"},{"id":115188,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2432/report.pdf","size":"29","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":115189,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2432/plate-1.pdf","size":"14331","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":189103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2432/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"502000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64971c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, J. W. Jr.","contributorId":53040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeHon, R.A.","contributorId":59886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeHon","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":69399,"text":"i2535 - 1996 - Geologic map of the Mount Ichabod area, Elko County, Nevada","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20276,"text":"ofr92544 - 1992 - Geophysical logging of cored section in the Long Valley exploratory well, Long Valley, California","indexId":"ofr92544","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Geophysical logging of cored section in the Long Valley exploratory well, Long Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":69399,"text":"i2535 - 1996 - Geologic map of the Mount Ichabod area, Elko County, Nevada","indexId":"i2535","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Mount Ichabod area, Elko County, Nevada"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":42805,"text":"ofr92580 - 1992 - Preliminary geologic map of the Mount Ichabod area, Elko County, Nevada","indexId":"ofr92580","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Mount Ichabod area, Elko County, Nevada"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":69399,"text":"i2535 - 1996 - Geologic map of the Mount Ichabod area, Elko County, Nevada","indexId":"i2535","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Mount Ichabod area, Elko County, Nevada"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:23","indexId":"i2535","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2535","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Geologic map of the Mount Ichabod area, Elko County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2535","usgsCitation":"Ketner, K.B., Murchey, B., Stamm, R., and Wardlaw, B.R., 1996, Geologic map of the Mount Ichabod area, Elko County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2535, -, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2535.","productDescription":"-","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":107446,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10310.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"10310"},{"id":187709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.61749999999999,41.534166666666664 ], [ -115.61749999999999,41.6175 ], [ -115.53416666666666,41.6175 ], [ -115.53416666666666,41.534166666666664 ], [ -115.61749999999999,41.534166666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69666e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ketner, K. B.","contributorId":23121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketner","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":280334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murchey, B.L.","contributorId":93074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchey","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stamm, R.G.","contributorId":59476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamm","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wardlaw, B. R.","contributorId":9269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardlaw","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":58410,"text":"mf2308 - 1996 - Geologic map of the Banta Ridge Quadrangle, Rio Blanco County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:14","indexId":"mf2308","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2308","title":"Geologic map of the Banta Ridge Quadrangle, Rio Blanco County, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2308","usgsCitation":"Pantea, M., and Schmitt, L., 1996, Geologic map of the Banta Ridge Quadrangle, Rio Blanco County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2308, 1 map ;58 x 45 cm., on sheet 74 x 97 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2308.","productDescription":"1 map ;58 x 45 cm., on sheet 74 x 97 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":105357,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5927.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5927"},{"id":183982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":88371,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1996/2308/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109,39.8675 ], [ -109,40 ], [ -108.86749999999999,40 ], [ -108.86749999999999,39.8675 ], [ -109,39.8675 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0fe4b07f02db6a036f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pantea, M. P.","contributorId":11224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pantea","given":"M. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmitt, L.J.","contributorId":48565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018683,"text":"70018683 - 1996 - Recent introduction of the foraminifer Trochammina hadai Uchio into San Francisco Bay, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-30T16:14:01.622477","indexId":"70018683","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent introduction of the foraminifer Trochammina hadai Uchio into San Francisco Bay, California, USA","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(95)00077-1","usgsCitation":"McGann, M., and Sloan, D., 1996, Recent introduction of the foraminifer Trochammina hadai Uchio into San Francisco Bay, California, USA: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 28, no. 1, p. 1-3, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(95)00077-1.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227439,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.66630834853484,\n              38.18707784920073\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.66630834853484,\n              37.392486068520725\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.95174954289718,\n              37.392486068520725\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.95174954289718,\n              38.18707784920073\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.66630834853484,\n              38.18707784920073\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9625e4b0c8380cd81e24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGann, Mary","contributorId":89907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGann","given":"Mary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloan, Doris","contributorId":173259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sloan","given":"Doris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018579,"text":"70018579 - 1996 - Chemical evaluation of soil-solution in acid forest soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-15T16:31:20.052455","indexId":"70018579","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3419,"text":"Soil Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical evaluation of soil-solution in acid forest soils","docAbstract":"Soil-solution chemistry is commonly studied in forests through the use of soil lysimeters.This approach is impractical for regional survey studies, however, because lysimeter installation and operation is expensive and time consuming. To address these problems, a new technique was developed to compare soil-solution chemistry among red spruce stands in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine. Soil solutions were expelled by positive air pressure from soil that had been placed in a sealed cylinder. Before the air pressure was applied, a solution chemically similar to throughfall was added to the soil to bring it to approximate field capacity. After the solution sample was expelled, the soil was removed from the cylinder and chemically analyzed. The method was tested with homogenized Oa and Bs horizon soils collected from a red spruce stand in the Adirondack Mountains of New York, a red spruce stand in east-central Vermont, and a mixed hardwood stand in the Catskill Mountains of New York. Reproducibility, effects of varying the reaction time between adding throughfall and expelling soil solution (5-65 minutes) and effects of varying the chemical composition of added throughfall, were evaluated. In general, results showed that (i) the method was reproducible (coefficients of variation were generally < 15%), (ii) variations in the length of reaction-time did not affect expelled solution concentrations, and (iii) adding and expelling solution did not cause detectable changes in soil exchange chemistry. Concentrations of expelled solutions varied with the concentrations of added throughfall; the lower the CEC, the more sensitive expelled solution concentrations were to the chemical concentrations of added throughfall. Addition of a tracer (NaBr) showed that the expelled solution was a mixture of added solution and solution that preexisted in the soil. Comparisons of expelled solution concentrations with concentrations of soil solutions collected by zero-tension and tension lysimetry indicated that expelled solution concentrations were higher than those obtained with either type of lysimeter, although there was less difference with tension lysimeters than zero-tension lysimeters. The method used for collection of soil solution should be taken into consideration whenever soil solution data are being interpreted.","language":"English","publisher":"Wolters Kluwer","doi":"10.1097/00010694-199605000-00005","issn":"0038075X","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, G., and David, M.B., 1996, Chemical evaluation of soil-solution in acid forest soils: Soil Science, v. 161, no. 5, p. 298-313, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199605000-00005.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"298","endPage":"313","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227080,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York, Vermont","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.07854938310682,\n              45.0375693793855\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.84879221247608,\n              43.645207343131446\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.71545121677863,\n              43.65390388320041\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.15472998074212,\n              43.46427693178023\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.80390956890837,\n              42.01496762411051\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.10118224340155,\n              42.06809908544358\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.37117922518975,\n              42.00656159213099\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.92059668437619,\n              41.41942050156172\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.63653860327466,\n              40.94701324452626\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.24938035081587,\n              42.72783107480066\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.44760520406116,\n              42.713014923774494\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.23101112234596,\n              43.7957620531397\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.44624914128815,\n              45.00137034379799\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.07854938310682,\n              45.0375693793855\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"161","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f57be4b0c8380cd4c24d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"David, Mark B.","contributorId":43255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"David","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":35161,"text":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":380103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185706,"text":"70185706 - 1996 - Identification of hydraulic conductivity structure in sand and gravel aquifers: Cape Cod data set ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T10:25:38","indexId":"70185706","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of hydraulic conductivity structure in sand and gravel aquifers: Cape Cod data set ","docAbstract":"<p>This study evaluates commonly used geostatistical methods to assess reproduction of hydraulic conductivity (K) structure and sensitivity under limiting amounts of data. Extensive conductivity measurements from the Cape Cod sand and gravel aquifer are used to evaluate two geostatistical estimation methods, conditional mean as an estimate and ordinary kriging, and two stochastic simulation methods, simulated annealing and sequential Gaussian simulation. Our results indicate that for relatively homogeneous sand and gravel aquifers such as the Cape Cod aquifer, neither estimation methods nor stochastic simulation methods give highly accurate point predictions of hydraulic conductivity despite the high density of collected data. Although the stochastic simulation methods yielded higher errors than the estimation methods, the stochastic simulation methods yielded better reproduction of the measured In (K) distribution and better reproduction of local contrasts in In (K). The inability of kriging to reproduce high In (K) values, as reaffirmed by this study, provides a strong instigation for choosing stochastic simulation methods to generate conductivity fields when performing fine-scale contaminant transport modeling. Results also indicate that estimation error is relatively insensitive to the number of hydraulic conductivity measurements so long as more than a threshold number of data are used to condition the realizations. This threshold occurs for the Cape Cod site when there are approximately three conductivity measurements per integral volume. The lack of improvement with additional data suggests that although fine-scale hydraulic conductivity structure is evident in the variogram, it is not accurately reproduced by geostatistical estimation methods. If the Cape Cod aquifer spatial conductivity characteristics are indicative of other sand and gravel deposits, then the results on predictive error versus data collection obtained here have significant practical consequences for site characterization. Heavily sampled sand and gravel aquifers, such as Cape Cod and Borden, may have large amounts of redundant data, while in more common real world settings, our results suggest that denser data collection will likely improve understanding of permeability structure.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR00272","usgsCitation":"Eggleston, J., Rojstaczer, S., and Peirce, J., 1996, Identification of hydraulic conductivity structure in sand and gravel aquifers: Cape Cod data set : Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 5, p. 1209-1222, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00272.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"1209","endPage":"1222","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7632e4b0ee37af29e4b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eggleston, J.R.","contributorId":58296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rojstaczer, S.A.","contributorId":54620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojstaczer","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peirce, J.J.","contributorId":189921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peirce","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}