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,{"id":58906,"text":"mf2314 - 1996 - Geologic map of the Gillam Draw quadrangle, Rio Blanco County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-31T19:36:54.095789","indexId":"mf2314","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2314","title":"Geologic map of the Gillam Draw quadrangle, Rio Blanco County, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2314","usgsCitation":"Barnum, B.E., and Hail, W., 1996, Geologic map of the Gillam Draw quadrangle, Rio Blanco County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2314, 1 Plate: 41.94 × 34.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2314.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.94 × 34.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":105364,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5935.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5935"},{"id":88568,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1996/2314/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Rio Blanco County","otherGeospatial":"Gillam Draw quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.75,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.625,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.625,\n              40.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.75,\n              40.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.75,\n              40\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698514","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnum, B. E.","contributorId":39444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnum","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hail, W. J.","contributorId":90320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hail","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":58693,"text":"mf2301 - 1996 - Photogeologic and reconnaissance geologic map of the Smith Creek and Smith Creek NE quadrangles, Rosebud County, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:17","indexId":"mf2301","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2301","title":"Photogeologic and reconnaissance geologic map of the Smith Creek and Smith Creek NE quadrangles, Rosebud County, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2301","isbn":"0607622598","usgsCitation":"Colton, R.B., Klockenbrink, J., Ellis, M., Grout, M.A., and Heffern, E., 1996, Photogeologic and reconnaissance geologic map of the Smith Creek and Smith Creek NE quadrangles, Rosebud County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2301, 1 map ;58 x 81 cm., on sheet 80 x 107 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2301.","productDescription":"1 map ;58 x 81 cm., on sheet 80 x 107 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":105351,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5921.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5921"},{"id":184600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.75,46.1175 ], [ -106.75,46.25 ], [ -106.5,46.25 ], [ -106.5,46.1175 ], [ -106.75,46.1175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686b24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colton, R. B.","contributorId":40186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klockenbrink, J.L.","contributorId":69644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klockenbrink","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellis, M.S.","contributorId":64301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grout, M. A.","contributorId":89143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grout","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Heffern, E.L.","contributorId":76400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heffern","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":39631,"text":"pp1408A - 1996 - Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19841,"text":"ofr9198 - 1993 - Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"ofr9198","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39631,"text":"pp1408A - 1996 - Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"pp1408A","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-19T15:48:35","indexId":"pp1408A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1408","chapter":"A","title":"Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"Regional aquifers underlying the 15,600-square-mile Snake River Plain in southern Idaho and eastern Oregon was studied as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis program. The largest and most productive aquifers in the Snake River Plain are composed of Quaternary basalt of the Snake River Group, which underlies most of the 10,8000-square-mile eastern plain. Aquifer tests and simulation indicate that transmissivity of the upper 200 feet of the basalt aquifer in the eastern plain commonly ranges from about 100,000 to 1,000,000 feet squared per day. However, transmissivity of the total aquifer thickness may be as much as 10 million feet squared per day. Specific yield of the upper 200 feet of the aquifer ranges from about 0.01 to 0.20. Average horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the upper 200 feet of the basalt aquifer ranges from less than 100 to 9,000 feet per day. Values may be one to several orders of magnitude higher in parts in individual flows, such as flow tops. Vertical hydraulic conductivity is probably several orders of magnitude lower than horizontal hydraulic conductivity and is generally related to the number of joints. Pillow lava in ancestral Snake River channels has the highest hydraulic conductivity of all rock types. Hydraulic conductivity of the basalt decreases with depth because of secondary filling of voids with calcite and silica. An estimated 80 to 120 million acre-feet of water is believed to be stored in the upper 200 feet of the basalt aquifer in the eastern plain. The most productive aquifers in the 4,800-square-mile western plain are alluvial sand and gravel in the Boise River valley. Although aquifer tests indicate that transmissivity of alluvium in the Boise River valley ranges from 5,000 to 160,000 feet squared per day, simulation suggests that average transmissivity of the upper 500 feet is generally less than 20,000 feet squared per day. Vertically averaged horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the upper 500 feet of alluvium ranges from about 4 to 40 feet per day; higher values can be expected in individual sand and gravel zones. Vertical hydraulic conductivity is considerably lower because of the presence of clay layers. Hydraulic heads measured in piezometers, interpreted from diagrams showing ground-water flow and equipotential lines and estimated by computer simulation, demonstrate that water movement is three dimensional through the rock framework. Natural recharge takes place along the margins of the plain where head decreases with depth; discharge takes place near some reaches of the Snake River and the Boise River where head increases with depth. Geothermal water in rhyolitic rocks in the western plain and western part of the eastern plain has higher hydraulic head than the overlying cold water. Geothermal water, therefore, moves upward and merges into the cold-water system. Basin water-budget analyses indicate that the volume of cold water. Carbon-14 age determinations, which indicate that residence time of geothermal water is 17,700 to 20,300 years, plus or minus 4,000 years, imply slow movement of water through the geothermal system. Along much of its length, the Snake River gains large quantities of ground water. On the eastern plain, the river gained about 1.9 million acre-feet of water between Blackfoot and Neeley, Idaho, in 1980. Between Milner and King Hill, Idaho, the river gained 4.7 million acre-feet, mostly as spring flow from the north side. Upstream from Blackfoot and in the vicinity of Lake Walcott, the rover loses flow to ground water during parts or all of the year. On the western plain, river gains from ground water are small relative to those on the eastern plain; most are from seepage. Streams in tributary drainage basins supply calcium/bicarbonate type and calcium/magnesium/bicarbonate type water to the plain. Water type is a reflection of the chemical composition of rocks in the drainage basin, Concentrations of dissolved solids are smallest, about 50 milligrams per liter, in streams such as the Boise River that drain areas of granitic rocks; concentrations are greatest, about 400 milligrams per liter, in streams such as the Owyhee and Raft Rivers that drain area of sedimentary rocks. Water chemistry reflects the interaction of surface water and ground water. The chemical composition of ground water in the plain is essentially the same as that in streamflow and groundwater discharge from tributary drainage basins. Tributary drainage basins supplied 85 percent of the ground-water recharge in the eastern plain during 1980 and a nearly equivalent percentage of the solute load in ground water; human activities and dissolution of minerals supplied the other solutes. Dissolved-solids concentrations in ground water were generally less than 400 milligrams per liter. Water from the lower geothermal system is chemically different from water from the upper cold-water system. Geothermal water typically has greater concentrations of sodium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, silica, arsenic, boron, and lithium and smaller concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen. Difference are attributed to ion exchange as geothermal moves through the rock framework. Irrigation, mostly on the Snake River Plain, accounted for about 96 percent of consumptive water use in Idaho during 1980. The use of surface water for irrigation for more than 100 years has caused major changes in the hydrologic system on the plain. Construction of dams, reservoirs, and diversifications effected planned changes in the surface-water system but resulted in largely unplanned changes in the ground-water system. During those years of irrigation, annual recharge in the main part of the eastern plain increased to about 6.7 million acre-feet in 1980, or by about 70 percent. Most of the increase was from percolation of surface water diverted for irrigation. From preirrigation to 1952, groundwater storage increased about 24 million acre-feet, and storage decreased from 1952 to 1964 and from 1976 to 1980 because of below-normal precipitation and increased withdrawals of ground water for irrigation. Annual ground-water discharge increased to about 7.1 million acre-feet in 1980, or about 80 percent since the start of irrigation. About 10 percent of the 1980 total discharge was ground-water pumpage. About 3.1 million acres, or almost one-third of the plain, was irrigated during 1980: 2.0 million acres with surface water, 1.0 million acres with ground water, and 0.1 million acres with combined surface and ground water. About 8.9 million acre-feet of Snake River water was diverted for irrigation during 1980 and 2.3 million acre-feet of ground water was pumped from 5,300 wells. Most irrigation wells on the eastern plain are open to basalt. About two-thirds of them yield more than 1,500 gallons per minute with a reported maximum of 7,240 gallons per minute; drawdown is less than 20 feet in two-thirds of the wells. Most irrigation wells on the western plain are open to sedimentary rocks. About one-third of them yield more than 1,00 gallons per minute with a reported maximum of 3,850 gallons per minute; drawndown is less than 20 feet in about one-fifth of the wells. The major instream use of water on the Snake River Plain is hydroelectric power generation. Fifty-two million acre-feet of water generated 2.6 million megawatthours of electricity during 1980. Digital computer ground-water flows models of the eastern and western plain reasonably simulated regional changes in water levels and ground-water discharges from 1880 (preirrigation) to 1980. Model results support the concept of three-dimensional flow and the hypotheses of no underflow between the eastern and western plain. Simulation of the regional aquifer system in the eastern plain indicates that is 1980 hydrologic conditions, including pumpage, were to remain the same for another 30 years, moderate declines in ground-water levels and decreases in spring discharges would continue. Increased ground-water pumpage to irrigate an additional 1 million acres could cause ground-water levels to decline a few tens of feet in the central part of the plain and could cause corresponding decreases in ground-water discharge. A combination of actions such as increased ground-water pumpage and decreased use of surface water for irrigation (resulting in reduced recharge) would accentuate the changes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1408A","usgsCitation":"Lindholm, G.F., 1996, Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1408, Report: vii, 59 p.; 1 Plate: 34.00 x 24.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1408A.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 59 p.; 1 Plate: 34.00 x 24.00 inches","numberOfPages":"68","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":104631,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4855.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4855"},{"id":124963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67291,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67292,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,45.0 ], [ -111.0,45.0 ], [ -111.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6985c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindholm, G. 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,{"id":253,"text":"wsp2451 - 1996 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska: Results of investigations, 1987-90","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17760,"text":"ofr94365 - 1995 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska; results of investigations, 1987-90","indexId":"ofr94365","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska; results of investigations, 1987-90"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":253,"text":"wsp2451 - 1996 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska: Results of investigations, 1987-90","indexId":"wsp2451","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska: Results of investigations, 1987-90"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-13T20:26:22.096889","indexId":"wsp2451","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2451","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska: Results of investigations, 1987-90","docAbstract":"Analysis of surface-water-quality data has enabled an assessment of water-quality conditions and trends and their relation to human and natural factors in the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska. This basin drains 15,300 square miles of predominantly agricultural land and is one of seven pilot studies completed as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2451","usgsCitation":"Helgesen, J.O., 1996, Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska: Results of investigations, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2451, vii, 129 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2451.","productDescription":"vii, 129 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2451/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":94693,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2451/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":410396,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25445.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"lower Kansas River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99,\n              41.256\n            ],\n            [\n              -99,\n              38.658\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.561,\n              38.658\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.561,\n              41.256\n            ],\n            [\n              -99,\n              41.256\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604335","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helgesen, John O.","contributorId":101630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgesen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":33539,"text":"b2130 - 1996 - The Slumgullion earth flow: A large-scale natural laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T19:19:26.973731","indexId":"b2130","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2130","title":"The Slumgullion earth flow: A large-scale natural laboratory","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2130","usgsCitation":"Savage, W.Z., 1996, The Slumgullion earth flow: A large-scale natural laboratory: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2130, iv, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2130.","productDescription":"iv, 95 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393455,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22457.htm"},{"id":163104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":61434,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":3376,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2130/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Slumgullion earth flow","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.3642349243164,\n              37.94961225634431\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.22999572753906,\n              37.94961225634431\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.22999572753906,\n              38.024024671574615\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.3642349243164,\n              38.024024671574615\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.3642349243164,\n              37.94961225634431\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a992","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Varnes, David J.","contributorId":18817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varnes","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749907,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Savage, William Z.","contributorId":107686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185706,"text":"70185706 - 1996 - Identification of hydraulic conductivity structure in sand and gravel aquifers: Cape Cod data set ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T10:25:38","indexId":"70185706","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of hydraulic conductivity structure in sand and gravel aquifers: Cape Cod data set ","docAbstract":"<p>This study evaluates commonly used geostatistical methods to assess reproduction of hydraulic conductivity (K) structure and sensitivity under limiting amounts of data. Extensive conductivity measurements from the Cape Cod sand and gravel aquifer are used to evaluate two geostatistical estimation methods, conditional mean as an estimate and ordinary kriging, and two stochastic simulation methods, simulated annealing and sequential Gaussian simulation. Our results indicate that for relatively homogeneous sand and gravel aquifers such as the Cape Cod aquifer, neither estimation methods nor stochastic simulation methods give highly accurate point predictions of hydraulic conductivity despite the high density of collected data. Although the stochastic simulation methods yielded higher errors than the estimation methods, the stochastic simulation methods yielded better reproduction of the measured In (K) distribution and better reproduction of local contrasts in In (K). The inability of kriging to reproduce high In (K) values, as reaffirmed by this study, provides a strong instigation for choosing stochastic simulation methods to generate conductivity fields when performing fine-scale contaminant transport modeling. Results also indicate that estimation error is relatively insensitive to the number of hydraulic conductivity measurements so long as more than a threshold number of data are used to condition the realizations. This threshold occurs for the Cape Cod site when there are approximately three conductivity measurements per integral volume. The lack of improvement with additional data suggests that although fine-scale hydraulic conductivity structure is evident in the variogram, it is not accurately reproduced by geostatistical estimation methods. If the Cape Cod aquifer spatial conductivity characteristics are indicative of other sand and gravel deposits, then the results on predictive error versus data collection obtained here have significant practical consequences for site characterization. Heavily sampled sand and gravel aquifers, such as Cape Cod and Borden, may have large amounts of redundant data, while in more common real world settings, our results suggest that denser data collection will likely improve understanding of permeability structure.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR00272","usgsCitation":"Eggleston, J., Rojstaczer, S., and Peirce, J., 1996, Identification of hydraulic conductivity structure in sand and gravel aquifers: Cape Cod data set : Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 5, p. 1209-1222, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00272.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"1209","endPage":"1222","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7632e4b0ee37af29e4b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eggleston, J.R.","contributorId":58296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rojstaczer, S.A.","contributorId":54620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojstaczer","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peirce, J.J.","contributorId":189921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peirce","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":33229,"text":"b2149 - 1996 - Geologic processes at the land surface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:24","indexId":"b2149","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2149","title":"Geologic processes at the land surface","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ; For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/b2149","usgsCitation":"Wilshire, H.G., Howard, K.A., Wentworth, C., and Gibbons, H., 1996, Geologic processes at the land surface: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2149, 41 p. ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2149.","productDescription":"41 p. ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2149/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":61015,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2149/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6884e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilshire, Howard Gordon","contributorId":102479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilshire","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, K. A.","contributorId":48938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"K.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wentworth, C. M. 0000-0003-2569-569X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2569-569X","contributorId":106466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentworth","given":"C. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gibbons, Helen hgibbons@usgs.gov","contributorId":912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbons","given":"Helen","email":"hgibbons@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":210224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":33118,"text":"b1917T - 1996 - Stratigraphy and tectonic implications of Upper Cretaceous rocks in the Powder River basin, northeastern Wyoming and southeastern Montana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":33118,"text":"b1917T - 1996 - Stratigraphy and tectonic implications of Upper Cretaceous rocks in the Powder River basin, northeastern Wyoming and southeastern Montana","indexId":"b1917T","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"T","title":"Stratigraphy and tectonic implications of Upper Cretaceous rocks in the Powder River basin, northeastern Wyoming and southeastern Montana"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33202,"text":"b1917 - 1990 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Powder River Basin","indexId":"b1917","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Powder River Basin"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33202,"text":"b1917 - 1990 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Powder River Basin","indexId":"b1917","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Powder River Basin"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-09T13:45:03","indexId":"b1917T","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1917","chapter":"T","title":"Stratigraphy and tectonic implications of Upper Cretaceous rocks in the Powder River basin, northeastern Wyoming and southeastern Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b1917T","usgsCitation":"Merewether, E., 1996, Stratigraphy and tectonic implications of Upper Cretaceous rocks in the Powder River basin, northeastern Wyoming and southeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1917, p. T1-T92 illus. incl. sects., strat. cols., 7 tables, sketch maps, 200 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1917T.","productDescription":"p. T1-T92 illus. incl. sects., strat. cols., 7 tables, sketch maps, 200 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1917t/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60919,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1917t/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merewether, E.A.","contributorId":32517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merewether","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":33850,"text":"b2154 - 1996 - Timing and effect of detachment-related potassium metasomatism on 40Ar/39Ar ages from the Windous Butte Formation, Grant Range, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:43","indexId":"b2154","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2154","title":"Timing and effect of detachment-related potassium metasomatism on 40Ar/39Ar ages from the Windous Butte Formation, Grant Range, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ; U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/b2154","usgsCitation":"Brooks, W.E., and Snee, L., 1996, Timing and effect of detachment-related potassium metasomatism on 40Ar/39Ar ages from the Windous Butte Formation, Grant Range, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2154, iii, 25 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2154.","productDescription":"iii, 25 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2154/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":61748,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2154/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, William E.","contributorId":104061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snee, Lawrence W.","contributorId":81534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"Lawrence W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":58680,"text":"mf2302 - 1996 - Photogeologic and reconnaissance geologic map of the Griffin Coulee and Griffin Coulee SW quadrangles, Rosebud and Treasure counties, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:17","indexId":"mf2302","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2302","title":"Photogeologic and reconnaissance geologic map of the Griffin Coulee and Griffin Coulee SW quadrangles, Rosebud and Treasure counties, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2302","isbn":"0607622601","usgsCitation":"Colton, R.B., Ellis, M., Coates, D.A., Heffern, E., Klockenbrink, J., and Grout, M.A., 1996, Photogeologic and reconnaissance geologic map of the Griffin Coulee and Griffin Coulee SW quadrangles, Rosebud and Treasure counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2302, 1 map ;58 x 81 cm., on sheet 80 x 107 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2302.","productDescription":"1 map ;58 x 81 cm., on sheet 80 x 107 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":105352,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5922.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5922"},{"id":184832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107,46 ], [ -107,46.1175 ], [ -106.75,46.1175 ], [ -106.75,46 ], [ -107,46 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db68738a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colton, R. B.","contributorId":40186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, M.S.","contributorId":64301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coates, D. A.","contributorId":63096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"D.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heffern, E.L.","contributorId":76400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heffern","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Klockenbrink, J.L.","contributorId":69644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klockenbrink","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Grout, M. A.","contributorId":89143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grout","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":58688,"text":"mf2303 - 1996 - Photogeologic and reconnaissance geologic map of the Mitchell Coulee and Crain Place quadrangles, Rosebud County, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:17","indexId":"mf2303","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2303","title":"Photogeologic and reconnaissance geologic map of the Mitchell Coulee and Crain Place quadrangles, Rosebud County, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2303","isbn":"060762261X","usgsCitation":"Colton, R.B., Ellis, M., Klockenbrink, J., Grout, M.A., and Heffern, E., 1996, Photogeologic and reconnaissance geologic map of the Mitchell Coulee and Crain Place quadrangles, Rosebud County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2303, 1 map ;58 x 81 cm., on sheet 80 x 107 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2303.","productDescription":"1 map ;58 x 81 cm., on sheet 80 x 107 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":105353,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5923.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5923"},{"id":184489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.5,46 ], [ -106.5,46.1175 ], [ -106.25,46.1175 ], [ -106.25,46 ], [ -106.5,46 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686c3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colton, R. B.","contributorId":40186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, M.S.","contributorId":64301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klockenbrink, J.L.","contributorId":69644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klockenbrink","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grout, M. A.","contributorId":89143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grout","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Heffern, E.L.","contributorId":76400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heffern","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":24414,"text":"ofr964 - 1996 - Active-, inactive-, and abandoned-mine information and selected geochemical data for the State of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"ofr964","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4","title":"Active-, inactive-, and abandoned-mine information and selected geochemical data for the State of California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr964","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Ryder, J.L., 1996, Active-, inactive-, and abandoned-mine information and selected geochemical data for the State of California (Diskette version.): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-4, 2 computer disks ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr964.","productDescription":"2 computer disks ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1758,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/ofr-96-0004/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Diskette version.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3496","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, Jean L.","contributorId":80709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1003092,"text":"1003092 - 1996 - Effects of implanted transmitters on adult bluegills at two temperatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-25T16:16:08.548689","indexId":"1003092","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of implanted transmitters on adult bluegills at two temperatures","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>Laterally compressed panfishes are small and have limited intraperitoneal space; thus, they may suffer adversely from surgically implanted transmitters even if the transmitter meets the generally recommended ratio of transmitter weight to fish weight of 2%. We studied the effects of intraperitoneal transmitters (2.81 g) on survival, growth, healing, and health of bluegills&nbsp;</span><i>Lepomis macrochirus</i><span>&nbsp;(mean weight 133 g) held for 8 weeks at 6°C and 20°C. Radio‐tagged bluegills at 20°C had a mortality rate of 10% and tag loss rate of 15%. At 6°C, bluegills had no mortality or tag loss. Radio‐tagged and reference fish fed in both 20°C raceways; however, a few reference fish appeared dominant at feeding time. This dominance by a few reference fish was also indicated by a large weight gain for three reference fish in each 20°C raceway. At 6°C, neither reference fish nor radio‐tagged fish fed activity. Radio‐tagged fish held at 20°C exhibited pelvic fin erosion, erythema and necrosis at the antenna exit and at suture insertions, and lost or loose sutures, effects not observed in other test fishes. Examination of fish held at 20°C also showed enclosure of the transmitters in a fibrous capsule and adhesion of visceral organs. Epithelialization over the incision occurred in radio‐tagged bluegills at both temperatures, but there was little further healing at 6°C. At 20°C, tissue responses included chronic inflammation and dermal granulation. Radio‐tagged fish did not appear to be more susceptible than reference fish to bacterial infection. Mortality, adverse morphological effects, altered behavior, and limited healing in blue‐gills suggest that implanted transmitters impaired their health. Thus, movement and habitat use data collected by telemetry for this species and perhaps for other panfishes should be interpreted with caution.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0440:EOITOA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Knights, B.C., and Lasee, B.A., 1996, Effects of implanted transmitters on adult bluegills at two temperatures: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 125, no. 3, p. 440-449, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0440:EOITOA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"440","endPage":"449","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134004,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"125","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611e37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knights, Brent C. 0000-0001-8526-8468 bknights@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8526-8468","contributorId":2906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knights","given":"Brent","email":"bknights@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lasee, Becky A.","contributorId":30586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasee","given":"Becky","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2423,"text":"wsp2407 - 1996 - An accounting system for water and consumptive use along the Colorado River, Hoover Dam to Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"wsp2407","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2407","title":"An accounting system for water and consumptive use along the Colorado River, Hoover Dam to Mexico","docAbstract":"An accounting system for estimating and distributing consumptive use of water by vegetation to water users was developed for the Colorado River to meet the requirements of a U.S. Supreme Court decree and used with data from calendar year 1984. The system is based on a water-budget method to estimate total consumptive use by vegetation which is apportioned to agricultural users by using percentages of total evapotranspiration by vegetation estimated from digital-image analysis of satellite data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2407","usgsCitation":"Owen-Joyce, S.J., and Raymond, L.H., 1996, An accounting system for water and consumptive use along the Colorado River, Hoover Dam to Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2407, viii, 94 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.; 3 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2407.","productDescription":"viii, 94 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.; 3 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2407/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247210,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2407/plate-1.pdf","size":"2885","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247211,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2407/plate-2.pdf","size":"6958","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247212,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2407/plate-3.pdf","size":"4618","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28436,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2407/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685ce5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Owen-Joyce, Sandra J. 0000-0002-4400-5618 sjowen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4400-5618","contributorId":5215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen-Joyce","given":"Sandra","email":"sjowen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":145175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raymond, Lee H.","contributorId":83501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymond","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":38348,"text":"pp1563 - 1996 - Pre-1980 tephra-fall deposits erupted from Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T12:03:45","indexId":"pp1563","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1563","title":"Pre-1980 tephra-fall deposits erupted from Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"More than 100 tephra-fall deposits erupted from Mount St. Helens within about the last 40,000 years are grouped into tephra sets and layers distinguished from each other chiefly by differences in mineral composition and age. The tephra deposits record a complex history of the volcano, form important time-stratigraphic markers, and provide information about probable kinds, frequencies, and magnitudes of future eruptions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1563","usgsCitation":"Mullineaux, D., 1996, Pre-1980 tephra-fall deposits erupted from Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1563, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1563.","productDescription":"99 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3434,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1563/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":64689,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1563/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1563/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bb18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullineaux, Donal R.","contributorId":98371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullineaux","given":"Donal R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":66926,"text":"i2432 - 1996 - Geologic map of the Darvel Quadrangle (MTM 20052), Maja Valles Region of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-28T13:59:51","indexId":"i2432","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2432","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Geologic map of the Darvel Quadrangle (MTM 20052), Maja Valles Region of Mars","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2432","isbn":"0607623764","usgsCitation":"Rice, J.W., and DeHon, R., 1996, Geologic map of the Darvel Quadrangle (MTM 20052), Maja Valles Region of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2432, 1 map :col. ;61 x 59 cm., on sheet 99 x 115 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2432.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;61 x 59 cm., on sheet 99 x 115 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":438910,"rank":401,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VVXOX4","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the Darvel Quadrangle (MTM 20052), Maja Valles Region of Mars"},{"id":115188,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2432/report.pdf","size":"29","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":115189,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2432/plate-1.pdf","size":"14331","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":189103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2432/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"502000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64971c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, J. W. Jr.","contributorId":53040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeHon, R.A.","contributorId":59886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeHon","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018560,"text":"70018560 - 1996 - Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Fish mortality in field bioassays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T16:44:09.087786","indexId":"70018560","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Fish mortality in field bioassays","docAbstract":"<p><span>In situ bioassays were performed as part of the Episodic Response Project, to evaluate the effects of episodic stream acidification on mortality of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and forage fish species. We report the results of 122 bioassays in 13 streams of the three study regions: the Adirondack mountains of New York, the Catskill mountains of New York, and the Northern Appalachian Plateau of Pennsylvania. Bioassays during acidic episodes had significantly higher mortality than did bioassays conducted under nonacidic conditions, but there was little difference in mortality rates in bioassays experiencing acidic episodes and those experiencing acidic conditions throughout the test period. Multiple logistic regression models were used to relate bioassay mortality rates to summary statistics of time-varying stream chemistry (inorganic monomeric aluminum, calcium, pH, and dissolved organic carbon) estimated for the 20-d bioassay periods. The large suite of candidate regressors also included biological, regional, and seasonal factors, as well as several statistics summarizing various features of aluminum exposure duration and magnitude. Regressor variable selection and model assessment were complicated by multicolinearity and overdispersion. For the target fish species, brook trout, bioassay mortality was most closely related to time-weighted median inorganic aluminum. Median Ca and minimum pH offered additional explanatory power, as did stream-specific aluminum responses. Due to high multicollinearity, the relative importance of different aluminum exposure duration and magnitude variables was difficult to assess, but these variables taken together added no significant explanatory power to models already containing median aluminum. Between 59 and 79% of the variation in brook trout mortality was explained by models employing between one and five regressors. Simpler models were developed for smaller sets of bioassays that tested slimy and mottled sculpin (Cottus cognatus and C. bairdi) as well as blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus). For these forage species a single inorganic aluminum exposure variable successfully accounted for 86-98% of the observed mortality. Even though field bioassays showed evidence of multiple toxicity factors, models results suggest that adequate mortality predictions can be obtained from a single index of inorganic Al concentrations during exposure periods.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2269379","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Van Sickle, J., Baker, J., Simonin, H.A., Baldigo, B., Kretser, W., and Sharpe, W., 1996, Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Fish mortality in field bioassays: Ecological Applications, v. 6, no. 2, p. 408-421, https://doi.org/10.2307/2269379.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"408","endPage":"421","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227479,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a0ee4b0c8380cd5219b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Sickle, J.","contributorId":79252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Sickle","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, J.P.","contributorId":95418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simonin, H. A.","contributorId":85713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simonin","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baldigo, Barry P. 0000-0002-9862-9119","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9119","contributorId":25174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldigo","given":"Barry P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kretser, W.A.","contributorId":102650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kretser","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sharpe, W.E.","contributorId":103016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1209,"text":"wsp2404 - 1996 - Suspended-sediment characteristics of Indiana streams, 1952-84","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13197,"text":"ofr87527 - 1988 - Suspended-sediment characteristics of Indiana streams, 1952-84","indexId":"ofr87527","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Suspended-sediment characteristics of Indiana streams, 1952-84"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1209,"text":"wsp2404 - 1996 - Suspended-sediment characteristics of Indiana streams, 1952-84","indexId":"wsp2404","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Suspended-sediment characteristics of Indiana streams, 1952-84"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-13T09:49:57","indexId":"wsp2404","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2404","title":"Suspended-sediment characteristics of Indiana streams, 1952-84","docAbstract":"<p>Suspended-sediment concentration and discharge data were collected at 7 daily record stations and 70 partial-record stations during 1952- 84. Median suspended-sediment concentrations ranged from 24 to 61 milligrams per liter at daily record stations; concentrations ranged from 6 to 539 milligrams per liter at partial-record stations. Most suspended sediment transported in Indiana streams is silt and clay size (particles between 0.062 and 0.004 millimeter in diameter and particles less than 0.004 millimeter in diameter).</p>\n<p>Large suspended-sediment concentrations were associated with storm runoff but not always with peak streamflow. Some peak concentrations of suspended sediment preceded peak streamflow by as much as 18 to 30 hours during storms. Suspended-sediment concentrations frequently were largest during a storm that occurred after a period of low streamflow, when large amounts of sediment were eroded and transported into the stream and little base flow was available for dilution. For most of the streams studied, reliable predictive equations could not be developed to quantify the relation between suspended-sediment concentration and streamflow because of the extreme variability in the data. Annual suspended-sediment yields at four daily record stations ranged from 186 to 1,914 tons per square mile.</p>\n<p>Annual suspended-sediment yields for 70 partial-record stations, estimated by use of the suspended-sediment transport, flowduration-curve method, ranged from 11 to 2,310 tons per square mile. However, because of the poor correlation between suspended-sediment discharge and streamflow, these estimates are imprecise.</p>\n<p>Periods of record at 4 daily record and 32 partial-record stations were sufficient to test for trends. The trend in suspended-sediment concentration, adjusted for streamflow, was significant for only 9 of the 36 stations. At six of the nine stations, flow-adjusted suspended-sediment concentrations decreased with time.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wsp2404","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Crawford, C.G., and Mansue, L.J., 1996, Suspended-sediment characteristics of Indiana streams, 1952-84: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2404, v, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2404.","productDescription":"v, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2404/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26095,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2404/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70017800,"text":"70017800 - 1996 - Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Episodic response project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T16:48:30.767717","indexId":"70017800","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Episodic response project","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Episodic Response Project (ERP) was an interdisciplinary study designed to address uncertainties about the occurrence, nature, and biological effects of episodic acidification of streams in the northeastern United States. The ERP research consisted of intensive studies of the chemistry and biological effects of episodes in 13 streams draining forested watersheds in the three study regions: the Northern Appalachian region of Pennsylvania and the Catskill and Adirondack Mountains of New York. Wet deposition was measured in each of the three study regions. Using automated instruments and samplers, discharge and chemistry of each stream was monitored intensively from fall 1988 through spring 1990. Biological studies focused on brook trout and native forage fish. Experimental approaches included in situ bioassays, radio transmitter studies of fish movement, and fish population studies. This paper provides an overview of the ERP, describes the methodology used in hydrologic and water chemistry components of the study, and summarizes the characteristics of the study sites, including the climatic and deposition conditions during the ERP and the general chemical characteristics of the study streams.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2269377","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Wigington, P., Baker, J., DeWalle, D.R., Kretser, W., Murdoch, P., Simonin, H.A., Van Sickle, J., Mcdowell, M., Peck, D., and Barchet, W., 1996, Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Episodic response project: Ecological Applications, v. 6, no. 2, p. 374-388, https://doi.org/10.2307/2269377.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"374","endPage":"388","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228351,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a0fe4b0c8380cd5219e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wigington, P.J. Jr.","contributorId":96433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wigington","given":"P.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, J.P.","contributorId":95418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeWalle, David R.","contributorId":23291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWalle","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kretser, W.A.","contributorId":102650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kretser","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Simonin, H. A.","contributorId":85713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simonin","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Van Sickle, J.","contributorId":79252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Sickle","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mcdowell, M.K.","contributorId":43928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mcdowell","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Peck, D.V.","contributorId":68053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Barchet, W.R.","contributorId":88896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barchet","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":38236,"text":"pp1497B - 1996 - Distribution, facies, ages, and proposed tectonic associations of regionally metamorphosed rocks in Southwestern Alaska and the Alaska Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T11:44:57","indexId":"pp1497B","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1497","chapter":"B","title":"Distribution, facies, ages, and proposed tectonic associations of regionally metamorphosed rocks in Southwestern Alaska and the Alaska Peninsula","docAbstract":"The oldest dated metamorphic sequence in Alaska, the fault-bounded Kilbuck Terrane, consists of continental rocks that were metamorphosed under amphibolite-facies conditions during early Proterozoic (1.77 Ga) time. Proterozoic or early Paleozoic metamorphic ages are also possible for greenschist- and amphibolite-facies continental rocks in interior Alaska (Ruby and Nixon Fork terranes). Medium-grade metamorphism on the Alaska Peninsula accompanied intrusion of a Jurassic arc. North of Bristol Bay, low-grade, locally high-pressure Mesozoic metamorphism is attributed to the progressive underthrusting of a subduction complex beneath an oceanic arc followed by underthrusting of the Kilbuck Terrane beneath the subduction complex.","largerWorkTitle":"Regionally metamorphosed rocks of Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1497B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., Doyle, E.O., and Box, S.E., 1996, Distribution, facies, ages, and proposed tectonic associations of regionally metamorphosed rocks in Southwestern Alaska and the Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1497, Report: iii, p. B1-B30; 2 Plates: 40 x 54 inches and 40 x 53.5 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1497B.","productDescription":"Report: iii, p. 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,{"id":38237,"text":"pp1497D - 1996 - Metamorphic facies map of southeastern Alaska: Distribution, facies, and ages of regionally metamorphosed rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T21:35:08.186165","indexId":"pp1497D","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1497","chapter":"D","title":"Metamorphic facies map of southeastern Alaska: Distribution, facies, and ages of regionally metamorphosed rocks","docAbstract":"Nearly all of the bedrock in Southeastern Alaska has been metamorphosed, much of it under medium-grade conditions during metamorphic episodes that were associated with widespread plutonism. The oldest metamorphisms affected probable arc rocks near southern Prince of Wales Island and occurred during early and middle Paleozoic orogenies. The predominant period of metamorphism and associated plutonism occurred during Early Cretaceous to early Tertiary time and resulted in the development of the Coast plutonic-metamorphic complex that extends along the inboard half of Southeastern Alaska. Middle Tertiary regional thermal metamorphism affected a large part of Baranof Island.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1497D","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., Brew, D.A., and Douglass, S.L., 1996, Metamorphic facies map of southeastern Alaska: Distribution, facies, and ages of regionally metamorphosed rocks: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1497, Report: 42 p.; 2 Plates: 31.50 x 37.00 inches and 26.00 x 37.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1497D.","productDescription":"Report: 42 p.; 2 Plates: 31.50 x 37.00 inches and 26.00 x 37.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123122,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1497d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64603,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1497d/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64602,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1497d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":104666,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4909.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4909"},{"id":64604,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1497d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"southeastern Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -139.50023256167918,\n              60.018562072287494\n            ],\n            [\n              -134.45301861991862,\n              54.65598882251368\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.62078949317785,\n              54.07453393804414\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.72744690700506,\n              56.135475656291774\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.005528382259,\n              60.03672819554811\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.50023256167918,\n              60.018562072287494\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db628790","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brew, D. A.","contributorId":88344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglass, S. L.","contributorId":75530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglass","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018535,"text":"70018535 - 1996 - Metastable mantle phase transformations and deep earthquakes in subducting oceanic lithosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T15:03:41.399094","indexId":"70018535","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metastable mantle phase transformations and deep earthquakes in subducting oceanic lithosphere","docAbstract":"<p><span>Earth's deepest earthquakes occur as a population in subducting or previously subducted lithosphere at depths ranging from about 325 to 690 km. This depth interval closely brackets the mantle transition zone, characterized by rapid seismic velocity increases resulting from the transformation of upper mantle minerals to higher-pressure phases. Deep earthquakes thus provide the primary direct evidence for subduction of the lithosphere to these depths and allow us to investigate the deep thermal, thermodynamic, and mechanical ferment inside slabs. Numerical simulations of reaction rates show that the olivine → spinel transformation should be kinetically hindered in old, cold slabs descending into the transition zone. Thus wedge-shaped zones of metastable peridotite probably persist to depths of more than 600 km. Laboratory deformation experiments on some metastable minerals display a shear instability called transformational faulting. This instability involves sudden failure by localized superplasticity in thin shear zones where the metastable host mineral transforms to a denser, finer-grained phase. Hence in cold slabs, such faulting is expected for the polymorphic reactions in which olivine transforms to the spinel structure and clinoenstatite transforms to ilmenite. It is thus natural to hypothesize that deep earthquakes result from transformational faulting in metastable peridotite wedges within cold slabs. This consideration of the mineralogical states of slabs augments the traditional largely thermal view of slab processes and explains some previously enigmatic slab features. It explains why deep seismicity occurs only in the approximate depth range of the mantle transition zone, where minerals in downgoing slabs should transform to spinel and ilmenite structures. The onset of deep shocks at about 325 km is consistent with the onset of metastability near the equilibrium phase boundary in the slab. Even if a slab penetrates into the lower mantle, earthquakes should cease at depths near 700 km, because the seismogenic phase transformations in the slab are completed or can no longer occur. Substantial metastability is expected only in old, cold slabs, consistent with the observed restriction of deep earthquakes to those settings. Earthquakes should be restricted to the cold cores of slabs, as in any model in which the seismicity is temperature controlled, via the distribution of metastability. However, the geometries of recent large deep earthquakes pose a challenge for any such models. Transformational faulting may give insight into why deep shocks lack appreciable aftershocks and why their source characteristics, including focal mechanisms indicating localized shear failure rather than implosive deformation, are so similar to those of shallow earthquakes. Finally, metastable phase changes in slabs would produce an internal source of stress in addition to those due to the weight of the sinking slab. Such internal stresses may explain the occurrence of earthquakes in portions of lithosphere which have foundered to the bottom of the transition zone and/or are detached from subducting slabs. Metastability in downgoing slabs could have considerable geodynamic significance. Metastable wedges would reduce the negative buoyancy of slabs, decrease the driving force for subduction, and influence the state of stress in slabs. Heat released by metastable phase changes would raise temperatures within slabs and facilitate the transformation of spinel to the lower mantle mineral assemblage, causing slabs to equilibrate more rapidly with the ambient mantle and thus contribute to the cessation of deep seismicity. Because wedge formation should occur only for fast subducting slabs, it may act as a “parachute” and contribute to regulating plate speeds. Wedge formation would also have consequences for mantle evolution because the density of a slab stagnated near the bottom of the transition zone would increase as it heats up and the wedge transforms to denser spinel, favoring the subsequent sinking of the slab into the lower mantle.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96RG01050","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Kirby, S.H., Stein, S., Okal, E., and Rubie, D.C., 1996, Metastable mantle phase transformations and deep earthquakes in subducting oceanic lithosphere: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 34, no. 2, p. 261-306, https://doi.org/10.1029/96RG01050.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"306","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227033,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a550be4b0c8380cd6d0ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, S.","contributorId":90480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Okal, E.A.","contributorId":35082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okal","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rubie, David C.","contributorId":70940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubie","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018537,"text":"70018537 - 1996 - Structural damage, ground failure, and hydrologic effects of the magnitude (Mw) 5.9 Draney Peak, Idaho, earthquake of February 3, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T16:34:12.897574","indexId":"70018537","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural damage, ground failure, and hydrologic effects of the magnitude (Mw) 5.9 Draney Peak, Idaho, earthquake of February 3, 1994","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.67.3.20","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Schuster, R.L., and Murphy, W., 1996, Structural damage, ground failure, and hydrologic effects of the magnitude (Mw) 5.9 Draney Peak, Idaho, earthquake of February 3, 1994: Seismological Research Letters, v. 67, no. 3, p. 20-29, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.67.3.20.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"20","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227075,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.12347338999871,\n              43.647746754980034\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.12347338999871,\n              38.57518402288193\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.64134348337907,\n              38.57518402288193\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.64134348337907,\n              43.647746754980034\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.12347338999871,\n              43.647746754980034\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"67","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bdee4b08c986b31d131","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schuster, R. L.","contributorId":19135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, W.","contributorId":96027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":32925,"text":"ds36 - 1996 - Tabular data, text, and graphical images in support of the 1995 National assessment of United States oil and gas resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T14:08:48.156532","indexId":"ds36","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"36","title":"Tabular data, text, and graphical images in support of the 1995 National assessment of United States oil and gas resources","docAbstract":"This CD-ROM contains files in support of the 1995 USGS National assessment of United States oil and gas resources (DDS-30), which was published separately and summarizes the results of a 3-year study of the oil and gas resources of the onshore and state waters of the United States. The study describes about 560 oil and gas plays in the United States; confirmed and hypothetical, conventional and unconventional. A parallel study of the Federal offshore is being conducted by the U.S. Minerals Management Service. This CD-ROM contains files in multiple formats, so that almost any computer user can import them into word processors and spreadsheets. The tabular data include some tables not released in DDS-30. No proprietary data are released on this CD-ROM, but some tables of summary statistics from the proprietary files are provided. The complete text of DDS-30 is also available, as well as many figures. Also included are some of the programs used in the assessment, in source code and with supporting documentation. A companion CD-ROM (DDS-35) includes the map data and the same text data, but none of the tabular data or assessment programs.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds36","usgsCitation":"Charpentier, R., Klett, T., Obuch, R., and Brewton, J., 1996, Tabular data, text, and graphical images in support of the 1995 National assessment of United States oil and gas resources: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 36, HTML Document: 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds36.","productDescription":"HTML Document: 1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":429255,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13YZJZG","text":"1995 National Oil and Gas Assessment Data Collection Archive"},{"id":3092,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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