Chrysotile-bearing serpentinite is a constituent of the San Andreas fault zone in central and northern California. At room temperature, chrysotile gouge has a very low coefficient of friction (μ ≈ 0.2), raising the possibility that under hydrothermal conditions μ might be reduced sufficiently (to ≤0.1) to explain the apparent weakness of the fault. To test this hypothesis, we measured the frictional strength of a pure chrysotile gouge at temperatures to 290 °C and axial-shortening velocities as low as 0.001 μm/s. As temperature increases to ≈ 100 °C, the strength of the chrysotile gouge decreases slightly at low velocities, but at temperatures ≥200 °C, it is substantially stronger and essentially independent of velocity at the lowest velocities tested. We estimate that pure chrysotile gouge at hydrostatic fluid pressure and appropriate temperatures would have shear strength averaged over a depth of 14 km of 50 MPa. Thus, on the sole basis of its strength, chrysotile cannot be the cause of a weak San Andreas fault. However, chrysotile may also contribute to low fault strength by forming mineral seals that promote the development of high fluid pressures.
A recent gas discovery in the Rome trough has Appalachian basin operators re-evaluating the deep Cambrian potential of eastern Kentucky. The Rome trough has seen sporadic exploration since the late 1940s, with very limited commercial success. A new exploration phase began in mid-1994 with completion of the Carson Associates 1 Kazee well in Elliott County, Ky. (Fig. 1). This well blew out and initially flowed 11 MMcfd of gas from a zone in the upper Conasauga Group/Rome formation at 6,258-70 ft.
","language":"English","publisher":"PennWell Corporation","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Harris, D.C., and Drahovzal, J.A., 1996, Cambrian potential indicated in Kentucky Rome trough: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 94, no. 8, p. 52-57.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"52","endPage":"57","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351800,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-94/issue-8/in-this-issue/exploration/exploration-cambrian-potential-indicated-in-kentucky-rome-trough.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","volume":"94","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f32be4b0c8380cd4b631","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, David C.","contributorId":15079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drahovzal, James A.","contributorId":74772,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drahovzal","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018679,"text":"70018679 - 1996 - Trace fossils from Jurassic lacustrine turbidites of the Anyao Formation (Central China) and their environmental and evolutionary significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T15:50:08","indexId":"70018679","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1965,"text":"Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces","onlineIssn":"1563-5236","printIssn":"1042-0940","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace fossils from Jurassic lacustrine turbidites of the Anyao Formation (Central China) and their environmental and evolutionary significance","docAbstract":"The Lower Jurassic Anyao Formation crops out near Jiyuan city, western Henan Province, central China. It is part of the infill of the nonmarine early Mesozoic Jiyuan‐Yima Basin. In the Jiyuan section, this unit is about 100 m thick and consists of laterally persistent, thin and thick‐bedded turbidite sandstones and mudstones displaying complete and base‐or top‐absent Bouma sequences, and thick‐bedded massive sandstones. The Anyao Formation records sedimentation within a lacustrine turbidite system developed in a pull‐apart basin. Processes involved include high and low density turbidity currents, sometimes affected by liquefaction or fluidization. Facies analysis suggests that this succession is formed by stacked aggradational turbidite lobes. The absence of thick mudstone packages indicates that background sedimentation was subordinate to high frequency turbidite deposition.
The Anyao Formation hosts a moderately diverse ichnofauna preserved as hypichnial casts on the soles of thin‐bedded turbidite sandstones. The ichnofauna consists of Cochlichnus anguineus, Hel‐minthoidichnites tenuis, Helminthopsis abeli, H. hieroglyphica, Mono‐morphichnus lineatus, Paracanthorhaphe togwunia, Tuberculichnus vagans, Vagorichnus anyao, tiny grazing trails, and irregularly branching burrows. Vagorichnus anyao occurs not only as a discrete trace, but also as a compound ichnotaxon intergrading with Gordia marina and Tuberculichnus vagans. Both predepositional and post‐depositional traces are present on the soles of turbidites.
This ichnofauna comprises both feeding and grazing traces produced by a deposit‐feeding lacustrine benthic biota. Crawling traces are rare. Although certain ichnofossils (e.g. V. anyao, P. togwunia) show overall similarities with deep‐sea agrichnia, they differ in reflecting remarkably less specialized feeding strategies, displaying overcrossing between specimens (and to a lesser extent, self‐crossing), and in the case of V’ anyaorecording post‐turbidite burrowing activity. The development of less specialized strategies than those displayed by deep‐marine ichnofaunas may be related to less stable conditions, typical of lake settings. Oxyenation, energy, sedimentation rate (both event and background), food supply, soft‐sediment deformation and erosion rate have mainly influenced trace‐fossil distribution. Turbidity currents would have ensured oxygen (as well as food) supply to deep lake settings, thus allowing the establishment of a moderately diverse biota. Biogenic structures were mostly confined to the outer, low energy areas. High sedimentation rates and strong erosion precluded preservation of ichnofossils in inner lobe settings.
The Anyao ichnofauna is of significance in furthering knowledge of the colonization of deep lakes throughout the stratigraphie record and in identification of additional nonmarine ichnofacies. The ana‐lyzed ichnofauna resembles late Paleozoic lacustrine assemblages described from different localities around the world and is regarded as a Mesozoic example of the Mermia ichnofacies. However, when compared with Paleozoic assemblages, the Anyao ichnofauna shows a clear dominance of burrows over surface trails, deeper burrowing penetration, larger size, and presence of relatively more complex structures. The high burrow/surface trail ratio may be indicative of lower preservation potential in the latter, thus reflecting a tap‐honomic overprint. In contrast to the Paleozoic examples, the establishment of a relatively well‐developed lacustrine infauna may have precluded preservation of surface trails. Burrower activity probably obliterated biogenic structures formed close to the sediment‐water interface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10420949609380137","usgsCitation":"Buatois, L.A., Mángano, M., Wu, X., and Zhang, G., 1996, Trace fossils from Jurassic lacustrine turbidites of the Anyao Formation (Central China) and their environmental and evolutionary significance: Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces, v. 4, no. 4, p. 287-303, https://doi.org/10.1080/10420949609380137.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"303","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb666e4b08c986b326c42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buatois, Luis A. 0000-0001-9523-750X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-750X","contributorId":195823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buatois","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":380435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mángano, M. Gabriela","contributorId":57619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mángano","given":"M. Gabriela","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":380432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wu, Xiantao","contributorId":166681,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wu","given":"Xiantao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, Guocheng","contributorId":145713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Guocheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018703,"text":"70018703 - 1996 - Occurrence of pesticides in ground water of the Ozark Plateaus Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T11:17:11.757625","indexId":"70018703","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of pesticides in ground water of the Ozark Plateaus Province","docAbstract":"Pesticides were detected in ground-water samples collected from 20 springs and nine wells in the Ozark Plateaus Province of Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. From April through September 1993, water samples were collected from 50 shallow domestic wells and 50 springs in the Springfield Plateau and Ozark aquifers and analyzed for 47 pesticides and metabolites. Pesticides were detected in 17 water samples from the Springfield Plateau aquifer and 12 water samples from the Ozark aquifer. Fourteen pesticides were detected, with a maximum of four pesticides detected in any one sample. The most commonly detected pesticides were atrazine (14 detections), prometon (11 detections), and tebuthiuron (seven detections). P, P' DDE, a metabolite of DDT, was detected in water samples from three wells and one spring. The remaining pesticides were detected in three or less samples. The occurrence and distribution of pesticides probably are related to the local land use near a sampling site. Pesticide detections were significantly related to aquifer, site type, and discharge of springs.
By including the constant flow of heat and fluid in the horizontal direction, we develop an analytical solution for the vertical temperature distribution within the semiconfining layer of a typical aquifer system. The solution is an extension of the previous one-dimensional theory by Bredehoeft and Papadopulos [1965]. It provides a quantitative tool for analyzing the uncertainty of the horizontal heat and fluid flow. The analytical results demonstrate that horizontal flow of heat and fluid, if at values much smaller than those of the vertical, has a negligible effect on the vertical temperature distribution but becomes significant when it is comparable to the vertical.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR03095","usgsCitation":"Lu, N., and Ge, S., 1996, Effect of horizontal heat and fluid flow on the vertical temperature distribution in a semiconfining layer: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 5, p. 1449-1453, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR03095.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1449","endPage":"1453","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05e9e4b0c8380cd51008","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Ning","contributorId":191360,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lu","given":"Ning","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12620,"text":"U.S. Army Corp. of Engineers","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ge, Shemin","contributorId":37366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ge","given":"Shemin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018670,"text":"70018670 - 1996 - Aeromagnetic survey over US to advance geomagnetic research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T12:22:41.111667","indexId":"70018670","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic survey over US to advance geomagnetic research","docAbstract":"A proposed high-altitude survey of the United States offers an exciting and cost effective opportunity to collect magnetic-anomaly data. Lockheed Martin Missile and Space Company is considering funding a reimbursable ER-2 aircraft (Figure 1) mission to collect synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery at an altitude of about 21 km over the conterminous United States and Alaska. The collection of total and vector magnetic field data would be a secondary objective of the flight. Through this “piggyback approach,” the geomagnetic community would inherit invaluable magnetic data at a nominal cost. These data would provide insight on fundamental tectonic and thermal processes and give a new view of the structural and lithologic framework of the crust and upper mantle.
Bouldery debris fans and sandy alluvial terraces of the Colorado River developed contemporaneously during the late Holocene at the mouths of nine major tributaries in eastern Grand Canyon. The age of the debris fans and alluvial terraces contributes to understanding river hydraulics and to the history of human activity along the river, which has been concentrated on these surfaces for at least two to three millennia. Poorly sorted, coarse-grained debris-flow deposits of several ages are interbedded with, overlie, or are overlapped by three terrace-forming alluviums. The alluvial deposits are of three age groups: the striped alluvium, deposited from before 770 b.c. to about a.d. 300; the alluvium of Pueblo II age deposited from about a.d. 700 to December 1900; and the alluvium of the upper mesquite terrace, deposited from about a.d. 1400 to 1880. Two elements define the geomorphology of a typical debris fan: the large, inactive surface of the fan and a smaller, entrenched, active debris-flow channel and fan that is about one-sixth the area of the inactive fan. The inactive fan is segmented into at least three surfaces with distinctive weathering characteristics. These surfaces are conformable with underlying debris-flow deposits that date from before 770 b.c. to around a.d. 660, a.d. 660 to before a.d. 1200, and from a.d. 1200 to slightly before 1890, respectively, based on late-19th-century photographs, radiocarbon and archaeologic dating of the three stratigraphically related alluviums, and radiocarbon dating of fine-grained debris-flow deposits. These debris flows aggraded the fans in at least three stages beginning about 2.8 ka, if not earlier in the late Holocene. Several main-stem floods eroded the margin of the segmented fans, reducing fan symmetry. The entrenched, active debris-flow channels contain deposits <100 yr old, which form debris fans at the mouth of the channel adjacent to the river. Early and middle Holocene debris-flow and alluvial deposits have not been recognized, as they were evidently not preserved adjacent to the river or are buried by younger deposits.
Closely spaced aftershocks of the 28 June 1992 Landers earthquake (Mw 7.3) were used to make event record sections that show the transverse components of S and SmS arrivals at a distance of 70 to 170 km. For the data recorded toward the north in the Mojave desert, large SmS phases are observed with amplitudes 2 to 5 times greater than the direct S. For similar distances to the south, the SmS arrival is comparable to or smaller than the S. Comparisons to synthetic seismograms indicate that the large-amplitude SmS phases are produced by the simple crustal structure of the Mojave desert that allows a large Moho reflection. In contrast, the more complex geologic structure to the south partitions the seismic energy into a more complicated set of seismic phases, so that the Moho reflection is diminished in amplitude. The large SmS phases observed in the Mojave enhance the overall ground motions by a factor of 2 to 3. This suggests that when damaging earthquakes occur in other regions of simple crustal structures, Moho reflections will produce amplified strong motions at distance ranges around 100 km depending on the local structure.
Local earthquake P traveltime data is inverted to obtain a three-dimensional tomographic image of the region centered on the junction of the San Andreas and Calaveras faults. The resulting velocity model is then used to relocate more than 17,000 earthquakes and to produce a model of fault structure in the region. These faults serve as the basis for modeling the topography using elastic dislocation methods. The region is of interest because active faults join, it marks the transition zone from creeping to locked fault behavior on the San Andreas fault, it exhibits young topography, and it has a good spatial distribution of seismicity. The tomographic data set is extensive, consisting of 1445 events, 96 stations, and nearly 95,000 travel time readings. Tomographic images are resolvable to depths of 12 km and show significant velocity contrasts across the San Andreas and Calaveras faults, a low-velocity zone associated with the creeping section of the San Andreas fault, and shallow low-velocity sediments in the southern Santa Clara valley and northern Salinas valley. Relocated earthquakes only occur where vp > 5 km/s and indicate that portions of the San Andreas and Calaveras faults are non vertical, although we cannot completely exclude the possibility that all or part of this results from ray tracing problems. The new dips are more consistent with geological observations that dipping faults intersect the surface where surface traces have been mapped. The topographic modeling predicts extensive subsidence in regions characterized by shallow low-velocity material, presumably the result of recent sedimentation. Some details of the topography at the junction of the San Andreas and Calaveras faults are not consistent with the modeling results, suggesting that the current position of this “triple junction” has changed with time. The model also predicts those parts of the fault subject to contraction or extension perpendicular to the fault strike and hence the sense of any dip-slip component. In each locality the relative vertical motion across the fault is consistent with the fault dips found with the new hypocentral locations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB02092","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Dorbath, C., Oppenheimer, D., Amelung, F., and King, G., 1996, Seismic tomography and deformation modeling of the junction of the San Andreas and Calaveras faults: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 12, p. 27917-27941, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB02092.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"27917","endPage":"27941","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228438,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b6ee4b08c986b317812","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dorbath, C.","contributorId":63976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorbath","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oppenheimer, D.","contributorId":66841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oppenheimer","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amelung, F.","contributorId":106268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amelung","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"King, G.","contributorId":74521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018081,"text":"70018081 - 1996 - A drowned lycopsid forest above the Mahoning coal (Conemaugh Group, Upper Pennsylvanian) in eastern Ohio, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-21T12:59:06.550433","indexId":"70018081","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A drowned lycopsid forest above the Mahoning coal (Conemaugh Group, Upper Pennsylvanian) in eastern Ohio, U.S.A","docAbstract":"Over 800 mud-filled casts of upright lycopsid tree stumps have been documented immediately above the Mahoning coal in an active underground mine located in northwestern Jefferson County, Ohio. The coal body originated as a pod-shaped peat body of ∼ 60 km2. Trees are rooted at several levels within a thin (15–40 cm) bone coal directly above the banded coal; they extend upward up to 15 cm into overlying, flat-bedded, carbonaceous mudstones that coarsen up. From a maximum basal diameter of 1.2 m, stumps taper upward to diameters no less than 0.3 m. Within single-entry transects, < 6 m wide that total 2585 m in length, stumps are randomly distributed. The trees are identified as lepidodenrids on the basis of gross morphology, external stem patterns, and attached stigmarian root systems, and provisionally as Lepidophloios or Lepidodendron by associated palynology of the enclosing matrix. Palynological analyses of incremental seam samples indicate an initial dominance of lycopsid spores with lepidodendracean affinities (Lycospora granulata from Lepidophloios hallii), replaced upwards by tree-fern spores, with a reoccurrence of lepidodendracean spores in the upper benches: spores of Sigillaria (Crassispora) are abundant only at the base of the coal. Petrographic analyses indicate a prallel trend from vitrinite-rich to inertinite- and liptinite-rich upward in the coal body. All data indicate that the peat represented by the Mahoning coal was drowned slowly. During the earliest stages of inundation, a lycopsid forest was re-established, only to be subsequently drowned.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nova Science Publishers","publisherLocation":"Commack, NY","isbn":"1-56072-302-5","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B.L., Burkardt, N., and Taylor, J.G., 1996, Quants and wonks in environmental disputes: Are scientists experts or advocates?.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325310,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325309,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=2750"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578a0931e4b0c1aacab7d428","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Soden, Dennis L.","contributorId":172916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Soden","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642584,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Berton Lee","contributorId":96784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkardt, N.","contributorId":17554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkardt","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, J. G.","contributorId":33671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"J.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70181182,"text":"70181182 - 1996 - Isolation and characterization of novel microsatellite loci: Cross-species amplification and population genetic applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-23T11:28:48","indexId":"70181182","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isolation and characterization of novel microsatellite loci: Cross-species amplification and population genetic applications","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f95-254","usgsCitation":"Scribner, K.T., Gust, J.R., and Fields, R.L., 1996, Isolation and characterization of novel microsatellite loci: Cross-species amplification and population genetic applications: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 53, no. 4, p. 833-841, https://doi.org/10.1139/f95-254.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"833","endPage":"841","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335202,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a18226e4b0c825128564b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":146113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":16582,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Zoology, 480 Wilson Rd. 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":664413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gust, Judy R.","contributorId":62458,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gust","given":"Judy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":664414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fields, Raymond L.","contributorId":182354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fields","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":664415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175682,"text":"70175682 - 1996 - Long-term ecological research in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park. 1996 Annual Report to the National Park Service.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T16:01:06","indexId":"70175682","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":396,"text":"Annual Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"title":"Long-term ecological research in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park. 1996 Annual Report to the National Park Service.","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Newkirk, B., Baron, J., and Allstott, E., 1996, Long-term ecological research in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park. 1996 Annual Report to the National Park Service.: Annual Report, 35 p.","productDescription":"35 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326786,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc68e4b03fd6b7d94c61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newkirk, B.","contributorId":38912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newkirk","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allstott, E.J.","contributorId":25102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allstott","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019353,"text":"70019353 - 1996 - Equatorial origin for Lower Jurassic radiolarian chert in the Franciscan Complex, San Rafael Mountains, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-13T17:42:31.002502","indexId":"70019353","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Equatorial origin for Lower Jurassic radiolarian chert in the Franciscan Complex, San Rafael Mountains, southern California","docAbstract":"Lower Jurassic radiolarian chert sampled at two localities in the San Rafael Mountains of southern California (∼20 km north of Santa Barbara) contains four components of remanent magnetization. Components A, B′, and B are inferred to represent uplift, Miocene volcanism, and subduction/accretion overprint magnetizations, respectively. The fourth component (C), isolated between 580° and 680°C, shows a magnetic polarity stratigraphy and is interpreted as a primary magnetization acquired by the chert during, or soon after, deposition. Both sequences are late Pliensbachian to middle Toarcian in age, and an average paleolatitude calculated from all tilt-corrected C components is 1° ± 3° north or south. This result is consistent with deposition of the cherts beneath the equatorial zone of high biologic productivity and is similar to initial paleolatitudes determined for chert blocks in northern California and Mexico. This result supports our model, in which deep-water Franciscan-type cherts were deposited on the Farallon plate as it moved eastward beneath the equatorial productivity high, were accreted to the continental margin at low paleolatitudes, and were subsequently distributed northward by strike-slip faulting associated with movements of the Kula, Farallon, and Pacific plates. Upper Cretaceous turbidites of the Cachuma Formation were sampled at Agua Caliente Canyon to determine a constraining paleolatitude for accretion of the Jurassic chert sequences. These apparently unaltered rocks, however, were found to be completely overprinted by the A component of magnetization. Similar in situ directions and demagnetization behaviors observed in samples of other Upper Cretaceous turbidite sequences in southern and Baja California imply that these rocks might also give unreliable results.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB02854","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hagstrum, J., Murchey, B., and Bogar, R., 1996, Equatorial origin for Lower Jurassic radiolarian chert in the Franciscan Complex, San Rafael Mountains, southern California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 1, p. 613-626, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB02854.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"613","endPage":"626","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226921,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-01-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a27e4b0c8380cd52206","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hagstrum, J.T.","contributorId":75922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagstrum","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murchey, B.L.","contributorId":93074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchey","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bogar, R.S.","contributorId":21295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogar","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019363,"text":"70019363 - 1996 - Fluor-ferro-leakeite, NaNa2(FC2+2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22F2, a new alkali amphibole from the Canada Pinabete pluton, Questa, New Mexico, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70019363","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluor-ferro-leakeite, NaNa2(FC2+2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22F2, a new alkali amphibole from the Canada Pinabete pluton, Questa, New Mexico, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Fluor-ferro-leakeite is a new amphibole species from the Canada Pinabete pluton, Questa, New Mexico, U.S.A.; it occurs in association with quartz, alkali feldspar, acmite, ilmenite, and zircon. It forms as anhedral bluish black crystals elongated along c and up to 1 mm long. It is brittle, H = 6, Dmeas = 3.37 g/cm3, Dcalc = 3.34 g/cm3. In plane-polarized light, it is strongly pleochroic, X = very dark indigo blue, Y = gray blue, Z = yellow green; X ??? c = 10?? (in ??obtuse), Y = b, Z ??? a = 4?? (in ?? obtuse), with absorption X > Y > Z. Fluor-ferro-leakeite is biaxial positive, ?? = 1.675(2), ??= 1.683(2), ?? = 1.694(1); 2V = 87(2)??; dispersion is not visible because of the strong absorption. Fluor-ferro-leakeite is monoclinic, space group C2/m, a = 9.792(1), b = 17.938(1), c = 5.3133(4) A??, ??= 103.87(7)??, V = 906.0(1) A??3, Z = 2. The ten strongest X-ray diffraction lines in the powder pattern are [d(I,hkl)]: 2.710(100,151), 2.536(92,202), 3.404(57,131), 4.481(54,040), 8.426(45,110), 2.985(38,241), 2.585(38,061), 3.122(29,310), 2.165(26,261), and 1.586(25,403). Analysis by a combination of electron microprobe, ion microprobe, and crystal-structure refinement (Hawthorne et al. 1993) gives SiO2 51.12, Al2O3 1.13, TiO2 0.68, Fe2O3 16.73, FeO 8.87, MgO 2.02, MnO 4.51, ZnO 0.57, CaO 0.15, Na2O 9.22, K2O 1.19, Li2O 0.99, F 2.87, H2Ocalc 0.60, sum 99.44 wt%. The formula unit, calculated on the basis of 23 O atoms, is (K0.23Na0.76)(Na1.97Ca0.03)(Mg 0.46Fe2+1.4Mn2+0.59Zn0.07Fe3+1.93-Ti 0.08Al0.02Li0.61])(Si7.81Al 0.19)O22(F1.39OH0.61). A previous crystal-structure refinement (Hawthorne et al. 1993) shows Li to be completely ordered at the M3 site. Fluor-ferro-leakeite, ideally NaNa2(Fe2+2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22F2, is related to leakeite, NaNa2(Mg2Fe3+3Li)Si 8O22(OH)2, by the substitutions Fe2+ ??? Mg and F ??? OH.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Hawthorne, F.C., Oberti, R., Ungaretti, L., Ottolini, L., Grice, J.D., and Czamanske, G., 1996, Fluor-ferro-leakeite, NaNa2(FC2+2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22F2, a new alkali amphibole from the Canada Pinabete pluton, Questa, New Mexico, U.S.A.: American Mineralogist, v. 81, no. 1-2, p. 226-228.","startPage":"226","endPage":"228","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a127fe4b0c8380cd54323","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hawthorne, Frank C.","contributorId":47924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hawthorne","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oberti, R.","contributorId":36693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberti","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ungaretti, L.","contributorId":91253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ungaretti","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ottolini, L.","contributorId":11776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottolini","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grice, Joel D.","contributorId":102210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grice","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Czamanske, G.K.","contributorId":26300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70019367,"text":"70019367 - 1996 - Climatic significance of the bristlecone pine latewood frost-ring record at Almagre Mountain, Colorado, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T16:29:11","indexId":"70019367","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":898,"text":"Arctic and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic significance of the bristlecone pine latewood frost-ring record at Almagre Mountain, Colorado, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"From 1900 to 1993, latewood frost rings occurred in 1903, 1912, 1941, 1961, and 1965 in 10 to 21% of the sampled bristlecone pines at Almagre Mountain, Colorado. In early to mid September in each of those years, a severe outbreak of unseasonably cold air from higher latitudes produced a memorable or historic late-summer snowstorm in the western United States. Record subfreezing temperatures during these snowstorms probably caused the latewood frost rings, shortened (by about 1 mo in 1912) already colder than normal growing seasons, and caused crop damage in parts of the Western United States. Latewood frost rings recorded in relatively high percentages of the sampled trees (such as the 1805 event in 61% of sampled trees) were probably caused by multiple severe outbreaks of unseasonably cold air from higher latitudes that occurred from early September (possibly as early as mid- or late August) to mid-September. Analyses of 1900-1992 temperature data for two widely separated Colorado stations, Fort Collins and Colorado Springs, show that average summer (June-September) temperatures during latewood frost-ring years in this century were 1.5 and 2.0°C cooler than normal, respectively. Mountain snowpack probably persisted through these cool summers and was subsequently buried by the earlier than normal snowfall in September. Latewood frost-ring, ring-width, historical, and other data suggest that severe to cataclysmic volcanic eruptions from 1812 to 1835 triggered (1) an extended period of climatic cooling from as early as 1816 or 1817 through the early 1850s in the Southern Rocky Mountains, (2) catastrophic winters in Colorado and Wyoming in 1842-43 and 1844-45, and in the Great Salt Lake Basin in 1836-37, that caused large-scale destruction of bison and other large plains animals, and (3) Little Ice Age alpine glacial advances in about 1850-60 in the western United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","doi":"10.2307/1552087","issn":"00040851","usgsCitation":"Brunstein, F.C., 1996, Climatic significance of the bristlecone pine latewood frost-ring record at Almagre Mountain, Colorado, U.S.A.: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 28, no. 1, p. 65-76, https://doi.org/10.2307/1552087.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"76","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Almagre Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -104,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -104,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 37\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f668e4b0c8380cd4c74c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brunstein, F. Craig","contributorId":30650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brunstein","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"Craig","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019368,"text":"70019368 - 1996 - Geologic sources of asbestos in Seattle's tolt reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:11","indexId":"70019368","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic sources of asbestos in Seattle's tolt reservoir","docAbstract":"Water from Seattle's South Fork Tolt Reservoir contains chrysotile and amphibole asbestos fibers, derived from natural sources. Using optical petrographic techniques, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy, we identified the geologic source of these asbestiform minerals within the watershed. No asbestos was found in the bedrock underlying the watershed, while both chrysotile and amphibole fibers were found in sediments transported by Puget-lobe glacial processes. These materials, widely distributed throughout the lower watershed, would be difficult to separate from the reservoir sediments. The probable source of this asbestos is in pods of ultramafic rock occurring north of the watershed. Because asbestos is contained in widespread Pugetlobe glacial materials, it may be naturally distributed in other watersheds in the Puget Sound area.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0029344X","usgsCitation":"Reid, M., and Craven, G., 1996, Geologic sources of asbestos in Seattle's tolt reservoir: Northwest Science, v. 70, no. 1, p. 48-54.","startPage":"48","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a21e3e4b0c8380cd56b8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, M.E.","contributorId":108130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Craven, G.","contributorId":86909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craven","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":7000092,"text":"7000092 - 1996 - U. S. Geological Survey yearbook, fiscal year 1995; understanding the Earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:08","indexId":"7000092","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":392,"text":"Yearbook","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"U. S. Geological Survey yearbook, fiscal year 1995; understanding the Earth","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/7000092","isbn":"01629484","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, U. S. Geological Survey yearbook, fiscal year 1995; understanding the Earth: Yearbook, 106 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000092.","productDescription":"106 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":101694,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/yb/1995fy/report.pdf","size":"36176","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":195847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/yb/1995fy/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613a9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019372,"text":"70019372 - 1996 - Fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in the Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-19T05:53:58","indexId":"70019372","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in the Mississippi River","docAbstract":"The 2 800-km reach of the Mississippi River between Minneapolis, MN, and New Orleans, LA, was examined for the occurrence and fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), a common anionic surfactant found in municipal sewage effluents. River water and bottom sediment were sampled in the summer and fall of 1991 and in the spring of 1992. LAS was analyzed using solid-phase extraction/derivatization/ gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. LAS was present on all bottom sediments at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 20 mg/kg and was identified in 21% of the water samples at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 28.2 μg/L. The results indicate that LAS is a ubiquitous contaminant on Mississippi River bottom sediments and that dissolved LAS is present mainly downstream from the sewage outfalls of major cities. The removal of the higher LAS homologs and external isomers indicates that sorption and biodegradation are the principal processes affecting dissolved LAS. Sorbed LAS appears to degrade slowly.
A finite-fault statistical model of the earthquake source is used to confirm observed magnitude and distance saturation scaling in a large peak-acceleration data set. This model allows us to determine the form of peak-acceleration attenuation curves without a priori assumptions about their shape or scaling properties. The source is composed of patches having uniform size and statistical properties. The primary source parameters are the patch peak-acceleration distribution mean, the distribution standard deviation, the patch size, and patch-rupture duration. Although our model assumes no scaling of peak acceleration with magnitude at the patch, the peak-acceleration attenuation curves, nevertheless, strongly scale with magnitude (dap/dM) ≠ 0, and the scaling is distance dependent (dap/dM) ∝ f(r).
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA08601A0079","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Rogers, A.M., and Perkins, D.M., 1996, Monte Carlo simulation of peak-acceleration attenuation using a finite-fault uniform-patch model including isochrone and extremal characteristics: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 86, no. 1 SUPPL. A, p. 79-92, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA08601A0079.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226600,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"1 SUPPL. A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e13e4b0c8380cd707a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, A. M.","contributorId":92251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, D. M.","contributorId":83922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":7000097,"text":"7000097 - 1996 - This dynamic earth: the story of plate tectonics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-14T19:11:10.318236","indexId":"7000097","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"This dynamic earth: the story of plate tectonics","docAbstract":"In the early 1960s, the emergence of the theory of plate tectonics started a revolution in the earth sciences. Since then, scientists have verified and refined this theory, and now have a much better understanding of how our planet has been shaped by plate-tectonic processes. We now know that, directly or indirectly, plate tectonics influences nearly all geologic processes, past and present. Indeed, the notion that the entire Earth's surface is continually shifting has profoundly changed the way we view our world.
People benefit from, and are at the mercy of, the forces and consequences of plate tectonics. With little or no warning, an earthquake or volcanic eruption can unleash bursts of energy far more powerful than anything we can generate. While we have no control over plate-tectonic processes, we now have the knowledge to learn from them. The more we know about plate tectonics, the better we can appreciate the grandeur and beauty of the land upon which we live, as well as the occasional violent displays of the Earth's awesome power.
This booklet gives a brief introduction to the concept of plate tectonics and complements the visual and written information in This Dynamic Planet (see Further reading), a map published in 1994 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Smithsonian Institution. The booklet highlights some of the people and discoveries that advanced the development of the theory and traces its progress since its proposal. Although the general idea of plate tectonics is now widely accepted, many aspects still continue to confound and challenge scientists. The earth-science revolution launched by the theory of plate tectonics is not finished.