A comparison of 40Ar/39Ar age spectra of whole-rock mudstone and slate samples from the Ordovician Martinsburg Formation at Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania and stratigraphic and thermal constraints support Alleghanian age for regional slaty cleavage and a late Acadian age for diagenesis in these rocks. Age spectra from mud-stones have a sigmodal shape, with slopes that climb steeply from apparent Mesozoic ages to intermediate saddle regions with Devonian apparent ages, and then climb steeply again to Late Proterozoic apparent ages. The steps with these oldest apparent ages are interpreted to be dominated by late Proterzoic detrial muscovite. The saddle region of the mudstone samples gives very Late Silurian to earliest Devonian ages, which are maximum ages of diagenetic micas and which eliminate a Taconic age for the cleavage. The ages of saddle regions of the slate samples constraining cleavage-forming muscovite is <~375. This is the maximum age of this mica and requires an Alleghanian age for the cleavage. These age constraints are supported by ages of individual mica components calculated with knowledge of the total gas ages and mass fractions of the micas and by predictions from thermal modeling. We conclude that the Taconic orogeny in the Martinsburg Formation in eastern Pennsylvania was a very mild event. Not only is the cleavage in these rocks not Taconic in age, but even the mild (~100C) diagenetic growth of illite was Silurian of younger. Thus the Taconic event in these rocks in limited to loading of lass than about 3 km.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Earth Science Journal","doi":"10.2475/ajs.296.7.766","usgsCitation":"Wintsch, R., Kunk, M.J., and Epstein, J.B., 1996, 40Ar/39Ar whole-rock data constraints on Acadian diagenesis and Alleghanian cleavage in the Martinsburg formation, eastern Pennsylvania: American Journal of Science, v. 296, no. 7, p. 766-788, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.296.7.766.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"766","endPage":"788","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.296.7.766","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":370948,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Martinsburg Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.76123046875,\n 39.36827914916014\n ],\n [\n -74.06982421875,\n 38.87392853923629\n ],\n [\n -73.0810546875,\n 42.17968819665961\n ],\n [\n -77.67333984375,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -77.76123046875,\n 39.36827914916014\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"296","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wintsch, R. P.","contributorId":116962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wintsch","given":"R. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Epstein, Jack B. jepstein@usgs.gov","contributorId":1412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epstein","given":"Jack","email":"jepstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22578,"text":"ofr96556 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic assessment of shallow clastic and carbonate rock aquifers in Hendry and Collier counties, southwestern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T18:28:17.763852","indexId":"ofr96556","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T22:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-556","title":"Hydrogeologic assessment of shallow clastic and carbonate rock aquifers in Hendry and Collier counties, southwestern Florida","docAbstract":"Direct-current electrical resistivity data were collected from 109 vertical electrical sounding sites in Hendry and Collier Counties, southwestern Florida. Selected direct-current electrical resistivity surveys, together with available borehole geologic and geophysical data, were used to determine the approximate areal extent of the shallow clastic aquifers composed of thick sands and carbonate lithologies. Results indicated that a complex pattern of shallow sands, clays, and carbonate lithologies occur throughout the area. Buried channel sands were found as deep as 50 meters below land surface in some places. The channels contain unconsolidated fine- to medium-grained quartz sand interbedded with sandy limestone, shell fragments, and gray-green sandy clay.
Both surface and borehole geophysical techniques with lithologic data were necessary to approximately locate and define layers that might behave as confining layers and to locate and define the extent of any buried sand aquifers. The borehole geophysical data were used to analyze the zones of higher resistivity. Direct-current electrical resistivity data indicated the approximate location of certain layer boundaries. The conjunctive use of natural gamma and short- and long-normal resistivity logs was helpful in determining lithologic effects. Geohydrologic sections were prepared to identify potential locations of buried channels and carbonates containing freshwater. Buried channel sands and carbonate rock sections were identified in the subsurface that potentially may contain freshwater supplies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96556","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Brown, C.E., Krulikas, R.K., and Brendle, D.L., 1996, Hydrogeologic assessment of shallow clastic and carbonate rock aquifers in Hendry and Collier counties, southwestern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-556, iv, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96556.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0556/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52060,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0556/ofr96556.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Collier County, Hendry County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.36450195312499,\n 25.63657407787705\n ],\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 25.63657407787705\n ],\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 26.86328062676624\n ],\n [\n -82.36450195312499,\n 26.86328062676624\n ],\n [\n -82.36450195312499,\n 25.63657407787705\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
The South Indian River Water Control District is located in an area of northern Palm Beach County, Fla., where many residents must rely on private wells for domestic water supplies and individual septic tanks for waste disposal. As a result, contamination of the surficial aquifer system and availability of a potable water supply have become of increasing concern. To address this concern, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Indian River Water Control District, conducted a study to assess ground-water and surface-water quality in the District from 1989 to 1994. The study consisted of water-quality monitoring at 11 wells and 14 surface-water sites located within the District. Water samples were analyzed for major inorganic constituents and physical characteristics, trace metals, nitrogen and phosphorus species, and synthetic organic compounds.
The predominant water type within the South Indian River Water Control District is calcium bicarbonate; however, mixed-ion type water and sodium bicarbonate type water also exist in varying amounts. Sodium chloride type water is present in the western areas of the District due to incompletely flushed residual sea water. Results of the study indicated that concentrations of most constituents were within State drinking-water standards as established by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, but concentrations of certain constituents occasionally exceeded drinking-water standards in some ground-water and surface-water samples. Sodium and chloride concentrations exceeded the standards in ground water at two wells, dissolved-solids concentrations at five ground-water wells and one surface-water site, and color values at all 11 ground-water wells and all 14 surface-water sites.
Other constituents also exhibited concentrations that exceeded drinking-water standards. Cadmium and zinc concentrations exceeded the standards in ground water at one well, and lead concentrations exceeded the standard in ground water at five wells. Nitrogen and phosphorus specie concentrations did not exceed respective drinking-water standards in any ground-water or surface-water samples. Additionally, organic compounds were not detected at four surface-water sites monitored for National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System constituents. Several synthetic organic compounds were detected at or above 50 micrograms per liter in water samples collected from six ground-water wells and three surface-water sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96495","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Indian River Water Control District","usgsCitation":"Lietz, A., 1996, Assessment of water quality in the South Indian River Water Control District, Palm Beach County, Florida, 1989-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-495, iv, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96495.","productDescription":"iv, 63 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":52965,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0495/ofr96495.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":157315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0495/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Palm Beach County","otherGeospatial":"South Indian River Water Control District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.39039611816406,\n 26.681821407205977\n ],\n [\n -80.11093139648436,\n 26.681821407205977\n ],\n [\n -80.11093139648436,\n 26.95267721592506\n ],\n [\n -80.39039611816406,\n 26.95267721592506\n ],\n [\n -80.39039611816406,\n 26.681821407205977\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
The workshop \"Geodynamic Evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains and West Antarctic Rift System\" was convened to provide a forum for discussion of future research on Antarctic rifting processes. The workshop drew on the expertise of thirty-one geologists and geophysicists currently involved in Antarctic research or investigating other rift systems. The general goal of the workshop was to foster enhanced cooperation and communication between the Antarctic geologic community, the Antarctic geophysical community and the global community studying the processes of rifting and rift-related uplift. Workshop sessions were designed to critically examine process-oriented rift models, with particular emphasis on identifying geological and geophysical tests of these models that can be applied to the unique Antarctic setting. Recommendations for future research are included in the workshop proceedings.
","conferenceTitle":"Geodynamic Evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains and the West Antarctica Rift System","conferenceDate":"April, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, Colorado, United States","language":"English","publisher":"Byrd Polar Research Institute, Ohio State University","usgsCitation":"1996, Geodynamic Evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains and the West Antarctica Rift System: Proceedings of a workshop, iv, 57 p.","productDescription":"iv, 57 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420585,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1811/47927"},{"id":420586,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Transantarctic Mountains, West Antarctic Rift System","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -48.83765835994856,\n -62.257731385362\n ],\n [\n -48.83765835994856,\n -83.8669740760852\n ],\n [\n 224.4552443117463,\n -83.8669740760852\n ],\n [\n 224.4552443117463,\n -62.257731385362\n ],\n [\n -48.83765835994856,\n -62.257731385362\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wilson, Terry J.","contributorId":83843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882261,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":882262,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70073391,"text":"70073391 - 1996 - Editorial: more uncertainty than necessary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-16T15:40:55","indexId":"70073391","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T15:38:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Editorial: more uncertainty than necessary","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleoceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/96PA01420","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T.B., 1996, Editorial: more uncertainty than necessary: Paleoceanography, v. 11, no. 4, p. 396-370, https://doi.org/10.1029/96PA01420.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"396","endPage":"370","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":543,"text":"Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281209,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281208,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96PA01420"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5663e4b0b290850f6e4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70073553,"text":"70073553 - 1996 - Comparison of mercury concentrations in liver, muscle, whole bodies, and composites of fish from the Red River of the North","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T11:18:07","indexId":"70073553","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T15:34:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of mercury concentrations in liver, muscle, whole bodies, and composites of fish from the Red River of the North","docAbstract":"Carp (Cyprinus carpio) from four sites and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) from one site in the Red River of the North in 1994 were analyzed for total mercury content. In carp, mercury concentrations differed among liver, muscle, and whole bodies (0.11, 0.31, and 0.18 µg/g wet weight, respectively), between large and small size groups, but not location. Mercury distribution in channel catfish tissues differed from that in carp. Liver and muscle tissue had similar mean concentrations; each was higher than whole-body concentrations (0.16, 0.18, and 0.11 µg/g, respectively). Mercury concentrations were not significantly different between the two size groups of channel catfish. Weighted-mean mercury concentrations from seven individual fish agreed closely (usually within 10%) with concentrations determined on physical composites of the same fish. The ratio of mercury in whole bodies to mercury in muscle was similar for both carp and channel catfish. Historical data indicate that this ratio may be applicable to other species and locations. The ratio of mercury in livers to whole bodies and muscle differed between carp and channel catfish, which may reflect physiological differences between different trophic groups.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council Canada","doi":"10.1139/f95-203","usgsCitation":"Goldstein, R.M., Brigham, M.E., and Stauffer, J.C., 1996, Comparison of mercury concentrations in liver, muscle, whole bodies, and composites of fish from the Red River of the North: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 53, no. 2, p. 244-252, https://doi.org/10.1139/f95-203.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"244","endPage":"252","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281261,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281260,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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M.","contributorId":68267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brigham, Mark E. 0000-0001-7412-6800 mbrigham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7412-6800","contributorId":1840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"Mark","email":"mbrigham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Joseph C.","contributorId":42132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006894,"text":"70006894 - 1996 - National Biological Service Research Supports Watershed Planning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T15:32:26","indexId":"70006894","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T15:20:02","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"EPA 840-N-96-001","title":"National Biological Service Research Supports Watershed Planning","docAbstract":"The National Biological Service's Leetown Science Center is investigating how human impacts on watershed, riparian, and in-stream habitats affect fish communities. The research will provide the basis for a Ridge and Valley model that will allow resource managers to accurately predict and effectively mitigate human impacts on water quality. The study takes place in the Opequon Creek drainage basin of West Virginia. A fourth-order tributary of the Potomac, the basin falls within the Ridge and Valley. The study will identify biological components sensitive to land use patterns and the condition of the riparian zone; the effect of stream size, location, and other characteristics on fish communities; the extent to which remote sensing can reliable measure the riparian zone; and the relationship between the rate of landscape change and the structure of fish communities.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Watershed Events: an EPA bulletin on integrated aquatic ecosystem protection","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA, Office of Water","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Snyder, C.D., 1996, National Biological Service Research Supports Watershed Planning, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"4","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289259,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Opequon Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78.117821,39.091414 ], [ -78.117821,39.524623 ], [ -77.864696,39.524623 ], [ -77.864696,39.091414 ], [ -78.117821,39.091414 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286f7e4b07b8813a554e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Craig D. 0000-0002-3448-597X csnyder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3448-597X","contributorId":2568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Craig","email":"csnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006803,"text":"70006803 - 1996 - Use of a deterministic fire growth model to test fuel treatments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-27T15:04:37","indexId":"70006803","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T15:02:38","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Use of a deterministic fire growth model to test fuel treatments","docAbstract":"Fuel treatments are necessary in many vegetated areas of the Sierra\nNevada to mitigate the effects of decades of fire suppression\nand land-management activities on fuel accumulations and understory\ncanopies. Treating fuels will reduce the severity of wildfires and,\nas a result, the threat to human lives, the destruction of property and\nvaluable resources, and the alteration of natural fire regimes. This\nchapter describes the use of a deterministic fire-modeling approach\nto obtain information about the relative effectiveness of fuel treatments,\nincluding fuel breaks, prescribed burning, biomassing, piling\nand burning, and cutting and scattering. Wildfire spread was simulated\nunder idealized conditions to see how specific fuel and stand\ntreatments affect fire behavior. It was obvious from the simulations\nthat fuel breaks alone do not halt the spread of wildfire. Prescribed\nburning appears to be the most effective treatment for reducing a\nfire’s rate of spread, fireline intensity, flame length, and heat per unit\nof area. A management scheme that includes a combination of fuel\ntreatments in conjunction with other land-management scenarios\nshould be successful in reducing the size and intensity of wildfires.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, Volume II","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of California-Davis, Wildland Resources Center","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"van Wagtendonk, J., 1996, Use of a deterministic fire growth model to test fuel treatments, chap. of Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, Volume II, v. Chapter 43, p. 1155-1165.","productDescription":"p. 1155-1165","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"Chapter 43","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae789ae4b0abf75cf2da4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Wagtendonk, J. W.","contributorId":85111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Wagtendonk","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70007000,"text":"70007000 - 1996 - Overview of studies to determine injury caused by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill to marine mammals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T14:50:34","indexId":"70007000","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T14:48:15","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Overview of studies to determine injury caused by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill to marine mammals","docAbstract":"Marine mammal damage assessment studies after the Exxon \n Valdez oil spill concentrated on sea otters, harbor seals, Steller sea \n lions, killer whales, and humpback whales. Sea otter and harbor seals \n were the most affected marine mammal; it was estimated that several \n thousand otters and several hundred harbor seals died within months of \n the spill. Steller sea lion, harbor seal, and sea otter numbers were \n monitored using aerial surveys. Studies of humpback whales and killer \n whales used photoidentification techniques to determine changes in \n abundance, distribution, mortality, and natality. Tissues from \n animals found dead in spill and control areas were analyzed for \n hydrocarbon levels. Sea otters, sea lions and harbor seals had \n elevated hydrocarbon levels, but only sea otters and harbor seals \n showed population declines associated with the spill. Humpback whales \n were not severely affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Killer \n whale numbers in the resident AB pod declined after the spill. \n Coincidental evidence supports the oil spill as the causative agent.
","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Exxon Valdez oil spill symposium, American Fisheries Society Symposium 18","conferenceTitle":"Exxon Valdez oil spill symposium, American Fisheries Society Symposium 18","conferenceLocation":"Bethesda, MD","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Loughlin, T.R., Ballachey, B.E., and Wright, B., 1996, Overview of studies to determine injury caused by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill to marine mammals, 798-808.","productDescription":"798-808","startPage":"798","endPage":"808","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289250,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286f8e4b07b8813a554ee","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Rice, S.D.","contributorId":87500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508429,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spies, R.B.","contributorId":16946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spies","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508427,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolfe, D.A.","contributorId":113989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508430,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, B.A.","contributorId":33875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508428,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Loughlin, Thomas R.","contributorId":18885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loughlin","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, B.A.","contributorId":33875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70093578,"text":"70093578 - 1996 - Surviving a turbulent year","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-07T14:26:53","indexId":"70093578","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T14:25:03","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":613,"text":"ACSM Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surviving a turbulent year","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ACSM Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Congress on Surveying and Mapping","usgsCitation":"Plasker, J., 1996, Surviving a turbulent year: ACSM Bulletin, v. 159, p. 13-16.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":429,"text":"National Mapping Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282123,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"159","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd761ae4b0b2908510aafe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plasker, James","contributorId":103180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plasker","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226705,"text":"70226705 - 1996 - Pliocene–Pleistocene pollen assemblages from the Yermak Plateau, Arctic Ocean: Sites 910 and 911","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-06T20:39:33.817647","indexId":"70226705","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T14:17:24","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Pliocene–Pleistocene pollen assemblages from the Yermak Plateau, Arctic Ocean: Sites 910 and 911","docAbstract":"Palynological and paleobotanical research on upper Pliocene sediments from Meighen Island, Kap København, and deep-sea sites in the North Atlantic Ocean has indicated the presence of forest tundra far north of its present limits and warmer conditions than present. New pollen data from samples obtained on Ocean Drilling Program Leg 151 (Sites 910 and 911) on the Yermak Plateau of the Arctic Ocean provide a record of late Pliocene terrestrial floras characteristic of at least boreal to subarctic climatic conditions in the source areas. Pollen and spores are present in upper Pliocene sediments from both cores, with typical concentrations of 1,000 to 2,000 pollen grains per gram of dry sediment. Pinus is the dominant genus in upper Pliocene assemblages, and Picea and Betula are subdominant. Other taxa typically present include Alnus, Corylus, Larix, Tsuga, Pterocarya, Sciadopitys and members of the Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Asteraceae, and Ericaceae. These assemblages are suggestive of open boreal vegetation with relatively temperate deciduous elements and indicate warmer Pliocene conditions than today in the pollen source areas. Pleistocene pollen assemblages from Site 911 consist primarily of Pinus and Picea pollen with few other taxa present. Such assemblages indicate cold conditions, probably similar to those of today, and palynomorphs are less common in Pleistocene sediments, typically <1,000 pollen grains per gram of dry sediment. In both cores, most reworked palynomorphs, which are two to three times more abundant than nonreworked ones, are Cretaceous in age and include genera characteristic of both the Aquilapollenites and Normapolles provinces; this composition suggests that the source of reworked material was the northern Asian coast between the Barents Sea and Laptev Sea, the main region where Cretaceous rocks containing both these assemblages are preserved. These reworked palynomorphs probably were transported either by sea ice or ocean currents via the Transpolar Drift to the Yermak Plateau sites.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, scientific results","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceDate":"1996","language":"English","publisher":"Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.sr.151.115.1996","usgsCitation":"Willard, D.A., 1996, Pliocene–Pleistocene pollen assemblages from the Yermak Plateau, Arctic Ocean: Sites 910 and 911, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, scientific results, v. 151, 1996, p. 297-305, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.151.115.1996.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"305","costCenters":[{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.151.115.1996","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":392514,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Arctic Ocean, Yermak Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -12.480468749999998,\n 80.16371016565114\n ],\n [\n 25.751953125,\n 80.16371016565114\n ],\n [\n 25.751953125,\n 83.55971676457146\n ],\n [\n -12.480468749999998,\n 83.55971676457146\n ],\n [\n -12.480468749999998,\n 80.16371016565114\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"151","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Thiede, Jorn","contributorId":88085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiede","given":"Jorn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827861,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Myhre, A. M.","contributorId":269770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myhre","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827862,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Firth, J. V.","contributorId":52653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Firth","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827863,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, G. L.","contributorId":11274,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827864,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruddiman, William F","contributorId":268862,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruddiman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"F","affiliations":[{"id":40362,"text":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":827865,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942 dwillard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":2076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra","email":"dwillard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24693,"text":"Climate Research and Development","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":827860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70094766,"text":"70094766 - 1996 - Geochemical processes in ground water resulting from surface mining of coal at the Big Sky and West Decker Mine areas, southeastern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-24T14:22:41","indexId":"70094766","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T14:16:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Geochemical processes in ground water resulting from surface mining of coal at the Big Sky and West Decker Mine areas, southeastern Montana","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Planning, rehabilitation and treatment of disturbed lands: seventh Billings Symposium, March 17-23, 1996, Sheraton Billings Hotel, Billings, Montana","conferenceTitle":"Planning, rehabilitation and treatment of disturbed lands: seventh Billings Symposium","conferenceDate":"1996-03-17T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Billings, MT","language":"English","publisher":"Reclamation Research Unity, Montana State University","publisherLocation":"Bozeman, MT","usgsCitation":"Clark, D., and Nimick, D., 1996, Geochemical processes in ground water resulting from surface mining of coal at the Big Sky and West Decker Mine areas, southeastern Montana, p. 340-341.","productDescription":"p. 340-341","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282701,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Big Sky Mine;West Decker Mine","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.2275,44.3582 ], [ -109.2275,46.777 ], [ -104.0396,46.777 ], [ -104.0396,44.3582 ], [ -109.2275,44.3582 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5aece4b0b290850f9ab9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D.W.","contributorId":22765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimick, D. A.","contributorId":70399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"D. 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The protoporphyrin concentration of each sample was determined by hematofluorometry within 5 min of blood collection and after refrigeration at 4 °C for 24 and 48 h. All samples were analyzed for lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Based on a blood lead concentration of ≥0.2 ppm wet weight as positive evidence for lead exposure, the protoporphyrin technique resulted in overall error rates of 29%, 20%, and 19% and false negative error rates of 47%, 29% and 25% when hematofluorometric determinations were made on blood at 5 min, 24 h, and 48 h, respectively. False positive error rates were less than 10% for all three measurement times. The accuracy of the 24-h erythrocytic protoporphyrin classification of blood samples as positive or negative for lead exposure was significantly greater than the 5-min classification, but no improvement in accuracy was gained when samples were tested at 48 h. The false negative errors were probably due, at least in part, to the lag time between lead exposure and the increase of blood protoporphyrin concentrations. False negatives resulted in an underestimation of the true number of canvasbacks exposed to lead, indicating that hematofluorometry provides a conservative estimate of lead exposure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00398606","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., Hohman, W., Moore, J., and Smith, M.R., 1996, The efficacy of protoporphyrin as a predictive biomarker for lead exposure in canvasback ducks: effect of sample storage time: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 43, no. 2, p. 181-188, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00398606.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258419,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398606","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Catahoula Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.22026824951172,\n 31.484893386890164\n ],\n [\n -92.16602325439453,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -92.15400695800781,\n 31.523824762641343\n ],\n [\n -92.12757110595703,\n 31.5589368978749\n ],\n [\n -92.09701538085938,\n 31.581460226685426\n ],\n [\n -92.06336975097655,\n 31.594035821674822\n ],\n [\n -92.05307006835938,\n 31.612165086630377\n ],\n [\n -92.02011108398438,\n 31.620936044392277\n ],\n [\n -92.0050048828125,\n 31.622105442974345\n ],\n [\n -91.99092864990234,\n 31.609241250372115\n ],\n [\n -91.99573516845703,\n 31.5504526754715\n ],\n [\n -92.0266342163086,\n 31.518556803377848\n ],\n [\n -92.12860107421875,\n 31.451803617879165\n ],\n [\n -92.16224670410156,\n 31.441552202355776\n ],\n [\n -92.21992492675781,\n 31.438915942791738\n ],\n [\n -92.24292755126953,\n 31.443602575190692\n ],\n [\n -92.25116729736328,\n 31.456489605661897\n ],\n [\n -92.22061157226562,\n 31.481965560518322\n ],\n [\n -92.22026824951172,\n 31.484893386890164\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babb3e4b08c986b322ff7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hohman, W.L.","contributorId":82638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hohman","given":"W.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, J.L.","contributorId":29100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, M. R.","contributorId":40551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70211076,"text":"70211076 - 1996 - Large earthquakes of North and Central America: 1970-1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-14T14:52:09.584542","indexId":"70211076","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T13:48:51","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Large earthquakes of North and Central America: 1970-1996","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70211076","usgsCitation":"Masse, R., and Zirbes, M., 1996, Large earthquakes of North and Central America: 1970-1996, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70211076.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":376344,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":376343,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_55277.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -170,\n 5\n ],\n [\n -53,\n 5\n ],\n [\n -53,\n 83\n ],\n [\n -170,\n 83\n ],\n [\n -170,\n 5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masse, Robert P.","contributorId":84214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masse","given":"Robert P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zirbes, Madeleine","contributorId":42221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zirbes","given":"Madeleine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006799,"text":"70006799 - 1996 - An overview of fire in the Sierra Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-27T14:33:52","indexId":"70006799","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T13:48:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"An overview of fire in the Sierra Nevada","docAbstract":"Fire, ignited by lightning and Native Americans, was common in the\nSierra Nevada prior to 20th century suppression efforts. Presettlement\nfire return intervals were generally less than 20 years throughout a\nbroad zone extending from the foothills through the mixed conifer\nforests. In the 20th century, the areal extent of fire was greatly reduced.\nThis reduction in fire activity, coupled with the selective harvest\nof many large pines, produced forests which today are denser,\nwith generally smaller trees, and have higher proportions of white fir\nand incense cedar than were present historically. These changes\nhave almost certainly increased the levels of fuel, both on the forest\nfloor and “ladder fuels”—small trees and brush which carry the fire\ninto the forest canopy. Increases in fuel, coupled with efficient suppression\nof low and moderate intensity fires, has led to an increase\nin general fire severity.
\nWe suggest extensive modification of forest structure will be necessary\nto minimize severe fires in the future. In high-risk areas, landscapes\nshould be modified both to reduce fire severity and to increase\nsuppression effectiveness. We recommend thinning and underburning\nto reduce fire-related tree mortality coupled with strategically placed\ndefensible fuel profile zones (DFPZs). DFPZs are areas in which\nforest structure and fuels have been modified to reduce flame length\nand “spotting”, allowing effective suppression.
\nThis chapter is an overview of work by the fire-subgroup of the\nSierra Nevada Ecosystem Project. Details concerning these findings\nare found in Skinner and Chang 1996; Chang 1996; Husari and\nMcKelvey 1996; McKelvey and Busse 1996; Erman and Jones 1996;\nvan Wagtendonk 1996; and Weatherspoon 1996.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, Volume II","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of California-Davis, Wildland Resources Center","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"McKelvey, K., Skinner, C., Chang, C., Erman, D., Husari, S., Parsons, D., van Wagtendonk, J., and Weatherspoon, C., 1996, An overview of fire in the Sierra Nevada, chap. of Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, Volume II, v. Chapter 37, p. 1033-1040.","productDescription":"p. 1033-1040","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289142,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.53,32.53 ], [ -124.53,42.0 ], [ -114.13,42.0 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.53,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"Chapter 37","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7628e4b0abf75cf2beaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKelvey, K.S.","contributorId":106237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKelvey","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skinner, C.N.","contributorId":19909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"C.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chang, C.","contributorId":67341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Erman, D.C.","contributorId":85509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Husari, S.J.","contributorId":12589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Husari","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parsons, D.J.","contributorId":47721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"van Wagtendonk, J. W.","contributorId":85111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Wagtendonk","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Weatherspoon, C.P.","contributorId":55383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weatherspoon","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":72575,"text":"ofr96415 - 1996 - Directory of member organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18173,"text":"ofr94535 - 1994 - Directory of Member Organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)","indexId":"ofr94535","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Directory of Member Organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":72575,"text":"ofr96415 - 1996 - Directory of member organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)","indexId":"ofr96415","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Directory of member organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T13:30:04","indexId":"ofr96415","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T13:25:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-415","title":"Directory of member organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96415","usgsCitation":"Blackwell, C.D., 1996, Directory of member organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-415, xviii, 113 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96415.","productDescription":"xviii, 113 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291174,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fead20e4b0824b2d152dff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blackwell, Cassandra D.","contributorId":25562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwell","given":"Cassandra","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006670,"text":"70006670 - 1996 - Mediterranean-type ecosystems: the influence of biodiversity on their functioning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T13:41:51","indexId":"70006670","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T13:22:33","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Mediterranean-type ecosystems: the influence of biodiversity on their functioning","docAbstract":"Ecosystems in the Mediterranean-climate regions of the world have served as a unit for comparative ecological studies for over two decades. The cohesiveness of research in this set of widely distributed regions rests on the similarity of the climates where they occur, and the identifiable convergence in elements of their vegetation structure (Di Castri and Mooney 1973). In this chapter we review functional aspects of what have come to be known as Mediterranean-type ecosystems (METs) in the context of a concerned global interest in the sustainability of the human environment and its dependence on biological diversity. The approach we adopt here is to look for evidence that this biodiversity, for which some MTEs are renowned (Cowling, 1992; Hobbs, 1992), has an influence on processes which are important both for the maintenance of natural systems, and for providing \"ecosystem services\" with human utility.
\nAlmost a century ago, Schimper (1903) recognized the biological similarities between five widely separated regions characterized by Mediterranean-type climates, and much comparative work has been done on that basis since. These regions comprise the Mediterranean basin itself, a major portion of California, central Chile, the southwestern and southern extremities of South Africa, and parts of southwestern and southern Australia (Figure 7.1). The first attention paid to MTEs in terms of quantitative ecological research arose out of the International Biological Programme (IBP) of the 1960s and 1970s. Those efforts focused on comparisons between the Chilean and Californian systems (Mooney 1977), and dealt with parallel models of ecosystem processes, especially water flux (Fuentes et al 1995). Because of the already perceived similarities between vegetation in these and the other three regions, the project was soon extended to include all five regions. The first broad comparative overview was published as an anthology which considered the origins and the convergent evolution of MTE components (Di Castri and Mooney 1973). Although the currently accepted classifications of the MTEs is to some extent artificial, it does provide a basis for comparative work, as well as placing mild, temperate winter rainfall regions in perspective with other system types, such as forests, arid lands and even savannas.
\nIt is against this backdrop that the MTE research collegium has grown, giving rise to the organizational structure known as ISOMED (the International Society of Mediterranean Ecologists), which has convened regular conferences under the label MEDECOS, plus a number of extra meetings on specific topics (Table 7.1). One of the more recent in this series of MTE meetings was convened under the auspices of ICSU's Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) (see Table 7.1), and dealt with the questions about the functional value of biodiversity. This chapter is based on that meeting and its proceedings (Richardson and Cowling 1993); David and Richardson 1995), and is a distillation of input by teams of ecologists from each of the five regions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Functional Roles of Biodiversity: A Global Perspective","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","usgsCitation":"Davis, G.W., Richardson, D.M., Keeley, J.E., and Hobbs, R., 1996, Mediterranean-type ecosystems: the influence of biodiversity on their functioning, chap. of Functional Roles of Biodiversity: A Global Perspective, v. Chapter 7, p. 151-183.","productDescription":"p. 151-183","startPage":"151","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289229,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"Chapter 7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286f6e4b07b8813a554da","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Mooney, H. A.","contributorId":104219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mooney","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508378,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cushman, J.H.","contributorId":113886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushman","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508381,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Medina, E.","contributorId":111954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medina","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508380,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sala, O.E.","contributorId":96638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sala","given":"O.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508377,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schulze, E. #NAME?","contributorId":111878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schulze","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508379,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Davis, George W.","contributorId":12376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richardson, David M.","contributorId":14565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hobbs, Richard J.","contributorId":59682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobbs","given":"Richard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70227592,"text":"70227592 - 1996 - The Proterozoic impact record of Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T19:03:09.382113","indexId":"70227592","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T12:43:17","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10046,"text":"AGSO Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Proterozoic impact record of Australia","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, E.M., and Shoemaker, C.S., 1996, The Proterozoic impact record of Australia: AGSO Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, v. 16, no. 4, p. 379-398.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"398","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394600,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia","state":"Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia","otherGeospatial":"Acraman structure, Kelly West structure, Lawn Hill structure, Spider structure, Strangways structure, Teague Ring","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 128.9794921875,\n -31.728167146023935\n ],\n [\n 129.0234375,\n -26.03704188651583\n ],\n [\n 140.91064453125,\n -25.97779895546436\n ],\n [\n 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]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, Eugene Merle","contributorId":20342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"Merle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":831315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shoemaker, Carolyn S.","contributorId":39290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Carolyn","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":831316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70202119,"text":"70202119 - 1996 - Decomposition of AVIRIS spectra: Extraction of spectral reflectance, atmospheric, and instrumental components","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-11T12:42:15","indexId":"70202119","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T12:40:41","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decomposition of AVIRIS spectra: Extraction of spectral reflectance, atmospheric, and instrumental components","docAbstract":"Presents techniques that use only information contained within a raw, high-spectral-resolution, hyperspectral Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) scene to estimate and remove additive components (atmospheric scattering and instrument dark current). These techniques allow normalization of multiplicative components (instrument gain, topography, atmospheric transmission) and enhancement, extraction, and identification of relative-reflectance information related to surface composition and mineralogy. The authors' derivation of additive components from raw AVIRIS data is based on an adaptation of Crippen's \"regression intersection method (RIM).\" As does RIM, the authors use pairs of surface units that are spectrally homogeneous, spatially extensive, and located in rugged terrain. However, their technique utilizes the long-wavelength spectral data of AVIRIS to derive and remove atmospheric scattering components for each unit. AVIRIS data from the Kelso Dunes and Granite Mountain areas of southern California served as spectrally contrasting, topographically modulated surfaces for illustration of this technique. For a given site and wavelength pair, subtraction of the wavelength-dependent additive component from individual bands will remove topographic shading in both sites in band-to-band ratio images. Normalization of all spectra in the scene to the average scene spectrum results in cancellation of multiplicative components and produces a relative-reflectance scene. Absorption features due to mineral absorptions that depart from the average spectrum can be identified in the relative-reflectance AVIRIS product. The validity of these techniques is demonstrated by comparisons between relative-reflectance AVIRIS spectra derived from application of this technique and those derived by using the standard calibration techniques of JPL. Calibrated spectra were extracted from an AVIRIS scene of the Upheaval Dome area of Canyonlands National Park, UT. Results show that surface-reflectance information can be extracted and interpreted in terms of surface mineralogy after application of these techniques to AVIRIS data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","doi":"10.1109/36.481901","issn":"1558-0644","usgsCitation":"Gaddis, L.R., Soderblom, L.A., Kieffer, H.H., Becker, K.J., Torson, J.M., and Mullins, K.F., 1996, Decomposition of AVIRIS spectra: Extraction of spectral reflectance, atmospheric, and instrumental components: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 34, no. 1, p. 163-178, https://doi.org/10.1109/36.481901.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"178","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361137,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483 lgaddis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":2817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa","email":"lgaddis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kieffer, Hugh H.","contributorId":41137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"Hugh","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Becker, Kris J. 0000-0003-1971-5957 kbecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1971-5957","contributorId":2910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Kris","email":"kbecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Torson, James M.","contributorId":210522,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Torson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mullins, Kevin F.","contributorId":47950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70073931,"text":"70073931 - 1996 - Channel scour bridges in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-24T12:45:29","indexId":"70073931","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T12:40:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"FHWA-RD-95-184","title":"Channel scour bridges in the United States","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Landers, M.N., and Mueller, D.S., 1996, Channel scour bridges in the United States, 128 p.","productDescription":"128 p.","numberOfPages":"128","costCenters":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281494,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 173.0,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,16.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd508ee4b0b290850f367b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landers, M. N.","contributorId":63428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landers","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, D. S.","contributorId":51338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":69,"text":"69 - 1996 - GeoMedia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-04T12:39:53","indexId":"69","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T12:39:16","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"GeoMedia","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"InterNetwork Media","publisherLocation":"Del Mar, CA","doi":"10.3133/69","usgsCitation":"InterNetwork Inc., 1996, GeoMedia, 1 computer laser optical disc, https://doi.org/10.3133/69.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291605,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e09e51e4b0beb42bdca3f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"InterNetwork Inc.","contributorId":128154,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"InterNetwork Inc.","id":527167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223083,"text":"5223083 - 1996 - Environmental hazards of aluminum to plants, invertebrates, fish, and wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-04T14:13:29.095351","indexId":"5223083","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T12:18:38","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Environmental hazards of aluminum to plants, invertebrates, fish, and wildlife","docAbstract":"Aluminum (Al) is the third most common mineral and the most common metal in Earth’s crust, accounting for approximately 8.1% of the crust by weight. Thus, it cannot be considered a contaminant in the usual sense of the word. However, despite its near omnipresence throughout the world, Al has been of major concern as a primary limiting factor to cultivated plants for several decades. In much of the world, Al severely restricts the growth and presence of plant species. Since the late 1970s, concern about Al toxicity has spread to natural habitats, most notably forests and aquatic communities. The primary impetus for this concern has been the increased awareness of the effects of anthropogenic acidification through mine drainage, acid deposition, and other sources. The toxicity of Al is intimately associated with pH in that the metal is soluble and biologically available in acidic (pH <5.5) soils and waters but relatively innocuous in circumneutral (pH 5.5-7.5) conditions. Forest die-offs and reduced survivorship or impaired reproduction of aquatic invertebrates, fish, and amphibians have been directly connected to Al toxicity. Indirect effects on birds and mammals also have been identified. The purpose of this review is to summarize the toxic effects of Al to populations and to evaluate the potential hazards to the communities in which these populations are found.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4612-2354-2_1","usgsCitation":"Sparling, D.W., and Lowe, T., 1996, Environmental hazards of aluminum to plants, invertebrates, fish, and wildlife, chap. of Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, v. 145, p. 1-127, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2354-2_1.","productDescription":"127 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"127","numberOfPages":"127","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196045,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"145","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6022b0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ware, George W.","contributorId":147930,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ware","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":889417,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gunther, Francis A.","contributorId":332096,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gunther","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":889418,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Sparling, D. W.","contributorId":78675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowe, T. P.","contributorId":26028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowe","given":"T. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223305,"text":"5223305 - 1996 - The conservation management of Kirtland's warbler Dendroica kirtlandii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-29T16:19:26.491683","indexId":"5223305","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T12:17:45","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1048,"text":"Bird Conservation International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The conservation management of Kirtland's warbler Dendroica kirtlandii","title":"The conservation management of Kirtland's warbler Dendroica kirtlandii","docAbstract":"Kirtland's Warbler Dendroica kirtlandii breeds in young jack pine Pinus banksiana forests on sandy soils in Michigan's lower peninsula, where there were 502 censused singing males in 1951 and 167 in 1974 and 1987. An ongoing control programme for the Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater, a nest parasite, resulted in immediate and continued improvement in warbler reproductive success which was not, however, matched by an increase in warbler numbers until the 1990s. From three 1,000 ha reserves in the 1960s, currently over 54,000 ha are managed for the warbler. Despite the establishment of managed plantations, over 70% of warblers censused in the past 15 years have occupied habitat created by wildfires. Optimal habitat consists of more than 5,000 trees per hectare in a mosaic of dense patches interspersed with small openings. Nearly 70% of adult and 30% of juvenile warblers departing for the Bahamian wintering grounds return each spring, and the Michigan singing male population increased from 212 (1989) to 397 (1992) as abundant habitat, resulting from a 1980 wildfire, became available at Mack Lake. This suggests that lack of optimal habitat in Michigan has been the species's major problem.
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