{"pageNumber":"3774","pageRowStart":"94325","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185258,"records":[{"id":70180812,"text":"70180812 - 1996 - Fire effects in southwestern forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire symposium","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180810,"text":"70180810 - 1996 - Elk response to the La Mesa fire and current status in the Jemez Mountains","indexId":"70180810","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Elk response to the La Mesa fire and current status in the Jemez Mountains"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70180812,"text":"70180812 - 1996 - Fire effects in southwestern forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire symposium","indexId":"70180812","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Fire effects in southwestern forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire symposium"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70180837,"text":"70180837 - 1996 - Overview of La Mesa studies","indexId":"70180837","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Overview of La Mesa studies"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70180812,"text":"70180812 - 1996 - Fire effects in southwestern forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire symposium","indexId":"70180812","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Fire effects in southwestern forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire symposium"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-16T11:44:39","indexId":"70180812","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"RM-GTR-286","title":"Fire effects in southwestern forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire symposium","docAbstract":"<p><span>In 1977, the La Mesa Fire burned across 15,444 acres of ponderosa pine forests on the adjoining lands of Bandelier National Monument, the Santa Fe National Forest, and Los Alamos National Laboratory. Following this event, several fire effects studies were initiated. The 16 papers herein document longer-term knowledge gained about the ecological effects of the fire and about Southwestern fire ecology in general. The presentations are also designed to give resource managers practical information for managing fire in local landscapes. Studies presented range from fire histories and avifauna to geomorphology and arthropods.</span></p>","conferenceTitle":"Second La Mesa Fire symposium","conferenceDate":"March 29-31, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Los Alamos, NM","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","doi":"10.2737/RM-GTR-286","usgsCitation":"1996, Fire effects in southwestern forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire symposium: General Technical Report RM-GTR-286, 216 p., https://doi.org/10.2737/RM-GTR-286.","productDescription":"216 p.","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2737/rm-gtr-286","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334689,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Bandelier National Monument, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Santa Fe National Forest","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5895a4c1e4b0fa1e59bc1e1b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662502,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70180837,"text":"70180837 - 1996 - Overview of La Mesa studies","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180837,"text":"70180837 - 1996 - Overview of La Mesa studies","indexId":"70180837","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Overview of La Mesa studies"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70180812,"text":"70180812 - 1996 - Fire effects in southwestern forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire symposium","indexId":"70180812","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Fire effects in southwestern forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire symposium"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70180812,"text":"70180812 - 1996 - Fire effects in southwestern forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire symposium","indexId":"70180812","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Fire effects in southwestern forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire symposium"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-16T11:44:35","indexId":"70180837","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"RM-GTR-286","title":"Overview of La Mesa studies","docAbstract":"<p>This 1994 Symposium on the La Mesa Fire reflects the efforts of the presenters and organizers to share some of the know ledge gained since 1977 about the ecological effects of the La Mesa Fire in particular, and Southwestern fire ecology in general. We are glad you came. We hope that you come away from this symposium with: 1) a greater understanding and appreciation for the varied and vital ecological role fire plays in many Southwestern ecosystems; and 2) some practical and useful information to help you manage fire in your local landscapes.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fire effects in southwestern forests: Proceedings of the second La Mesa Fire Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Second La Mesa Fire Symposium","conferenceDate":"March 29-31, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Los Alamos, NM","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","doi":"10.2737/RM-GTR-286","usgsCitation":"Allen, C.D., 1996, Overview of La Mesa studies: General Technical Report RM-GTR-286, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.2737/RM-GTR-286.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2737/rm-gtr-286","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334723,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5895a4c1e4b0fa1e59bc1e15","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725510,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70180833,"text":"70180833 - 1996 - Fire history and climatic patterns in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests of the Jemez Mountains, Northern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T12:05:15","indexId":"70180833","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5599,"text":"U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"RM-GTR-286","title":"Fire history and climatic patterns in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests of the Jemez Mountains, Northern New Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>We reconstructed fire history in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests across the Jemez Mountains in northern New Mexico. We collected fire-scarred samples from ten ponderosa pine areas, and three mesic mixed-conifer areas. Prior to 1900, ponderosa pine forests were characterized by high frequency, low intensity surface fire regimes. The mixed-conifer stands sustained somewhat less frequent surface fires, along with patchy crown fires. We also examined the associations between past fires and winter-spring precipitation. In both ponderosa pine and mixed- conifer forests, precipitation was significantly reduced in the winter-spring period immediately prior to fire occurrence. In addition, winter-spring precipitation during the second year preceding major fire years in the ponderosa pine forest was significantly increased. The results of this study pro- vide baseline knowledge concerning the ecological role of fire in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests. This information is vital to support ongoing ecosystem management efforts in the Jemez Mountains.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fire effects in southwestern forests: Proceedings of the second La Mesa Fire symposium (U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-286)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Second La Mesa Fire symposium","conferenceDate":"March 29-31, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Los Alamos, NM","language":"English","publisher":"USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","doi":"10.2737/RM-GTR-286","usgsCitation":"Touchan, R., Allen, C.D., and Swetnam, T., 1996, Fire history and climatic patterns in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests of the Jemez Mountains, Northern New Mexico: U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-286, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.2737/RM-GTR-286.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"46","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2737/rm-gtr-286","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Jemex Mountains","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5895a4c1e4b0fa1e59bc1e19","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725578,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Touchan, Ramzi","contributorId":77863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Touchan","given":"Ramzi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swetnam, Thomas W.","contributorId":90455,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swetnam","given":"Thomas W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018477,"text":"70018477 - 1996 - Characterization of metal adsorption variability in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-19T05:49:26","indexId":"70018477","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of metal adsorption variability in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A","docAbstract":"Several geochemical properties of an aquifer sediment that control metal-ion adsorption were investigated to determine their potential use as indicators of the spatial variability of metal adsorption. Over the length of a 4.5-m-long core from a sand and gravel aquifer, lead (Pb2+) and zinc (Zn2+) adsorption at constant chemical conditions (pH 5.3) varied by a factor of 2 and 4, respectively. Pb2+ and Zn2+ were adsorbed primarily by Fe- and Al-oxide coatings on quartz-grain surfaces. Per unit surface area, both Pb2+ and Zn2+ adsorption were significantly correlated with the amount of Fe and Al that dissolved from the aquifer material in a partial chemical extraction. The variability in conditional binding constants for Pb2+ and Zn2+ adsorption (log KADS) derived from a simple non-electrostatic surface complexation model were also predicted by extracted Fe and Al normalized to surface area. Because the abundance of Fe- and Al-oxide coatings that dominate adsorption does not vary inversely with grain size by a simple linear relationship, only a weak, negative correlation was found between the spatial variability of Pb2+ adsorption and grain size in this aquifer. The correlation between Zn2+ adsorption and grain size was not significant. Partial chemical extractions combined with surface-area measurements have potential use for estimating metal adsorption variability in other sand and gravel aquifers of negligible carbonate and organic carbon content.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-7722(95)00090-9","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Fuller, C.C., Davis, J., Coston, J., and Dixon, E., 1996, Characterization of metal adsorption variability in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 22, no. 3-4, p. 165-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(95)00090-9.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"187","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","volume":"22","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4cfe4b0c8380cd4bf2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coston, J.A.","contributorId":59572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coston","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dixon, E.","contributorId":79254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018504,"text":"70018504 - 1996 - Heat capacity and entropy at the temperatures 5 K to 720 K and thermal expansion from the temperatures 298 K to 573 K of synthetic enargite (Cu3AsS4)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018504","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2208,"text":"Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat capacity and entropy at the temperatures 5 K to 720 K and thermal expansion from the temperatures 298 K to 573 K of synthetic enargite (Cu3AsS4)","docAbstract":"The heat capacity of synthetic Cu3AsS4 (enargite) was measured by quasi-adiabatic calorimetry from the temperatures 5 K to 355 K and by differential scanning calorimetry from T = 339 K to T = 720 K. Heat-capacity anomalies were observed at T = (58.5 ?? 0.5) K (??trsHom = 1.4??R??K; ??trsSom = 0.02??R) and at T = (66.5 ?? 0.5) K (??trsHom = 4.6??R??K; ??trsSom = 0.08??R), where R = 8.31451 J??K-1??mol-1. The causes of the anomalies are unknown. At T = 298.15 K, Cop,m and Som(T) are (190.4 ?? 0.2) J??K-1??mol-1 and (257.6 ?? 0.6) J??K-1??mol-1, respectively. The superambient heat capacities are described from T = 298.15 K to T = 944 K by the least-squares regression equation: Cop,m/(J??K-1??mol-1) = (196.7 ?? 1.2) + (0.0499 ?? 0.0016)??(T/K) -(1918 000 ?? 84 000)??(T/K)-2. The thermal expansion of synthetic enargite was measured from T = 298.15 K to T = 573 K by powder X-ray diffraction. The thermal expansion of the unit-cell volume (Z = 2) is described from T = 298.15 K to T = 573 K by the least-squares equation: V/pm3 = 106??(288.2 ?? 0.2) + 104??(1.49 ?? 0.04)??(T/K). ?? 1996 Academic Press Limited.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jcht.1996.0040","issn":"00219614","usgsCitation":"Seal, R., Robie, R.A., Hemingway, B.S., and Evans, H.T., 1996, Heat capacity and entropy at the temperatures 5 K to 720 K and thermal expansion from the temperatures 298 K to 573 K of synthetic enargite (Cu3AsS4): Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, v. 28, no. 4, p. 405-412, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcht.1996.0040.","startPage":"405","endPage":"412","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205880,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcht.1996.0040"},{"id":227255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2fede4b0c8380cd5d204","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seal, R.R. II","contributorId":102097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robie, R. A.","contributorId":71237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018962,"text":"70018962 - 1996 - Recurrent eruption and subsidence at the Platoro caldera complex, southeastern San Juan volcanic field, Colorado: New tales from old tuffs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T12:15:29.649935","indexId":"70018962","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recurrent eruption and subsidence at the Platoro caldera complex, southeastern San Juan volcanic field, Colorado: New tales from old tuffs","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15008746\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Reinterpretation of a voluminous regional ash-flow sheet (Masonic Park Tuff) as two separate tuff sheets of similar phenocryst-rich dacite erupted from separate source calderas has important implications for evolution of the multicyclic Platoro caldera complex and for caldera-forming processes generally. Masonic Park Tuff in central parts of the San Juan field, including the type area, was erupted from a concealed source at 28.6 Ma, but widespread tuff previously mapped as Masonic Park Tuff in the southeastern San Juan Mountains is the product of the youngest large-volume eruption of the Platoro caldera complex at 28.4 Ma. This large unit, newly named the “Chiquito Peak Tuff,” is the last-erupted tuff of the Treasure Mountain Group, which consists of at least 20 separate ash-flow sheets of dacite to low-silica rhyolite erupted from the Platoro complex during a 1 m.y. interval (29.5−28.4 Ma). Two Treasure Mountain tuff sheets have volumes in excess of 1000 km<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>each, and five more have volumes of 50–150 km<sup>3</sup>. The total volume of ash-flow tuff exceeds 2500 km<sup>3</sup>, and caldera-related lavas of dominantly andesitic composition make up 250-500 km<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>more. A much greater volume of intermediate-composition magma must have solidified in subcaldera magma chambers. Most preserved features of the Platoro complex-including postcollapse asymmetrical trap-door resurgent uplift of the ponded intracaldera tuff and concurrent infilling by andesitic lava flows-postdate eruption of the Chiquito Peak Tuff. The numerous large-volume pre-Chiquito Peak ash-flow tuffs document multiple eruptions accompanied by recurrent subsidence; early-formed caldera walls nearly coincide with margins of the later Chiquito Peak collapse. Repeated syneruptive collapse at the Platoro complex requires cumulative subsidence of at least 10 km. The rapid regeneration of silicic magmas requires the sustained presence of an andesitic subcaldera magma reservoir, or its rapid replenishment, during the 1 m.y. life span of the Platoro complex. Either case implies large-scale stoping and assimilative recycling of the Tertiary section, including intracaldera tuffs.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1039:REASAT>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Lipman, P.W., Dungan, M., Brown, L., and Deino, A., 1996, Recurrent eruption and subsidence at the Platoro caldera complex, southeastern San Juan volcanic field, Colorado: New tales from old tuffs: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 8, p. 1039-1055, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1039:REASAT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1039","endPage":"1055","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226308,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","volume":"108","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a365e4b0e8fec6cdb861","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipman, P. W.","contributorId":93470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"P.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dungan, M.A.","contributorId":36304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dungan","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, L.L.","contributorId":46907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Deino, A.","contributorId":58404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deino","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018465,"text":"70018465 - 1996 - Effect of snow and firn hydrology on the physical and chemical characteristics of glacial runoff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-27T11:18:18.285205","indexId":"70018465","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of snow and firn hydrology on the physical and chemical characteristics of glacial runoff","docAbstract":"Near-surface processes on glaciers, including water flow over bare ice and through seasonal snow and firn, have a significant effect on the speed, volume and chemistry of water flow through the glacier. The transient nature of the seasonal snow profoundly affects the water discharge and chemistry. Water flow through snow is fairly slow compared with flow over bare ice and a thinning snowpack on a glacier decreases the delay between peak meltwater input and peak stream discharge. Furthermore, early spring melt flushes the snowpack of solutes and by mid-summer the melt water flowing into the glacier is fairly clean by comparison. The firn, a relatively constant feature of glaciers, attenuates variations in water drainage into the glacier by temporarily storing water in saturated layer. Bare ice exerts opposite influences by accentuating variations in runoff by water flowing over the ice surface. The melt of firn and ice contributes relatively clean (solute-free) water to the glacier water system.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Fountain, A.G., 1996, Effect of snow and firn hydrology on the physical and chemical characteristics of glacial runoff: Hydrological Processes, v. 10, no. 4, p. 509-521.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"521","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227250,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0608e4b0c8380cd510b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fountain, A. G.","contributorId":29815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fountain","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019048,"text":"70019048 - 1996 - Rupture directivity and slip distribution of the M 4.3 foreshock to the 1992 Joshua Tree earthquake, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T00:04:35.203689","indexId":"70019048","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rupture directivity and slip distribution of the M 4.3 foreshock to the 1992 Joshua Tree earthquake, Southern California","docAbstract":"Details of the M 4.3 foreshock to the Joshua Tree earthquake were studied using P waves recorded on the Southern California Seismic Network and the Anza network. Deconvolution, using an M 2.4 event as an empirical Green's function, corrected for complicated path and site effects in the seismograms and produced simple far-field displacement pulses that were inverted for a slip distribution. Both possible fault planes, north-south and east-west, for the focal mechanism were tested by a least-squares inversion procedure with a range of rupture velocities. The results showed that the foreshock ruptured the north-south plane, similar to the mainshock. The foreshock initiated a few hundred meters south of the mainshock and ruptured to the north, toward the mainshock hypocenter. The mainshock (M 6.1) initiated near the northern edge of the foreshock rupture 2 hr later. The foreshock had a high stress drop (320 to 800 bars) and broke a small portion of the fault adjacent to the mainshock but was not able to immediately initiate the mainshock rupture.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Mori, J., 1996, Rupture directivity and slip distribution of the M 4.3 foreshock to the 1992 Joshua Tree earthquake, Southern California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 86, no. 3, p. 805-810.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"805","endPage":"810","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226402,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaecce4b0c8380cd87216","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mori, J.","contributorId":24923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mori","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019078,"text":"70019078 - 1996 - Determination of nitroaromatic explosives and their degradation products in unsaturated-zone water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array, mass spectrometric, and tandem mass spectrometric detection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T17:24:53.176314","indexId":"70019078","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3615,"text":"TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of nitroaromatic explosives and their degradation products in unsaturated-zone water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array, mass spectrometric, and tandem mass spectrometric detection","docAbstract":"Mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, coupled by a thermospray interface to a high-performance liguid chromatography system and equipped with a photodiode array detector, were used to determine the presence of nitroaromatic explosives and their degradation products in USA unsaturated-zone water samples. Using this approach, the lower limits of quantitation for explosives determined by mass spectrometry in this study typically ranged from 10 to 100 ng/l.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0165-9936(96)00050-7","usgsCitation":"Gates, P.M., Furlong, E., Dorsey, T., and Burkhardt, M., 1996, Determination of nitroaromatic explosives and their degradation products in unsaturated-zone water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array, mass spectrometric, and tandem mass spectrometric detection: TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, v. 15, no. 8, p. 319-325, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-9936(96)00050-7.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"325","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffb9e4b0c8380cd4f369","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gates, Paul M.","contributorId":31411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorsey, T.F.","contributorId":34278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorsey","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burkhardt, M.R.","contributorId":70410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhardt","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019060,"text":"70019060 - 1996 - Isolation of Geobacter species from diverse sedimentary environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-17T18:08:16.749165","indexId":"70019060","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Isolation of <i>Geobacter</i> species from diverse sedimentary environments","title":"Isolation of Geobacter species from diverse sedimentary environments","docAbstract":"<p>In an attempt to better understand the microorganisms responsible for Fe(III) reduction in sedimentary environments, Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms were enriched for and isolated from freshwater aquatic sediments, a pristine deep aquifer, and a petroleum-contaminated shallow aquifer. Enrichments were initiated with acetate or toluene as the electron donor and Fe(III) as the electron acceptor. Isolations were made with acetate or benzoate. Five new strains which could obtain energy for growth by dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction were isolated. All five isolates are gram- negative strict anaerobes which grow with acetate as the electron donor and Fe(III) as the electron acceptor. Analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence of the isolated organisms demonstrated that they all belonged to the genus <i>Geobacter</i> in the delta subdivision of the <i>Proteobacteria</i>. Unlike the type strain, <i>Geobacter</i> <i>metallireducens</i>, three of the five isolates could use H<sub>2</sub> as an electron donor for Fe(III) reduction. The deep subsurface isolate is the first Fe(III) reducer shown to completely oxidize lactate to carbon dioxide, while one of the freshwater sediment isolates is only the second Fe(III) reducer known that can oxidize toluene. The isolation of these organisms demonstrates that <i>Geobacter</i> species are widely distributed in a diversity of sedimentary environments in which Fe(III) reduction is an important process.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.62.5.1531-1536.1996","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Coaxes, J., Phillips, E.J., Lonergan, D., Jenter, H., and Lovley, D.R., 1996, Isolation of Geobacter species from diverse sedimentary environments: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 62, no. 5, p. 1531-1536, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.5.1531-1536.1996.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1531","endPage":"1536","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479068,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.5.1531-1536.1996","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226577,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f4ee4b0c8380cd64427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coaxes, J.D.","contributorId":89012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coaxes","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Elizabeth J.P.","contributorId":37475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Elizabeth","middleInitial":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lonergan, D.J.","contributorId":86110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lonergan","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jenter, H.","contributorId":23022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenter","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018550,"text":"70018550 - 1996 - Bivalves and gastropods from the middle Campanian Anacacho limestone, South Central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-07T00:33:53.217238","indexId":"70018550","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bivalves and gastropods from the middle Campanian Anacacho limestone, South Central Texas","docAbstract":"<p>The Anacacho Limestone was deposited during the Campanian and represents two depositional intervals, one of early Campanian and one of middle Campanian age. These two intervals correspond to periods of major eustatic sea level rise. This study focuses on the molluscan paleontology of the middle Campanian interval in the eastern part of the Anacacho exposure belt in Medina County, Texas. Molluscan assemblages in this area are indicative of inner to mid-shelf environments. No significant reef components are present. These eastern Anacacho deposits are interpreted to represent more offshore, deeper water environments than those to the southwest, where reef and lagoonal deposits have been reported.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontological Society","doi":"10.1017/S0022336000023337","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Elder, W., 1996, Bivalves and gastropods from the middle Campanian Anacacho limestone, South Central Texas: Journal of Paleontology, v. 70, no. 2, p. 247-270, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022336000023337.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227303,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1d3e4b0c8380cd4ae4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elder, W.P.","contributorId":65467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1014912,"text":"1014912 - 1996 - Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I on salinity tolerance and gill Na+, K+ and -ATPase in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Interaction with cortisol","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-27T21:18:40.306993","indexId":"1014912","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1738,"text":"General and Comparative Endocrinology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I on salinity tolerance and gill Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> and -ATPase in Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>): Interaction with cortisol","title":"Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I on salinity tolerance and gill Na+, K+ and -ATPase in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Interaction with cortisol","docAbstract":"<p><span>The potential roles of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in seawater (SW) acclimation of juvenile Atlantic salmon (</span><i>Salmo salar</i><span>) were examined. Compared to controls, fish in 12 ppt seawater given one or three injections (2–6 days) of GH (ovine, 0.2</span><i>μ</i><span>g · g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) or IGF-I (recombinant bovine, 0.05–0.2</span><i>μ</i><span>g · g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) had significantly greater salinity tolerance as judged by lower plasma sodium, osmolality, and muscle moisture content following transfer to 34 ppt. Single injections of GH and IGF-I in fish in fresh water failed to improve salinity tolerance following transfer to 25 ppt SW. Treatment of fish in 12 ppt with GH or IGF-I for 2–6 days did not increase gill Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>, K</span><sup>+</sup><span>-ATPase activity, but treatment with GH prevented decreases in gill Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>, K</span><sup>+</sup><span>-ATPase activity that occurred in controls following transfer to 34 ppt seawater. Fish in fresh water administered GH by implants (5.0</span><i>μ</i><span>g · g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) or osmotic minipumps (0.5</span><i>μ</i><span>g · g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>day</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) for 7–14 days had greater gill Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>, K</span><sup>+</sup><span>-ATPase activity and salinity tolerance than controls. IGF-I administered by implants (0.5–1.0</span><i>μ</i><span>g · g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) or osmotic minipumps (0.1</span><i>μ</i><span>g · g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>day</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) for 4–14 days did not increase salinity tolerance or gill Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>, K</span><sup>+</sup><span>-ATPase activity. Cortisol implants (50</span><i>μ</i><span>g · g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) also increased gill Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>, K</span><sup>+</sup><span>-ATPase activity and salinity tolerance after 14 days, and in combination with GH had a synergistic effect. Although IGF-I and cortisol implants had no significant effect after 7 days, in combination they significantly increased gill Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>, K</span><sup>+</sup><span>-ATPase activity. The results indicate that GH and cortisol can increase salinity tolerance and gill Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>, K</span><sup>+</sup><span>-ATPase activity of Atlantic salmon and together act in synergy. Although IGF-I can increase salinity tolerance in short-term treatments (2–6 days) in 12 ppt, it is less effective than GH in increasing salinity tolerance and gill Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>, K</span><sup>+</sup><span>-ATPase activity in long-term treatments (7–14 days) and in interacting with cortisol.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/gcen.1996.0002","usgsCitation":"McCormick, S., 1996, Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I on salinity tolerance and gill Na+, K+ and -ATPase in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Interaction with cortisol: General and Comparative Endocrinology, v. 101, no. 1, p. 3-11, https://doi.org/10.1006/gcen.1996.0002.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"11","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132112,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db6152c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019420,"text":"70019420 - 1996 - Estimates of evapotranspiration or effective moisture in Rocky Mountain watersheds from chloride ion concentrations in stream baseflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T15:33:09","indexId":"70019420","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimates of evapotranspiration or effective moisture in Rocky Mountain watersheds from chloride ion concentrations in stream baseflow","docAbstract":"<p><span>The principle that atmospherically derived chloride is a conservative tracer in many watersheds can be used to calculate average annual evapotranspiration or effective moisture if estimates are available for (1) the average annual chloride input to the watershed, (2) the average annual precipitation, and (3) the baseflow chloride concentration are known. The method assumes that no long-term storage of chloride occurs and there is no lithologic source of chloride, or that such source releases only insignificant amounts to groundwater compared to the atmospheric source. National Atmospheric Deposition Program estimates of chloride wet deposition, watershed precipitation records or hyetal map estimates of precipitation input to watersheds, and a single sample of chloride concentration in base flow were used to calculate evapotranspiration for diverse Rocky Mountain watersheds. This estimate was compared to evapotranspiration determined by subtracting mean discharge from precipitation. Of the 19 watersheds used to test the method, 13 agreed within 10%, 2 appear to have not met the lithology criterion, 1 appears to have not met the flow criterion, and 1 neither criterion. The method's greatest strength is the minimal data requirements and its greatest weakness is that for some watersheds it may be difficult to obtain reliable estimates of precipitation and chloride deposition. If reliable discharge data are available, the method may be used to estimate watershed-average precipitation; this is especially useful in high-altitude mountain watersheds where little or no precipitation data are available.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR03111","usgsCitation":"Claassen, H.C., and Halm, D.R., 1996, Estimates of evapotranspiration or effective moisture in Rocky Mountain watersheds from chloride ion concentrations in stream baseflow: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 2, p. 363-372, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR03111.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"372","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0adfe4b0c8380cd52490","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Claassen, Hans C.","contributorId":25165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claassen","given":"Hans","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halm, Douglas R. drhalm@usgs.gov","contributorId":1635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halm","given":"Douglas","email":"drhalm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1012978,"text":"1012978 - 1996 - Assessing habitat selection when availability changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T17:23:54.602693","indexId":"1012978","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing habitat selection when availability changes","docAbstract":"<p><span>We present a method of comparing data on habitat use and availability that allows availability to differ among observations. This method is applicable when habitats change over time and when animals are unable to move throughout a predetermined study area between observations. We used maximum—likelihood techniques to derive an index that estimates the probability that each habitat type would be used if all were equally available. We also demonstrate how these indices can be used to compare relative use of available habitats, assign them ranks, and assess statistical differences between pairs of indices. The set of these indices for all habitats can be compared between groups of animals that represent different seasons, sex or age classes, or experimental treatments. This method allows quantitative comparisons among types and is not affected by arbitrary decisions about which habitats to include in the study. We provide an example by comparing the availability of four categories of sea ice concentration to their use by adult female polar bears (Ursus maritimus), whose movements were monitored by satellite radio tracking in the Bering and Chukchi Seas during 1990. Use of ice categories by bears was nonrandom, and the pattern of use differed between spring and late summer seasons.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2265671","usgsCitation":"Arthur, S.M., Manly, B.F., McDonald, L.L., and Garner, G.W., 1996, Assessing habitat selection when availability changes: Ecology, v. 77, no. 1, p. 215-227, https://doi.org/10.2307/2265671.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"227","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db6582ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, Stephen M.","contributorId":189438,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arthur","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manly, Bryan F. J.","contributorId":332478,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Manly","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":890259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, Lyman L.","contributorId":14939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Lyman","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":890260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018672,"text":"70018672 - 1996 - Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018672","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":825,"text":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA","docAbstract":"The recharge and discharge components of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system were defined by techniques that integrated disparate data types to develop a spatially complex representation of near-surface hydrological processes. Image classification methods were applied to multispectral satellite data to produce a vegetation map. The vegetation map was combined with ancillary data in a GIS to delineate different types of wetlands, phreatophytes and wet playa areas. Existing evapotranspiration-rate estimates were used to calculate discharge volumes for these area. An empirical method of groundwater recharge estimation was modified to incorporate data describing soil-moisture conditions, and a recharge potential map was produced. These discharge and recharge maps were readily converted to data arrays for numerical modelling codes. Inverse parameter estimation techniques also used these data to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of estimated values.The recharge and discharge components of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system were defined by remote sensing and GIS techniques that integrated disparate data types to develop a spatially complex representation of near-surface hydrological processes. Image classification methods were applied to multispectral satellite data to produce a vegetation map. This map provided a basis for subsequent evapotranspiration and infiltration estimations. The vegetation map was combined with ancillary data in a GIS to delineate different types of wetlands, phreatophytes and wet playa areas. Existing evapotranspiration-rate estimates were then used to calculate discharge volumes for these areas. A previously used empirical method of groundwater recharge estimation was modified by GIS methods to incorporate data describing soil-moisture conditions, and a recharge potential map was produced. These discharge and recharge maps were readily converted to data arrays for numerical modelling codes. Inverse parameter estimation techniques also used these data to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of estimated values.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the HydroGIS'96 Conference","conferenceDate":"16 April 1996 through 19 April 1996","conferenceLocation":"Vienna, Austria","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS; Publication","publisherLocation":"235, Wallingford, United Kingdom","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"D’Agnese, F.A., Faunt, C., and Turner, A.K., 1996, Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA: Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996, no. 235, p. 503-511.","startPage":"503","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"235","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc094e4b08c986b32a1e6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kovar K.Nachtnebel H.P.","contributorId":128445,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Kovar K.Nachtnebel H.P.","id":536430,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"D’Agnese, F. A.","contributorId":6096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, A. K.","contributorId":82351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018710,"text":"70018710 - 1996 - Sand deposition in the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon from flooding of the Little Colorado River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T15:16:08","indexId":"70018710","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sand deposition in the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon from flooding of the Little Colorado River","docAbstract":"<p><span>Methods for computing the volume of sand deposited in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park by floods in major tributaries and for determining redistribution of that sand by main-channel flows are required for successful management of sand-dependent riparian resources. We have derived flow, sediment transport, and bed evolution models based on a gridded topography developed from measured channel topography and used these models to compute deposition in a short reach of the river just downstream from the Little Colorado River, the largest tributary in the park. Model computations of deposition from a Little Colorado River flood in January 1993 were compared to bed changes measured at 15 cross sections. The total difference between changes in cross-sectional area due to deposition computed by the model and the measured changes was 6%. A wide reach with large areas of recirculating flow and large depressions in the main channel accumulated the most sand, whereas a reach with similar planimetric area but a long, narrow shape and relatively small areas of recirculating flow and small depressions in the main channel accumulated only about a seventh as much sand. About 32% of the total deposition was in recirculation zones, 65% was in the main channel, and 3% was deposited along the channel margin away from the recirculation zone. Overall, about 15% of the total input of sand from this Little Colorado River flood was deposited in the first 3 km below the confluence, suggesting that deposition of the flood-derived material extended for only several tens of kilometers downstream from the confluence.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR02842","usgsCitation":"Wiele, S., Graf, J., and Smith, J., 1996, Sand deposition in the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon from flooding of the Little Colorado River: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 12, p. 3579-3596, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR02842.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"3579","endPage":"3596","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8692e4b08c986b316006","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiele, S.M.","contributorId":100027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiele","given":"S.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graf, J.B.","contributorId":75928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graf","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, J.D.","contributorId":35796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018675,"text":"70018675 - 1996 - Stream-aquifer interaction model with diffusive wave routing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-12T16:46:31.351268","indexId":"70018675","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stream-aquifer interaction model with diffusive wave routing","docAbstract":"<p><span>A practical approach to modeling the hydraulic interaction of a stream and aquifer via streambed leakage is based on the established U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) model, MODFLOW. To represent flood-wave propagation and the associated bank storage, MODFLOW's STREAM module is replaced by the Muskingum-Cunge diffusive-wave-routing scheme. The diffusive wave model closely approximates a dynamic model of a flood wave's speed, shape, and streambed leakage. Because the stream responds more rapidly to disturbances than the aquifer, streambed leakage is calculated at the flood routing time scale in order to properly represent the stream-aquifer coupling. However, both the relative magnitude and timing of aquifer response to a flood wave depend on the strength of this coupling. We find discrepancies in both the flood wave and the streambed leakage when the wave and ground-water motions are evaluated at different time scales. These discrepancies are significant in the case of a strong stream-aquifer coupling, for which equal aquifer and flood-routing time steps may be required. Wave diffusion and bank storage are shown to be comparable in magnitude and should, therefore, be included in stream-aquifer interaction models. Diffusive wave routing more accurately represents wave propagation, bed leakage, and aquifer response if short aquifer time steps are taken, and is preferable to the STREAM module for simulating short time transients. However, the STREAM module is useful for simulating large time frames if accurate modeling of the flood-wave propagation is not required.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:4(210)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Perkins, S., and Koussis, A.D., 1996, Stream-aquifer interaction model with diffusive wave routing: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 122, no. 4, p. 210-218, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:4(210).","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"210","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227310,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9a92e4b08c986b31c9f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perkins, S.P.","contributorId":12211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koussis, Antonis D.","contributorId":99299,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koussis","given":"Antonis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018681,"text":"70018681 - 1996 - Compensating for estimation smoothing in kriging","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T15:13:15","indexId":"70018681","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compensating for estimation smoothing in kriging","docAbstract":"Smoothing is a characteristic inherent to all minimum mean-square-error spatial estimators such as kriging. Cross-validation can be used to detect and model such smoothing. Inversion of the model produces a new estimator-compensated kriging. A numerical comparison based on an exhaustive permeability sampling of a 4-fr2 slab of Berea Sandstone shows that the estimation surface generated by compensated kriging has properties intermediate between those generated by ordinary kriging and stochastic realizations resulting from simulated annealing and sequential Gaussian simulation. The frequency distribution is well reproduced by the compensated kriging surface, which also approximates the experimental semivariogram well - better than ordinary kriging, but not as well as stochastic realizations. Compensated kriging produces surfaces that are more accurate than stochastic realizations, but not as accurate as ordinary kriging. ?? 1996 International Association for Mathematical Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02083653","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., and Pawlowsky, V., 1996, Compensating for estimation smoothing in kriging: Mathematical Geology, v. 28, no. 4, p. 407-417, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02083653.","startPage":"407","endPage":"417","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268635,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02083653"},{"id":227437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8c7e4b0c8380cd4d2c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pawlowsky, Vera","contributorId":83289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pawlowsky","given":"Vera","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018461,"text":"70018461 - 1996 - Estimation of rates of aerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation by simulation of gas transport in the unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T08:45:28","indexId":"70018461","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of rates of aerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation by simulation of gas transport in the unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"<p><span>The distribution of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in the unsaturated zone provides a geochemical signature of aerobic hydrocarbon degradation at petroleum product spill sites. The fluxes of these gases are proportional to the rate of aerobic biodegradation and are quantified by calibrating a mathematical transport model to the oxygen and carbon dioxide gas concentration data. Reaction stoichiometry is assumed to convert the gas fluxes to a corresponding rate of hydrocarbon degradation. The method is applied at a gasoline spill site in Galloway Township, New Jersey, to determine the rate of aerobic degradation of hydrocarbons associated with passive and bioventing remediation field experiments. At the site, microbial degradation of hydrocarbons near the water table limits the migration of hydrocarbon solutes in groundwater and prevents hydrocarbon volatilization into the unsaturated zone. In the passive remediation experiment a site-wide degradation rate estimate of 34,400 g yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>(11.7 gal. yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) of hydrocarbon was obtained by model calibration to carbon dioxide gas concentration data collected in December 1989. In the bioventing experiment, degradation rate estimates of 46.0 and 47.9 g m</span><sup>−2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>(1.45 × 10</span><sup>−3</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and 1.51 × 10</span><sup>−3</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>gal. ft.</span><sup>−2</sup><span>yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) of hydrocarbon were obtained by model calibration to oxygen and carbon dioxide gas concentration data, respectively. Method application was successful in quantifying the significance of a naturally occurring process that can effectively contribute to plume stabilization.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR00805","usgsCitation":"Lahvis, M.A., and Baehr, A.L., 1996, Estimation of rates of aerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation by simulation of gas transport in the unsaturated zone: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 7, p. 2231-2249, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00805.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"2231","endPage":"2249","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ba3e4b0c8380cd527f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahvis, Matthew A.","contributorId":104522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018686,"text":"70018686 - 1996 - Holocene slip rate of the Hayward fault at Union City, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-14T15:01:52.121075","indexId":"70018686","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene slip rate of the Hayward fault at Union City, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Measured offsets of well-dated alluvial fan deposits near the Masonic Home in Union City constrain Holocene slip rate of the Hayward fault between 7 and 9 mm/yr. Our best minimum geologic slip rate over the past 8.27 ± 0.08 kyr (i.e., 8270 years) is 8.0 ± 0.7 mm/yr. A steep stream (its channel cut into bedrock) flows southwest out of the East Bay Hills, crosses the fault, and deposits its load on an alluvial fan. We cut two 5-m-deep, fault-parallel trenches 20–30 m southwest of the main fault through the crest of the fan. Walls of the trenches reveal a series of nested distributary channel fills. These channels had cut into old surfaces that are indicated by paleosols developed on flood silts. We distinguished many channel fills by their shape, clast size, flow direction, elevation, and relation to paleosols, enabling us to correlate them between both trenches. Two distinct episodes of fan deposition occurred during the Holocene. Reconstructing the apex positions of these fan units indicates that about 42 ± 6 m and 66 ± 6 m of fault slip has occurred since their inceptions at about 4.58 ± 0.05 ka, and 8.27 ± 0.05 ka, respectively. We lowered the age and age uncertainty of the younger unit from earlier reports based on new multiple radiocarbon dates. The 4.58 ka slip rate of 9.2 ± 1.3 mm/yr is not significantly different at 95% confidence from the 8.27 ka slip rate of 8.0 ± 0.7 mm/yr. Because current regional strain rates are fully consistent with Neogene plate tectonic rates (Lisowski et al., 1991) and the historic surface rate of creep in Union City is only 4.7 ± 0.1 mm/yr (Galehouse, 1994), the larger, ≥8 mm/yr, Holocene slip rate implies that strain is now accumulating on a locked zone at depth. The 8 mm/yr rate is probably minimal because earlier trenching evidence nearby implies that some unknown additional amount of fault deformation occurs outside of the narrow fault zone assumed in measuring slip. Lienkaemper et al. (1991) suggest that the fast creep rate of 9 mm/yr, measured near the southern end of the Hayward fault, may underestimate the deep slip rate, because 1868 surface slip occurred there in addition to the continuing fast creep. If the historic deep slip rate equals the long-term rate, then the 9 mm/yr creep rate reflects the minimum seismic loading rate of the Hayward fault better than the ≥8 mm/yr Holocene rates do.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB01378","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lienkaemper, J.J., and Borchardt, G., 1996, Holocene slip rate of the Hayward fault at Union City, California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 3, p. 6099-6108, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB01378.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"6099","endPage":"6108","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227487,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31f5e4b0c8380cd5e3c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lienkaemper, J. J.","contributorId":71947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borchardt, G.","contributorId":18909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchardt","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018558,"text":"70018558 - 1996 - The effects of snowpack grain size on satellite passive microwave observations from the Upper Colorado River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T16:38:15.671424","indexId":"70018558","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of snowpack grain size on satellite passive microwave observations from the Upper Colorado River Basin","docAbstract":"<p><span>Understanding the passive microwave emissions of a snowpack, as observed by satellite sensors, requires knowledge of the snowpack properties: water equivalent, grain size, density, and stratigraphy. For the snowpack in the Upper Colorado River Basin, measurements of snow depth and water equivalent are routinely available from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, but extremely limited information is available for the other properties. To provide this information, a field program from 1984 to 1995 obtained profiles of snowpack grain size, density, and temperature near the time of maximum snow accumulation, at sites distributed across the basin. A synoptic basin-wide sampling program in 1985 showed that the snowpack exhibits consistent properties across large regions. Typically, the snowpack in the Wyoming region contains large amounts of depth hoar, with grain sizes up to 5 mm, while the snowpack in Colorado and Utah is dominated by rounded snow grains less than 2 mm in diameter. In the Wyoming region, large depth hoar crystals in shallow snowpacks yield the lowest emissivities or coldest brightness temperatures observed across the entire basin. Yearly differences in the average grain sizes result primarily from variations in the relative amount of depth hoar within the snowpack. The average grain size for the Colorado and Utah regions shows much less variation than do the grain sizes from the Wyoming region. Furthermore, the greatest amounts of depth hoar occur in the Wyoming region during 1987 and 1992, years with strong El Niño Southern Oscillation, but the Colorado and Utah regions do not show this behavior.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JC02959","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Josberger, E., Gloersen, P., Chang, A., and Rango, A., 1996, The effects of snowpack grain size on satellite passive microwave observations from the Upper Colorado River Basin: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 101, no. C3, p. 6679-6688, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC02959.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"6679","endPage":"6688","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227430,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"C3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab9de4b08c986b322f62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Josberger, E.G.","contributorId":61161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gloersen, P.","contributorId":55961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gloersen","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chang, A.","contributorId":78101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rango, A.","contributorId":94449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rango","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1014645,"text":"1014645 - 1996 - Hepatic neoplasms in wild common carp","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T12:08:59.366603","indexId":"1014645","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hepatic neoplasms in wild common carp","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Common carp<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Cyprinus carpio</i><span>&nbsp;</span>from West Point Lake, Georgia-Alabama, were sampled (<i>N</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 81) during fall 1991. Gross examination revealed single nodules in the livers of four fish; representative tissues from all sampled fish were preserved for histological examination. One of the four nodules was a hepatocellular adenoma and the other three were hepatocellular carcinomas. Two additional neoplasms, a cholangioma and a cholangiocellular carcinoma, were found in one of the nodule-containing livers. Nonneoplastic liver changes that were found microscopically included nuclear pleomorphism, hepatic megalocytosis, and occurrence of clear cell foci. Possible predisposing factors, including exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are discussed. These are the first reported cases of hepatic neoplasms in common carp, a species generally considered resistant to hepatocellular neoplasia.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(1996)008<0111:HNIWCC>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pritchard, M., Fournie, J., and Blazer, V., 1996, Hepatic neoplasms in wild common carp: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 8, p. 111-119, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1996)008<0111:HNIWCC>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"119","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130979,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635d65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pritchard, M.K.","contributorId":81058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pritchard","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fournie, J.W.","contributorId":83463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournie","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blazer, V. S. 0000-0001-6647-9614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":56991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"V. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018687,"text":"70018687 - 1996 - Use of 2D and 3D GIS in well selection and interpretation of nitrate data, central Nebraska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018687","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":825,"text":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of 2D and 3D GIS in well selection and interpretation of nitrate data, central Nebraska, USA","docAbstract":"Nonpoint-source contamination of the principal aquifers in an area of central Nebraska was evaluated utilizing aquifer condition, well depth, soil type, and physiographical and land use settings. A two-dimensional geographical information system linked with a three-dimensional geological visualization and analytical program was used in the random selection of acceptable wells for the monitoring of nitrate concentrations in groundwater. Locations of existing wells were superimposed on the three-dimensional geological block diagram and more than 200 wells randomly were selected for monitoring. The three-dimensional system also was used to show three-dimensional contours of nitrate concentrations. The two-dimensional geographical information system was used in comparing nitrate concentrations in differing physiographical, soil, and land use settings.Nonpoint-source contamination of the principal aquifers in a 7800 km2 area of central Nebraska was evaluated utilizing aquifer condition, well depth, soil type, and physiographical and land use settings. A two-dimensional geographical information system linked with a three-dimensional geological visualization and analytical program was used in the random selection of acceptable wells for the monitoring of nitrate concentrations in groundwater. Locations of existing wells were super-imposed on the three-dimensional geological block diagram and more than 200 wells randomly were selected for monitoring. The three-dimensional system also was used to show three-dimensional contours of nitrate concentrations that can be used interactively to determine the volumetric percentage of an aquifer that contains nitrate concentrations exceeding a specified threshold. The two-dimensional geographical information system was used in comparing nitrate concentrations in differing physiographical, soil, and land use settings. Preliminary results suggest that approximately 6% (volumetric) of water in the High Plains aquifer has nitrate concentrations above the US Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 mg-1 as N.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the HydroGIS'96 Conference","conferenceDate":"16 April 1996 through 19 April 1996","conferenceLocation":"Vienna, Austria","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS; Publication","publisherLocation":"235, Wallingford, United Kingdom","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Verstraeten, I., McGuire, V., and Battaglin, W., 1996, Use of 2D and 3D GIS in well selection and interpretation of nitrate data, central Nebraska, USA: Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996, no. 235, p. 585-591.","startPage":"585","endPage":"591","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"235","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe57e4b08c986b32953b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kovar K.Nachtnebel H.P.","contributorId":128445,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Kovar K.Nachtnebel H.P.","id":536431,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Verstraeten, Ingrid M.","contributorId":61033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstraeten","given":"Ingrid M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, V. L. 0000-0002-3962-4158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3962-4158","contributorId":94702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"V. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1008412,"text":"1008412 - 1996 - New records of fishes at Isla del Coco, Costa Rica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T13:38:21","indexId":"1008412","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1106,"text":"Bulletin of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New records of fishes at Isla del Coco, Costa Rica","docAbstract":"<p>Isla del Coco lies at 5 degrees 32'N latitude, 87 degrees 04'W longitude and is the sole peak of the Cocos Ridge exposed above sea level. This isolated island formed approximately 2 million years ago. It rises 575 m above the surface of the sea and covers 46 km2 (Castillo et aI., 1988). Five hundred km to the NNE is Costa Rica; 630 km SSW are the Galapagos Islands; 650 km to the E is Isla Malpelo, Colombia; and approximately 8,000 km W lie the Line Islands. Costa Rica claimed Isla del Coco in 1832 and declared it a National Park in 1978. The area of the park was increased to include the adjacent waters 5 km offshore in 1984 and 25 km offshore in 1991.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Miami - Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science","usgsCitation":"Garrison, V., 1996, New records of fishes at Isla del Coco, Costa Rica: Bulletin of Marine Science, v. 58, no. 3, p. 861-864.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"861","endPage":"864","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":313956,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/1996/00000058/00000003/art00020"}],"volume":"58","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69758d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrison, V.H.","contributorId":70731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrison","given":"V.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1014655,"text":"1014655 - 1996 - A passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag system for monitoring fishways","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-30T16:14:27.053756","indexId":"1014655","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1661,"text":"Fisheries Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag system for monitoring fishways","docAbstract":"<p><span>An application of passive integrated transponder (PIT) technology was used to monitor movements of adult American shad (</span><i>Alosa sapidissima</i><span>), blueback herring (</span><i>A. aestivalis</i><span>) and gizzard shad (</span><i>Dorosoma cepedianum</i><span>) in two experimental fishways. Tag reading efficiency was between 88–96%, detection ranges were 50–100 cm from orifices of 3100–9600 cm</span><sup>2</sup><span>, and read rates were 5–7 Hz. The system was limited by the amount of time that tags were exposed to the energize/detect zone, and by simultaneous presences of large numbers of tags within this zone.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0165-7836(96)00514-0","usgsCitation":"Castro-Santos, T.R., Haro, A., and Walk, S., 1996, A passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag system for monitoring fishways: Fisheries Research, v. 28, no. 3, p. 253-261, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(96)00514-0.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"261","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130700,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab85b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castro-Santos, Theodore R. 0000-0003-2575-9120 tcastrosantos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2575-9120","contributorId":3321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro-Santos","given":"Theodore","email":"tcastrosantos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":320847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haro, Alexander 0000-0002-7188-9172 aharo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-9172","contributorId":139198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"Alexander","email":"aharo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":320846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walk, S.","contributorId":35267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walk","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}