Urban water-quality managers need load estimates of storm-runoff pollutants to design effective remedial programs. Estimates are commonly made using published models calibrated to large regions of the country. This paper presents statistical methods, termed model-adjustment procedures (MAPs), which use a combination of local data and published regional models to improve estimates of urban-runoff quality. Each MAP is a form of regression analysis that uses a local data base as a calibration data set to adjust the regional model, in effect increasing the size of the local data base without additional, expensive data collection. The adjusted regional model can then be used to estimate storm-runoff quality at unmonitored sites and storms in the locality. The four MAPs presented in this study are (1) single-factor regression against the regional model prediction, Pu; (2) least-squares regression against Pu; (3) least-squares regression against Pu and additional local variables; and (4) weighted combination of Pu and a local-regression prediction. Identification of the statistically most valid method among these four depends upon characteristics of the local data base. A MAP-selection scheme based on statistical analysis of the calibration data set is presented and tested.
Lower and lower Middle Pennsylvanian coals, recovered from an exploratory drilling program in southwestern Virginia, were analyzed for their palynomorph content. Results show them to be dominated by spores produced by arboreous lycopsids. Lycospora pellucida and Lycospora pusilla generally are the most common species, with others, namely Lycospora granulata, L. micropapillata and Lycospora orbicula being locally abundant. Densosporites, Cristatisporites, Radiizonates and Cingulizonates, representing small lycopsids, and Granulatisporites, produced by small ferns, and perhaps some pteridosperms typically are sub-dominant taxa.
The recovered palynofloras are similar in overall composition making individual coal bed identification and correlation very difficult, if not impossible. However, the introduction and extinction of a few forms do assist the correlation of packages of strata, on both an intra- and interbasinal scale. Dictyotriletes bireticulatus is first observed in basal Lee Formation strata, at about the level of the Cove Creek coal bed. Radiizonates aligerans and R. striatus also appear more abundantly at this level, although some forms have been observed in older, Pocahontas Formation coals. This level essentially coincides with the Namurian C/Westphalian A boundary, based on plant megafossil evidence. Laevigatosporites minor, L. vulgaris, Endosporites globiformis, E. zonalis and Granasporites medius are first seen consistently just above the Sewell coal bed. Radiizonates aligerans, R. striatus and Densosporites irregularis are last seen in the early Middle Pennsylvanian, at about the level of the Splash Dam coal bed. Schulzospora rara occurs throughout Early and early Middle Pennsylvanian strata, and is last seen in the Manchester coal. The Manchester is directly overlain by the Betsie Shale, a widespread marine unit; the base of the Betsie marks the Westphalian A/B contact.
When compared with palynomorph assemblage zonations published for the Western Interior, and Eastern Interior Basins, Early and early Middle Pennsylvanian palynofloras from the Central Appalachian Basin compare most favorably with early Morrowan strata.
Analysis of bench samples indicates that Lycospora typically dominates basal and middle portions of Early and early Middle Pennsylvanian coals. More terminal layers often contain higher percentages of Granulatisporites (and related trilete, sphaerotriangular genera, e.g. Lophotriletes, Acanthotriletes, Deltoidspora) and Densosporites (and related trilete, crassicingulate genera, e.g. Cristatisporites, Cingulizonates, Radiizonates). This temporal change is consistently observed and may primarily reflect a water table change within the paleomires from consistently high (covered with water or at least water-logged most of the time) to intermittently low (occasional substrate exposure).
Chrysotile-bearing serpentinite is a constituent of the San Andreas fault zone in central and northern California. At room temperature, chrysotile gouge has a very low coefficient of friction (μ ≈ 0.2), raising the possibility that under hydrothermal conditions μ might be reduced sufficiently (to ≤0.1) to explain the apparent weakness of the fault. To test this hypothesis, we measured the frictional strength of a pure chrysotile gouge at temperatures to 290 °C and axial-shortening velocities as low as 0.001 μm/s. As temperature increases to ≈ 100 °C, the strength of the chrysotile gouge decreases slightly at low velocities, but at temperatures ≥200 °C, it is substantially stronger and essentially independent of velocity at the lowest velocities tested. We estimate that pure chrysotile gouge at hydrostatic fluid pressure and appropriate temperatures would have shear strength averaged over a depth of 14 km of 50 MPa. Thus, on the sole basis of its strength, chrysotile cannot be the cause of a weak San Andreas fault. However, chrysotile may also contribute to low fault strength by forming mineral seals that promote the development of high fluid pressures.
Carbon-based materials are used commercially to remove SO2 from coal combustion flue gases. Historically, these materials have consisted of granular activated carbons prepared from lignite or bituminous coal. Recent studies have reported that activated carbon fibers (ACFs) may have potential in this application due to their relatively high SO2 adsorption capacity. In this paper, a comparison of SO2 adsorption for both coal-based carbons and ACFs is presented, as well as ideas on carbon properties that may influence SO2 adsorption
","language":"English","issn":"05693772","usgsCitation":"DeBarr, J.A., Lizzio, A.A., and Daley, M.A., 1996, Adsorption of SO2 on bituminous coal char and activated carbon fiber prepared from phenol formaldehyde: ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, v. 41, no. 1, p. 339-342.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"339","endPage":"342","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6fde4b0c8380cd4778f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeBarr, Joseph A.","contributorId":175599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeBarr","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lizzio, Anthony A.","contributorId":103804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lizzio","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Daley, Michael A.","contributorId":175600,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Daley","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018920,"text":"70018920 - 1996 - Streamflow trends in Wisconsin's driftless area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:45:27","indexId":"70018920","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Streamflow trends in Wisconsin's driftless area","docAbstract":"Trends in streamflow characteristics were analyzed for streams in southwestern Wisconsin's Driftless Area by using data at selected gaging stations. The analyses indicate that annual low flows have increased significantly, whereas annual flood peaks have decreased. The same trends were not observed for forested areas of northern Wisconsin. Streamflow trends for other streams in southeastern Wisconsin draining predominantly agricultural land were similar to trends for Driftless Area streams for annual low flows. The causes for the trends are not well understood nor are the effects. Trends in annual precipitation do not explain the observed trends in streamflow. Other studies have found that erosion rates decreased significantly in the Driftless Area, and have attributed this reduction to a change of agricultural practices, which increase infiltration, decrease flood peaks, and increase low flows.Trends in streamflow characteristics were analyzed for streams in southwestern Wisconsin's Driftless Area by using data at selected gaging stations. The analyses indicate that annual low flows have increased significantly, whereas annual flood peaks have decreased. The same trends were not observed for forested areas of northern Wisconsin. Streamflow trends for other streams in southeastern Wisconsin draining predominantly agricultural land were similar to trends for Driftless Area streams for annual low flows. The causes for the trends are not well understood nor are the effects. Trends in annual precipitation do not explain the observed trends in streamflow. Other studies have found that erosion rates decreased significantly in the Driftless Area, and have attributed this reduction to a change of agricultural practices, which increase infiltration, decrease flood peaks, and increase low flows.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03470.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Gebert, W., and Krug, W., 1996, Streamflow trends in Wisconsin's driftless area: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 32, no. 4, p. 733-744, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03470.x.","startPage":"733","endPage":"744","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267673,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03470.x"},{"id":226394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b23e4b08c986b31ccd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gebert, W.A.","contributorId":71555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gebert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krug, W.R.","contributorId":23147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krug","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018682,"text":"70018682 - 1996 - Washability of air toxics in marketed Illinois coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018682","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":611,"text":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Washability of air toxics in marketed Illinois coals","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"05693772","usgsCitation":"Demir, I., Ruch, R., Cahill, R., Lytle, J., and Ho, K., 1996, Washability of air toxics in marketed Illinois coals: ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, v. 41, no. 3, p. 769-772.","startPage":"769","endPage":"772","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc3efe4b08c986b32b3fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Demir, I.","contributorId":93214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demir","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruch, R.R.","contributorId":80804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruch","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cahill, R.A.","contributorId":66393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahill","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lytle, J.M.","contributorId":82072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lytle","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ho, K.K.","contributorId":30768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ho","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1014845,"text":"1014845 - 1996 - Genetic diversity of North American isolates of Renibacteriumsalmoninarum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-07T13:20:45.335709","indexId":"1014845","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic diversity of North American isolates of Renibacteriumsalmoninarum","docAbstract":"Genetic diversity of Renibacteriumsalmoninarum was evaluated by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE). Whole cell lysates were prepared for 40 isolates representing 5 groups based on host and geographic area. Each lysate was assessed for activity of 44 enzymes with a pH 6.5 amine-citrate and a pH 8.0 buffer. Genetic variation was scored at 26 loci. Two zones of activity (presumptive loci) were scored each for esterase (EC 3.1.1.1) and glycyl-leucine peptidase (EC 3.4.11.x). There were no monomorphic loci and there was an average of 2.65 electromorphs per locus. There were 21 electrophoretic types. Mean genetic diversity (HT) was 0.161 and the percentage of this explained by diversity between groups was Gst = 8.1%; thus 91.9% of the genetic diversity was due to heterogeneity between individual isolates. The 2 groups with the highest genetic diversity were from chinook Oncorhynchustshawytscha and coho O. kisutch salmon, both from the Manistee Weir, Michigan, USA; i.e. 0.270 and 0.298, respectively. The highest genetic diversity for a locus (hT) was 0.587 for EST-1. At this locus, diversity between groups explained a higher percentage of the total diversity (Gst = 36.5%). Other loci with relatively high genetic diversity were succinate dehydrogenase (0.385; EC 1.3.99.1), cytochrome c oxidase (0.273; EC 1.9.3.1) and aconitase (0.311; EC 4.2.1.3). The results of this study indicate relatively low genetic diversity of R. salmoninarum.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao027207","usgsCitation":"Starliper, C.E., 1996, Genetic diversity of North American isolates of Renibacteriumsalmoninarum: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 27, no. 3, p. 207-213, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao027207.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"213","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479052,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao027207","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131580,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeb33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starliper, C. E.","contributorId":59739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starliper","given":"C.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018644,"text":"70018644 - 1996 - On the central muscle attachment scar pattern of Suchonella Spizharsky 1939","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018644","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the central muscle attachment scar pattern of Suchonella Spizharsky 1939","docAbstract":"The fortuitous spalling of a carapace of the nonmarine Permian Suchonella typica Spizharsky 1939 disclosed the adductor muscle attachment scar as well as two accessory scars on both the right side of the steinkern and the inside of the spalled right valve. This central muscle field is illustrated and discussed. An objective list of species described in or referred to Suchonella Spizharsky 1939 is appended.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Micropaleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Sohn, I.G., 1996, On the central muscle attachment scar pattern of Suchonella Spizharsky 1939: Micropaleontology, v. 42, no. 4, p. 380-386.","startPage":"380","endPage":"386","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6db9e4b0c8380cd752b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sohn, I. G.","contributorId":70751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohn","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018102,"text":"70018102 - 1996 - Pesticides in ground water: Do atrazine metabolites matter?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T10:13:27","indexId":"70018102","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides in ground water: Do atrazine metabolites matter?","docAbstract":"Atrazine and atrazine-residue (atrazine + two metabolites - deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine) concentrations were examined to determine if consideration of these atrazine metabolites substantially adds to our understanding of the distribution of this pesticide in groundwater of the midcontinental United States. The mean of atrazine.residue concentrations was 53 percent greater than that of atrazine alone for those observations above the detection limit (> 0.05 μg/l). Furthermore, a censored regression analysis using atrazine-residue concentrations revealed significant factors not identified when only atrazine concentrations were used. Thus, knowledge of concentrations of these atrazine metabolites is required to obtain a true estimation of risk of using these aquifers as sources for drinking water, and such knowledge also provides information that ultimately may be important for future management policies designed to reduce atrazine concentrations in ground water.
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D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018172,"text":"70018172 - 1996 - Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:28:29.058569","indexId":"70018172","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis","docAbstract":"Liquefaction features can be used in many field settings to estimate the recurrence interval and magnitude of strong earthquakes through much of the Holocene. These features include dikes, craters, vented sand, sills, and laterally spreading landslides. The relatively high seismic shaking level required for their formation makes them particularly valuable as records of strong paleo-earthquakes. This state-of-the-art summary for using liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic interpretation and analysis takes into account both geological and geotechnical engineering perspectives. The driving mechanism for formation of the features is primarily the increased pore-water pressure associated with liquefaction of sand-rich sediment. The role of this mechanism is often supplemented greatly by the direct action of seismic shaking at the ground surface, which strains and breaks the clay-rich cap that lies immediately above the sediment that liquefied. Discussed in the text are the processes involved in formation of the features, as well as their morphology and characteristics in field settings. Whether liquefaction occurs is controlled mainly by sediment grain size, sediment packing, depth to the water table, and strength and duration of seismic shaking. Formation of recognizable features in the field generally requires a low-permeability cap above the sediment that liquefied. Field manifestations are controlled largely by the severity of liquefaction and the thickness and properties of the low-permeability cap. Criteria are presented for determining whether observed sediment deformation in the field originated by seismically induced liquefaction. These criteria have been developed mainly by observing historic effects of liquefaction in varied field settings. The most important criterion is that a seismic liquefaction origin requires widespread, regional development of features around a core area where the effects are most severe. In addition, the features must have a morphology that is consistent with a very sudden application of a large hydraulic force. This article discusses case studies in widely separated and different geological settings: coastal South Carolina, the New Madrid seismic zone, the Wabash Valley seismic zone, and coastal Washington State. These studies encompass most of the range of settings and the types of liquefaction-induced features likely to be encountered anywhere. The case studies describe the observed features and the logic for assigning a seismic liquefaction origin to them. Also discussed are some types of sediment deformations that can be misinterpreted as having a seismic origin. Two independent methods for estimating prehistoric magnitude are discussed briefly. One method is based on determination of the maximum distance from the epicenter over which liquefaction-induced effects have formed. The other method is based on use of geotechnical engineering techniques at sites of marginal liquefaction, in order to bracket the peak accelerations as a function of epicentral distance; these accelerations can then be compared with predictions from seismological models.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0074-6142(96)80074-X","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Obermeier, S., 1996, Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis: Engineering Geology, v. 44, no. 1-4, p. 1-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(96)80074-X.","productDescription":"76 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"76","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227631,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf38e4b08c986b329a20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obermeier, S. F.","contributorId":17602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018779,"text":"70018779 - 1996 - Little Ice Age evidence from a south-central North American ice core, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-19T06:00:22","indexId":"70018779","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":898,"text":"Arctic and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Little Ice Age evidence from a south-central North American ice core, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"In the past, ice-core records from mid-latitude glaciers in alpine areas of the continental United States were considered to be poor candidates for paleoclimate records because of the influence of meltwater on isotopic stratigraphy. To evaluate the existence of reliable paleoclimatic records, a 160-m ice core, containing about 250 yr of record was obtained from Upper Fremont Glacier, at an altitude of 4000 m in the Wind River Range of south-central North America. The δ18O (SMOW) profile from the core shows a -0.95‰ shift to lighter values in the interval from 101.8 to 150 m below the surface, corresponding to the latter part of the Little Ice Age (LIA). Numerous high-amplitude oscillations in the section of the core from 101.8 to 150 m cannot be explained by site-specific lateral variability and probably reflect increased seasonality or better preservation of annual signals as a result of prolonged cooler temperatures that existed in this alpine setting. An abrupt decrease in these large amplitude oscillations at the 101.8-m depth suggests a sudden termination of this period of lower temperatures which generally coincides with the termination of the LIA. Three common features in the δ18O profiles between Upper Fremont Glacier and the better dated Quelccaya Ice Cap cores indicate a global paleoclimate linkage, further supporting the first documented occurrence of the LIA in an ice-core record from a temperate glacier in south-central North America.
","language":"English","publisher":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","doi":"10.2307/1552083","issn":"00040851","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., Klusman, R., Michel, R.L., Schuster, P., Ready, M., Taylor, H.E., Yanosky, T., and McConnaughey, E., 1996, Little Ice Age evidence from a south-central North American ice core, U.S.A.: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 28, no. 1, p. 35-41, https://doi.org/10.2307/1552083.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"41","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Upper Fremont Glacier, Wind River Range","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48b1e4b0c8380cd68066","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klusman, R.W.","contributorId":93108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klusman","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schuster, P. F.","contributorId":30197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"P. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ready, M.M.","contributorId":63968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ready","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Yanosky, T.M.","contributorId":42263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yanosky","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McConnaughey, E.A.","contributorId":97265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McConnaughey","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70018544,"text":"70018544 - 1996 - The ratio method of estimating water resistivity and TDS from resistivity logs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-31T09:17:49","indexId":"70018544","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The ratio method of estimating water resistivity and TDS from resistivity logs","docAbstract":"It is a general belief that useful estimates of total dissolved solids concentrations of ground water cannot be made from borehole geophysical logs. A case study of estimating total dissolved solids concentration of ground water in the local area using the ratio method yielded estimates with an average error of less than 25 percent. The results do not support the hypothesis that useful estimates of total dissolved solids concentration cannot be made from borehole geophysical logs. The case study included a comparison of estimates of total dissolved solids concentration utilizing a resistivity of the mud input versus using resistivity of the mud filtrate input. Estimates made using resistivity of mud had a correlation coefficient of 0.97 whereas estimates using resistivity of mud filtrate had a correlation coefficient of only 0.27. The results from the case study suggest that at least in some cases the resistivity of the mud (Rm) produce a better estimate of the resistivity of water (Rw) in the fully flushed zone than an estimate using the resistivity of the mud filtrate Rmf. The ratio method can be easily used to estimate ground-water resistivity and total dissolved solids concentration of the formation water based only on data from resistivity logs. The advantage of the method is that data on porosity, cementation exponent, temperature, and volume of clay are not required. The method, which has been used by the oil industry to crudely estimate water resistivity, is based in part on the ratio of the resistivity of a fully water-saturated formation to the resistivity of the fully flushed zone adjacent to the annulus in a mud-filled borehole. The method, which is very robust, requires only an estimate of the resistivity of a fully water-saturated formation from a deep looking induction or resistivity log, an estimate of the resistivity of the fully flushed zone from a microresistivity or short normal log, and a measurement of resistivity of the mud or mud filtrate and its temperature.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02033.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, D.G., 1996, The ratio method of estimating water resistivity and TDS from resistivity logs: Ground Water, v. 34, no. 3, p. 519-522, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02033.x.","startPage":"519","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baef4e4b08c986b32444e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgensen, D. G.","contributorId":104527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018541,"text":"70018541 - 1996 - Thermal conductivity of water-saturated rocks from the KTB pilot hole at temperatures of 25 to 300°C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-14T08:58:07","indexId":"70018541","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal conductivity of water-saturated rocks from the KTB pilot hole at temperatures of 25 to 300°C","docAbstract":"The conductivitites of selected gneiss (two) and amphibolite (one) core samples have been measured under conditions of elevated temperature and pressure with a needle‐probe. Water‐saturated thermal conductivity measurements spanning temperatures from 25 to 300°C and hydrostatic pressures of 0.1 and 34 MPa confirm the general decrease in conductivity with increasing temperature but deviate significantly from results reported from measurements on dry samples over the same temperature range. The thermal conductivity of water‐saturated amphibolite decreases with temperature at a rate approximately 40% less than the rate for dry amphibolite, and the conductivity of water‐saturated gneiss decreases at a rate approximately 20% less than the rate for dry gneiss. The available evidence points to thermal cracking as the primary cause of the more rapid decrease in dry thermal conductivity with temperature. The effects of thermal cracking were also observed in the water‐saturated samples but resulted in a net decrease in room‐temperature conductivity of less than 3%. These results highlight the importance of duplicating in‐situ conditions when determining thermal conductivity for the deep crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95GL00253","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Pribnow, D., Williams, C., Sass, J., and Keating, R., 1996, Thermal conductivity of water-saturated rocks from the KTB pilot hole at temperatures of 25 to 300°C: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 23, no. 4, p. 391-394, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL00253.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"391","endPage":"394","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb219e4b08c986b3255cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pribnow, D.","contributorId":13386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pribnow","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, C.F. 0000-0003-2196-5496","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-5496","contributorId":20401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"C.F.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sass, J.H.","contributorId":70749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keating, R.","contributorId":29968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keating","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019314,"text":"70019314 - 1996 - A glass spherule of questionable impact origin from the Apollo 15 landing site: Unique target mare basalt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-03T15:43:23.737094","indexId":"70019314","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A glass spherule of questionable impact origin from the Apollo 15 landing site: Unique target mare basalt","docAbstract":"A 6 mm-diameter dark spherule, 15434,28, from the regolith on the Apennine Front at the Apollo 15 landing site has a homogeneous glass interior with a 200 ??m-thick rind of devitrified or crystallized melt. The rind contains abundant small fragments of Apollo 15 olivine-normative mare basalt and rare volcanic Apollo 15 green glass. The glass interior of the spherule has the chemical composition, including a high FeO content and high CaO/Al2O3, of a mare basalt. Whereas the major element and Sc, Ni, and Co abundances are similar to those of low-Ti mare basalts, the incompatible elements and Sr abundances are similar to those of high-Ti mare basalts. The relative abundance patterns of the incompatible trace elements are distinct from any other lunar mare basalts or KREEP; among these distinctions are a much steeper slope of the heavy rare earth elements. The 15434,28 glass has abundances of the volatile element Zn consistent with both impact glasses and crystalline mare basalts, but much lower than in glasses of mare volcanic origin. The glass contains siderophile elements such as Ir in abundances only slightly higher than accepted lunar indigenous levels, and some, such as Au, are just below such upper limits. The age of the glass, determined by the 40Ar/39Ar laser incremental heating technique, is 1647 ?? 11 Ma (2 ??); it is expressed as an age spectrum of seventeen steps over 96% of the 39Ar released, unusual for an impact glass. Trapped argon is negligible. The undamaged nature of the sphere demonstrates that it must have spent most of its life buried in regolith; 38Ar cosmic ray exposure data suggest that it was buried at less than 2m but more than a few centimeters if a single depth is appropriate. That the spherule solidified to a glass is surprising; for such a mare composition, cooling at about 50??C s-1 is required to avoid crystallization, and barely attainable in such a large spherule. The low volatile abundances, slightly high siderophile abundances, and the young age are perhaps all most consistent with an impact origin, but nonetheless not absolutely definitive. The 15434,28 glass is distinct from the common yellow impact glasses at the Apollo 15 landing site, in particular in its lower abundances of incompatible elements and much younger age. If we accept an impact origin, then the trace element relative abundances preclude both typical KREEP and the common Apollo 15 yellow impact glass from contributing more than a few percent of the incompatible elements to potential mixtures. The melted part of any target must have consisted almost entirely of a variety (or varieties) of mare basalt or glass distinct from any known mare basalts or glasses, including Apollo 15 yellow volcanic glass, or mixtures of them. However, the rind inclusions, similar to materials of local origin, do suggest a source near the Apollo 15 landing site. An impact melt cannot have dissolved much, if any, of such inclusions. A lack of regolith materials in the rind and in the melt component suggest an immature source terrain. Thus, even for an impact origin, there is the possibility (though not requirement) that the volcanic target is younger than most mare plains. The crater Hadley C, 25 km away, is a potential source. If the 15434,28 glass is instead directly of volcanic origin, it represents an extremely young mare magma of a type previously undiscovered on the Moon.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(95)00420-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Ryder, G., Delano, J., Warren, P., Kallemeyn, G., and Dalrymple, G.B., 1996, A glass spherule of questionable impact origin from the Apollo 15 landing site: Unique target mare basalt: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 4, p. 693-710, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00420-3.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"693","endPage":"710","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479116,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970026873","text":"External Repository"},{"id":226959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e409e4b0c8380cd4637d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, G.","contributorId":96020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delano, J.W.","contributorId":50670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delano","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warren, P.H.","contributorId":77674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kallemeyn, G.W.","contributorId":64822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kallemeyn","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dalrymple, G. B.","contributorId":10407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018797,"text":"70018797 - 1996 - A camerate-rich late carboniferous (Moscovian) crinoid fauna from volcanic conglomerate, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-07T00:24:03.44913","indexId":"70018797","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A camerate-rich late carboniferous (Moscovian) crinoid fauna from volcanic conglomerate, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China","docAbstract":"A low-diversity camerate-rich crinoid fauna from the Qijiagou Formation, Taoshigo Valley near Turpan, Xinjiang-Uygar Autonomous Region, China was collected during field work in May, 1993. The crinoid fauna is dominated by species of Platycrinites. Other camerate crinoids include a species in the Paragaricocrinidae, Actinocrinites, a hexacrinitid, and an acrocrinoid. The only other non-North American occurrence of this latter family is Springeracrocrinus from the Moscovian of Russia. In addition to the camerates, there are several advanced cladid inadunates more typical of Upper Carboniferous crinoid faunas, including an erisocrinoid (possibly Sinocrinus), Graphiocrinus, ?Cromyocrinus, and an agassizocrinoid (Petschoracrinus) represented by partly fused infrabasal cones. A single radial plate with angustary facet may represent a cyathocrinoid, There also is a catillocrinoid, assigned here to Paracatillocrinus. The fauna, which resembles Moscovian crinoids described from Russia, is preserved in graded volcanic conglomeratic debris flows that overlie a carbonate mound and contain clasts up to 3 m in dimension. The crinoids are fragmentary, with many calyces seemingly torn into two or three pieces and dumped in with the pyroclastic debris. Camerates are represented by large thecal scraps consisting of numerous plates, or by large individual plates or circlets. Other fossils include rare solitary rugose corals, tabular bryozoans, Neospirifer, and other fragmentary brachiopods. We suspect that the crinoids may have been swept off of a nearby carbonate mound and deposited as debris-flow bedload.","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontological Society","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Lane, N., Waters, J., Maples, C., Marcus, S., and Liao, Z., 1996, A camerate-rich late carboniferous (Moscovian) crinoid fauna from volcanic conglomerate, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China: Journal of Paleontology, v. 70, no. 1, p. 117-128.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227627,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e334e4b0c8380cd45ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, N.G.","contributorId":60796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"N.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waters, J.A.","contributorId":78891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waters","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maples, C.G.","contributorId":7425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maples","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marcus, S.A.","contributorId":43924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marcus","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liao, Z.-T.","contributorId":85345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liao","given":"Z.-T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018490,"text":"70018490 - 1996 - Flow to a well in a water-table aquifer: An improved laplace transform solution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T07:17:30","indexId":"70018490","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow to a well in a water-table aquifer: An improved laplace transform solution","docAbstract":"An alternative Laplace transform solution for the problem, originally solved by Neuman, of constant discharge from a partially penetrating well in a water-table aquifer was obtained. The solution differs from existing solutions in that it is simpler in form and can be numerically inverted without the need for time-consuming numerical integration. The derivation invloves the use of the Laplace transform and a finite Fourier cosine series and avoids the Hankel transform used in prior derivations. The solution allows for water in the overlying unsaturated zone to be released either instantaneously in response to a declining water table as assumed by Neuman, or gradually as approximated by Boulton's convolution integral. Numerical evaluation yields results identical with results obtained by previously published methods with the advantage, under most well-aquifer configurations, of much reduced computation time.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02045.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Moench, A., 1996, Flow to a well in a water-table aquifer: An improved laplace transform solution: Ground Water, v. 34, no. 4, p. 593-604, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02045.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"593","endPage":"604","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1255e4b0c8380cd54281","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, A.F.","contributorId":91495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019058,"text":"70019058 - 1996 - Constraints on the thermal history of Taylorsville Basin, Virginia, U.S.A., from fluid-inclusion and fission-track analyses: Implications for subsurface geomicrobiology experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T17:13:56","indexId":"70019058","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraints on the thermal history of Taylorsville Basin, Virginia, U.S.A., from fluid-inclusion and fission-track analyses: Implications for subsurface geomicrobiology experiments","docAbstract":"Microbial populations have been found at the depth of 2621-2804 m in a borehole near the center of Triassic Taylorsville Basin, Virginia. To constrain possible scenarios for long-term survival in or introduction of these microbial populations to the deep subsurface, we attempted to refine models of thermal and burial history of the basin by analyzing aqueous and gaseous fluid inclusions in calcite/quartz veins or cements in cuttings from the same borehole. These results are complemented by fission-track data from the adjacent boreholes. Homogenization temperatures of secondary aqueous fluid inclusions range from 120?? to 210??C between 2027- and 3069-m depth, with highest temperatures in the deepest samples. The salinities of these aqueous inclusions range from 0 to ??? 4.3 eq wt% NaCl. Four samples from the depth between 2413 and 2931 m contain both two-phase aqueous and one-phase methane-rich inclusions in healed microcracks. The relative CH4 and CO2 contents of these gaseous inclusions was estimated by microthermometry and laser Raman spectroscopy. If both types of inclusions in sample 2931 m were trapped simultaneously, the density of the methane-rich inclusions calculated from the Peng - Robinson equation of state implies an entrapment pressure of 360 ?? 20 bar at the homogenization temperature (162.5 ?? 12.5??C) of the aqueous inclusions. This pressure falls between the hydrostatic and lithostatic pressures at the present depth 2931 m of burial. If we assume that the pressure regime was hydrostatic at the time of trapping, then the inclusions were trapped at 3.6 km in a thermal gradient of ??? 40??C/km. The high temperatures recorded by the secondary aqueous inclusions are consistent with the pervasive resetting of zircon and apatite fission-track dates. In order to fit the fission-track length distributions of the apatite data, however, a cooling rate of 1-2??C/Ma following the thermal maximum is required. To match the integrated dates, the thermal maximum would have occurred at ??? 200 Ma. The timing of the maximum temperature is consistent with rapid burial of the Taylorsville Basin to twice its present-day depth and thermal re-equilibration with a 40??C/km geothermal gradient, followed by slow exhumation. The results may imply that the microorganisms did not survive in situ, but were transported from the cooler portions of the basin sometime after maximum burial and heating.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(95)00130-1","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Tseng, H., Onstott, T., Burruss, R., and Miller, D.S., 1996, Constraints on the thermal history of Taylorsville Basin, Virginia, U.S.A., from fluid-inclusion and fission-track analyses: Implications for subsurface geomicrobiology experiments: Chemical Geology, v. 127, no. 4, p. 297-311, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00130-1.","startPage":"297","endPage":"311","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205745,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00130-1"},{"id":226535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa10e4b0c8380cd4d900","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tseng, H.-Y.","contributorId":77672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tseng","given":"H.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Onstott, T.C.","contributorId":47006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Onstott","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burruss, R.C. 0000-0001-6827-804X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-804X","contributorId":99574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burruss","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, D. S.","contributorId":64260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017701,"text":"70017701 - 1996 - Damaging earthquakes: A scientific laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70017701","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Damaging earthquakes: A scientific laboratory","docAbstract":"This paper reviews the principal lessons learned from multidisciplinary postearthquake investigations of damaging earthquakes throughout the world during the past 15 years. The unique laboratory provided by a damaging earthquake in culturally different but tectonically similar regions of the world has increased fundamental understanding of earthquake processes, added perishable scientific, technical, and socioeconomic data to the knowledge base, and led to changes in public policies and professional practices for earthquake loss reduction.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction","conferenceDate":"3 December 1996 through 5 December 1996","conferenceLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Hays, W., 1996, Damaging earthquakes: A scientific laboratory, in Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction, Washington, DC, USA, 3 December 1996 through 5 December 1996, p. 151-152.","startPage":"151","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd60e4b0c8380cd4e7de","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Housner G.W.Chung R.M.","contributorId":128376,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Housner G.W.Chung R.M.","id":536374,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Hays, Walter W.","contributorId":66669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"Walter W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019333,"text":"70019333 - 1996 - Tributary debris fans and the late Holocene alluvial chronology of the Colorado River, eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T00:27:01.235467","indexId":"70019333","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tributary debris fans and the late Holocene alluvial chronology of the Colorado River, eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"Bouldery debris fans and sandy alluvial terraces of the Colorado River developed contemporaneously during the late Holocene at the mouths of nine major tributaries in eastern Grand Canyon. The age of the debris fans and alluvial terraces contributes to understanding river hydraulics and to the history of human activity along the river, which has been concentrated on these surfaces for at least two to three millennia. Poorly sorted, coarse-grained debris-flow deposits of several ages are interbedded with, overlie, or are overlapped by three terrace-forming alluviums. The alluvial deposits are of three age groups: the striped alluvium, deposited from before 770 b.c. to about a.d. 300; the alluvium of Pueblo II age deposited from about a.d. 700 to December 1900; and the alluvium of the upper mesquite terrace, deposited from about a.d. 1400 to 1880. Two elements define the geomorphology of a typical debris fan: the large, inactive surface of the fan and a smaller, entrenched, active debris-flow channel and fan that is about one-sixth the area of the inactive fan. The inactive fan is segmented into at least three surfaces with distinctive weathering characteristics. These surfaces are conformable with underlying debris-flow deposits that date from before 770 b.c. to around a.d. 660, a.d. 660 to before a.d. 1200, and from a.d. 1200 to slightly before 1890, respectively, based on late-19th-century photographs, radiocarbon and archaeologic dating of the three stratigraphically related alluviums, and radiocarbon dating of fine-grained debris-flow deposits. These debris flows aggraded the fans in at least three stages beginning about 2.8 ka, if not earlier in the late Holocene. Several main-stem floods eroded the margin of the segmented fans, reducing fan symmetry. The entrenched, active debris-flow channels contain deposits <100 yr old, which form debris fans at the mouth of the channel adjacent to the river. Early and middle Holocene debris-flow and alluvial deposits have not been recognized, as they were evidently not preserved adjacent to the river or are buried by younger deposits.