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,{"id":34611,"text":"b2094E - 1996 - Patterns of diagenesis in Lower and Middle Pennyslvanian sandstones of the Illinois Basin, Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:20","indexId":"b2094E","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2094","chapter":"E","title":"Patterns of diagenesis in Lower and Middle Pennyslvanian sandstones of the Illinois Basin, Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b2094E","usgsCitation":"Hansley, P.L., 1996, Patterns of diagenesis in Lower and Middle Pennyslvanian sandstones of the Illinois Basin, Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2094, iv, p. E1-E31, ill. (some col.), map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2094E.","productDescription":"iv, p. E1-E31, ill. (some col.), map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2094e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":62501,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2094e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688acc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansley, Paula L.","contributorId":29380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansley","given":"Paula","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1014666,"text":"1014666 - 1996 - Spawning of the shortnose sturgeon the Merrimack River, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-25T16:23:42.17749","indexId":"1014666","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spawning of the shortnose sturgeon the Merrimack River, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p><span>We tracked 10 ultrasonically tagged shortnose sturgeons&nbsp;</span><i>Acipenser brevirostrurn</i><span>&nbsp;during spring in the Merrimack River to investigate spawning. Seven fish in 1989 and six fish in 1990 were tracked intensively to identify the timing and location of spawning and to characterize spawning habitat. In mid‐April 1989 and 1990, fish moved upstream to just below head of tide, concentrating in a 2‐km reach at river kilometers 30–32 (measured from the mouth) at Haverhill, Massachusetts. The estimated spawning time was a 5‐d period (26–30 April) in 1989 and an 8‐d period (22–29 April) in 1990. Spawning sites covered about 10.5 ha in 1989 and 13.5 ha in 1990. Fish spawned as river temperature increased from 9.6 to 14.0°C and river discharge decreased from 390 to 240 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s. Physical characteristics of spawning sites were boulder–rubble substrate, water depth of 1.8–5.5 m, and bottom water velocity of 0.3–0.7 m/s. We captured no ovulating females but verified successful spawning in 1990 by capturing two live embryos. Gill‐net captures and telemetry during spring showed that some males moved to the spawning area annually. The low abundance estimates of spawning fish (9 in 1989 and 16 in 1990) indicate that the shortnose sturgeon population in the Merrimack River is the smallest yet identified and is likely vulnerable to extirpation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0179:SOTSSI>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, M., and Kynard, B., 1996, Spawning of the shortnose sturgeon the Merrimack River, Massachusetts: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 125, no. 2, p. 179-186, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0179:SOTSSI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"186","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131398,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Merrimack River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.51392948351533,\n              42.72903272456571\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.53431455346316,\n              42.654040010125044\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.09383580903399,\n              42.6630481467904\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.89191791250171,\n              42.80375942573201\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.82054163893226,\n              42.899535691539256\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.05914645706065,\n              42.856884666058484\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.24880248808684,\n              42.74243989278075\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.51392948351533,\n              42.72903272456571\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"125","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e6611","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, M.C. 0000-0001-9310-018X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9310-018X","contributorId":26259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieffer","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kynard, B.","contributorId":51232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kynard","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":4489,"text":"cir1120I - 1996 - Sediment transport in the lower Missouri and the central Mississippi rivers, June 26 through September 14, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:47","indexId":"cir1120I","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1120","chapter":"I","title":"Sediment transport in the lower Missouri and the central Mississippi rivers, June 26 through September 14, 1993","docAbstract":"Sediment data were collected for five sediment stations on the lower Missouri and the central Mississippi rivers during the 1993 flood. During the period of June 26 to September 14, 1993, 55 million metric tons was transported past St. Louis, Missouri by the Mississippi River. Sediment was stored in the Missouri River floodplain above the Mississippi River as more than 22,000 hectares of floodplain had newly deposited sediments from the receding floodwater.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir1120I","usgsCitation":"Holmes, R.R., 1996, Sediment transport in the lower Missouri and the central Mississippi rivers, June 26 through September 14, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120, vi, 23 p. :ill. (some col.), map ;28 cm.28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1120I.","productDescription":"vi, 23 p. :ill. (some col.), map ;28 cm.28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1120_I.bmp"},{"id":534,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1120-i","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbdee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999 bholmes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":1624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"bholmes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":149325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70030576,"text":"70030576 - 1996 - A dentist encounters ecocentricism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-21T15:45:05.062155","indexId":"70030576","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2832,"text":"Natural Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1573-8981","printIssn":"1520-7439","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A dentist encounters ecocentricism","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF02259065","usgsCitation":"Drew, L., 1996, A dentist encounters ecocentricism: Natural Resources Research, v. 5, no. 1, p. 5-6, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02259065.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239561,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2d5e4b0c8380cd45c9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38230,"text":"pp1409F - 1996 - Ground-water flow and simulated effects of development in Paradise Valley, a basin tributary to the Humboldt River in Humboldt County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-21T15:26:36.900468","indexId":"pp1409F","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1409","chapter":"F","title":"Ground-water flow and simulated effects of development in Paradise Valley, a basin tributary to the Humboldt River in Humboldt County, Nevada","docAbstract":"A computer model was used to characterize ground-water flow in Paradise Valley, Nevada, and to evaluate probable long-term effects of five hypothetical development scenarios. One finding of the study is that concentrating pumping at the south end of Paradise Valley may increase underflow from the adjacent Humboldt River valley, and might affect flow in the river.","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/pp1409F","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., and Herman, M., 1996, Ground-water flow and simulated effects of development in Paradise Valley, a basin tributary to the Humboldt River in Humboldt County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1409, Report: viii, 92 p.; Data Release, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1409F.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 92 p.; Data Release","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":64571,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":379590,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZJBQF2"},{"id":119641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409f/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Paradise Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.169921875,\n              41.95131994679697\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.54296874999999,\n              41.57436130598913\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.14697265625,\n              41.96765920367816\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.970703125,\n              41.96765920367816\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.970703125,\n              39.027718840211605\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.79589843749999,\n              35.71083783530009\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.99414062499999,\n              36.94989178681327\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.54394531249999,\n              39.027718840211605\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.47802734375,\n              41.261291493919884\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.22509765625,\n              41.95131994679697\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.169921875,\n              41.95131994679697\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c750","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, M.E.","contributorId":101722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70174775,"text":"70174775 - 1996 - Circulating levels of prolactin and progesterone in a wild population of red kangaroos (Macropus rufus) Marsupialia: Macropodidae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-15T11:43:05","indexId":"70174775","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1738,"text":"General and Comparative Endocrinology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Circulating levels of prolactin and progesterone in a wild population of red kangaroos (Macropus rufus) Marsupialia: Macropodidae","docAbstract":"<p><span>Circulating progesterone and prolactin levels were measured in shot and live-caught wild red kangaroos using radioimmunoassays validated for the red kangaroo. The objective of the study was to correlate hormone profiles with reproductive status and determine if red kangaroos follow the general pattern elucidated for other macropodids. During Phase 2a lactation (&lt;70 days) plasma progesterone concentrations were &lt;189 pg/ml (</span><i>n</i><span>= 41). This value increased to &gt;600 pg/ml (</span><i>n</i><span>= 32) during the transition to Phase 3 lactation (181 to 235 days) when the quiescent corpus luteum and embryo were reactivated. Progesterone concentrations then decreased to &lt;300 pg/ml (</span><i>n</i><span>= 29) during dual lactation when females were suckling a neonate and a young at foot. Concentrations of prolactin during Phase 2a were &lt;6 ng/ml (</span><i>n</i><span>= 17). Coincident with the period of reactivation of the diapausing blastocyst (181 to 235 days), plasma prolactin concentrations increased to 15 ng/ml (</span><i>n</i><span>= 32), then decreased and remained low through the subsequent stage of dual lactation. These results indicate that progesterone and prolactin profiles in wild red kangaroos follow patterns found previously in other macropodid species, the tammar and Bennett's wallabies.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/gcen.1996.0034","usgsCitation":"Muths, E., and Hinds, L., 1996, Circulating levels of prolactin and progesterone in a wild population of red kangaroos (Macropus rufus) Marsupialia: Macropodidae: General and Comparative Endocrinology, v. 101, no. 3, p. 317-322, https://doi.org/10.1006/gcen.1996.0034.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"322","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325318,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578a092de4b0c1aacab7d3ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muths, E.","contributorId":6394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muths","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hinds, L. A.","contributorId":172919,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinds","given":"L. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":33198,"text":"b2070 - 1996 - Dissolved radon and uranium, and ground-water geochemistry in an area near Hylas, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:27","indexId":"b2070","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2070","title":"Dissolved radon and uranium, and ground-water geochemistry in an area near Hylas, Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b2070","usgsCitation":"Stanton, M.R., Wanty, R., Lawrence, E., and Briggs, P., 1996, Dissolved radon and uranium, and ground-water geochemistry in an area near Hylas, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2070, iv, 23 p. ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2070.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2070/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60996,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2070/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a24b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanton, Mark R. mstanton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Mark","email":"mstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":210156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, E.P.","contributorId":65129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":107691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70202131,"text":"70202131 - 1996 - Modeling of fluidized ejecta emplacement over digital topography on Venus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-11T14:10:08","indexId":"70202131","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-25T14:07:58","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling of fluidized ejecta emplacement over digital topography on Venus","docAbstract":"<p><span>The FLOW computer model of McEwen and Malin (1989) modified for application to the study of Venus fluidized ejecta blankets (FEBs) demonstrates that relatively low viscosities, yield strengths, and initial velocities are required to duplicate the observed flow paths of the outflow materials. The model calculates the velocities and simulated flow paths of gravity flows over Magellan topography. The model is formulated to determine flow movements from initial conditions, gravitational acceleration, and resistance to motion as described by Coulomb, viscous, and turbulent resistance forces. Successful duplication of observed FEB flow paths has been achieved for the FEB craters Addams, Isabella, and Cochran. When used as a simple energy‐line model, the model requires low coefficients of friction to extend FEBs to near their observed termini in the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, although the resulting straight flow lines do not follow the observed flow paths well. For Bingham flow, the model requires low values of viscosity and yield strength which are more similar to pyroclastic or debris flows than basaltic lavas. Flows of 100‐m depth require 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher values of both viscosity and yield strength than 10‐m‐deep flows. The complicated nature of the flow lines for the low velocity model suggests that FEBs were probably emplaced under variably laminar and turbulent flow conditions, where underlying topography influenced both the direction and energy of flow materials.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/95JE02361","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.R., and Gaddis, L.R., 1996, Modeling of fluidized ejecta emplacement over digital topography on Venus: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 101, no. E2, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/95JE02361.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361145,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Venus","volume":"101","issue":"E2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":200393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483 lgaddis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":2817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa","email":"lgaddis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70211031,"text":"70211031 - 1996 - Effectiveness of artificial nesting structures for Ferruginous Hawks in Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-10T15:29:13.665317","indexId":"70211031","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-08T10:24:53","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"15","title":"Effectiveness of artificial nesting structures for Ferruginous Hawks in Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Raptors in human landscapes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","usgsCitation":"Tigner, J.R., Call, M.W., and Kochert, M.N., 1996, Effectiveness of artificial nesting structures for Ferruginous Hawks in Wyoming, chap. 15 <i>of</i> Raptors in human landscapes, p. 137-144.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"144","costCenters":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376264,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":1008052,"text":"1008052 - 1996 - Scaling population density and spatial pattern for terrestrial, mammalian carnivores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-20T17:01:51.00844","indexId":"1008052","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scaling population density and spatial pattern for terrestrial, mammalian carnivores","docAbstract":"<p><span>A large part of ecological theory has been developed with the assumption that intra- and inter-specific patterns of density and spatial distribution can be consistently and reliably compared, and that these patterns have represented populations across nonstudied landscapes. These assumptions are erroneous. We found that log</span><sub>10</sub><span>&nbsp;population density estimates consistently decreased linearly with log</span><sub>10</sub><span>&nbsp;spatial extent of study areas for species of terrestrial Carnivora. The size of the study area accounted for most of the variation in population estimates, and study areas increased with the female body mass of the study species. But study sites consistently had higher densities than can be expected for nonstudy sites, regardless of the size of the study area, because study sites are typically chosen based on a priori knowledge of high density. Inter-specific comparisons of density and distribution might provide more insight into community organization after intra-specific density estimates have been scaled by the study areas, and related to the nonstudied landscapes within each species' geographic range.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF00328735","usgsCitation":"Smallwood, K.S., and Schonewald, C., 1996, Scaling population density and spatial pattern for terrestrial, mammalian carnivores: Oecologia, v. 105, no. 3, p. 329-335, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00328735.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"335","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130929,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdb09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smallwood, K. Shawn","contributorId":25899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smallwood","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Shawn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schonewald, C.","contributorId":81831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schonewald","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3161,"text":"wsp2320B - 1996 - Ground-water conditions in Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada: Part 2, hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20183,"text":"ofr90179 - 1994 - Ground-water conditions in Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada; Part II, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow","indexId":"ofr90179","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water conditions in Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada; Part II, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":3161,"text":"wsp2320B - 1996 - Ground-water conditions in Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada: Part 2, hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow","indexId":"wsp2320B","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Ground-water conditions in Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada: Part 2, hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T20:44:38.993014","indexId":"wsp2320B","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2320","chapter":"B","title":"Ground-water conditions in Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada: Part 2, hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow","docAbstract":"In sedimentary deposits beneath arid Las Vegas Valley, ground-water levels have declined as much as 280 feet since 1912 in deeper aquifers due to pumping associated with urban development. Accompanying land subsidence has been as great as 5 feet. Predictive simulations show that by maintaining pumpage and recharge at 1980 levels and using municipal wells only during periods of peak water demand, rates of water-level decline and land subsidence will be reduced.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground-water conditions in Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2320B","usgsCitation":"Morgan, D.S., and Dettinger, M., 1996, Ground-water conditions in Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada: Part 2, hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2320, Report: vi, 124 p.; 2 Plates: 19.00 × 22.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2320B.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 124 p.; 2 Plates: 19.00 × 22.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396192,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25351.htm"},{"id":30117,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2320b/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30116,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2320b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30118,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2320b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138940,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2320b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Clark County","otherGeospatial":"Las Vegas Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.5,\n              35.883\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.96,\n              35.883\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.96,\n              36.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.5,\n              36.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.5,\n              35.883\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d246","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, David S.","contributorId":73181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":31743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019390,"text":"70019390 - 1996 - Submarine landslides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T22:55:31.188981","indexId":"70019390","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Submarine landslides","docAbstract":"Landslides are common on inclined areas of the seafloor, particularly in environments where weak geologic materials such as rapidly deposited, finegrained sediment or fractured rock are subjected to strong environmental stresses such as earthquakes, large storm waves, and high internal pore pressures. Submarine landslides can involve huge amounts of material and can move great distances: slide volumes as large as 20,000 km3 and runout distances in excess of 140 km have been reported. They occur at locations where the downslope component of stress exceeds the resisting stress, causing movement along one or several concave to planar rupture surfaces. Some recent slides that originated nearshore and retrogressed back across the shoreline were conspicuous by their direct impact on human life and activities. Most known slides, however, occurred far from land in prehistoric time and were discovered by noting distinct to subtle characteristics, such as headwall scarps and displaced sediment or rock masses, on acoustic-reflection profiles and side-scan sonar images. Submarine landslides can be analyzed using the same mechanics principles as are used for occurrences on land. However, some loading mechanisms are unique, for example, storm waves, and some, such as earthquakes, can have greater impact. The potential for limited-deformation landslides to transform into sediment flows that can travel exceedingly long distances is related to the density of the slope-forming material and the amount of shear strength that is lost when the slope fails.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95RG03287","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Hampton, M.A., Lee, H., and Locat, J., 1996, Submarine landslides: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 34, no. 1, p. 33-59, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG03287.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"59","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226922,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d2ae4b08c986b31d6a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hampton, M. A.","contributorId":103271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, H.J.","contributorId":96693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Locat, J.","contributorId":56392,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Locat","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25484,"text":"Université Laval, Québec City, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":382568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70162709,"text":"70162709 - 1996 - Performance of antimycin in high-gradient streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T09:16:13","indexId":"70162709","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Performance of antimycin in high-gradient streams","docAbstract":"<p><span>A variety of low- to high-gradient streams in Colorado and Montana were treated with the fish toxicant antimycin (Fintrol) to evaluate its efficacy in relation to stream gradient. In general, a dose of 8 μg/L delivered for 8 h effectively killed brook trout </span><i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i><span>and rainbow trout </span><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i><span> over an elevation drop of 60–75 m where pH was low (≤7.0) and water temperature was warm (≥10°C). Colder water temperatures and higher pHs reduced the effectiveness of antimycin.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1996)016<0465:POAIHG>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K., and Bergersen, E.P., 1996, Performance of antimycin in high-gradient streams: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 16, no. 2, p. 465-468, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1996)016<0465:POAIHG>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"465","endPage":"468","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316577,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, 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,{"id":60073,"text":"mf2294 - 1996 - Reconnaissance geologic map of the Cucharas Pass Quadrangle, Huerfano and Las Animas counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:22","indexId":"mf2294","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2294","title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of the Cucharas Pass Quadrangle, Huerfano and Las Animas counties, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2294","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, D.A., 1996, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Cucharas Pass Quadrangle, Huerfano and Las Animas counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2294, 1 map ;58 x 47 cm., on sheet 84 x 104 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2294.","productDescription":"1 map ;58 x 47 cm., on sheet 84 x 104 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":105346,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5914.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5914"},{"id":182716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.11749999999999,37.25 ], [ -105.11749999999999,37.3675 ], [ -105,37.3675 ], [ -105,37.25 ], [ -105.11749999999999,37.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a72e4b07f02db642d31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, D. A.","contributorId":49814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019384,"text":"70019384 - 1996 - Vegetation, substrate and hydrology in floating marshes in the Mississippi River Delta Plain wetlands, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-13T15:46:02.150942","indexId":"70019384","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3676,"text":"Vegetatio","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation, substrate and hydrology in floating marshes in the Mississippi River Delta Plain wetlands, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>In the 1940s extensive floating marshes (locally called ‘flotant’) were reported and mapped in coastal wetlands of the Mississippi River Delta Plain. These floating marshes included large areas of&nbsp;</span><i>Panicum hemitomon</i><span>-dominated freshwater marshes, and&nbsp;</span><i>Spartina patens/Scirpus olneyi</i><span>&nbsp;brackish marshes. Today these marshes appear to be quite different in extent and type. We describe five floating habitats and one non-floating, quaking habitat based on differences in buoyancy dynamics (timing and degree of floating), substrate characteristics, and dominant vegetation. All floating marshes have low bulk density, organic substrates. Nearly all are fresh marshes.&nbsp;</span><i>Panicum hemitomon</i><span>&nbsp;floating marshes presently occur within the general regions that were reported in the 1940's by O'Neil, but are reduced in extent. Some of the former&nbsp;</span><i>Panicum hemitomon</i><span>&nbsp;marshes have been replaced by seasonally or variably floating marshes dominated, or co-dominated by&nbsp;</span><i>Sagittaria lancifolia</i><span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;</span><i>Eleocharis baldwinii</i><span>.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF00044695","issn":"00423106","usgsCitation":"Sasser, C., Gosselink, J., Swenson, E., Swarzenski, C., and Leibowitz, N., 1996, Vegetation, substrate and hydrology in floating marshes in the Mississippi River Delta Plain wetlands, USA: Vegetatio, v. 122, no. 2, p. 129-142, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044695.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"142","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Bayou Rigolettes, Jean Lafitte National Park, Kent Bayou, Lake Boeuf, Lake Salvador, Turtle Bayou","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.30969464983912,\n              30.56526183225492\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.30969464983912,\n              29.15369916122681\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.33342587197245,\n              29.15369916122681\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.33342587197245,\n              30.56526183225492\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.30969464983912,\n              30.56526183225492\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"122","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1eae4b08c986b32a810","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sasser, C.E.","contributorId":81067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sasser","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gosselink, J. G.","contributorId":104645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gosselink","given":"J. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swenson, E.M.","contributorId":76475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swarzenski, C.M.","contributorId":74856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leibowitz, N.C.","contributorId":97261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leibowitz","given":"N.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1003175,"text":"1003175 - 1996 - Organochlorine accumulation by sentinel mallards at the Winston-Thomas sewage treatment plant, Bloomington, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-01T17:49:45.071623","indexId":"1003175","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organochlorine accumulation by sentinel mallards at the Winston-Thomas sewage treatment plant, Bloomington, Indiana","docAbstract":"<p><span>Farm-raised 12-month-old female mallards (</span><i>Anas platyrhynchos</i><span>) were released at the Winston-Thomas sewage treatment plant, Bloomington, Indiana. Five mallards were sacrificed at the start of the study and at approximately 10-day intervals through day 100. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in carcasses increased linearly with time of exposure and exceeded 16 μg/g wet weight by day 100; PCBs in breast muscle exceeded 3.9 μg/g by day 100. These PCB values are among the highest recorded for wild or sentinel waterfowl. PCB concentrations in breast muscle (26–523 μg/g lipid weight) were 50–1,000 times greater than human consumption guidelines for edible poultry in Canada (0.5 μg/g lipid weight) and 9–176 times greater than consumption guidelines for edible poultry in the United States (3.0 μg/g lipid weight). Additionally, PCB concentrations in carcass and breast muscle exceeded the threshold of the Great Lakes Sport Fish Consumption Advisory ‘do not eat’ category (1.9 μg/g wet weight) by day 20 and day 50, respectively. Hepatic cytochrome P450-associated monooxygenases including BROD (benzyloxyresorufin-</span><i>O</i><span>-dealkylase), EROD (ethoxyresorufin-</span><i>O</i><span>-dealkylase), and PROD (pentoxyresorufin-</span><i>O</i><span>-dealkylase) were induced over 5-fold compared to reference mallards. BROD, EROD, and PROD were each significantly correlated to total PCBs and to the toxicity of selected PCB congeners, relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-</span><i>p</i><span>-dioxin.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00215794","usgsCitation":"Custer, T., Sparks, D.W., Sobiech, S.A., Hines, R.K., and Melancon, M.J., 1996, Organochlorine accumulation by sentinel mallards at the Winston-Thomas sewage treatment plant, Bloomington, Indiana: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 30, no. 2, p. 163-169, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00215794.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"169","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133862,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Bloomington","otherGeospatial":"Winston-Thomas sewage treatment plant","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.54790581004411,\n              39.24724774219456\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.55079158859184,\n              39.24724774219456\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.55079158859184,\n              39.24560161992426\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.54790581004411,\n              39.24560161992426\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.54790581004411,\n              39.24724774219456\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6486ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparks, D. W.","contributorId":99926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sobiech, S. A.","contributorId":21921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sobiech","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, R. K.","contributorId":27819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Melancon, M. J.","contributorId":96206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melancon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":38226,"text":"pp1404J - 1996 - Simulation of ground-water flow of the coastal plain aquifers in parts of Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T19:57:31.347779","indexId":"pp1404J","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1404","chapter":"J","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow of the coastal plain aquifers in parts of Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia","docAbstract":"Geomorphic processes and the aquatic habitat of the Redwood Creek basin were studied extensively between 1973 and 1983. This volume contains 22 separate articles by 32 investigators who studied geology, major storms, timber harvesting and its role on accelerating erosion, mass movement, fluvial erosion, sediment transport and storage, stream channel response to storms and landuse, stream habitat, and stream chemistry. This research describes a rapidly eroding landscape that is sensitive to effects of both landuse and major storms.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1404J","usgsCitation":"Fleck, W., and Vroblesky, D., 1996, Simulation of ground-water flow of the coastal plain aquifers in parts of Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1404, Report: 40 p.; 9 Plates: 40.00 x 37.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1404J.","productDescription":"Report: 40 p.; 9 Plates: 40.00 x 37.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":64554,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404j/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":484739,"rank":12,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4849.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":64561,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404j/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64560,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404j/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64559,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404j/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64558,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404j/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64557,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404j/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64556,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404j/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64555,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404j/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64553,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404j/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64562,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404j/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122072,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404j/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.4778,\n              39.6933\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.4778,\n              37.7867\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.1769,\n              37.7867\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.1769,\n              39.6933\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.4778,\n              39.6933\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f25dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleck, W.B.","contributorId":14862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019357,"text":"70019357 - 1996 - Large-scale right-slip displacement on the East San Francisco Bay region fault system, California: Implications for location of late Miocene to Pliocene Pacific plate boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-08T16:41:38.954701","indexId":"70019357","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale right-slip displacement on the East San Francisco Bay region fault system, California: Implications for location of late Miocene to Pliocene Pacific plate boundary","docAbstract":"<p><span>A belt of northwardly younging Neogene and Quaternary volcanic rocks and hydrothermal vein systems, together with a distinctive Cretaceous terrane of the Franciscan Complex (the Permanente terrane), exhibits about 160 to 170 km of cumulative dextral offset across faults of the East San Francisco Bay Region (ESFBR) fault system. The offset hydrothermal veins and volcanic rocks range in age from .01 Ma at the northwest end to about 17.6 Ma at the southeast end. In the fault block between the San Andreas and ESFBR fault systems, where volcanic rocks are scarce, hydrothermal vein system ages clearly indicate that the northward younging thermal overprint affected these rocks beginning about 18 Ma. The age progression of these volcanic rocks and hydrothermal vein systems is consistent with previously proposed models that relate northward propagation of the San Andreas transform to the opening of an asthenospheric window beneath the North American plate margin in the wake of subducting lithosphere. The similarity in the amount of offset of the Permanente terrane across the ESFBR fault system to that derived by restoring continuity in the northward younging age progression of volcanic rocks and hydrothermal veins suggests a model in which 80–110 km of offset are taken up 8 to 6 Ma on a fault aligned with the Bloomfield-Tolay-Franklin-Concord-Sunol-Calaveras faults. An additional 50–70 km of cumulative slip are taken up ≤ 6 Ma by the Rogers Creek-Hayward and Concord-Franklin-Sunol-Calaveras faults. An alternative model in which the Permanente terrane is offset about 80 km by pre-Miocene faults does not adequately restore the distribution of 8–12 Ma volcanic rocks and hydrothermal veins to a single northwardly younging age trend. If 80–110 km of slip was taken up by the ESFBR fault system between 8 and 6 Ma, dextral slip rates were 40–55 mm/yr. Such high rates might occur if the ESFBR fault system rather than the San Andreas fault acted as the transform margin at this time. Major transpression across the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates at about 3 to 5 Ma would have resulted in the transfer of significant slip back to the San Francisco Peninsula segment of the San Andreas fault. Since that time, the ESFBR fault system has continued to slip at rates of 11–14 mm/yr. If this interpretation is valid, the ESFBR fault system was the Pacific-North American plate boundary between 8 and 6 Ma, and this boundary has migrated both eastward and westward with time, in response to changing plate margin geometry and plate motions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95TC02347","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"McLaughlin, R.J., Sliter, W., Sorg, D.H., Russell, P., and Sarna-Wojcicki, A., 1996, Large-scale right-slip displacement on the East San Francisco Bay region fault system, California: Implications for location of late Miocene to Pliocene Pacific plate boundary: Tectonics, v. 15, no. 1, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/95TC02347.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226291,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.79794127542314,\n              39.40207162437872\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.00613075935172,\n              39.0554561037807\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.82383801002884,\n              34.35878941185911\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.28366673890498,\n              34.374280481902375\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.39329133542982,\n              39.49485922243221\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.79794127542314,\n              39.40207162437872\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a449de4b0c8380cd66c65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLaughlin, R. J. 0000-0002-4390-2288","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-2288","contributorId":107271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"R.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sliter, W.V.","contributorId":38997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sliter","given":"W.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sorg, D. H.","contributorId":63380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorg","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Russell, P.C.","contributorId":102856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":104022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70019287,"text":"70019287 - 1996 - Paleomagnetic study of the northern Ford Ranges, western Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica: Motion between West and East Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-08T16:56:14.381223","indexId":"70019287","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleomagnetic study of the northern Ford Ranges, western Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica: Motion between West and East Antarctica","docAbstract":"<p><span>A paleomagnetic study of Paleozoic and Mesozoic crystalline rocks in the northern Ford Ranges of Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica, has determined a middle Cretaceous (circa 100 Ma) paleomagnetic pole and provided constraints on possible clockwise rotation of these ranges and on the rifting of east Gondwana. The&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup><span>Ar/</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar thermochronology data from the Fosdick Mountains record a period of rapid cooling from ∼700°C beginning at ∼100 Ma. We relate this to extension, intrusion, and uplift associated with the beginning of rifting between Campbell Plateau and Marie Byrd Land. All rocks from the Fosdick and Chester Mountains are normally polarized. We interpret thermochronology and paleomagnetic data to infer that the region was extensively remagnetized in middle Cretaceous time. Inclinations in samples from the Chester Mountains are less steep than those from the Fosdick Mountains, which we interpret as ∼25° of south tilting of the Chesters. We interpret cooling age data for the time of magnetization to infer that the tilting began after 105 Ma and ended prior to 103 Ma. We further interpret this as constraining the beginning of extension between the Campbell Plateau and western Marie Byrd Land to the interval 105 to 103 Ma. Virtual geomagnetic poles from samples of Early Carboniferous age granodiorite from the western Phillips Mountains lie on the late Paleozoic apparent polar wander path for Australia transferred to Antarctica. Directions from 29 sites in the central and eastern Phillips and Fosdick Mountains give a Middle Cretaceous paleomagnetic pole at 222.3° E, 70.5° S (A95 6.1°, KAPPA 20.0). This pole is indistinguishable from other Middle Cretaceous poles for studies further east in Marie Byrd Land. Combining middle Cretaceous poles determined for three other studies of the Antarctic Peninsula, Thurston Island, and the Ruppert-Hobbs coasts with ours gives a Pacific West Antarctic pole at 215.2° E, 73.5° S (A95 4.0°, KAPPA 528.9). This pole is discordant by 5° to 10° from synthetic mid-Cretaceous East Antarctic reference poles, but the degree of discordance is very sensitive to the choice of the specific reference pole. The lack of native East Antarctic reference poles leaves this analysis inconclusive. Accepting 10° of discordance, we favor an interpretation where Pacific West Antarctic crustal domains or microplates have rotated clockwise 40° to 90° and translated a few degrees away from East Antarctica during Late Cretaceous time.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95TC02524","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Luyendyk, B., Cisowski, S., Smith, C., Richard, S., and Kimbrough, D., 1996, Paleomagnetic study of the northern Ford Ranges, western Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica: Motion between West and East Antarctica: Tectonics, v. 15, no. 1, p. 122-141, https://doi.org/10.1029/95TC02524.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"122","endPage":"141","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226465,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.47077359921154,\n              -72.07548597702839\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.27617778854147,\n              -72.07548597702839\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.27617778854147,\n              -83.08926858150075\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.47077359921154,\n              -83.08926858150075\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.47077359921154,\n              -72.07548597702839\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a741be4b0c8380cd77442","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luyendyk, B.","contributorId":22508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luyendyk","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cisowski, S.","contributorId":30379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cisowski","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, C.","contributorId":96429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Richard, S.","contributorId":77293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richard","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kimbrough, D.","contributorId":61579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimbrough","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70180343,"text":"70180343 - 1996 - Fractal structure of sequential behaviour patterns: an indicator of stress","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T13:06:43","indexId":"70180343","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":770,"text":"Animal Behaviour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fractal structure of sequential behaviour patterns: an indicator of stress","docAbstract":"<p><span>The detection of stress arising from parasitic infection by</span><i>Sarcoptes scabieis</i><span>and from pregnancy is explored, using a fractal analysis of head lifting behaviour and feeding–non-feeding activity sequences in female Spanish ibex,</span><i>Capra pyrenaica</i><span>, under natural conditions. Because organisms under stress increase their metabolic rate and, in consequence, energy consumption, it follows that stress will, generally, lead to a reduction in complexity (fractal dimension) of exploratory behaviour. In the present study the fractal dimension of the three measures of complexity used declined with stress, both from pregnancy and from parasitic infection. This observation provides a new and effective way to assess the general state of animals’ health in the field, without the need for capture and handling.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/anbe.1996.0040","usgsCitation":"Alados, C., Escos, J., and Emlen, J., 1996, Fractal structure of sequential behaviour patterns: an indicator of stress: Animal Behaviour, v. 51, no. 2, p. 437-443, https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1996.0040.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"443","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334187,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6a8fe4b08c8121c9090c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alados, C.L.","contributorId":22925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alados","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Escos, J.M","contributorId":178845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Escos","given":"J.M","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Emlen, J.M.","contributorId":63979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70208252,"text":"70208252 - 1996 - Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill—a review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-31T13:36:55","indexId":"70208252","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-31T13:31:27","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill—a review","title":"Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill—a review","docAbstract":"<p>Organic geochemistry played a major role in the environmental assessments conducted following the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>&nbsp;</span>oil spill, which occurred on March 24, 1989, and released about 258,000 bbls (41 million liters) of Alaska North Slope crude oil into Prince William Sound. Geochemical analyses of more than 15,000 sediment, tar, and biological samples and about 5000 water samples provide the largest database yet collected on oil-spill chemistry, and we review the results here. The marine environment of the Sound has a complex background of petrogenic, pyrogenic, and biogenic hydrocarbons from natural and anthropogenic sources. Geochemical evaluation of the fate and effects of the spilled oil required that this oil and its residues be distinguished from the background. A variety of molecular and isotopic techniques were employed to identify various hydrocarbon sources and to distinguish quantitatively among mixed sources in the samples. Although the specific criteria used to distinguish multiple sources in the region affected by the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>&nbsp;</span>spill are not necessarily applicable to all spill situations, the principles that governed their selection are.</p><p>Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and dibenzothiophenes distinguish<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>&nbsp;</span>oil and its weathered residues from background hydrocarbons in benthic sediments. Ratios of<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>C</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mtext>-dibenzothiophene</mtext><mtext>C</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mtext>-phenanthrene</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">C<sub>2</sub>-dibenzothiopheneC<sub>2</sub>-phenanthrene</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>C</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mtext>-dibenzothiophene</mtext><mtext>C</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mtext>-phenanthrene</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">C<sub>3</sub>-dibenzothiopheneC<sub>3</sub>-phenanthrene</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>were particularly useful. Carbon isotopes and terpane distributions distinguished<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>&nbsp;</span>residues found on shorelines from tars from other sources. Diesel and diesel soot were identified by the absence of alkylated chrysenes and a narrow distribution of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>n</i>-alkanes, whereas pyrogenic products were distinguished by the dominance of 4- to 6-ring PAH over 2- to 3-ring PAH and by the dominance of non-alkylated over alkylated homologues of each PAH series. The presence of 18α(H)-oleanane in benthic sediments, coupled with its absence in<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>&nbsp;</span>oil and its residues, confirm another petrogenic source.</p><p>Results of geochemical studies suggest that the petrogenic component in the background of benthic sediments is derived from oil seeps in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. In 1990 and 1991,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>&nbsp;</span>residues, generally forming a small increment to the pre-spill background, were found to be only sporadically distributed in some shallow, near shore sediments adjacent to shorelines that had been heavily oiled in 1989. In 1994, occurrences of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>&nbsp;</span>tars on shoreline surfaces were rare, although residues could be found buried in shoreline sediments at some isolated locations along the spill path where they were protected from wave action. Spilled oil residues collected 16 months after the spill were degraded, on average, by nearly 50%. Shoreline residues from sources other than the spill were also identified and are widespread throughout the Sound. These residues include (1) geochemically distinct tars and oils imported from California oil fields to Alaska for fuel and construction purposes prior to the discovery of the Cook Inlet and North Slope oil fields, (2) diesel and diesel soot, and (3) more highly refined products.</p><p>Of the more than 2700 chemical analyses of biological samples of higher life forms (fish, birds, and mammals) about 150 (6%) indicate recognizable residues of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>&nbsp;</span>oil, which were identified by their distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Most of these samples (138) were collected in 1989 and most were associated with external surfaces or the gastrointestinal tract. Rarely do internal tissues or fluids contain recognizable fingerprints of spilled oil. This observation includes samples from marine mammals that were visibly oiled externally. Other hydrocarbon sources, including diesel and a non-petroleum artifact that occurs when concentrations of individual PAH are at or near their method detection limit, are also identified in biological samples.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(96)00010-1","usgsCitation":"Bence, A., Kvenvolden, K.A., and Kennicutt, M., 1996, Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill—a review: Organic Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 1, p. 7-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00010-1.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371827,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"South-central Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -161.1474609375,\n              56.511017504952136\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.73046875,\n              54.23955053156177\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.1298828125,\n              60.108670463036\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.205078125,\n              62.4107287530686\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.1474609375,\n              56.511017504952136\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bence, A.E.","contributorId":101943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bence","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennicutt, M.C. II","contributorId":67665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennicutt","given":"M.C.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70201858,"text":"70201858 - 1996 - Regional land cover characterization using multiple sources of intermediate-scale data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-01T09:48:57","indexId":"70201858","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-31T12:26:56","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Regional land cover characterization using multiple sources of intermediate-scale data","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many United States federal agencies need accurate, intermediate scaled, land cover information. While many techniques and approaches have been successfully used to classify land cover in relatively small regions, there are substantial problems in applying these techniques to large multi-scene regions. An evaluation was conducted of the multiple layer land characteristics data base approach for generating large area land cover information. Mosaicked leaves-on Landsat thematic mapper scenes were used in conjunction with leaves-off thematic mapper data, digital elevation (and derived slope, aspect and shaded relief) data, population census information, defense meteorological satellite program \"city lights\" data, land use and land cover data, digital line graph data, and national wetlands inventory data to derive land cover information. This approach was evaluated for Region III of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (middle Atlantic states).</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium: Remote sensing for a sustainable future","conferenceDate":"May 27-31, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Lincoln, NE","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516305","usgsCitation":"Vogelmann, J., Howard, S.M., and Sohl, T.L., 1996, Regional land cover characterization using multiple sources of intermediate-scale data, <i>in</i> IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Lincoln, NE, May 27-31, 1996, p. 246-247, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516305.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"246","endPage":"247","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360866,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"MacIntosh, R.E.","contributorId":212092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacIntosh","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":755558,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frasier, S.J.","contributorId":212094,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frasier","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":755559,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swift, C.T.","contributorId":212226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swift","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":755749,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Vogelmann, James 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":192352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":755541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, S. M.","contributorId":39153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":755542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sohl, Terry L. 0000-0002-9771-4231 sohl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-4231","contributorId":648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Terry","email":"sohl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":755543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207836,"text":"70207836 - 1996 - Intermediate‐depth intraslab earthquakes and arc volcanism as physical expressions of crustal and uppermost mantle metamorphism in subducting slabs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-07T15:15:49.700528","indexId":"70207836","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-15T12:31:51","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5371,"text":"Geophysical Monograph","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Intermediate‐depth intraslab earthquakes and arc volcanism as physical expressions of crustal and uppermost mantle metamorphism in subducting slabs","docAbstract":"<p>We elaborate on the well-known spatial association between axc volcanoes and Wadati Benioff zones and explore in detail their genetic relationships as dual physical expressions of slab metamorphism of the oceanic crust and uppermost mantle. At hypocentral depths less than 200 km intra slab Wadati-Benioff earthquakes tend to occur near the top surfaces of slabs. Subduction of very young lithosphere (age &lt; 15-25 Ma) with high heat flow (&gt; 75 mW/m 2) produces mainly shallow earthquakes and spaxse or absent arc volcanism. Subduction of older crust with normal heat flow (50-65 mW/m 2) produces markedly deeper intraslab earthquakes and generally normal volcanic vigor. Seismological observations show that the low-seismic-velocity gabbroic mineralogy of the crust may persist to depths of as much as 150 km in old, cold lithosphere but only to depths of 50-60 km in young, warm slabs. Metamorphic processes in the crust and shallow upper mantle of subducting slabs and the reactivation of faults originally created at shallow depths in the ocean basins probably control the occurrence of intraslab earthquakes to depths of as much as 350 kin. A conceptual model for this metamorphism incorporates the likely effects of water liberated by dehydration. Such dehydration facilitates both brittle faulting by fault reactivation and promotes the kinetics of the transformation of the anhydrous gabbro component of the crust to eclogite. Finite-element modelling shows that densification to eclogite is expected to produce extensional stresses in transformed crust and a smaller compression in the underlying mantle. This model helps explain why most intermediate-depth intraslab earthquakes occur just below the top surfaces of slabs and why many have focal mechanisms indicating down-dip extension. Young, warm slabs have mostly shallow intraslab earthquakes and sparse axc volcanoes because dehydration and eclogite formation largely cease before such slabs axe in contact with asthenosphere. These processes are evidently delayed by kinetic hindrance and the high pressure stability of hydrous phazes at low temperatures in older, colder subducting crust, and thus earthquake activity and asthenospheric-wedge melting tend to be focused at depths of 100-170 kin. Anomalous behavior correlated with the subduction of island-and seamount chains appears to be associated with anomalou shallow intraplate faulting and with perturbations of slab metamorphism by these chains.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Subduction: Top to bottom","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GM096p0195","usgsCitation":"Kirby, S.H., Engdahl, E.R., and Denlinger, R.P., 1996, Intermediate‐depth intraslab earthquakes and arc volcanism as physical expressions of crustal and uppermost mantle metamorphism in subducting slabs, chap. <i>of</i> Subduction: Top to bottom: Geophysical Monograph, v. 96, p. 195-214, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM096p0195.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"214","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371264,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-23","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engdahl, E. Robert","contributorId":20666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denlinger, Roger P. 0000-0003-0930-0635 roger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0930-0635","contributorId":2679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"Roger","email":"roger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70246754,"text":"70246754 - 1996 - Knowledge of the fount and the cause of disaster","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-18T16:26:55.881365","indexId":"70246754","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-04T11:24:42","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Knowledge of the fount and the cause of disaster","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/379021a0","usgsCitation":"Evans, W.C., 1996, Knowledge of the fount and the cause of disaster: Nature, v. 379, p. 21-22, https://doi.org/10.1038/379021a0.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"22","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/379021a0","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":419058,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"379","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, William C. 0000-0001-5942-3102 wcevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-3102","contributorId":2353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"wcevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":878176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}