{"pageNumber":"3789","pageRowStart":"94700","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185258,"records":[{"id":70018749,"text":"70018749 - 1996 - Mn-rich ilmenite from the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018749","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mn-rich ilmenite from the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia","docAbstract":"Electron-microprobe analyses of 76 ilmenite grains from 13 locations in the footwall, hanging wall, and ore zone of the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, Kimberley, British Columbia, and from regionally developed tourmalinite of the Middle Proterozoic Aldridge Formation show two different modes that reflect two stages of formation. The first stage of ilmenite formation occurred as a result of greenschist-facies regional metamorphism, which also produced the associated Mn-rich garnet. Ilmenite from this stage forms inclusions within garnet and has a relatively low Mn content (<5.5 wt% MnO), owing to the preferential partitioning of Mn into the garnet. A second metamorphic or hydrothermal event resulted in the formation of ilmenite-bearing veinlets (+ chlorite + quartz + sulfides) that cut garnet and associated biotite. This latter type of ilmenite has a higher Mn content (up to 16.7 wt% MnO) that reflects remobilization of Mn within the local environment. Both types of Mn-rich ilmenite are considered to be derived from Mn originally concentrated in pools of dense brine that formed during synsedimentary, submarine-exhalative mineralization.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Jiang, S., Palmer, M.R., and Slack, J.F., 1996, Mn-rich ilmenite from the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 34, no. 1, p. 29-36.","startPage":"29","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b8ce4b0c8380cd6f625","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jiang, S.-Y.","contributorId":79248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jiang","given":"S.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmer, M. R.","contributorId":81256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018422,"text":"70018422 - 1996 - Upper Lower Cambrian depositional sequence in Avalonian New Brunswick","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T15:59:39.678356","indexId":"70018422","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper Lower Cambrian depositional sequence in Avalonian New Brunswick","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Hanford Brook Formation (emended) is a thin (up to 42+ m), upper Lower Cambrian depositional sequence that is unconformably bounded by the lower Lower Cambrian (Random Formation) and the middle Middle Cambrian (Fossil Brook Member of the Chamberlain's Brook Formation). These stratigraphic relationships of the trilobite-bearing Hanford Brook Formation indicate deposition on the Avalonian marginal platform in the Saint John, New Brunswick, region and provide more evidence for a uniform, latest Precambrian–Cambrian epeirogenic history and cover sequence in Avalon. The Hanford Brook Formation is a deepening–shoaling sequence with (</span><i>i</i><span>) lower, transgressive sandstone deposited in episodically high-energy environments (St. Martins Member, new); (</span><i>ii</i><span>) highstand–regressive, dysaerobic mudstone – fine-grained sandstone with volcanic ashes (Somerset Street Member, new); and (</span><i>iii</i><span>) upper, regressive, planar and hummocky cross-stratified sandstone (Long Island Member, new). Trilobites are common in the distal Somerset Street Member, and ostracodes and brachiopods dominate the St. Martins and Long Island members. Condensation of the St. Martins Member and absence of the Long Island Member where the Random Formation and Fossil Brook Member are thinnest suggest onlap of the Hanford Brook and pronounced, sub-Middle Cambrian erosion across epeirogenically active blocks in southern New Brunswick.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e96-030","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Landing, E., and Westrop, S.R., 1996, Upper Lower Cambrian depositional sequence in Avalonian New Brunswick: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 33, no. 3, p. 404-417, https://doi.org/10.1139/e96-030.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"404","endPage":"417","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227161,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"New Brunswick","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.22579066198111,\n              45.319095956001604\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.22579066198111,\n              45.20114164692981\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.95871772379098,\n              45.20114164692981\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.95871772379098,\n              45.319095956001604\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.22579066198111,\n              45.319095956001604\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd3fe4b08c986b328f30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landing, E.","contributorId":53964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landing","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westrop, S. R.","contributorId":69727,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Westrop","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018714,"text":"70018714 - 1996 - The marine record of the Russell Fiord outburst flood, Alaska, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-31T02:11:16.817825","indexId":"70018714","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The marine record of the Russell Fiord outburst flood, Alaska, U.S.A","docAbstract":"<p>The advance of Hubbard Glacier, near Yakutat, Alaska, U.S.A., in spring 1986 blocked the entrance to Russell Fiord with an ice-and-sediment dam, behind which a lake formed. The water level in Russell Lake rose to 25.5 m a.s.l. The dam catastrophically failed in October 1986, releasing 5.4 km<sup>3</sup> of water into Disenchantment Bay. High-resolution seismic-reflection profiles show a 7.5 km long channel system cut into and buried by glacimarine sediment, represented by continuous, parallel reflections. The chaotic seismic facies filling the channel is interpreted to be debris flow deposits. A gravity core from channel-overbank deposits contained sandy diamicton with mud clasts. Above the channel a 1-2 m thick sediment drape extends across the bay. Laminated mud, fining-upward sand beds and diamicton were recovered from this unit. The sediment-drape deposits were produced by suspension settling from turbid plumes and non-channelized turbidity currents generated by the outburst flood.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.3189/1996AoG22-1-194-199","issn":"02603055","usgsCitation":"Cowan, E.A., Carlson, P., and Powell, R., 1996, The marine record of the Russell Fiord outburst flood, Alaska, U.S.A: Annals of Glaciology, v. 22, p. 194-199, https://doi.org/10.3189/1996AoG22-1-194-199.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"194","endPage":"199","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479065,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/1996aog22-1-194-199","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227224,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Disenchantment Bay, Hubbard Glacier, Russell Fjord, Russell Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -139.80485799868896,\n              59.820238641197136\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.60386401727317,\n              59.84111423879352\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.61592365615815,\n              59.875429502318894\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.6052039771492,\n              59.88954903118679\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.5087268660699,\n              59.931871640191076\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.4738879092913,\n              60.00496912382937\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.536866023468,\n              60.05717844914716\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.57840477962714,\n              60.04246109489321\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.62262345553867,\n              60.00362933810615\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.63468309442368,\n              59.955360894365896\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.73786000488346,\n              59.933885656948604\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.8035180388126,\n              59.85995837305066\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.80485799868896,\n              59.820238641197136\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badbbe4b08c986b323db8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowan, E. A.","contributorId":16423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowan","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, R.D.","contributorId":74015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":85651,"text":"85651 - 1996 - Toxicological significance of mercury in freshwater fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:14","indexId":"85651","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Toxicological significance of mercury in freshwater fish","docAbstract":"Abstract not submitted to date","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife--Interpreting Tissue Concentrations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","usgsCitation":"Wiener, J., and Spry, D., 1996, Toxicological significance of mercury in freshwater fish, chap. <i>of</i> Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife--Interpreting Tissue Concentrations, 297-339.","productDescription":"297-339","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627ef1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Beyer, W. N. 0000-0002-8911-9141","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9141","contributorId":55379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"W. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504647,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heinz, G. H.","contributorId":85905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504648,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Redmon-Norwood, A. W.","contributorId":111451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redmon-Norwood","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504649,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spry, D.J.","contributorId":40699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spry","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":85657,"text":"85657 - 1996 - The importance of floodplain forests in the conservation and management of neotropical migratory birds in the Midwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:59","indexId":"85657","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The importance of floodplain forests in the conservation and management of neotropical migratory birds in the Midwest","docAbstract":"Bottomland forests of the Central Forest Region of the Upper Midwest are found primarily on the floodplains of large rivers and include at least six types of forest communities.  Birds breeding in bottomland forests are affected by extensive variation in latitude, climate, hydrology, forest succession, and change caused by anthropogenic disturbances.  The floodplain forest bird community differs in species composition and in relative abundance from adjacent upland habitats.  High abundances of some species are found in the floodplain and some species, such as the prothonotary warbler, brown creeper, yellow-billed cuckoo, yellow-bellied sapsucker, and great crested flycatcher, show a clear preference for floodplain forests.  Studies of nesting success indicate that, for some species, nest success may be higher in the floodplain than in the uplands.  Floodplain birds face threats due to large-scale loss of floodplain forest habitat.  Conservation efforts should focus on restoring degraded floodplains by maintaining high tree species diversity and wide corridors.  To accomplish this, the underlying hydrodynamics which support a diverse floodplain forest habitat may need to be restored.  Large, contiguous tracts of floodplain and upland forests should be maintained where they exist and restored in other locations.  This will provide some high quality habitat for area-sensitive neotropical migratory birds (NTMBs) in agricultural landscapes where small, scattered forest fragments are the rule.  Future research efforts should examine the importance of floodplain forests in maintaining populations of neotropical migrants, especially birds experiencing population declines in adjacent uplands.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Management of Midwestern Landscapes for the Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"USDA Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Knutson, M.G., Hoover, J., and Klaas, E., 1996, The importance of floodplain forests in the conservation and management of neotropical migratory birds in the Midwest, chap. <i>of</i> Management of Midwestern Landscapes for the Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds, 1-21.","productDescription":"1-21","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a85e4b07f02db64d5d2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Thompson, Frank R.","contributorId":6730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Frank R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504654,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Knutson, M. G.","contributorId":55375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knutson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoover, J.P.","contributorId":105662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoover","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klaas, Erwin E.","contributorId":21487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaas","given":"Erwin E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018518,"text":"70018518 - 1996 - Kulshan caldera: A quaternary subglacial caldera in the North Cascades, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T13:36:09","indexId":"70018518","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kulshan caldera: A quaternary subglacial caldera in the North Cascades, Washington","docAbstract":"<p><span>Calderas that collapse during large pyroclastic eruptions are anomalously rare in the Cascade arc. Recognition of the early Pleistocene 4.5 × 8 km Kulshan caldera, filled with rhyodacite ignimbrite at the northeast foot of Mount Baker, brings to only three the Quaternary calderas identified in the Cascades. A near-vertical ring fault cut in basement rocks of the North Cascades encloses 30 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;of intracaldera ignimbrite (and intermixed collapse breccia) &gt;1 km thick but with no floor exposed. The Lake Tapps tephra in the Puget lowland is the correlative fallout; 200 km from the source, it is as thick as 30 cm. Features of the distal ash fall and the intracaldera tuff suggest large-scale phreatomagmatism during an eruption that may have started subglacially. Several advances of the Cordilleran ice sheet subsequently obliterated the topographic rim, removed every vestige of extracaldera ignimbrite and proximal fallout, and stripped any precaldera extrusive rocks-the former existence of which is suggested only by a few silicic intrusions that cut the circumcaldera basement. Although the caldera is not structurally resurgent, several early intracaldera rhyodacite lavas intrude and rest directly on ignimbrite or on ashy caldera-lake sediments reworked from the eruption products. Subsidence areas, pumice compositions, and volumes of magma erupted (&gt;50 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>) are similar for the Kulshan, Rockland, and Crater Lake (Mazama) events, the three Quaternary caldera-forming eruptions now recognized in the Cascades.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0786:KCAQSC>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, W., 1996, Kulshan caldera: A quaternary subglacial caldera in the North Cascades, Washington: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 7, p. 786-793, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0786:KCAQSC>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"786","endPage":"793","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40cee4b0c8380cd65059","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018509,"text":"70018509 - 1996 - Measuring rates of biodegradation in a contaminated aquifer using field and laboratory methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T12:15:25.382567","indexId":"70018509","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measuring rates of biodegradation in a contaminated aquifer using field and laboratory methods","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group  metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Rates of biodegradation were measured in a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer using a combination of field and laboratory methods. These methods are based on tracking concentration changes of substrates (both electron donors and acceptors) or final products of microbial metabolism over time. Ground water at the study site (Hanahan, South Carolina) is anoxic, and sulfate reduction is the predominant terminal electron accepting process. Laboratory studies conducted with sediment cored from the site showed that<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C-toluene was mineralized to<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>with a first-order degradation rate constant (k<sub>tol</sub>) of -0.01 d<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>under sulfate-reducing conditions. Under nitrate-amended, Fe(III)-amended, or nonamended (methanogenic) conditions, toluene was not significantly mineralized.<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C-Benzene was degraded at low but measurable rates (k<sub>ben</sub>= -0.003 d<sup>−1</sup>) under sulfate-reducing conditions whereas degradation under methanogenic conditions was negligible. These results illustrate the extreme sensitivity of laboratory-measured biodegradation rates to terminal electron-accepting conditions, and show the necessity of carefully matching experimental conditions to in situ conditions. Concentration decreases of toluene along aquifer flowpaths, when the uncertainty of ground-water flow velocities was considered, indicated k<sub>tol</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values ranging from -0.0075 to -0.03 d<sup>−1</sup>. Concentration decreases of sulfate and concentration increases of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), when normalized for assumed stoichiometric oxidation of toluene coupled to sulfate reduction, yielded a k<sub>so4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>range of -0.005 to -0.02 d<sup>−1</sup>, and a k<sub>DIC</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>value range of +0.00075 to +0.003 d<sup>−1</sup>. Because both laboratory and field methods have numerous sources of uncertainty, a combination of these methods is the most appropriate procedure for evaluating biodegradation rate constants in contaminated ground-water systems.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02057.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., Bradley, P., Lovley, D.R., and Vroblesky, D., 1996, Measuring rates of biodegradation in a contaminated aquifer using field and laboratory methods: Groundwater, v. 34, no. 4, p. 691-698, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02057.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"691","endPage":"698","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227344,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a534ee4b0c8380cd6c9b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":96691,"text":"96691 - 1996 - Estimating the historical abundance of sea otters in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:51","indexId":"96691","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Estimating the historical abundance of sea otters in California","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Endangered Species Update, Special Issue: Conservation and Management of the southern sea otter.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"DeMaster, D., Marzin, C., and Jameson, R., 1996, Estimating the historical abundance of sea otters in California, chap. <i>of</i> Endangered Species Update, Special Issue: Conservation and Management of the southern sea otter., v. 13, p. 79-81.","productDescription":"p. 79-81","startPage":"79","endPage":"81","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc7cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeMaster, D.P.","contributorId":93848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMaster","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marzin, C.","contributorId":68673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marzin","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jameson, R.J.","contributorId":56581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jameson","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018508,"text":"70018508 - 1996 - Absence of glaciation in Illinois during marine isotope stages 3 through 5","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018508","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Absence of glaciation in Illinois during marine isotope stages 3 through 5","docAbstract":"A 10Be inventory and 14C ages of material from a core from northernmost Illinois support previous interpretations that this area was ice free from ca. 155,000 to 25,000 yr ago. During much of this period, from about 155,000 to 55,000 yr ago, 10Be accumulated in the argillic horizon of the Sangamon Geosol. Wisconsinan loess, containing inherited 10Be, was deposited above the Sangamon Geosol from ca. 55,000 to 25,000 yr ago and was subsequently buried by late Wisconsinan till deposited by the Lake Michigan Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The Sangamonian interglacial stage has been correlated narrowly to marine oxygen isotope substage 5e; our data indicate instead that the Sangamon Geosol developed during late stage 6, all of stages 5 and 4, and early stage 3. ?? 1996 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1996.0040","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Curry, B.B., and Pavich, M., 1996, Absence of glaciation in Illinois during marine isotope stages 3 through 5: Quaternary Research, v. 46, no. 1, p. 19-26, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.0040.","startPage":"19","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205896,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.0040"},{"id":227343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e649e4b0c8380cd472f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curry, B. Brandon","contributorId":104224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curry","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brandon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pavich, M.J.","contributorId":70788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavich","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018517,"text":"70018517 - 1996 - The influence of landscape position on lake chemical responses to drought in northern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018517","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of landscape position on lake chemical responses to drought in northern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Climatic shifts to drier conditions during drought alter the hydrologic pathways of water and solute flow to aquatic ecosystems. We examined differences in drought-induced trends in the semiconservative cations, Ca+Mg, in seven northern Wisconsin lakes. These spanned the range of hydrologic settings in the region, including hydraulically mounded, groundwater flowthrough, and groundwater-discharge lakes. Parallel increases in concentration across the seven lakes during drought were attributable to evapoconcentration. However, we observed divergent trends for mass, which better reflects altered solute flux by accounting for changes in lake volume. Ca+Mg mass increased in three groundwater-dominated lakes as precipitation inputs were low and groundwater discharging from longer flowpaths became proportionately more important. In contrast, decreases in Ca+Mg mass for two precipitation-dominated lakes reflected diminished inputs of solute-rich groundwater. Landscape position, defined by the spatial position of a lake within a hydrologic flow system, accounted for the divergence in chemical responses to drought.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Webster, K., Kratz, T., Bowser, C., Magnuson, J., and Rose, W.J., 1996, The influence of landscape position on lake chemical responses to drought in northern Wisconsin: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 41, no. 5, p. 977-984.","startPage":"977","endPage":"984","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad2be4b08c986b323a17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webster, K.E.","contributorId":63753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webster","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kratz, T.K.","contributorId":51684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratz","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowser, C.J.","contributorId":32302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowser","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Magnuson, J.J.","contributorId":85342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magnuson","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rose, W. J.","contributorId":14433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018526,"text":"70018526 - 1996 - Geochemistry of the alginite and amorphous organic matter from type II-S kerogens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:23","indexId":"70018526","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of the alginite and amorphous organic matter from type II-S kerogens","docAbstract":"Maceral fractions of the Type II-S kerogens from the Monterey Formation (Miocene. California. U.S.A.) and Duwi Formation (Campanian/Maastrichtian, Egypt) were separated by density gradient centrifugation. The Monterey Fm. kerogen sample was comprised chiefly of light red-fluorescing amorphous organic matter (AOM), the flash pyrolyzate of which was characterized by a predominance of alkylbenzenes, alkylthiophenes and alkylpyrroles. In contrast, the pyrolyzates of its alginite concentrate showed a highly aliphatic character, typical of this maceral, with the series of n-alkenes and n-alkanes (C6- C26) predominating. The pyrolyzate of the dominant light brown-fluorescing AOM of the Duwi Fm. kerogen had a relatively high concentration of alkylbenzenes and alkylthiophenes, while its elginite concentrate showed a more aliphatic character upon pyrolysis. There was a marked enrichment of thiophenic sulfur in the light-colored AOM of both samples (and also pyrrolic nitrogen in the case of the Monterey) relative to the alginite. The results support a bacterially-mediated, degradative origin for Type II-S amorphous organic matter, with algal remains as the primary source of the kerogen.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(96)00048-4","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Stankiewicz, B., Kruge, M., Mastalerz, M., and Salmon, G., 1996, Geochemistry of the alginite and amorphous organic matter from type II-S kerogens: Organic Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 5, p. 495-509, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00048-4.","startPage":"495","endPage":"509","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205956,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00048-4"},{"id":227611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1721e4b0c8380cd553ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stankiewicz, B.A.","contributorId":83676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stankiewicz","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kruge, M.A.","contributorId":55579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruge","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Salmon, G.L.","contributorId":6597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salmon","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70195845,"text":"70195845 - 1996 - [Book Review] J.P. Riley, R. Chester (Eds.) SEAREX: The sea/air exchange program, a review with comments on recovery of data, from large earth-science research programs, chemical oceanography, Vol. 10, Academic Press (1989), 404p., US $48.00 (ISBN 0-12-588610-1)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T16:35:18","indexId":"70195845","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book Review] J.P. Riley, R. Chester (Eds.) SEAREX: The sea/air exchange program, a review with comments on recovery of data, from large earth-science research programs, chemical oceanography, Vol. 10, Academic Press (1989), 404p., US $48.00 (ISBN 0-12-588610-1)","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(97)81137-4","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., 1996, [Book Review] J.P. Riley, R. Chester (Eds.) SEAREX: The sea/air exchange program, a review with comments on recovery of data, from large earth-science research programs, chemical oceanography, Vol. 10, Academic Press (1989), 404p., US $48.00 (ISBN 0-12-588610-1): Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 24, p. 5160-5163, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)81137-4.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"5160","endPage":"5163","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352229,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff1df9e4b0da30c1bfd542","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018156,"text":"70018156 - 1996 - The edge of time: Dating young volcanic ash layers with the 40Ar- 39Ar laser probe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018156","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The edge of time: Dating young volcanic ash layers with the 40Ar- 39Ar laser probe","docAbstract":"Argon-40-argon-39 single-crystal dating of young (5000 to 30,000 years ago) volcanic ash layers erupted from the Mono Craters, California, shows that the method can yield meaningful ages in Holocene tephra. Because of ubiquitous xenocrystic contamination, the data do not form isochrons but plot in wedge-shaped regions on an argon isotopic diagram. The upper boundary of the region is an isochron matching the 14C-derived age of the eruption. Such contamination-related patterns may be common in dating young materials by the single-crystal method. Argon dating by this method can help refine the time scale of physical and biological evolution over the past 100,000 years.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.274.5290.1176","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Chen, Y., Smith, P.E., Evensen, N., York, D., and Lajoie, K.R., 1996, The edge of time: Dating young volcanic ash layers with the 40Ar- 39Ar laser probe: Science, v. 274, no. 5290, p. 1176-1178, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5290.1176.","startPage":"1176","endPage":"1178","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205900,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5290.1176"},{"id":227364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"274","issue":"5290","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab0de4b08c986b322b9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Y.","contributorId":7019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, P. E.","contributorId":42951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evensen, N.M.","contributorId":19721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evensen","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"York, D.","contributorId":75707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"York","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lajoie, K. R.","contributorId":6828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lajoie","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018163,"text":"70018163 - 1996 - The initial cooling of pahoehoe flow lobes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-08T01:39:31.090094","indexId":"70018163","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The initial cooling of pahoehoe flow lobes","docAbstract":"In this paper we describe a new thermal model for the initial cooling of pahoehoe lava flows. The accurate modeling of this initial cooling is important for understanding the formation of the distinctive surface textures on pahoehoe lava flows as well as being the first step in modeling such key pahoehoe emplacement processes as lava flow inflation and lava tube formation. This model is constructed from the physical phenomena observed to control the initial cooling of pahoehoe flows and is not an empirical fit to field data. We find that the only significant processes are (a) heat loss by thermal radiation, (b) heat loss by atmospheric convection, (c) heat transport within the flow by conduction with temperature and porosity-dependent thermal properties, and (d) the release of latent heat during crystallization. The numerical model is better able to reproduce field measurements made in Hawai'i between 1989 and 1993 than other published thermal models. By adjusting one parameter at a time, the effect of each of the input parameters on the cooling rate was determined. We show that: (a) the surfaces of porous flows cool more quickly than the surfaces of dense flows, (b) the surface cooling is very sensitive to the efficiency of atmospheric convective cooling, and (c) changes in the glass forming tendency of the lava may have observable petrographic and thermal signatures. These model results provide a quantitative explanation for the recently observed relationship between the surface cooling rate of pahoehoe lobes and the porosity of those lobes (Jones 1992, 1993). The predicted sensitivity of cooling to atmospheric convection suggests a simple field experiment for verification, and the model provides a tool to begin studies of the dynamic crystallization of real lavas. Future versions of the model can also be made applicable to extraterrestrial, submarine, silicic, and pyroclastic flows.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004450050121","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Keszthelyi, L., and Denlinger, R., 1996, The initial cooling of pahoehoe flow lobes: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 58, no. 1, p. 5-18, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050121.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227454,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad45e4b08c986b323ad6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keszthelyi, L.","contributorId":42691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denlinger, R.","contributorId":47925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018070,"text":"70018070 - 1996 - Age of supergene oxidation and enrichment in the Chilean porphyry copper province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T16:58:06.67885","indexId":"70018070","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age of supergene oxidation and enrichment in the Chilean porphyry copper province","docAbstract":"<p><span>Twenty-five samples of supergene alunite collected from deeply developed supergene profiles in porphyry copper deposits and prospects between latitudes 20 degrees and 27 degrees S in northern Chile yield K/Ar ages ranging from about 34 to 14 Ma. Therefore supergene oxidation and enrichment processes were active from the early Oligocene to the middle Miocene, a minimum of 20 m.y. Supergene activity at individual deposits lasted for at least 0.4 to 6.2 m.y. The early Oligocene supergene activity affected deposits in the Paleocene porphyry copper belt, whereas early and middle Miocene supergene processes are documented in the Early Cretaceous, Paleocene, and late Eocene to early Oligocene porphyry, copper belts. Middle Miocene oxidation also affected the oldest epithermal gold-silver deposits in the Maricunga belt farther east. Supergene activity commenced no less than 11 m.y. after generation of each porphyry copper deposit because of the time required to unroof the copper-bearing parts of the system. Supergene activity throughout northern Chile ceased at approximately 14 Ma. The geologic features of deposits and prospects and their morphotectonic positions, present latitudes, and present elevations display no obvious correlations with the supergene chronology. Exploration for major cumulative enrichment blankets should not be carried out either beneath thick sequences of piedmont gravels (+ or - ignimbrites) of Oligocene through middle Miocene age unless their accumulation is demonstrably late in the documented history of supergene activity, or in porphyry copper provinces, such as those of central Chile and northwestern Argentina, which formed after approximately 14 Ma. The uplift responsible for efficient cumulative copper enrichment is difficult to correlate convincingly with the brief pulses of compressive tectonism postulated for northern Chile and contiguous areas unless their effects were much more prolonged. Intensifying aridity is confirmed as the likely reason for the cessation of supergene activity in northern Chile, and tectonic uplift was its most probable cause. However, more fundamental global controls producing a period of chemical weathering followed by worldwide dessication also may have played a role.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.91.1.164","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Sillitoe, R., and McKee, E., 1996, Age of supergene oxidation and enrichment in the Chilean porphyry copper province: Economic Geology, v. 91, no. 1, p. 164-179, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.1.164.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228460,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8ede4b0c8380cd47fa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sillitoe, R.H.","contributorId":76479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sillitoe","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018058,"text":"70018058 - 1996 - Initial rupture of earthquakes in the 1995 Ridgecrest, California sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70018058","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Initial rupture of earthquakes in the 1995 Ridgecrest, California sequence","docAbstract":"Close examination of the P waves from earthquakes ranging in size across several orders of magnitude shows that the shape of the initiation of the velocity waveforms is independent of the magnitude of the earthquake. A model in which earthquakes of all sizes have similar rupture initiation can explain the data. This suggests that it is difficult to estimate the eventual size of an earthquake from the initial portion of the waveform. Previously reported curvature seen in the beginning of some velocity waveforms can be largely explained as the effect of anelastic attenuation; thus there is little evidence for a departure from models of simple rupture initiation that grow dynamically from a small region. The results of this study indicate that any \"precursory\" radiation at seismic frequencies must emanate from a source region no larger than the equivalent of a M0.5 event (i.e. a characteristic length of ???10 m). The size of the nucleation region for magnitude 0 to 5 earthquakes thus is not resolvable with the standard seismic instrumentation deployed in California. Copyright 1996 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Mori, J., and Kanamori, H., 1996, Initial rupture of earthquakes in the 1995 Ridgecrest, California sequence: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 23, no. 18, p. 2437-2440.","startPage":"2437","endPage":"2440","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228967,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3bebe4b0c8380cd6292d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mori, J.","contributorId":24923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mori","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kanamori, H.","contributorId":55438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanamori","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018083,"text":"70018083 - 1996 - Chloride mass-balance method for estimating ground water recharge in arid areas: Examples from western Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T07:29:01","indexId":"70018083","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chloride mass-balance method for estimating ground water recharge in arid areas: Examples from western Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>The chloride mass-balance method, which integrates time and aerial distribution of ground water recharge, was applied to small alluvial aquifers in the wadi systems of the Asir and Hijaz mountains in western Saudi Arabia. This application is an extension of the method shown to be suitable for estimating recharge in regional aquifers in semi-arid areas. Because the method integrates recharge in time and space it appears to be, with certain assumptions, particularly well suited for and areas with large temporal and spatial variation in recharge. In general, recharge was found to be between 3 to 4% of precipitation - a range consistent with recharge rates found in other arid and semi-arid areas of the earth.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03028-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Bazuhair, A., and Wood, W., 1996, Chloride mass-balance method for estimating ground water recharge in arid areas: Examples from western Saudi Arabia: Journal of Hydrology, v. 186, no. 1-4, p. 153-159, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03028-4.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"159","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206142,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03028-4"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"Asir mountains, Hijaz mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              42,\n              14\n            ],\n            [\n              36,\n              26\n            ],\n            [\n              45,\n              26\n            ],\n            [\n              45,\n              14\n            ],\n            [\n              42,\n              14\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"186","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5c6e4b0c8380cd4c3f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bazuhair, A.S.","contributorId":24119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bazuhair","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, W.W.","contributorId":21974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018468,"text":"70018468 - 1996 - Determination of 15N/14N and 13C/12C in solid and aqueous cyanides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-08T17:33:04.115983","indexId":"70018468","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Determination of <sup>15</sup>N/<sup>14</sup>N and <sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C in solid and aqueous cyanides","title":"Determination of 15N/14N and 13C/12C in solid and aqueous cyanides","docAbstract":"<p><span>The stable isotopic compositions of nitrogen and carbon in cyanide compounds can be determined by combusting aliquots in sealed tubes to form N</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;gas and CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;gas and analyzing the gases by mass spectrometry. Free cyanide (CN</span><sup>-</sup><sub>aq</sub><span>&nbsp;+ HCN</span><sub>aq</sub><span>) in simple solutions can also be analyzed by first precipitating the cyanide as copper(II) ferrocyanide and then combusting the precipitate. Reproducibility is ±0.5‰ or better for both δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N and δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C. If empirical corrections are made on the basis of carbon yields, the reproducibility of δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C can be improved to ±0.2‰. The analytical methods described herein are sufficiently accurate and precise to apply stable isotope techniques to problems of cyanide degradation in natural waters and industrial process solutions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac950843m","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.A., 1996, Determination of 15N/14N and 13C/12C in solid and aqueous cyanides: Analytical Chemistry, v. 68, no. 8, p. 1429-1431, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac950843m.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1429","endPage":"1431","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227298,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-04-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff84e4b0c8380cd4f22d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Craig A. 0000-0002-1334-2996 cjohnso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Craig","email":"cjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018054,"text":"70018054 - 1996 - Manufacture of ammonium sulfate fertilizer from gypsum-rich byproduct of flue gas desulfurization - A prefeasibility cost estimate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70018054","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":611,"text":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Manufacture of ammonium sulfate fertilizer from gypsum-rich byproduct of flue gas desulfurization - A prefeasibility cost estimate","docAbstract":"Costs for constructing and operating a conceptual plant based on a proposed process that converts flue gas desulfurization (FGD)-gypsum to ammonium sulfate fertilizer has been calculated and used to estimate a market price for the product. The average market price of granular ammonium sulfate ($138/ton) exceeds the rough estimated cost of ammonium sulfate from the proposed process ($111/ ton), by 25 percent, if granular size ammonium sulfate crystals of 1.2 to 3.3 millimeters in diameters can be produced by the proposed process. However, there was at least ??30% margin in the cost estimate calculations. The additional costs for compaction, if needed to create granules of the required size, would make the process uneconomical unless considerable efficiency gains are achieved to balance the additional costs. This study suggests the need both to refine the crystallization process and to find potential markets for the calcium carbonate produced by the process.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"05693772","usgsCitation":"Chou, I., Rostam-Abadi, M., Lytle, J., and Achorn, F., 1996, Manufacture of ammonium sulfate fertilizer from gypsum-rich byproduct of flue gas desulfurization - A prefeasibility cost estimate: ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, v. 41, no. 2, p. 580-583.","startPage":"580","endPage":"583","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228878,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4cdfe4b0c8380cd69f6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":378326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rostam-Abadi, M.","contributorId":37061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostam-Abadi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lytle, J.M.","contributorId":82072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lytle","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Achorn, F.P.","contributorId":27626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Achorn","given":"F.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018446,"text":"70018446 - 1996 - Lower and lower Middle Pennsylvanian fluvial to estuarine deposition, central Appalachian basin: Effects of eustasy, tectonics, and climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T12:26:35.691827","indexId":"70018446","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lower and lower Middle Pennsylvanian fluvial to estuarine deposition, central Appalachian basin: Effects of eustasy, tectonics, and climate","docAbstract":"<p>Interpretations of Pennsylvanian sedimentation and peat accumulation commonly use examples from the Appalachian basin because of the excellent outcrops and large reserve of coal (&gt;100 billion metric tons) in the region. Particularly controversial is the origin of Lower and lower Middle Pennsylvanian quartzose sandstones; beach-barrier, marine-bar, tidal-strait, and fluvial models all have been applied to a series of sand bodies along the western outcrop margin of the basin. Interpretations of these sandstones and their inferred lateral relationships are critical for understanding the relative degree of eustatic, tectonic, and climatic controls on Early Pennsylvanian sedimentation.</p><p>Cross sections utilizing &gt;1000 subsurface records and detailed sedimentological analysis of the Livingston Conglomerate, Rockcastle Sandstone, Corbin Sandstone, and Pine Creek sandstone (an informal member) of the Breathitt Group were used to show that each of the principal quartzose sandstones on the margin of the central Appalachian basin contains both fluvial and marginal marine facies.</p><p>The four sandstones are fluvially dominated and are inferred to represent successive bed-load trunk systems of the Appalachian foreland. Base-level rise and an associated decrease in extra-basinal sediment at the end of each fluvial episode led to the development of local estuaries and marine reworking of the tops of the sand belts. Each of the sand belts is capped locally by a coal, regardless of whether the upper surfaces of the sand belts are of fluvial or estuarine origin, suggesting allocyclic controls on deposition. Peats were controlled by a tropical ever-wet climate, which also influenced sandstone composition through weathering of stored sands in slowly aggrading braidplains.</p><p>Recurrent stacking of thick, coarse-grained, fluvial deposits with extra-basinal quartz pebbles; dominance of bed-load fluvial–lowstand deposits over mixed-load, estuarine-transgressive deposits; thinning of sand belts around tectonic highs and along faults; cratonward shift and amalgamation of successive sand belts on the margin of the basin; and truncation of successive sand belts toward the fault-bound margin of the basin are interpreted as regional responses to Alleghenian tectonism, inferred to have been the dominant control on accommodation space and sediment flux in the Early Pennsylvanian basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0303:LALMPF>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Greb, S., and Chesnut, D., 1996, Lower and lower Middle Pennsylvanian fluvial to estuarine deposition, central Appalachian basin: Effects of eustasy, tectonics, and climate: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 3, p. 303-317, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0303:LALMPF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"317","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227561,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a7ae4b0c8380cd68dc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greb, S.F.","contributorId":48294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greb","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chesnut, D.R. Jr.","contributorId":100548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chesnut","given":"D.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018073,"text":"70018073 - 1996 - Effect of surface area and chemisorbed oxygen on the SO2 adsorption capacity of activated char","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70018073","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of surface area and chemisorbed oxygen on the SO2 adsorption capacity of activated char","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to determine whether activated char produced from Illinois coal could be used effectively to remove sulfur dioxide from coal combustion flue gas. Chars were prepared from a high-volatile Illinois bituminous coal under a wide range of pyrolysis and activation conditions. A novel char preparation technique was developed to prepare chars with SO2 adsorption capacities significantly greater than that of a commercial activated carbon. In general, there was no correlation between SO2 adsorption capacity and surface area. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) was used to determine the nature and extent of carbon-oxygen (C-O) complexes formed on the char surface. TPD data revealed that SO2 adsorption was inversely proportional to the amount of C-O complex. The formation of a stable C-O complex during char preparation may have served only to occupy carbon sites that were otherwise reactive towards SO2 adsorption. A fleeting C(O) complex formed during SO2 adsorption is postulated to be the reaction intermediate necessary for conversion of SO2 to H2SO4. Copyright ?? 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fuel","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(96)00127-5","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Lizzio, A., and DeBarr, J., 1996, Effect of surface area and chemisorbed oxygen on the SO2 adsorption capacity of activated char: Fuel, v. 75, no. 13, p. 1515-1522, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(96)00127-5.","startPage":"1515","endPage":"1522","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206121,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(96)00127-5"},{"id":228503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a060fe4b0c8380cd510d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lizzio, A.A.","contributorId":70937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lizzio","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeBarr, J.A.","contributorId":20078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeBarr","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018062,"text":"70018062 - 1996 - Simultaneous confidence intervals for a steady-state leaky aquifer groundwater flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70018062","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1934,"text":"IAHS-AISH Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simultaneous confidence intervals for a steady-state leaky aquifer groundwater flow model","docAbstract":"Using the optimization method of Vecchia & Cooley (1987), nonlinear Scheffe??-type confidence intervals were calculated tor the parameters and the simulated heads of a steady-state groundwater flow model covering 450 km2 of a leaky aquifer. The nonlinear confidence intervals are compared to corresponding linear intervals. As suggested by the significant nonlinearity of the regression model, linear confidence intervals are often not accurate. The commonly made assumption that widths of linear confidence intervals always underestimate the actual (nonlinear widths was not correct for the head intervals. Results show that nonlinear effects can cause the nonlinear intervals to be offset from, and either larger or smaller than, the linear approximations. Prior information on some transmissivities helps reduce and stabilize the confidence intervals, with the most notable effects occurring for the parameters on which there is prior information and for head values in parameter zones for which there is prior information on the parameters.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Christensen, S., and Cooley, R., 1996, Simultaneous confidence intervals for a steady-state leaky aquifer groundwater flow model: IAHS-AISH Publication, v. 237, p. 561-569.","startPage":"561","endPage":"569","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229015,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"237","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90cfe4b08c986b31967c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, S.","contributorId":30387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooley, R.L.","contributorId":9272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018072,"text":"70018072 - 1996 - A model of Precambrian geology of Kansas derived from gravity and magnetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70018072","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model of Precambrian geology of Kansas derived from gravity and magnetic data","docAbstract":"The fabric of the Precambrian geology of Kansas is revealed through inversion of gravity and magnetic data to pseudo-lithology. There are five main steps in the inversion process: (1) reduction of potential-field data to a horizontal plane in the wavenumber domain; (2) separation of the residual anomaly of interest from the regional background, where an assumption is made that the regional anomaly could be represented by some order of polynomial; (3) subtraction of the signal due to the known topography on the Phanerozoic/Precambrian boundary from the residual anomaly (we assume what is left at this stage are the signals due to lateral variation in the Precambrian lithology); (4) inversion of the residual anomaly in the wavenumber domain to density and magnetization distribution in the top part of the Precambrian constrained by the known geologic information; (5) derivation of pseudo-lithology by characterization of density and magnetization. The boundary between the older Central Plains Province to the north and the Southern Granite-Rhyolite Province to the south is clearly delineated. The Midcontinent Rift System appears to widen in central Kansas and involve a considerable portion of southern Kansas. Lithologies in southwestern Kansas appear to change over fairly small areas and include mafic rocks which have not been encountered in drill holes. The texture of the potential field data from southwestern Kansas suggests a history of continental growth by broad extension. Copyright ?? 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(96)00045-3","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Xia, J., Sprowl, D., and Steeples, D., 1996, A model of Precambrian geology of Kansas derived from gravity and magnetic data: Computers & Geosciences, v. 22, no. 8, p. 883-895, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(96)00045-3.","startPage":"883","endPage":"895","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206120,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(96)00045-3"},{"id":228502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e47ee4b0c8380cd46677","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sprowl, D.R.","contributorId":62775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprowl","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steeples, D.W.","contributorId":45057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steeples","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018069,"text":"70018069 - 1996 - The Eocene Big Timber stock, south-central Montana: Development of extensive compositional variation in an arc-related intrusion by side-wall crystallization and cumulate glomerocryst remixing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T15:09:36.133894","indexId":"70018069","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Eocene Big Timber stock, south-central Montana: Development of extensive compositional variation in an arc-related intrusion by side-wall crystallization and cumulate glomerocryst remixing","docAbstract":"<p>The Eocene Big Timber stock in the Crazy Mountains of south-central Montana is an elliptical, 8 by 13 km, compositionally and texturally diverse composite intrusion with a well-developed radial dike swarm. A sharp intrusive contact separates its two phases: the core of the intrusion is fine-grained quartz monzodiorite, and the volumetrically dominant remainder is composed of medium-grained diorite and gabbro.</p><p>Differentiation-related major oxide variation within the stock is extensive and spatially nonsystematic. However, abundances of most trace elements were not strongly influenced by differentiation; late zircon and apatite fractionation caused moderate heavy and slight light rare earth element abundance depletions, respectively. Mineral compositions and assemblages indicate crystallization between ≈950 and 700 °C at a pressure of ≈0.8 kbar (3 km). Mixing models indicate that fractionation of varying amounts of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, magnesio-hastingsite, hornblende, biotite, titanite, apatite, and magnetite (the stock's principal constituents, with quartz and potassium feldspar) and remixing of these minerals and residual liquids controlled compositional evolution in the reservoir. Crystals apparently nucleated at the reservoir wall while residual silicate liquid was displaced inward and remixed. Some crystals were plucked from the solidification front, as indicated by glomerocrysts present throughout the stock, and also remixed with residual liquid. Solidification of the reservoir represented by the stock involved heat loss to enclosing wall rock, side-wall crystallization, and subsequent, variably effective, crystal-liquid remixing. This process is an important variant of conventionally invoked models pertaining to solidification of intrusions and explains extensive, relatively nonsystematic compositional variation. The genesis of compositional evolution in other intrusions characterized by extensive, spatially nonsystematic variation may result from the important process documented herein.</p><div id=\"15008610\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Compositional and geologic relationships are consistent with magma genesis related to subduction and magmatic-arc processes inboard from the western edge of the early Cenozoic North American plate. Arc magmatism in south-central Montana during Eocene time is consistent with models pertaining to early Cenozoic southward sweep and westward retreat of magmatism. Magmatism represented by the Big Timber stock provides significant new support for steepening subduction, westward retreat of the subduction hinge line, and development of an asthenospheric mantle wedge that fueled renewed magmatism beneath the western edge of the North American continent following early Cenozoic shallow subduction.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1404:TEBTSS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Bray, D., and Harlan, S.S., 1996, The Eocene Big Timber stock, south-central Montana: Development of extensive compositional variation in an arc-related intrusion by side-wall crystallization and cumulate glomerocryst remixing: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 11, p. 1404-1424, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1404:TEBTSS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1404","endPage":"1424","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228459,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba71de4b08c986b321384","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bray, du","contributorId":28749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bray","given":"du","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harlan, S. S.","contributorId":11651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlan","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018052,"text":"70018052 - 1996 - Significance of tourmaline-rich rocks in the North Range group of the Cuyuna iron range, east-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T16:18:07.424173","indexId":"70018052","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significance of tourmaline-rich rocks in the North Range group of the Cuyuna iron range, east-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p><span>Concentrations of tourmaline in Early Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks of the Cuyuna iron range, east-central Minnesota, provide a basis for redefinition of the evolutionary history of the area. Manganiferous iron ore forms beds within the Early Proterozoic Trommald Formation, between thick-bedded granular iron-formation having shallow-water alepositional attributes and thin-bedded, nongranular iron-formation having deeper water attributes. These manganese-rich units were previously assumed to be sedimentary in origin. However, a reevaluation of drill core and mine samples from the Cuyuna North range has identified strata-bound tourmaline and tourmalinite, which has led to a rethinking of genetic models for the geology of the North range. We interpret the tourmaline-rich rocks of the area to be a product of submarine-hydrothermal solutions flowing along and beneath the sediment-seawater interface. This model for the depositional environment of the tourmaline is supported by previously reported mineral assemblages within the Trommald Formation that comprise aegirine; barium feldspar; manganese silicates, carbonates, and oxides; and Sr-rich barite veins.In many places, tourmaline-rich metasedimentary rocks and tourmalinites are associated locally with strata-bound sulfide deposits. At those localities, the tourmaline-rich strata are thought to be lateral equivalents of exhalative sulfide zones or genetically related subsea-floor replacements. On the basis of the occurrence of the tourmaline-rich rocks and tourmalinites, and on the associated minerals, we suggest that there is a previously unrecognized potential for sediment-hosted sulfide deposits in the Cuyuna North range.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.91.7.1282","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Cleland, J., Morey, G.B., and McSwiggen, P., 1996, Significance of tourmaline-rich rocks in the North Range group of the Cuyuna iron range, east-central Minnesota: Economic Geology, v. 91, no. 7, p. 1282-1291, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.7.1282.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1282","endPage":"1291","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228876,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f21e4b08c986b318d43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cleland, J.M.","contributorId":100559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleland","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morey, G. B.","contributorId":14406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McSwiggen, P.L.","contributorId":61970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McSwiggen","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}