{"pageNumber":"3787","pageRowStart":"94650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185258,"records":[{"id":70017798,"text":"70017798 - 1996 - Development of gypsum alteration on marble and limestone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-06T17:04:56.391699","indexId":"70017798","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":620,"text":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of gypsum alteration on marble and limestone","docAbstract":"Blackened alteration crusts of gypsum plus particulates that form on sheltered areas on marble and limestone buildings pose a challenge for rehabilitation and cleaning. Fresh marble and limestone samples exposed at monitored exposure sites present conditions of simple geometry and well-documented exposures but have short exposure histories (one to five years). The gypsum alteration crusts that develop on these samples provide insight into the early stages and rate of alteration crust formation. Alteration crusts from buildings give a longer, but less well known exposure history and present much more complex surfaces for gypsum accumulation. Integrated observations and measurements of alteration crusts from exposure samples and from buildings identify four factors that are important in the formation and development of alteration crusts on marble and limestone: (1) pollution levels, (2) exposure to rain or washing, (3) geometry of exposure of the stone surface, and (4) permeability of the stone. The combination of these factors contributes to both the distribution and the physical characteristics of the gypsum crusts which may affect cleaning decisions.","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","doi":"10.1520/STP15450S","usgsCitation":"McGee, E.S., 1996, Development of gypsum alteration on marble and limestone: ASTM Special Technical Publication, v. 1258, p. 376-397, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP15450S.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"376","endPage":"397","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1258","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0058e4b0c8380cd4f6ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, E. S.","contributorId":75927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1004008,"text":"1004008 - 1996 - Similarities and life cycle distributions of floras of 22 national parks in the midwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T14:38:20.021562","indexId":"1004008","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2821,"text":"Natural Areas Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Similarities and life cycle distributions of floras of 22 national parks in the midwestern United States","docAbstract":"<p>Twenty-two midwestern U.S. national parks were studied to examine the similarities of their floras and analyses of the floras in each national park were used to construct groupings of these smaller sample areas at various similarity levels in order to classify larger floristic areas. The parks were not on average very similar based on Jaccard's similarity index. The maximum average park similarity was 21% (St. Croix National Scenic Riverway), and the maximum park pair similarity was just over 55% for Isle Royale National Park and Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. The average similarity of parks increased with park area and numbers of native species, and weakly decreased with the percentage of non-native species. Weak trends were observed with latitude and negative trends with longitude. Four park groups were partitioned by cluster analysis of species relative abundance data: 7 prairie parks, 6 northern parks, 4 intermediate parks and 5 southern parks. The average percentage of non-native species was ~33% in the prairie and southern park clusters, while percentage of evergreen perennials was 2 to 4 times greater in the northern parks (8%) compared with other clusters. Deciduous perennials approached 80% in the northern and intermediate park clusters, compared with about 70% for the prairie and southern clusters. Percentage of annuals was almost double in the prairie and southern clusters (average 24%) compared with the northern and intermediate clusters (average 13%).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Natural Areas Association","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., 1996, Similarities and life cycle distributions of floras of 22 national parks in the midwestern United States: Natural Areas Journal, v. 16, no. 4, p. 303-309.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"309","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403899,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43911607"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana,  Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, 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,{"id":70019366,"text":"70019366 - 1996 - Quality and petrographic characteristics of Paleocene coals from the Hanna basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70019366","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Quality and petrographic characteristics of Paleocene coals from the Hanna basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Coal beds from the Ferris and Hanna Formations, in the Hanna basin, south-central Wyoming, exhibit distinct differences in ash yield, sulfur content, and petrographic and palynologic constituents. These differences are interpreted to be controlled by tectonic changes of the Hanna basin and adjoining uplifts during evolutionary development, which, in turn, controlled mire chemistry and sedimentation. These conditions created two very different settings under which the peats developed during deposition of the Ferris and the Hanna Formations. In addition, there appears to be a geographic (latitudinal) and/or climatic control on the coal characteristics manifested by major differences of Paleocene coals in the Hanna basin compared to those in the Raton basin in Colorado and New Mexico and the Powder River basin in Wyoming.Coal beds from the Ferris and Hanna Formations, in the Hanna basin, south-central Wyoming, exhibit distinct differences in ash yield, sulfur content, and petrographic and palynologic constituents. These differences are interpreted to be controlled by tectonic changes of the Hanna basin and adjoining uplifts during evolutionary development, which, in turn, controlled mire chemistry and sedimentation. These conditions created two very different settings under which the peats developed during deposition of the Ferris and the Hanna Formations. In addition, there appears to be a geographic (latitudinal) and/or climatic control on the coal characteristics manifested by major differences of Paleocene coals in the Hanna basin compared to those in the Raton basin in Colorado and New Mexico and the Powder River basin in Wyoming.","largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 12th Annual Meeting of the Society for Organic Petrology","conferenceDate":"25 September 1994 through 30 September 1994","conferenceLocation":"Jackson, WY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press Inc","publisherLocation":"Tarrytown, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(96)00016-2","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Pierce, B., 1996, Quality and petrographic characteristics of Paleocene coals from the Hanna basin, Wyoming, <i>in</i> Organic Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 2, Jackson, WY, USA, 25 September 1994 through 30 September 1994, p. 181-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00016-2.","startPage":"181","endPage":"187","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205731,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00016-2"},{"id":226469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a907ee4b0c8380cd7fd90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierce, B.S.","contributorId":13639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018920,"text":"70018920 - 1996 - Streamflow trends in Wisconsin's driftless area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:45:27","indexId":"70018920","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Streamflow trends in Wisconsin's driftless area","docAbstract":"Trends in streamflow characteristics were analyzed for streams in southwestern Wisconsin's Driftless Area by using data at selected gaging stations. The analyses indicate that annual low flows have increased significantly, whereas annual flood peaks have decreased. The same trends were not observed for forested areas of northern Wisconsin. Streamflow trends for other streams in southeastern Wisconsin draining predominantly agricultural land were similar to trends for Driftless Area streams for annual low flows. The causes for the trends are not well understood nor are the effects. Trends in annual precipitation do not explain the observed trends in streamflow. Other studies have found that erosion rates decreased significantly in the Driftless Area, and have attributed this reduction to a change of agricultural practices, which increase infiltration, decrease flood peaks, and increase low flows.Trends in streamflow characteristics were analyzed for streams in southwestern Wisconsin's Driftless Area by using data at selected gaging stations. The analyses indicate that annual low flows have increased significantly, whereas annual flood peaks have decreased. The same trends were not observed for forested areas of northern Wisconsin. Streamflow trends for other streams in southeastern Wisconsin draining predominantly agricultural land were similar to trends for Driftless Area streams for annual low flows. The causes for the trends are not well understood nor are the effects. Trends in annual precipitation do not explain the observed trends in streamflow. Other studies have found that erosion rates decreased significantly in the Driftless Area, and have attributed this reduction to a change of agricultural practices, which increase infiltration, decrease flood peaks, and increase low flows.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03470.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Gebert, W., and Krug, W., 1996, Streamflow trends in Wisconsin's driftless area: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 32, no. 4, p. 733-744, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03470.x.","startPage":"733","endPage":"744","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267673,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03470.x"},{"id":226394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b23e4b08c986b31ccd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gebert, W.A.","contributorId":71555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gebert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krug, W.R.","contributorId":23147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krug","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1004011,"text":"1004011 - 1996 - Floristic summary of plant species in the air pollution literature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-30T11:23:09.443164","indexId":"1004011","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Floristic summary of plant species in the air pollution literature","docAbstract":"<p><span>A floristic summary and analysis was performed on a list of the plant species that have been studied for the effects of gaseous and chemical air pollutants on vegetation in order to compare the species with the flora of North America north of Mexico. The scientific names of 2081 vascular plant species were extracted from almost 4000 journal articles stored in two large literature databases on the effects of air pollutants on plants. Three quarters of the plant species studied occur in North America, but this was only 7% of the total North American flora. Sixteen percent and 56% of all North American genera and families have been studied. The most studied genus is&nbsp;</span><i>Pinus</i><span>&nbsp;with 70% of the North American species studied, and the most studied family is the grass family, with 12% of the species studied. Although&nbsp;</span><i>Pinus</i><span>&nbsp;is ranked 86th in the North American flora, the grass family is ranked third, indicating that representation at the family level is better than at the genus level. All of the top ten families in North America are represented in the top 20 families in the air pollution effects literature, but only one genus (</span><i>Lupinus</i><span>) in the top ten genera in North America is represented in the top thirteen genera in the air pollution literature.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0269-7491(96)00005-X","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., 1996, Floristic summary of plant species in the air pollution literature: Environmental Pollution, v. 92, no. 3, p. 253-256, https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(96)00005-X.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"256","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129375,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": 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P.","contributorId":52103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019020,"text":"70019020 - 1996 - Springflow effects on chemical loads in the Snake River, south-central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:47:32","indexId":"70019020","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Springflow effects on chemical loads in the Snake River, south-central Idaho","docAbstract":"The 150-kilometer middle reach of the Snake River (middle Snake) in south-central Idaho receives large quantities of water from springs discharging along the north side of the river from the regional Snake River Plain aquifer. Water-quality samples collected from nine north- side springs in April 1994 indicated that springs in the upstream part or the reach had larger concentrations of dissolved solids, dissolved nitrate, total nitrogen, tritium, and heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen than to springs in the downstream part of the reach. Because the spring chemistry varies in the reach, discharge from the springs resulted in a degradation in water quality in some parts or the middle Snake and improvements in water quality in other parts. Depending on the annual discharge in the Snake River, the contribution from the north-side springs represented 32 to 66 percent of the discharge, 32 to 57 percent of the dissolved solids, 26 to 50 percent of the total nitrogen, and 7 to 14 percent of the total phosphorus transported annually from the middle Snake. Synoptic sampling showed that the north- side springs contributed 84 percent of the discharge and 35, 40, and 10 percent of the dissolved solids, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus lead, respectively, to the Snake River during the peak of the irrigation season in 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Assoc","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb04053.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Clark, G.M., and Ott, D., 1996, Springflow effects on chemical loads in the Snake River, south-central Idaho: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 32, no. 3, p. 553-563, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb04053.x.","startPage":"553","endPage":"563","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267676,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb04053.x"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b962ee4b08c986b31b347","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, G. M.","contributorId":90325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ott, D.S.","contributorId":86366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ott","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018929,"text":"70018929 - 1996 - Outburst floods from glacier-dammed lakes: The effect of mode of lake drainage on flood magnitude","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-17T08:26:26","indexId":"70018929","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Outburst floods from glacier-dammed lakes: The effect of mode of lake drainage on flood magnitude","docAbstract":"<p><span>Published accounts of outburst floods from glacier‐dammed lakes show that a significant number of such floods are associated&nbsp;</span><i>not</i><span>&nbsp;with drainage through a tunnel incised into the basal ice—the process generally assumed—but rather with ice‐marginal drainage, mechanical failure of part of the ice dam, or both. Non‐tunnel floods are strongly correlated with formation of an ice dam by a glacier advancing from a tributary drainage into either a main river valley or a pre‐existing body of water (lake or fiord). For a given lake volume, non‐tunnel floods tend to have significantly higher peak discharges than tunnel‐drainage floods. Statistical analysis of data for floods associated with subglacial tunnels yields the following empirical relation between lake volume&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><span>&nbsp;and peak discharge&nbsp;</span><i>Q</i><sub>p</sub><span> : </span><i>Q</i><sub>p</sub><span> = 46</span><i>V</i><sup>0.66</sup><span>&nbsp;(</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span> = 0.70), when&nbsp;</span><i>Q</i><sub>p</sub><span>&nbsp;is expressed in metres per second and&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><span>&nbsp;in millions of cubic metres. This updates the so‐called Clague–Mathews relation. For non‐tunnel floods, the analogous relation is&nbsp;</span><i>Q</i><sub>p</sub><span> = 1100</span><i>V</i><sup>0.44</sup><span>&nbsp;(</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span> = 0.58). The latter relation is close to one found by Costa (1988) for failure of constructed earthen dams. This closeness is probably not coincidental but rather reflects similarities in modes of dam failure and lake drainage.  We develop a simple physical model of the breach‐widening process for non‐tunnel floods, assuming that (1) the rate of breach widening is controlled by melting of the ice, (2) outflow from the lake is regulated by the hydraulic condition of critical flow where water enters the breach, and (3) the effect of lake temperature may be dealt with as done by Clarke (1982). Calculations based on the model simulate quite well outbursts from Lake George, Alaska. Dimensional analysis leads to two approximations of the form&nbsp;</span><i>Q</i><sub>p</sub><span> ∝ </span><i>V</i><sup><i>q</i></sup><i>f</i><span>(</span><i>h</i><sub>i</sub><span>, θ</span><sub>0</sub><span>), where&nbsp;</span><i>q</i><span> = 0.5 to 0.6,&nbsp;</span><i>h</i><sub>i</sub><span>&nbsp;is initial lake depth, θ</span><sub>0</sub><span>&nbsp;is lake temperature, and the form of&nbsp;</span><i>f</i><span> (</span><i>h</i><sub>i</sub><span>, θ</span><sub>0</sub><span>) depends on the relative importance of viscous dissipation and the lake's thermal energy in determining the rate of breach opening. These expressions, along with the regression relations, should prove useful for assessing the probable magnitude of breach‐type outburst floods.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199608)21:8<701::AID-ESP615>3.0.CO;2-2","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Walder, J.S., and Costa, J.E., 1996, Outburst floods from glacier-dammed lakes: The effect of mode of lake drainage on flood magnitude: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 21, no. 8, p. 701-723, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199608)21:8<701::AID-ESP615>3.0.CO;2-2.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"701","endPage":"723","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a71a6e4b0c8380cd766ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walder, Joseph S. jswalder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"Joseph","email":"jswalder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Costa, John E.","contributorId":105743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1004007,"text":"1004007 - 1996 - The vascular plant flora of Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. Ross County, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-04T13:56:18","indexId":"1004007","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3297,"text":"Rhodora","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The vascular plant flora of Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. Ross County, Ohio","docAbstract":"<p>HopewellCulture National Historical Park, a unit of the United States National Park Service located in Ross County in south central Ohio, was created to restore, protect, and interpret the legacy of the mound building Hopewell prehistoric peoples. The vascular flora of the park had been estimated to be only 20% known prior to the undertaking of this project. During the spring, summer, and fall of 1995, almost 700 plant specimens were collected by three investigators from five units of the park. Totals of 438 species, 281 genera, and 93 families of vascular plants were discovered, representing 40% of the flora of Ross County, and 17% of the flora of Ohio. Introduced species constituted 32% of the flora. Sixty-five species are new records for Ross County. Two species of special concern, Spiranthes ovalis and Eleocharis ovata, are on the state's threatened and endangered species list. The Hopewell unit had the highest plant diversity of the five units.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rhodora","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., and Course, J., 1996, The vascular plant flora of Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. Ross County, Ohio: Rhodora, v. 98, no. 894, p. 146-167.","productDescription":"p. 146-167","startPage":"146","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Hopewell Culture National Historic Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.00870418548583,\n              39.377999393030805\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.00364017486572,\n              39.37932628379751\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.00110816955566,\n              39.38473310286594\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.99960613250732,\n              39.38612620310459\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.99784660339354,\n              39.386557395161724\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.99445629119873,\n              39.3872870987275\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.99231052398682,\n              39.38791729112128\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9887056350708,\n              39.38831530443773\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.98591613769531,\n              39.38868014798359\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.97763347625732,\n              39.39017266989841\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.97398567199707,\n              39.38300827356623\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.97377109527588,\n              39.38065314934219\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.97450065612792,\n              39.37839746290911\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.98458576202393,\n              39.37882870271569\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.98922061920166,\n              39.37859649699703\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.995228767395,\n              39.376141703584906\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.99874782562256,\n              39.374781578180766\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.00291061401367,\n              39.374018569401045\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.00724506378174,\n              39.37338825151092\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.00870418548583,\n              39.377999393030805\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"894","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f02d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, J. P.","contributorId":52103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Course, J.E.","contributorId":57041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Course","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019084,"text":"70019084 - 1996 - Porphyry deposits of the Canadian Cordillera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:36","indexId":"70019084","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1813,"text":"Geoscience Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Porphyry deposits of the Canadian Cordillera","docAbstract":"Porphyry deposits are intrusion-related, large tonnage low grade mineral deposits with metal assemblages that may include all or some of copper, molybdenum, gold and silver. The genesis of these deposits is related to the emplacement of intermediate to felsic, hypabyssal, generally porphyritic intrusions that are commonly formed at convergent plate margins. Porphyry deposits of the Canadian Cordillera occur in association with two distinctive intrusive suites: calc-alkalic and alkalic. In the Canadian Cordillera, these deposits formed during two separate time periods: Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic (early Mesozoic), and Late Cretaceous to Eocene (Mesozoic-Cenozoic). Deposits of the early Mesozoic period occur in at least three different arc terranes (Wrangellia, Stikinia and Quesnellia) with a single deposit occurring in the oceanic assemblage of the Cache Creek terrane. These terranes were located outboard from continental North America during formation of most of their contained early Mesozoic porphyry deposits. Some of the deposits of this early period may have been emplaced during terrane collisions. Metal assemblages in deposits of the calc-alkalic suite include Mo-Cu (Brenda), Cu-Mo (Highland Valley, Gibraltar), Cu-Mo-Au-Ag (Island Copper, Schaft Creek) and Cu-Au (Kemess, Kerr).The alkalic suite deposits are characterized by a Cu-Au assemblage (Copper Mountain, Afton-Ajax, Mt. Milligan, Mount Polley, Galore Creek). Although silver is recovered from calc-alkalic and alkalic porphyry copper mining operations, silver data are seldom included in the published reserve figures. Those available are in the range of 1-2 grams per tonne (g??t-1). Alkalic suite deposits are restricted to the early Mesozoic and display distinctive petrology, alteration and mineralization that suggest a similar tectonic setting for both Quesnellia and Stikinia in Early Jurassic time. The younger deposits, late Mesozoic to Cenozoic in age, formed in an intracontinental setting, after the outboard host arc and related terranes accreted to the western margin of North America. These deposits are interpreted to occur in continental arc settings, and individual deposits are hosted by a variety of older country rocks. These younger deposits also show a spectrum of metal associations: Cu-Mo (Huckleberry, Berg), Cu-Au (-Mo) (Bell, Granisle, Fish Lake, Casino), Mo (Endako, Boss Mountain, Kit-sault, Quartz Hill), Mo-W (Logtung), Au-W (Dublin Gulch) and Au (Ft. Knox). There may be a continuum between Mo, Mo-W, Au-Mo-W and Au deposits. The distribution and timing of these post-accretion deposits likely reflect major crustal structures and subduction geometry. Cordilleran porphyry metallic deposits show the full range of morphological and depth relationships found in porphyry deposits worldwide. In addition, the Cordillera contains numerous alkalic suite deposits, which are rare worldwide: the unusual, possibly syntectonic Gibraltar deposit; and end-member gold-rich granite-hosted deposits, such as Ft. Knox (Alaska).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geoscience Canada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03150941","usgsCitation":"McMillan, W., Thompson, J.F., Hart, C., and Johnston, S., 1996, Porphyry deposits of the Canadian Cordillera: Geoscience Canada, v. 23, no. 3, p. 125-134.","startPage":"125","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7de8e4b0c8380cd7a22b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMillan, W.J.","contributorId":86121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMillan","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, J. F. H.","contributorId":18519,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hart, C.J.R.","contributorId":67228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"C.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnston, S.T.","contributorId":81647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017810,"text":"70017810 - 1996 - AMS radiocarbon analyses from Lake Baikal, Siberia: Challenges of dating sediments from a large, oligotrophic lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-16T09:08:37","indexId":"70017810","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"AMS radiocarbon analyses from Lake Baikal, Siberia: Challenges of dating sediments from a large, oligotrophic lake","docAbstract":"A suite of 146 new accelerator-mass spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon ages provides the first reliable chronology for late Quaternary sediments in Lake Baikal. In this large, highly oligotrophic lake, biogenic and authigenic carbonate are absent, and plant macrofossils are extremely rare. Total organic carbon is therefore the primary material available for dating. Several problems are associated with the TOC ages. One is the mixture of carbon sources in TOC, not all of which are syndepositional in age. This problem manifests itself in apparent ages for the sediment surface that are greater than zero. However, because most of the organic carbon in Lake Baikal sediments is algal (autochthonous) in origin, this effect is limited to about 1000+500 years, which can be corrected, at least for young deposits. The other major problem with dating Lake Baikal sediments is the very low carbon contents of glacial-age deposits, which makes them extremely susceptible to contamination with modern carbon. This problem can be minimized by careful sampling and handling procedures. The ages show almost an order of magnitude difference in sediment-accumulation rates among different sedimentary environments in Lake Baikal, from about 0.04 mm/year on isolated banks such as Academician Ridge, to nearly 0.3 mm/year in the turbidite depositional areas beneath the deep basin floors, such as the Central Basin. The new AMS ages clearly indicate that the dramatic increase in diatom productivity in the lake, as evidenced by increases in biogenic silica and organic carbon, began about 13 ka, in contrast to previous estimates of 7 ka for the age of this transition. Holocene net sedimentation rates may be less than, equal to, or greater than those in the late Pleistocene, depending on the site. This variability reflects the balance between variable terrigenous sedimentation and increased biogenic sedimentation during interglaciations. The ages reported here, and the temporal and spatial variation in sedimentation rates that they imply, provide opportunities for paleoenvironmental reconstructions at different time scales and resolutions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(96)00027-3","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Jones, G.A., Rubin, M., King, J., Peck, J., and Orem, W., 1996, AMS radiocarbon analyses from Lake Baikal, Siberia: Challenges of dating sediments from a large, oligotrophic lake: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 15, no. 7, p. 669-684, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(96)00027-3.","startPage":"669","endPage":"684","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487268,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs/1758","text":"External Repository"},{"id":228487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206118,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(96)00027-3"}],"volume":"15","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e62ce4b0c8380cd471ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Glenn A.","contributorId":17779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":377628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rubin, M.","contributorId":88079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"King, J.W.","contributorId":19265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peck, J.A.","contributorId":26398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1014568,"text":"1014568 - 1996 - Ecosystem management and fishery resources of the Antarctic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:28","indexId":"1014568","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1476,"text":"Ecosystem Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecosystem management and fishery resources of the Antarctic","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosystem Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"96-066/PY96/TL","usgsCitation":"McKenna, J., 1996, Ecosystem management and fishery resources of the Antarctic: Ecosystem Health, v. 2, no. 2, p. 110-126.","productDescription":"p. 110-126","startPage":"110","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132323,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62593f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenna, J.E. Jr.","contributorId":106065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"J.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019396,"text":"70019396 - 1996 - Experimental early-stage coalification of a peat sample and a peatified wood sample from Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70019396","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Experimental early-stage coalification of a peat sample and a peatified wood sample from Indonesia","docAbstract":"Experimental coalification of a peat sample and a buried wood sample from domed peat deposits in Indonesia was carried out to examine chemical structural changes in organic matter during early-stage coalification. The experiment (125 C, 408 atm lithostatic pressure, and 177 atm fluid pressure for 75 days) was designed to maintain both lithostatic and fluid pressure on the sample, but allow by-products that may retard coalification to escape. We refer to this design as a geologically open system. Changes in the elemental composition, and 13C NMR and FTIR spectra of the peat and wood after experimental coalification suggest preferential thermal decomposition of O-containing aliphatic organic compounds (probably cellulose) during early-stage coalification. The elemental compositions and 13C NMR spectra of the experimentally coalified peat and wood were generally similar to those of Miocene coal and coalified wood samples from Indonesia. Yields of lignin phenols in the peat and wood samples decreased following experimental coalification; the wood sample exhibited a larger change. Lignin phenol yields from the experimentally coalified peat and wood were comparable to yields of lignin phenols from Miocene Indonesian lignite and coalified wood. Changes in syringyl/vanillyl and p-hydroxy/vanillyl ratios suggest direct demethoxylation as a secondary process to demethylation of methoxyl groups during early coalification, and changes in lignin phenol yields and acid/aldehyde ratios point to a coupling between demethoxylation processes and reactions in the alkyl side chain bonds of the ??-carbon in lignin phenols.","largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(96)00012-5","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Orem, W., Neuzil, S., Lerch, H., and Cecil, C.B., 1996, Experimental early-stage coalification of a peat sample and a peatified wood sample from Indonesia, <i>in</i> Organic Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 2, p. 111-125, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00012-5.","startPage":"111","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205699,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00012-5"},{"id":226293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0dcbe4b0c8380cd531c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neuzil, S.G.","contributorId":73339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lerch, H.E.","contributorId":100371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lerch","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cecil, C. B. 0000-0002-9032-1689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-1689","contributorId":62204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017702,"text":"70017702 - 1996 - Late Pennsylvanian climate changes and palynomorph extinctions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T15:42:55","indexId":"70017702","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Pennsylvanian climate changes and palynomorph extinctions","docAbstract":"A major floral change occurs in the Upper Pennsylvanian strata in the Midcontinent, Illinois basin, and in the northern Appalachian basin of eastern United States. Lycospora spp. (derived from arborescent lycopsids) became extinct along with some other palynomorph taxa. This investigation is concerned with the importance of this major floral change. Samples were studied from western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio, and West Virginia (from a previous study) cover the stratigraphic interval from the Upper Freeport coal bed, uppermost part of the Allegheny Formation, to the Mahoning, Mason, Brush Creek, Wilgus, and Anderson coal beds in the lower part of the Conemaugh Formation. The floral change occurs either at or below the accepted Desmoinesian-Missourian boundary in the Midcontinent and Illinois basin, whereas in the northern Appalachians this change occurs in the lower part of the Conemaugh Formation, between the Mahoning and Brush Creek coal beds, or when the Mason is present, between the Mahoning and Mason coal beds. With the advent of late Middle Pennsylvanian time, the climate began to change from wet tropical to seasonal tropical. The Middle-Upper Pennsylvanian boundary is the culmination of this drying trend, which was marked by reduction of available water. The peat swamps are interpreted as having changed from the domed type of bog to the planar type under these circumstances. Thus, in general, the coals of the Conemaugh Formation are characteristically much thinner than those of the Allegheny Formation. This was caused by a number of factors including reduced or more seasonal rainfall, decline of arborescent lycopsids, and the increased dominance of herbaceous and fern plants. As a result, there are fewer minable coal beds in the Conemaugh Formation. The first coal bed above the extinction of Lycospora spp. is dominated by the palynomorph taxon Endosporites globiformis which is derived from a heterosporous, herbaceous lycopsid. However, Sigillaria, another arborescent lycopsid, did not become extinct at this time as evidenced by the presence of the palynomorph genus Crassispora which is derived from Sigillaria. The reason for the survival of Sigillaria is not known, but it may have been able to adapt, in a limited fashion, to some sort of specialized microenvironment. The ferns, based on palynomorph occurrence, become numerically more important throughout the balance of the Conemaugh Formation, and dominate the Pittsburgh No. 8 and Pomeroy coal beds in the overlying Monogahela Formation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(95)00027-5","issn":"00346667","usgsCitation":"Kosanke, R., and Cecil, C.B., 1996, Late Pennsylvanian climate changes and palynomorph extinctions: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 90, no. 1-2, p. 113-140, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(95)00027-5.","startPage":"113","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269785,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(95)00027-5"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4506e4b0c8380cd66f83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kosanke, R.M.","contributorId":97517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kosanke","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cecil, C. B. 0000-0002-9032-1689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-1689","contributorId":62204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019058,"text":"70019058 - 1996 - Constraints on the thermal history of Taylorsville Basin, Virginia, U.S.A., from fluid-inclusion and fission-track analyses: Implications for subsurface geomicrobiology experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T17:13:56","indexId":"70019058","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraints on the thermal history of Taylorsville Basin, Virginia, U.S.A., from fluid-inclusion and fission-track analyses: Implications for subsurface geomicrobiology experiments","docAbstract":"Microbial populations have been found at the depth of 2621-2804 m in a borehole near the center of Triassic Taylorsville Basin, Virginia. To constrain possible scenarios for long-term survival in or introduction of these microbial populations to the deep subsurface, we attempted to refine models of thermal and burial history of the basin by analyzing aqueous and gaseous fluid inclusions in calcite/quartz veins or cements in cuttings from the same borehole. These results are complemented by fission-track data from the adjacent boreholes. Homogenization temperatures of secondary aqueous fluid inclusions range from 120?? to 210??C between 2027- and 3069-m depth, with highest temperatures in the deepest samples. The salinities of these aqueous inclusions range from 0 to ??? 4.3 eq wt% NaCl. Four samples from the depth between 2413 and 2931 m contain both two-phase aqueous and one-phase methane-rich inclusions in healed microcracks. The relative CH4 and CO2 contents of these gaseous inclusions was estimated by microthermometry and laser Raman spectroscopy. If both types of inclusions in sample 2931 m were trapped simultaneously, the density of the methane-rich inclusions calculated from the Peng - Robinson equation of state implies an entrapment pressure of 360 ?? 20 bar at the homogenization temperature (162.5 ?? 12.5??C) of the aqueous inclusions. This pressure falls between the hydrostatic and lithostatic pressures at the present depth 2931 m of burial. If we assume that the pressure regime was hydrostatic at the time of trapping, then the inclusions were trapped at 3.6 km in a thermal gradient of ??? 40??C/km. The high temperatures recorded by the secondary aqueous inclusions are consistent with the pervasive resetting of zircon and apatite fission-track dates. In order to fit the fission-track length distributions of the apatite data, however, a cooling rate of 1-2??C/Ma following the thermal maximum is required. To match the integrated dates, the thermal maximum would have occurred at ??? 200 Ma. The timing of the maximum temperature is consistent with rapid burial of the Taylorsville Basin to twice its present-day depth and thermal re-equilibration with a 40??C/km geothermal gradient, followed by slow exhumation. The results may imply that the microorganisms did not survive in situ, but were transported from the cooler portions of the basin sometime after maximum burial and heating.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(95)00130-1","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Tseng, H., Onstott, T., Burruss, R., and Miller, D.S., 1996, Constraints on the thermal history of Taylorsville Basin, Virginia, U.S.A., from fluid-inclusion and fission-track analyses: Implications for subsurface geomicrobiology experiments: Chemical Geology, v. 127, no. 4, p. 297-311, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00130-1.","startPage":"297","endPage":"311","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205745,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00130-1"},{"id":226535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa10e4b0c8380cd4d900","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tseng, H.-Y.","contributorId":77672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tseng","given":"H.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Onstott, T.C.","contributorId":47006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Onstott","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burruss, R.C. 0000-0001-6827-804X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-804X","contributorId":99574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burruss","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, D. S.","contributorId":64260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019288,"text":"70019288 - 1996 - Diagenesis of an 'overmature' gas reservoir: The Spiro sand of the Arkoma Basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:11","indexId":"70019288","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diagenesis of an 'overmature' gas reservoir: The Spiro sand of the Arkoma Basin, USA","docAbstract":"The Spiro sand is a laterally extensive thin sandstone of earliest Atokan (Pennsylvanian) age that forms a major natural gas reservoir in the western Arkoma Basin, Oklahoma. Petrographic analysis reveals a variety of diagenetic alterations, the majority of which occurred during moderate to deep burial. Early diagenetic processes include calcite cementation and the formation of Fe-clay mineral peloids and coatings around quartz framework grains. These clays, which underwent transformation to well-crystallized chamosite [polytype Ib(?? = 90??)] on burial, are particularly abundant in medium-grained channel sandstones, whereas illitic clays are predominant in fine-grained interchannel sandstones. Subsequent to mechanical compaction, saddle ankerite precipitated in the reservoir at temperatures in excess of 70??C. Crude oil collected in favourable structural locations during and after ankeritization. Whereas hydrocarbons apparently halted inorganic diagenesis in oil-saturated zones, cementation continued in the underlying water-saturated zones. As reservoir temperatures increased further, hydrocarbons were cracked and a solid pyrobitumen residue remained in the reservoir. At temperatures exceeding ???140-150??C, non-syntaxial quartz cement, ferroan calcite and traces of dickite(?) locally reduced the reservoir quality. Local secondary porosity was created by carbonate cement dissolution. This alteration post-dated hydrocarbon emplacement and is probably related to late-stage infiltration of freshwater along 'leaky' faults. The study shows that the Spiro sandstone locally retained excellent porosities despite deep burial and thermal conditions that correspond to the zone of incipient very low grade metamorphism.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0264-8172(95)00037-2","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Spotl, C., Houseknecht, D., and Burns, S., 1996, Diagenesis of an 'overmature' gas reservoir: The Spiro sand of the Arkoma Basin, USA: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 25-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(95)00037-2.","startPage":"25","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205736,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(95)00037-2"},{"id":226507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0097e4b0c8380cd4f7e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spotl, C.","contributorId":11342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spotl","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houseknecht, D.W. 0000-0002-9633-6910","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":33695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burns, S.J.","contributorId":8236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017714,"text":"70017714 - 1996 - Improving regional-model estimates of urban-runoff quality using local data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T12:18:08.720086","indexId":"70017714","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving regional-model estimates of urban-runoff quality using local data","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Urban water-quality managers need load estimates of storm-runoff pollutants to design effective remedial programs. Estimates are commonly made using published models calibrated to large regions of the country. This paper presents statistical methods, termed model-adjustment procedures (MAPs), which use a combination of local data and published regional models to improve estimates of urban-runoff quality. Each MAP is a form of regression analysis that uses a local data base as a calibration data set to adjust the regional model, in effect increasing the size of the local data base without additional, expensive data collection. The adjusted regional model can then be used to estimate storm-runoff quality at unmonitored sites and storms in the locality. The four MAPs presented in this study are (1) single-factor regression against the regional model prediction,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P<sub>u</sub>;</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(2) least-squares regression against<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P<sub>u</sub>;</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(3) least-squares regression against<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P<sub>u</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>and additional local variables; and (4) weighted combination of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P<sub>u</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>and a local-regression prediction. Identification of the statistically most valid method among these four depends upon characteristics of the local data base. A MAP-selection scheme based on statistical analysis of the calibration data set is presented and tested.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03482.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Hoos, A., 1996, Improving regional-model estimates of urban-runoff quality using local data: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 32, no. 4, p. 855-863, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03482.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"855","endPage":"863","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228574,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a397ae4b0c8380cd6192b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoos, A.B.","contributorId":23572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoos","given":"A.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1014811,"text":"1014811 - 1996 - Size-dependent effects of continuous and intermittent feeding on starvation time and mass loss in starving yellow perch larvae and juveniles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-26T14:33:26.365007","indexId":"1014811","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Size-dependent effects of continuous and intermittent feeding on starvation time and mass loss in starving yellow perch larvae and juveniles","docAbstract":"<p><span>Starvation rates of fish larvae living in patchy prey environments can have an important impact on cohort survival and recruitment. Despite this, little is known about how fluctuations in feeding experience influence starvation resistance and how this changes with ontogeny. Fish previously exposed to fluctuating food densities may not respond to long periods without food in the same way as fish previously exposed to a constant prey density. In a series of laboratory experiments with larvae and juveniles of yellow perch&nbsp;</span><i>Perca flavescens</i><span>, we tested the effects of continuous and intermittent feeding on times to starvation and on mass loss up to death from starvation for fish with initial total lengths of 10, 15, and 20 mm. Results indicated that proportional mass loss up to starvation was independent of fish mass, but that it did depend on feeding history. Fish that fed continuously before starvation all died after losing the same proportion of body mass (55%), but intermittent feeders died when they were slightly heavier (51–46% of body mass lost). Times to 50% mortality followed a different pattern; there was no significant difference in times to 50% mortality for fish that had fed continuously or intermittently for the same number of days before starvation. We conclude that short‐term fluctuations (≤4 d) in food availability do not appear to affect times to starvation but do influence mass loss during starvation in young yellow perch.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0014:SDEOCA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Letcher, B.H., Rice, J.A., Crowder, L., and Binkowski, F.P., 1996, Size-dependent effects of continuous and intermittent feeding on starvation time and mass loss in starving yellow perch larvae and juveniles: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 125, no. 1, p. 14-26, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0014:SDEOCA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"14","endPage":"26","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131723,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"125","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eed3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Letcher, B. H. 0000-0003-0191-5678","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-5678","contributorId":48132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Letcher","given":"B.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, J. A.","contributorId":101217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"J.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crowder, L.B.","contributorId":104437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowder","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Binkowski, F. P.","contributorId":9612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkowski","given":"F.","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1007453,"text":"1007453 - 1996 - Wintering site fidelity and movement patterns of Western Sandpipers Calidris mauri in the San Francisco Bay estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T16:26:54.573081","indexId":"1007453","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1961,"text":"Ibis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Wintering site fidelity and movement patterns of Western Sandpipers <i>Calidris mauri</i> in the San Francisco Bay estuary","title":"Wintering site fidelity and movement patterns of Western Sandpipers Calidris mauri in the San Francisco Bay estuary","docAbstract":"<p><span>Western Sandpipers&nbsp;</span><i>Calidris mauri</i><span>&nbsp;are the most numerous shorebird species in the San Francisco Bay estuary during winter. A sample of 106 Western Sandpipers was captured in mist nets and radio-marked with 1-g transmitters to examine their wintering site fidelity and movements. Differences in distances moved, home range extent and core area size were examined by age, sex, season, site, time of day and tide. All birds remained in the south San Francisco Bay region during winter and exhibited strong site fidelity, with a mean home range of 22.0 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;or only 8% of the study area. First-year birds had larger home ranges (26.6 ± 3.6 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>) than adults (17.2 ± 2.5 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>) in winter, but home range sizes of males and females were not significantly different in any period. Home range sizes were similar between seasons, but core areas were smaller in spring (6.3 ± 1.2 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>) than in early (9.6 ± 4.0 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>) or late (11.6 ± 1.6 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>) winter. Movements and home range size were similar for radio-marked birds located during day and night. The high degree of regional and local site fidelity demonstrated that the mixture of natural mud fiats and artificial salt ponds in southern San Francisco Bay provided sufficient resources for large wintering populations of Western Sandpipers.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.1996.tb04323.x","usgsCitation":"Warnock, S., and Takekawa, J.Y., 1996, Wintering site fidelity and movement patterns of Western Sandpipers Calidris mauri in the San Francisco Bay estuary: Ibis, v. 138, p. 160-167, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1996.tb04323.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130376,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"138","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e1018","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warnock, S.E.","contributorId":67458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warnock","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":315388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1007454,"text":"1007454 - 1996 - Using long-term monitoring to understand how adjacent land development affects natural areas: An example from Saguaro National Park, Arizona (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T14:32:54.198295","indexId":"1007454","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2821,"text":"Natural Areas Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using long-term monitoring to understand how adjacent land development affects natural areas: An example from Saguaro National Park, Arizona (USA)","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Natural Areas Association","usgsCitation":"Briggs, M., Harris, L., Howe, J., and Halvorson, W., 1996, Using long-term monitoring to understand how adjacent land development affects natural areas: An example from Saguaro National Park, Arizona (USA): Natural Areas Journal, v. 16, no. 4, p. 354-361.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"354","endPage":"361","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130377,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403897,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43911612"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Saguaro National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.74150085449219,\n              32.10409801044057\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.49911499023438,\n              32.10409801044057\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.49911499023438,\n              32.23429378728696\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.74150085449219,\n              32.23429378728696\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.74150085449219,\n              32.10409801044057\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602ec1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briggs, M.K.","contributorId":52914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, L.","contributorId":23493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howe, J.","contributorId":98679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Halvorson, W.","contributorId":85530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halvorson","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1007472,"text":"1007472 - 1996 - A new assay for quantifying brown algal phlorotannins and comparisons to previous methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T22:51:17.554902","indexId":"1007472","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2205,"text":"Journal of Chemical Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new assay for quantifying brown algal phlorotannins and comparisons to previous methods","docAbstract":"<p><span>Quantitative measurement of phlorotannins (polyphenolics) in brown algae (Phaeophyta) by colorimetric assays can be confounded because: (1) most such assays also react to nonphlorotannin substances (interferences) and (2) the appropriate reference compound for such assays is not always clear, although phloroglucinol is typically used. We developed a new assay in which 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (DMBA) reacts specifically with 1,3-and 1,3,5-substituted phenols (e.g., phlorotannins) to form a colored product. This new assay, as well as eliminating the problem of measuring interferences, is inexpensive, rapid, and can be used with small sample volumes. We recommend it for all assays of phlorotannins from one or a set of closely related species where the structural types of phlorotannins present are likely to be similar among samples. It is also appropriate for broader surveys of phlorotannin levels across many species, but in this case a reference must be chosen with care. We also compared the DMBA assay to existing assays, including the Folin-Denis [both before and after the samples were mixed with polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP)] and the Prussian blue assays. PVPP was not 100% efficient (and often much less) at removing phlorotannins from solution, and its effectiveness varied among different phlorotannins. Thus, in contrast to previous studies, measuring phenolic levels in extracts before and after treatment with PVPP will not necessarily result in an interference-free measure of phlorotannins. Based on an analysis of reactive substances in red and green algae (which do not contain phlorotannins) in the Folin-Denis and Prussian blue assays, we estimate that the average level of interferences (nonphlorotannins) in brown algae measured in these two assays is on the order of 0.5% by dry weight.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/bf02266965","usgsCitation":"Stern, J., Hagerman, A., Steinberg, P., Winter, F., and Estes, J.A., 1996, A new assay for quantifying brown algal phlorotannins and comparisons to previous methods: Journal of Chemical Ecology, v. 22, p. 1273-1293, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02266965.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1273","endPage":"1293","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129975,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abe72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stern, J.L.","contributorId":41377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hagerman, A.E.","contributorId":105261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagerman","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steinberg, P.D.","contributorId":89086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinberg","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winter, F.C.","contributorId":18313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1004131,"text":"1004131 - 1996 - Element concentrations on Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. after three years of transplanting along Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T15:53:58.972322","indexId":"1004131","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1575,"text":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Element concentrations on <i>Hypogymnia physodes</i> (L.) Nyl. after three years of transplanting along Lake Michigan","title":"Element concentrations on Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. after three years of transplanting along Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"<p><span>Improvements in air quality in air polluted areas are often followed by recolonization of habitats by sensitive lichens that had died out when air quality was worse. To test the hypothesis that air quality at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore has improved such that lichens could recolonize the area, samples of a species that once grew in the park,&nbsp;</span><i>Hypogymnia physodes</i><span>, were transplanted from Door County, Wisconsin to the park and three other sites along the western shore of Lake Michigan, including one at the site of origin as a control. The lichens were sampled for 3 years and tissue concentrations of 20 chemical elements were measured. There were no significant differences between concentrations over the 3 year study duration at the control site in Door County, suggesting that transplanting itself had no impacts on tissue concentrations. All but two elements increased in concentration from north to south with the greatest increases occurring in the third year of the study. Lichens at Indiana Dunes at the end of the study had suffered severe mortality. Chromium increased the most from north to south but concentrations were not higher than maxima observed in other studies. Arsenic and sulfur, however, exceeded known toxic thresholds or maxima observed in other studies on this species. Four hypotheses are presented to explain the toxicity of elements to this species.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0098-8472(96)01022-2","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., Dibben, M.J., and Lyman, K.J., 1996, Element concentrations on Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. after three years of transplanting along Lake Michigan: Environmental and Experimental Botany, v. 36, no. 3, p. 255-259, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(96)01022-2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134209,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Wisconsin","county":"Door County","otherGeospatial":"Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.11437225341797,\n              45.07424796448949\n            ],\n          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P.","contributorId":100323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dibben, M. J.","contributorId":80637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dibben","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyman, K. J.","contributorId":57812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyman","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1007991,"text":"1007991 - 1996 - Altered behavior of parasitized killifish increases susceptibility to predation by bird final hosts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T17:34:40.764782","indexId":"1007991","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Altered behavior of parasitized killifish increases susceptibility to predation by bird final hosts","docAbstract":"<p><span>Parasites that are transmitted from prey to predator are often associated with altered prey behavior. Although many concur that behavior modification is a parasite strategy that facilitates transmission by making parasitized prey easier for predators to capture, there is little evidence from field experiments. We observed that conspicuous behaviors exhibited by killfish (Fundulus parvipinnis) were associated with parasitism by larval trematodes. A field experiment indicated that parasitized fish were substantially more susceptible to predation by final host birds. These results support the behavior—modification hypothesis and emphasize the importance of parasites for predator—prey interactions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2265536","usgsCitation":"Lafferty, K.D., and Morris, A.K., 1996, Altered behavior of parasitized killifish increases susceptibility to predation by bird final hosts: Ecology, v. 77, no. 5, p. 1390-1397, https://doi.org/10.2307/2265536.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1390","endPage":"1397","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129958,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db687534","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morris, A. K.","contributorId":11557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017692,"text":"70017692 - 1996 - Results of a detailed infill lake-sediment survey in the Snow Lake area: Evaluation and comparison of grab sample and short core data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017692","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1126,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Results of a detailed infill lake-sediment survey in the Snow Lake area: Evaluation and comparison of grab sample and short core data","docAbstract":"As part of the Exploration Science and Technology Initiative (EXTECH) program a detailed infill lake-sediment and water survey was undertaken in the Snow Lake area during the fall of 1991. This involved the collection of 346 lake sediment grab samples and concomitant waters. In 1993, additional work was undertaken involving the collection of 23 short cores from selected grab sample sites. The primary objectives of the infill survey and short core work were to: 1) evaluate the effectiveness of lake sediment geochemistry in detecting known mineralization in the Snow Lake area; 2) evaluate and develop new approaches in the use of lake sediment geochemistry; and, 3) define, if possible, new exploration targets. At most sites, data from the cores verify the original grab sample results. However, at a few sites the original anomalous grab sample results are interpreted as being related to contamination as opposed to naturally elevated levels. An unusually thick sequence of contaminated surface sediments with extremely high concentrations of trace metals is a likely contributing factor, a condition which is restricted to lakes in the immediate vicinity of local anthropogenic activity. Collection of lake cores provides a useful new approach to the follow-up of grab sample data and to the application of lake sediment geochemistry, particularly in areas with significant local contamination. Much of the known mineralization in the area is clearly reflected by the lake sediment data. Character of the anomalies mirror the composition of the nearby mineralization. The lake sediment data also identify a number of areas that warrant further investigation, several of which are discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00687626","usgsCitation":"Friske, P., 1996, Results of a detailed infill lake-sediment survey in the Snow Lake area: Evaluation and comparison of grab sample and short core data: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada, no. 426, p. 257-277.","startPage":"257","endPage":"277","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"426","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aab17e4b0c8380cd8668b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friske, P.W.B.","contributorId":18125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friske","given":"P.W.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017691,"text":"70017691 - 1996 - Avian behavior and mortality at power lines in coastal South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017691","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avian behavior and mortality at power lines in coastal South Carolina","docAbstract":"We compared avian behavior and mortality associated with two 115-kV transmission lines on the central South Carolina coast during 3,392 hours of observation from May 1991 through May 1994. One line was marked with 30-cm-diameter yellow aviation markers. The second line was unmarked, but was similar in most other aspects. We conducted ground searches (n = 445) beneath each line year-round to document avian mortality due to power-line collisions. At marked lines, birds that approached at line height changed behavior more at unmarked lines (P< 0.001), and fewer crossed between static and conductor wires. Collision rate was 53% lower at marked than unmarked lines. Among collisions at both sites, 82% of birds collided with static wires. Based on observed collisions and carcass recoveries, wading birds particularly appeared to be at risk. We concluded that aviation markers were effective at increasing line visibility and reducing collisions and recommend marking static wires of power lines in potentially sensitive areas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Savereno, A., Savereno, L., Boettcher, R., and Haig, S.M., 1996, Avian behavior and mortality at power lines in coastal South Carolina: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 24, no. 4, p. 636-648.","startPage":"636","endPage":"648","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228898,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ef5ae4b0c8380cd4a1ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savereno, A.J.","contributorId":85738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savereno","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savereno, L.A.","contributorId":49128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savereno","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boettcher, R.","contributorId":68478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boettcher","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haig, S. M. 0000-0002-6616-7589","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":55389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018435,"text":"70018435 - 1996 - Character, paleoenvironment, rate of accumulation, and evidence for seismic triggering of Holocene turbidites, Canada Abyssal Plain, Arctic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T12:08:31","indexId":"70018435","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Character, paleoenvironment, rate of accumulation, and evidence for seismic triggering of Holocene turbidites, Canada Abyssal Plain, Arctic Ocean","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id8\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id9\"><p>Four box cores and one piston core show that Holocene sedimentation on the southern Canada Abyssal Plain for the last 8010 ± 120 yr has consisted of a continuing rain of pelagic organic and ice-rafted clastic sediment with a net accumulation rate during the late Holocene of ⩽10 mm/1000 yr, and episodically emplaced turbidites 1–5 m thick deposited at intervals of 830 to 3450 yr (average 2000 yr). The average net accumulation rate of the mixed sequence of turbidites and thin pelagite interbeds in the cores is about 1.2 m/1000 yr.</p><p>Physiography suggests that the turbidites originated on the Mackenzie Delta or its clinoform, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C values of −27 to −25%. in the turbidites are compatible with a provenance on a delta. Extant displaced neritic and lower slope to basin plain calcareous benthic foraminifers coexist in the turbidite units. Their joint occurence indicates that the turbidites originated on the modern continental shelf and entrained sediment from the slope and rise enroute to their final resting place on the Canada Abyssal Plain. The presence of Middle Pleistocene diatoms in the turbidites suggests, in addition, that the turbidites may have originated in shallow submarine slides beneath the upper slope or outer shelf. Small but consistent differences in organic carbon content and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C values between the turbidite units suggest that they did not share an identical provenance, which is at least compatible with an origin in slope failures.</p><p>The primary provenance of the ice-rafted component of the pelagic beds was the glaciated terrane of northwestern Canada; and the provenance of the turbidite units was Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentary deposits on the outer continental shelf and upper slope of the Mackenzie Delta. Largely local derivation of the sediment of the Canada Abyssal Plain indicates that sediment accumulation rates in the Arctic Ocean are valid only for regions with similar depositional sources and processes, and that these rates cannot be extrapolated regionally. The location of an elliptical zone of active seismicity over the inferred provenance of the turbidites suggests that they were triggered by large earthquakes.</p><p>Distal turbidite sediment accumulation rates were more than two orders of magnitude greater than pelagic sediment accumulation rates on the Canada Abyssal Plain during the last 8000 years. This disparity reconciles the discrepancy between the high accumulation rates assumed by some for the Arctic Ocean because of the numerous major rivers and large ice sheets that discharge into this small mediterranean basin and the low pelagic sedimentation rates that have been reported from the Arctic Ocean.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(96)00015-1","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Grantz, A., Phillips, R., Mullen, M.W., Starratt, S., Jones, G.A., Naidu, A., and Finney, B.P., 1996, Character, paleoenvironment, rate of accumulation, and evidence for seismic triggering of Holocene turbidites, Canada Abyssal Plain, Arctic Ocean: Marine Geology, v. 133, no. 1-2, p. 51-73, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(96)00015-1.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479157,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(96)00015-1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"133","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f489e4b0c8380cd4bd91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grantz, A.","contributorId":60378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, R. L.","contributorId":98289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mullen, M. W.","contributorId":15587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Starratt, S. W.","contributorId":89145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starratt","given":"S. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jones, Glenn A.","contributorId":17779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Naidu, A.S.","contributorId":64403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naidu","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Finney, B. P.","contributorId":93643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Finney","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
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