Crystallographically oriented single‐crystal prisms of gem quality topaz (composition AlSiO (OH− F) where x = 0.04 ± 0.01) were deformed at a confining pressure of 1.50 GPa, a temperature of 800°C, and a strain rate of 2×10 s. Under nearly identical conditions, all crystals of anhydrous rock‐forming minerals that have been tested to date, such as olivine, quartz, feldspars, pyroxenes, and refractory oxides, deform plastically; in contrast, our topaz crystals failed by brittle fracture regardless of the orientation of the compression direction. No optical evidence for plastic deformation was detected. Another suite of experiments with compression perpendicular to the (001) cleavage at = 100°–950°C and a strain rate of 2×10 s displayed two regimes of behavior: (1) at >400°C, fracture strength was independent of temperature, and fracture occurred on one or two surfaces parallel to {103}; (2) at <400°C, the fracture strength increased rapidly with decreasing temperature, no macroscopic stress drop was observed, and many closely spaced conjugate fractures formed on (103) and (103). The anomalous brittleness of topaz compared to anhydrous silicate and oxide crystals indicates that intracrystalline “water” plays a role in the embrittlement. We suggest that water within the topaz crystals promotes fracture in ways similar to the mechanisms of slow crack growth aided by environmental moisture.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB06p04161","usgsCitation":"Lee, R.W., and Kirby, S.H., 1984, Experimental deformation of topaz crystals: Possible embrittlement by intracrystalline water: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B6, p. 4161-4166, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB06p04161.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"4161","endPage":"4166","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371315,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, R. W.","contributorId":86757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207800,"text":"70207800 - 1984 - Geologic evolution, sedimentation, and paleoenvironments of the Angola Basin and adjacent Walvis Ridge: Synthesis of results of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 75","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-24T14:52:23.573871","indexId":"70207800","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-13T11:31:22","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic evolution, sedimentation, and paleoenvironments of the Angola Basin and adjacent Walvis Ridge: Synthesis of results of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 75","docAbstract":"The section recovered at Site 530 (Holes 53OA and 530B) consists of eight sedimentary units and one basalt unit. The composition of the basalt recovered in Hole 53OA is distinct from typical mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) but is similar to that of Hawaiian tholeiites and basalt from the central part of Walvis Ridge. Throughout most of its history, the southern Angola Basin received large volumes of redeposited material in the form of turbidites and, most recently, debris-flow deposits. Most of this material was derived from Walvis Ridge to the south, but thickness trends of acoustic units suggest that some of the sediment was derived from the African continental margin to the east.
The basal sedimentary unit (Albian to Santonian) at Site 530 contains 262 beds of black shale that are interbedded with green and red claystone. Black shale makes up less than 10% of the total section, but in two cores of early Turonian age, black shale beds compose about 50% of the section. The black shales contain up to 19% organic carbon (average of about 5%) that is mainly of autochthonous marine origin but with significant contributions from terrigenous organic matter. The origin of these more- and less-reduced interbedded lithologies with varying amounts and types of organic matter, and variable amounts of pelagic, hemipelagic, and turbiditic sediment is complex and cannot be explained by any one simple process. Many factors affecting the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the bottom waters of the Angola Basin varied throughout the middle Cretaceous to produce bottom-water conditions that fluctuated between mildly oxic and oxygen-deficient, but most of the time bottom-waters and sediment-interstitial waters were sufficiently oxic to permit the accumulation of red oxidized sediment.
A relatively complete sedimentary record of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary was recovered within a sequence of mudstone and marlstone turbidites in Hole 530A. There is a significant increase in the concentration of iridium above background levels at the boundary. High concentrations of many other elements also occur within the same stratigraphic interval as the iridium anomaly. Furthermore, there is a marked decrease in CaCO3 in the Tertiary strata above the iridium anomaly which suggests that the production of shallow-water carbonate also may have been affected by whatever caused elevated concentrations of iridium and other elements. These observations are consistent with the asteroid-impact theory proposed to explain the worldwide occurrence of an iridium anomaly at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.
The Cenozoic history of the Angola Basin was controlled mainly by (1) restriction of bottom-water flow from the south by Walvis Ridge; (2) development of glaciation on Antarctica; (3) opening of circulation passages in the southern oceans; (4) rapid turnover of cold, nutrient-rich waters that resulted in high productivity of diatoms; (5) influx of terrigenous sediment mainly by turbidity currents; and (6) production and preservation of carbonate sediment. The most distinctive Cenozoic event recorded in the section at Site 530 is the beginning of extensive glaciation on Anarctica and concomitant initiation of modern thermohaline bottom-water circulation that is manifested as a middle Eocene to middle Oligocene unconformity or compressed section accompanied by a drastic decrease in accumulation of CaCO3. Diatom abundances in HPC cores from Walvis Ridge (Site 532) and Angola Basin (Hole 53OB) indicate that Benguela upwelling in these areas began in the late Miocene, reached a peak in the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene, and declined thereafter. Short-term variations in sediment composition at Site 532 are manifested as cyclic variations in concentrations of clay, CaCO3, and organic carbon with average periodicities of about 30-60 k.y. The main variability that produced the cycles probably was the influx of terrigenous clastic material which diluted the CaCO3. The sediment at Site 532 also contains several percent organic carbon that is dominantly of marine origin, but with significant terrigenous components.
Data from multichannel seismic, gravity, and magnetic surveys were used to define the regional stratigraphic and structural evolution of Walvis Ridge and adjacent Cape and Angola basins. Six structural provinces are recognized, four on Walvis Ridge and two additional provinces that correspond to the Cape and Angola basins. The two eastern structural provinces on Walvis Ridge are underlain by continental crust. The two western structural provinces are underlain by oceanic basement. Two main directions of faults are evident in seismic profiles, one trending N 10° and one trending N 60°. The N 60° trend corresponds to the general orientation of the northern and southern flanks of Walvis Ridge as well as to the dominant direction of fracture zones.
During the first phase of separation of Africa from South America (ca. 120-130 m.y. ago), a voluminous mass of volcanics was emplaced simultaneous with the emplacement of basalt in the Parana Basin of Brazil and the Kaokoveld Region of South Africa. This period of volcanism also formed the series of seaward-dipping internal basement reflectors that are characteristic of the two structural provinces of Walvis Ridge. A system of fault blocks developed in the brittle upper part of the newly formed crust. During the second phase of rifting, which ended before late Aptian, more tilted fault blocks were created in the upper brittle stratified continental crust. Magnetic lineations in basement rocks in the Angola and Cape basins in the vicinity of Walvis Ridge are not distinct but suggest that oceanic crust began to be emplaced between 120 and 112 m.y. ago (Barremian to early Aptian). At least part of the oceanic crust of the central plateau of eastern Walvis Ridge (structural province 3) may have been emplaced before any oceanic crust formed in the adjacent basins. A ridge jump occurred during the late Aptian to early Albian in the southern part of the Angola Basin which translated the previously formed oceanic crust and its overlying evaporite deposits on the South American side. Several ridge jumps occurred on both sides of Walvis Ridge during the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary to produce a 500-km-long segment of mid-ocean ridge.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M University","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.109.1984","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Hay, W., and Sibuet, J., 1984, Geologic evolution, sedimentation, and paleoenvironments of the Angola Basin and adjacent Walvis Ridge: Synthesis of results of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 75: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 75, p. 509-544, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.109.1984.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"544","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.109.1984","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Locations of dredge CH 18-DR06 and DSDP drill sites","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 9.31640625,\n -24.986058021167594\n ],\n [\n 16.89697265625,\n -24.986058021167594\n ],\n [\n 16.89697265625,\n -17.035777250427184\n ],\n [\n 9.31640625,\n -17.035777250427184\n ],\n [\n 9.31640625,\n -24.986058021167594\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, W.W.","contributorId":221650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hay","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":28140,"text":"UC Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sibuet, Jean-Claude","contributorId":221651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sibuet","given":"Jean-Claude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207798,"text":"70207798 - 1984 - Carbonate and organic-carbon cycles and the history of upwelling at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 532, Walvis Ridge, South Atlantic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-25T13:50:17.773448","indexId":"70207798","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-13T10:47:59","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbonate and organic-carbon cycles and the history of upwelling at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 532, Walvis Ridge, South Atlantic Ocean","docAbstract":"Detailed carbonate and organic-carbon stratigraphies were constructed from samples collected every 20 cm in a 250-m hydraulic piston core recovered at DSDP Site 532 on Walvis Ridge. This sampling interval represents about one sample every 5000 yr., based on sediment accumulation rates calculated from nannofossil biostratigraphic zones. All samples were analyzed for percent CaCO3, resulting in a detailed carbonate stratigraphy for the past 5.0 m.y. The samples for the top 110 m of section were also analyzed for organic carbon in order to construct a detailed organiccarbon stratigraphy for the last 2.5 m.y.
The recovered section has distinct dark-light color cycles with average periodicities of 55, 58, and 30 k.y. for the Quaternary, upper Pliocene, and lower Pliocene, respectively. Periodicities of carbonate cycles are similar to the color cycles; most carbonate minima correspond to the dark parts of color cycles. The average periodicity for carbonate cycles is about 36 k.y. Darker parts of color cycles usually contain higher concentrations of organic carbon, but the organic-carbon record does not follow the cyclicity of the color cycles in detail, at least for the last 2.5 m.y. Organic-carbon cycles have an average periodicity of about 34 k.y. for the Quaternary and upper Pliocene.
The cycles of CaCO3 and color have periodicities similar to those reported from carbonate stratigraphies from the northeast Atlantic, Caribbean, and eastern equatorial Pacific. The carbonate cycles at Site 532 are the result of external forcing, probably related to global climate, that affected fluctuations in both sediment supply from the African continental margin and productivity of siliceous organisms. The organic-carbon cycles have similar periodicities and similar changes in periodicities to those of the CaCO3 cycles.
Semiquantitative estimates of diatom abundance from smear slides and concentrations of biogenic SiO2 calculated from chemical analyses suggest that upwelling at Site 532 was minor until about 3 m.y. ago. The Benguela-Current upwelling system either began at that time or, more likely, migrated into the area of Site 532, where it prevailed until some time between about 1.2 and 0.5 m.y. ago. The increase and decline of upwelling in the area of Site 532, however, did not disturb the trend of cyclicities of carbonate and organic carbon. The latest change in conditions at Site 532 was an increase in intensity of bottom currents during the past 0.5 m.y. that winnowed nannofossils, diatoms, and clay and left a lag deposit represented by a foraminifer-rich fades
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M University","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.126.1984","usgsCitation":"Gardner, J., Dean, W.E., and Wilson, C., 1984, Carbonate and organic-carbon cycles and the history of upwelling at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 532, Walvis Ridge, South Atlantic Ocean: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 75, p. 905-921, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.126.1984.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"905","endPage":"921","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.126.1984","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371187,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Locations of DSDP Sites 362 and 532.","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 9.3603515625,\n -21.043491216803528\n ],\n [\n 14.2822265625,\n -21.043491216803528\n ],\n [\n 14.2822265625,\n -16.678293098288503\n ],\n [\n 9.3603515625,\n -16.678293098288503\n ],\n [\n 9.3603515625,\n -21.043491216803528\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, J.","contributorId":18176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, C.R.","contributorId":78353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207758,"text":"70207758 - 1984 - Shimada Seamount: An example of recent mid-plate volcanism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-24T14:29:39.079206","indexId":"70207758","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-09T13:34:15","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shimada Seamount: An example of recent mid-plate volcanism","docAbstract":"Shimada Seamount is an isolated volcanic feature located between the Clipperton and Clarion Fracture Zones ∼1,150 km west of the East Pacific Rise and ∼600 km west of the inactive spreading center represented by the Mathematician Seamounts. It rises ∼3,900 m above the surrounding sea floor to within 50 m of present-day sea level. The area of Shimada Seamount should be volcanically dormant, because it is far from an active spreading center and is located on oceanic crust of early Miocene age. Nevertheless, evidence was found that Shimada Seamount has formed geologically recently. For example, seismic-reflection profiles-indicate that virtually no sediment has accumulated on the summit or flanks of the seamount; television, still-camera, and dredge-haul data indicate that a platform near the summit at a water depth of ∼180 m is a carbonate build-up formed by coralline red algae attached to fresh pillow basalt. Glassy pillow basalt too young to date by the K/Ar method and showing little or no devitrification and lacking manganese encrustations was dredged from the seamount below the algal reefs (500–750 m). Several cores taken from the adjacent basin (∼3,900 m deep) contain fresh glassy basalt detritus, and one core sampled a thin flow of unaltered basaltic glass at the sediment surface.
The origin and history of Shimada Seamount differ importantly from volcanoes generally thought to form at spreading centers, along transform faults, or at hot spots. The existence of Shimada Seamount, therefore, has implications about tectonic processes that occur in interplate regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<855:SSAEOR>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gardner, J.V., Dean, W.E., and Blakely, R.J., 1984, Shimada Seamount: An example of recent mid-plate volcanism: GSA Bulletin, v. 95, p. 855-862, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<855:SSAEOR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"855","endPage":"862","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371118,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Shimada Seamount","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.65234374999999,\n 14.859850400601037\n ],\n [\n -105.8203125,\n 14.859850400601037\n ],\n [\n -105.8203125,\n 21.861498734372567\n ],\n [\n -118.65234374999999,\n 21.861498734372567\n ],\n [\n -118.65234374999999,\n 14.859850400601037\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, J. V.","contributorId":114111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blakely, Richard J. 0000-0003-1701-5236 blakely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":1540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"Richard","email":"blakely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221892,"text":"5221892 - 1984 - Optimal timing in biological processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-17T15:47:14.88404","indexId":"5221892","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T12:19:29","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":740,"text":"American Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal timing in biological processes","docAbstract":"A general approach for obtaining solutions to a class of biological optimization problems is provided. The general problem is one of determining the appropriate time to take some action, when the action can be taken only once during some finite time frame. The approach can also be extended to cover a number of other problems involving animal choice (e.g., mate selection, habitat selection). Returns (assumed to index fitness) are treated as random variables with time-specific distributions, and can be either observable or unobservable at the time action is taken. In the case of unobservable returns, the organism is assumed to base decisions on some ancillary variable that is associated with returns. Optimal policies are derived for both situations and their properties are discussed. Various extensions are also considered, including objective functions based on functions of returns other than the mean, nonmonotonic relationships between the observable variable and returns; possible death of the organism before action is taken; and discounting of future returns. A general feature of the optimal solutions for many of these problems is that an organism should be very selective (i.e., should act only when returns or expected returns are relatively high) at the beginning of the time frame and should become less and less selective as time progresses. An example of the application of optimal timing to a problem involving the timing of bird migration is discussed, and a number of other examples for which the approach is applicable are described.","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/284182","usgsCitation":"Williams, B.K., and Nichols, J., 1984, Optimal timing in biological processes: American Naturalist, v. 123, no. 1, p. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1086/284182.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193974,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db6913b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Byron K. 0000-0001-7644-1396","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7644-1396","contributorId":207067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Byron","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":334941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":334940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221919,"text":"5221919 - 1984 - Presence and biomagnification of organochlorine chemical residues in oxbow lakes of northeastern Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T16:38:35.21763","indexId":"5221919","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T12:19:24","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Presence and biomagnification of organochlorine chemical residues in oxbow lakes of northeastern Louisiana","docAbstract":"Ninety-eight samples of 16 species of animals were collected at Lake Providence, 88 samples of 15 species at Lake Bruin, and 21 samples of 5 species at Lake St. John, Louisiana, between 15 July and 25 September 1980. Residues of 13 organochlorine compounds were identified in these samples. Substantial concentrations of many of these compounds throughout the food webs of all three lakes showed that the lakes act as sumps, accumulating residues from nearby agricultural land. DDT and its metabolites (DDE, TDE, and DDMU), toxaphene, and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) were the principal Organochlorine residues detected. With few exceptions, biomagnification of the principal residues was clearly illustrated. Tertiary consumers such as green-backed heron (Butorides striatus), snakes, spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) contained the highest residues. Bluegill (Lepomis macrochims), blacktail shiner (Notopis venustus), yellow-crowned night-heron (Nycticorax violaceus), and other secondary consumers contained lower levels of residues. Primary consumers, crayfish (Orconectes lancifer) and threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense), contained relatively low residue levels of most of the compounds. Frogs contained lower residue levels than expected based on their position in the food web. It is suggested that residue levels in immature green-backed herons and one or more of the longer-lived predators such as snakes, gars, or largemouth bass could be monitored to evaluate levels of Organochlorine chemical contaminants in aquatic habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01055647","usgsCitation":"Niethammer, K.R., White, D.H., Baskett, T.S., and Sayre, M.W., 1984, Presence and biomagnification of organochlorine chemical residues in oxbow lakes of northeastern Louisiana: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 63-74, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055647.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196669,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Lake Bruin, Lake Providence, Lake St. John","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.2258166636849,\n 32.84916541867648\n ],\n [\n -91.2217748653803,\n 32.825805271609795\n ],\n [\n -91.1995449747069,\n 32.81319646051007\n ],\n [\n -91.17327328572843,\n 32.80624798976922\n ],\n [\n -91.17342638414932,\n 32.814556802253804\n ],\n [\n -91.20995566730882,\n 32.83017417323805\n ],\n [\n -91.21614084350199,\n 32.84720536607895\n ],\n [\n -91.20266818248739,\n 32.85739345293353\n ],\n [\n -91.2040154485887,\n 32.86336369942575\n ],\n [\n -91.21295639635277,\n 32.86171757067704\n ],\n [\n -91.2258166636849,\n 32.84916541867648\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.4177771453293,\n 31.67971903315761\n ],\n [\n -91.40970065430928,\n 31.686591848835107\n ],\n [\n -91.43594925012522,\n 31.69143375432776\n ],\n [\n -91.45008310941009,\n 31.707207242427003\n ],\n [\n -91.44604486390043,\n 31.72453936825599\n ],\n [\n -91.42493585327917,\n 31.747175551757692\n ],\n [\n -91.43356301414171,\n 31.753106878164616\n ],\n [\n -91.46366629885316,\n 31.721728973377253\n ],\n [\n -91.46128006286962,\n 31.69658776323341\n ],\n [\n -91.4443928543729,\n 31.68034385560844\n ],\n [\n -91.42456874005083,\n 31.678781791596194\n ],\n [\n -91.4177771453293,\n 31.67971903315761\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.204837851508,\n 31.946213864381008\n ],\n [\n -91.19867157572264,\n 31.952380371687596\n ],\n [\n -91.20175471361532,\n 31.958733309930196\n ],\n [\n -91.18457723107049,\n 31.983206698603084\n ],\n [\n -91.18721992069261,\n 31.99964317326652\n ],\n [\n -91.21717040307831,\n 32.011595122828055\n ],\n [\n -91.24095460967905,\n 32.00916750918935\n ],\n [\n -91.25769164395334,\n 31.993106291795726\n ],\n [\n -91.2570309715479,\n 31.972558774102055\n ],\n [\n -91.23853214419182,\n 31.95892015440303\n ],\n [\n -91.2154086099969,\n 31.948643143940913\n ],\n [\n -91.21386704105078,\n 31.953127798992583\n ],\n [\n -91.23853214419182,\n 31.970503769269925\n ],\n [\n -91.24447819584191,\n 31.987129306711182\n ],\n [\n -91.22509847194507,\n 31.99964317326652\n ],\n [\n -91.2057187480487,\n 31.998335834249573\n ],\n [\n -91.19713000677609,\n 31.988997156386475\n ],\n [\n -91.20395695496687,\n 31.97517416825839\n ],\n [\n -91.2114445755635,\n 31.95443578214389\n ],\n [\n -91.21034345488751,\n 31.9452795089869\n ],\n [\n -91.204837851508,\n 31.946213864381008\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db6690d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niethammer, K. R.","contributorId":74832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niethammer","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Donald H.","contributorId":21728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":335027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baskett, Thomas S.","contributorId":48615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskett","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sayre, M. W.","contributorId":10117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sayre","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70231443,"text":"70231443 - 1984 - Remote sensing and geophysical investigations of glacial buried valleys in northeastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T17:15:42.372549","indexId":"70231443","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T11:58:32","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing and geophysical investigations of glacial buried valleys in northeastern Kansas","docAbstract":"Aquifers found in glacial buried valleys are a major source of good-quality ground water in northeastern Kansas. The extent and character of many of these deposits are not precisely known, so a detailed study of the buried valleys was undertaken. Test drilling, Landsat imagery, shallow-earth temperature measurements, seismic refraction, surface electrical resistivity, and gravity data were used to evaluate two sites in Nemaha and Jefferson Counties. Tonal patterns on springtime Landsat imagery and winter/summer anomalies in shallow-earth temperatures were quick and inexpensive methods for locating some glacial buried aquifers and suggested areas for more intensive field studies. Reversed seismic refraction and resistivity surveys were generally reliable indicators of the presence or absence of glacial buried valleys, with most depth determinations being within 25% of test-drilling results. The effectiveness of expensive test-hole drilling was greatly increased by integrating remote sensing, shallow-earth temperature, seismic, and resistivity techniques in the two buried valley test areas. A gravity profile allowed precise definition of the extent of one of the channels after the other techniques had been used for general information.
Accessory chromite in dunite shows a variety of textures that indicate alteration. One group, type A, consists of four types of chromite: clean chromite; lattice chromite, in which the invading chlorite occurs along three directions in the (100) plane; optically zoned chromite; and poikiloblastic chromite. Most of type A chromites are surrounded by chromian clinochlore. The other group, type B, consists of euhedral to subhedral chromite grains which are included in olivine or pyroxene. The accessory chromites define a trend exhibited by chromite from other areas that have undergone metamorphism. Olivine-spinel geothermometry indicates equilibration temperatures near 700 degrees C, roughly consistent with mineral assemblages in the host gneisses. Thus, the Blue Ridge dunites are metamorphic rocks and not primary mantle peridotites.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.284.4-5.507","usgsCitation":"Lipin, B.R., 1984, Chromite from the Blue Ridge province of North Carolina: American Journal of Science, v. 284, no. 4-5, p. 507-529, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.284.4-5.507.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"507","endPage":"529","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220465,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Blue Ridge province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.33171420337254,\n 35.16172419965186\n ],\n [\n -80.3549144361715,\n 36.498699563512446\n ],\n [\n -81.74146209797348,\n 36.584654476715144\n ],\n [\n -82.80252728344371,\n 35.94894466653062\n ],\n [\n -84.26280999082724,\n 35.237774229031075\n ],\n [\n -84.35734406944783,\n 35.017268463518306\n ],\n [\n -83.03490976176494,\n 34.9746276516219\n ],\n [\n -82.33171420337254,\n 35.16172419965186\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"284","issue":"4-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5e2e4b0c8380cd4c489","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipin, Bruce R. blipin@usgs.gov","contributorId":5723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipin","given":"Bruce","email":"blipin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":365391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013273,"text":"70013273 - 1984 - Use of dissolved oxygen modeling results in the management of river quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-14T19:26:07","indexId":"70013273","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2573,"text":"Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of dissolved oxygen modeling results in the management of river quality","docAbstract":"In 1973, the U.S. Geological Survey initiated a study of the Willamette River, Oregon, to determine the major causes of dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion, and whether advanced treatment of municipal wastewaters was needed to achieve the DO standards. The study showed that rates of carbonaceous decay were low (kr = 0.03-0.06/day) and that point-source loadings of carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) accounted for less than one-third of the satisfied oxygen demand. Nitrification of industrially discharged ammonia was the dominant cause of DO depletion. The study led to the calibration and verification of a steady-state DO model which was used to examine selected scenarios of BOD loading, ammonia loading, and flow augmentation. In 1976, the modeling projections for the Willamette River were presented to resource managers. A review in 1981 indicated that the State of Oregon had instituted an effluent standard on the major discharger of ammonia, rescinded an order for all municipal wastewaters to receive advanced secondary treatment by 1980, and more fully acknowledged the need for flow augmentation during summer to attain the DO standards.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"JSTOR","issn":"00431303","usgsCitation":"Rickert, D.A., 1984, Use of dissolved oxygen modeling results in the management of river quality: Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, v. 56, no. 1, p. 94-101.","startPage":"94","endPage":"101","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269368,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25042162"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbee8e4b08c986b32985e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rickert, D. A.","contributorId":53773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rickert","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013194,"text":"70013194 - 1984 - Changing patterns of Pennsylvanian coal-swamp vegetation and implications of climatic control on coal occurrence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-24T01:31:04.407339","indexId":"70013194","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changing patterns of Pennsylvanian coal-swamp vegetation and implications of climatic control on coal occurrence","docAbstract":"Improved regional and interregional stratigraphic correlations of Pennsylvanian strata permit comparisons of vegetational changes in Euramerican coal swamps. The coal-swamp vegetation is known directly from in situ coal-ball peat deposits from more than 65 coals in the United States and Europe. Interpretations of coal-swamp floras on the basis of coal-ball peat studies are extended to broader regional and stratigraphic patterns by use of coal palynology. Objectives of the quantitative analyses of the vegetation in relation to coal are to determine the botanical constituents at the peat stage and their environmental implications for plant growth and peat accumulation. Morphological and paleoecological analyses provide a basis for deducing freshwater regimes of coal swamps.
Changes in composition of Pennsylvanian coal-swamp vegetation are quire similar from one paralic coal region to another and show synchrony that is attributable to climate. Paleobotany and paleogeography of the Euramerican province indicate a moist tropical paleoclimate. Rainfall, runoff and evapotranspiration were the variable climatic controls in the distribution of coal-swamp vegetation, peat accumulation and coal resources. In relative terms of climatic wetness the Pennsylvanian Period is divisible into five intervals, which include two relatively drier intervals that developed during the Lower-Middle and Middle-Upper Pennsylvanian transitions. The climate during Early Pennsylvanian time was moderately wet and the median in moisture availability. Early Middle Pennsylvanian was drier, probably seasonally dry-wet; late Middle Pennsylvanian was the wettest in the Midcontinent; early Late Pennsylvanian was the driest; and late Late Pennsylvanian was probably the wettest in the Dunkard Basin. The five climatic intervals represent a general means of dividing coal resources within each region into groups with similar botanical constituents and environments of peat accumulation. Regional differences in basinal geology and climate were significant variables, but the synchronous control of paleoclimate was of primary importance.
Despite considerable evidence that juvenile shorebirds experience significantly higher annual mortality rates than adults, identification and quantification of the sources of mortality have received little attention. We found that the proportion of juvenile Dunlins (Calidris alpina) in the kills of a Merlin (Falco columbarius) one winter at Bolinas Lagoon, California was greater than the proportion of juveniles in the lagoon's winter population. This is evidence that raptor predation may be one of the factors contributing to the age differences in annual mortality rates of shorebirds. We suggest that the greater vulnerability of juveniles to predation by the Merlin may be caused by age-related differences in Dunlin flocking behavior.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Kus, B., Ashman, P., Page, G., and Stenzel, L., 1984, Age-related mortality in a wintering population of dunlin: The Auk, v. 101, p. 69-73.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"73","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341260,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4086224 "}],"volume":"101","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689232","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kus, B.E.","contributorId":99492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ashman, P.","contributorId":44867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashman","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Page, G.","contributorId":34463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stenzel, L.","contributorId":91053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stenzel","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1007755,"text":"1007755 - 1984 - Seed predation due to the yucca moth symbiosis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-15T15:20:41.606075","indexId":"1007755","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seed predation due to the yucca moth symbiosis","docAbstract":"All species of Yucca (Agavaceae) require the pollinator services of a species of moth in the genus Tegeticula (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae). These moths oviposit in the ovary of the plants and the larvae are entirely dependent upon Yucca seeds for food. The extent and distribution of larval seed predation was examined in nine Yucca species in the southwestern United States. The proportion of seeds destroyed by the yucca moth ranged from 3 % in Y. schidigera from coastal southern California to 45 % in one population of Y. angustissima from southern Utah. This sampling was done in 1979 at which time the Y. schidigera population averaged 0.6 larvae per fruit and the population of Y. angustissima averaged 9.3 larvae per fruit. A second sampling of these populations in 1982 averaged 0.5 for Y. schidigera and 5.6 for Y. angustissima. Several species showed significant differences between populations in the number of larvae per fruit. Contrary to expectation, based on the dogma that fruit production is dependent upon Tegeticula pollination (which is always followed by oviposition), a large number of fruits were found without larvae. The proportion varied greatly between populations but was as high as two thirds of all fruits in some populations. Observations suggested that these flowers had been pollinated by Tegeticula and the moths had oviposited in them but that the eggs failed to hatch.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.2307/2425472","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., Keeley, S.C., Swift, C.C., and Lee, J., 1984, Seed predation due to the yucca moth symbiosis: American Midland Naturalist, v. 112, p. 187-191, https://doi.org/10.2307/2425472.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"191","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129829,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fba24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":315974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeley, Sterling C.","contributorId":112968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Sterling","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swift, C. C.","contributorId":107639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, J.","contributorId":58596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1013880,"text":"1013880 - 1984 - Feasibility of saltwater gradient ponds as a heat supply for hatchery rearing water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-09T15:59:56.327894","indexId":"1013880","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":852,"text":"Aquacultural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feasibility of saltwater gradient ponds as a heat supply for hatchery rearing water","docAbstract":"Salt gradient solar collector ponds are economically feasible as a source of heat energy for hatchery rearing water. A pond 3 m deep and covering an area of 5000 m2 will supply approximately 2800 GJ of energy over a three-month period — enough for a one-year smolt program in an Atlantic salmon hatchery. The cost to construct such a pond is approximately $173,000, or the equivalent of seven years' fuel bills using conventional heating equipment. Although the technology is new and not entirely understood, existing ponds have proven to be relatively problem free and require only minimum maintenance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0144-8609(84)90027-X","usgsCitation":"Fuss, J.T., 1984, Feasibility of saltwater gradient ponds as a heat supply for hatchery rearing water: Aquacultural Engineering, v. 3, no. 1, p. 31-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8609(84)90027-X.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"37","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131748,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6f29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuss, J. T.","contributorId":37673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuss","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012873,"text":"70012873 - 1984 - A Model of Regional Ground-Water Flow in Secondary-Permeability Terrane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-21T12:11:24.86057","indexId":"70012873","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Model of Regional Ground-Water Flow in Secondary-Permeability Terrane","docAbstract":"The ground-water flow system in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania and Maryland can be considered as one complex unconfined aquifer in which secondary porosity and permeability are the dominant influences on the occurrence and flow of ground water. The degree of development of secondary porosity and permeability in the various lithologies of the lower basin determines the aquifer characteristics of each lithology. Based on qualitative evidence, the use of a porous-media model was assumed to be appropriate on a regional scale and a finite-difference ground-water flow model was constructed for the lower basin.
The conceptual model of ground-water flow in the lower basin incorporates the major features of the flow system. Through the use of two layers, 21 hydrogeologic units, and five topographic settings, the conceptual model was systematically reduced to arrive at a simplified conceptual model. Further reduction produced a numerical model representation of the conceptual model, in which the essential features of the lower-basin flow system were quantified for input into the numerical model.
The model was calibrated under both steady-state and transient conditions, and was used to evaluate the water-supply potential of the 21 hydrogeologic units. The carbonate units have the greatest potential for ground-water development and the Triassic sedimentary and crystalline units have the least potential. A total ground-water yield potential of about 900 million gallons per day could be obtained from the lower basin with a consequent 50-percent reduction of base flow in streams.
At least 15 floods ascended the Sanpoil arm of glacial Lake Columbia during a single glaciation. Varves between 14 of the flood beds indicate one backflooding every 35 to 55 yr. This regularity suggests that the floods came from an ice-dammed lake that was self-dumping. Probably the self-dumping lake was glacial Lake Missoula, Montana, because the floods accord with inferred emptyings of that lake in frequency and number, apparently entered Lake Columbia from the east, and produced beds resembling backflood deposits of Lake Missoula floods in southern Washington.
A sequential, selective extraction procedure was used to assess the effects of sulfuric acid milling on the geochemical associations of molybdenum and arsenic in a uranium ore blend, and the tailings derived therefrom. The milling process removed about 21% of the molybdenum and 53% of the arsenic initially present in the ore. While about one-half of the molybdenum in the ore was water soluble, only about 14% existed in this form in the tailings. The major portion of the extractable molybdenum in the tailings appears to be associated with hydrous oxides of iron, and with alkaline earth sulfate precipitates. In contrast with the pattern seen for molybdenum, the partitioning of arsenic into the various extractable fractions differs little between the ore and the tailings.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-386X(84)90027-6","issn":"0304386X","usgsCitation":"Landa, E.R., 1984, Leaching of molybdenum and arsenic from uranium ore and mill tailings: Hydrometallurgy, v. 13, no. 2, p. 203-211, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-386X(84)90027-6.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220496,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a45a0e4b0c8380cd6744d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landa, E. R.","contributorId":100002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013630,"text":"70013630 - 1984 - The martian hemispheric dichotomy may be due to a giant impact","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:38","indexId":"70013630","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The martian hemispheric dichotomy may be due to a giant impact","docAbstract":"Mars is divided into two fundamentally different geological provinces of approximately hemispherical extent1-3. The more southerly province is heavily cratered, contains relatively old geological units, and superficially resembles the lunar and mercurian highlands. The northern province is relatively lightly cratered and contains younger geological units, including extensive plains, volcanic edifices, and volcanic calderas. Except for the Tharsis and Elysium regions and other large volcanoes, most of the younger, northern province consists of lowlands, which lie an average of 3 km below the highlands. Lowlands occupy about one-third of Mars. They are separated from the highlands by a distinct scarp or by a sloping transitional zone as much as 700km wide in which highland materials have been disrupted and partly replaced by lowland deposits (Fig. 1). The transition is characterized by a variety of landforms unknown on other planets. The highlands and lowlands are in isostatic equilibrium across the transitional zone4. No generally accepted explanation for the cause of the highland-lowland dichotomy has been proposed although thinning of the lithosph.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/309138a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Wilhelms, D., and Squyres, S.W., 1984, The martian hemispheric dichotomy may be due to a giant impact: Nature, v. 309, no. 5964, p. 138-140, https://doi.org/10.1038/309138a0.","startPage":"138","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205026,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/309138a0"},{"id":220325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"309","issue":"5964","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badbee4b08c986b323dc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilhelms, D.E.","contributorId":82302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilhelms","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Squyres, S. W.","contributorId":31836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squyres","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013620,"text":"70013620 - 1984 - Field testing the hypothesis of Darcian flow through a carbonate aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T11:52:03","indexId":"70013620","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field testing the hypothesis of Darcian flow through a carbonate aquifer","docAbstract":"The acceptability of the hypothesis of Darcian flow through a semiconfined carbonate aquifer was tested prior to running a multiple-day aquifer test in Pinellas County, Florida. The approach used to test the hypothesis was to run a number of hour-long aquifer tests at different discharges with drawdown measured at the same time during each test in two observation wells, one at 35 feet and the other at 733 feet from the pumped well. The hypothesis of Darcian flow through the semiconfined carbonate aquifer was deemed acceptable.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01423.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Hickey, J., 1984, Field testing the hypothesis of Darcian flow through a carbonate aquifer: Ground Water, v. 22, no. 5, p. 544-547, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01423.x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"544","endPage":"547","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fdfe4b0c8380cd53a54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hickey, J.J.","contributorId":57010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013595,"text":"70013595 - 1984 - The Mohnian-Luisian boundary in the Coccolithus miopelagicus subzone, with new and related species of forminifers.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-24T12:13:42","indexId":"70013595","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2294,"text":"Journal of Foraminiferal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Mohnian-Luisian boundary in the Coccolithus miopelagicus subzone, with new and related species of forminifers.","docAbstract":"New information obtained from samples colleced in a 1979 cruise is presented for the Luisian-Mohnian (Miocene) boundary. In some areas of the S California Borderland, the early Mohnian-Luisian boundary apparently occurs within the Coccolithus miopelagicus subzone. To suppor this statement, the location of the samples and a list of the diagnostic foraminifers are provided for each sample in part I of this report. Fifteen species and one variety of new or undescribed benthic foraminifers which were observed in the course of this and other studies of the foraminiferal content of Dart core samples from the S California Borderland are reported and described in part II. The genus Bolivina is represented by 3 new species and 1 species previously undescribed. There are also 2 new species each of Uvigerina, Siphogenerina, Cassidulina, and Ehrenbergina; one undescribed species and a new variety of Megastomella; and one new species each of Epistominella and Concavella. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Foraminiferal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsjfr.14.1.1","issn":"00961191","usgsCitation":"Arnal, R., 1984, The Mohnian-Luisian boundary in the Coccolithus miopelagicus subzone, with new and related species of forminifers.: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 14, no. 1, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.14.1.1.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269899,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.14.1.1"},{"id":220655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba7fce4b08c986b32192b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arnal, R.E.","contributorId":75141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnal","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013586,"text":"70013586 - 1984 - Topography of the shield volcano, Olympus Mons on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:35","indexId":"70013586","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topography of the shield volcano, Olympus Mons on Mars","docAbstract":"Olympus Mons, one of the largest known shield volcanoes in the Solar System, covers an area of >3.2 ?? 105 km2and has a diameter of >600 km, excluding its vast aureole deposits. The structure is five times larger than the largest shield volcano on the Earth. It is situated on the north-west flank of the Tharsis volcanic region, a broad topographic rise on the martian surface. The volcano has three physical subdivisions: the summit caldera, the terraced upper flanks, and the lower flanks, which terminate in a scarp 2-10 km high that nearly surrounds the structure. A large block of images of the Tharsis region, including Olympus Mons, was obtained by the Viking mission1. Here we present a topographic map of Olympus Mons, compiled using various combinations of stereo pairs of these images, together with stereoscopic perspective views generated by image processing techniques. ?? 1984 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/309432a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Wu, S., Garcia, P.A., Jordan, R., Schafer, F., and Skiff, B., 1984, Topography of the shield volcano, Olympus Mons on Mars: Nature, v. 309, no. 5967, p. 432-435, https://doi.org/10.1038/309432a0.","startPage":"432","endPage":"435","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205044,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/309432a0"}],"volume":"309","issue":"5967","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4ece4b08c986b326614","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wu, S.S.C.","contributorId":10421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"S.S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garcia, P. A.","contributorId":36954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jordan, R.","contributorId":62742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schafer, F.J.","contributorId":76465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schafer","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Skiff, B.A.","contributorId":80412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skiff","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013604,"text":"70013604 - 1984 - Modification of wave-cut and faulting-controlled landforms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T16:24:22.78454","indexId":"70013604","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modification of wave-cut and faulting-controlled landforms","docAbstract":"From a casual observation that the form of degraded fault scarps resembles the error function, this investigation proceeds through an elementary diffusion equation representation of landform evolution to the application of the resulting equations to the modern topography of scarplike landforms. The morphologic observations can be analyzed either in the form of one or more cross-strike elevation profiles or in the form of the slope-offset plot, a point plot of maximum scarp slope versus scarp offset. Working with either or both of these data representations for nine geologic structures, which range in age from 3 to 400 ka B.P. and in offset from 1 to 50 m, we apply analytical solutions for the vertical initial value scarp, the vertical continuous offset scarp, and the finite slope, initial value scarp. The model calculations are intrinsically ambiguous, yielding as the final answer only the product κt (in the case of the initial value problem) or the product κA−1 (in the case of the repeated faulting problem); here t is the age of a single scarp-forming event, 2A is the vertical slip rate, and κ is the “mass diffusivity.” A single profile across three sea cliffs along the Santa Cruz, California, coast is analyzed as three separate initial value problems. A reasonably constrained age for the sea cliff standing above the Highway 1 platform returns κ = 11 GKG (1 GKG = 1 m2/ka). With this κ, we can date the two older sea cliffs. In fact, we do the converse: age estimates for these two older sea cliffs based on a uniform rate of uplift both yield the same κ as for the lower sea cliff. We treat a single profile of the Raymond fault in Pasadena/San Marino in terms of the repeated faulting problem; for it the uplift rate of R. Crook and others yields κ = 16 GKG. The very substantial preexisting offset across the Raymond fault must have been buried/leveled some 230 ka B.P., when the modern topography began to form. Our analysis of the Lake Bonneville shoreline scarps reveals a dependence of κt on 2a, suggestive of nonlinear modification processes. This appearance is treated with the finite slope initial value scarp model to determine κ=1.1 GKG for the Lake Bonneville shoreline scarps. The suggestion of M. N. Machette that approximately 100,000-year-old, meter-high scarps are “unobservable” in weakly consolidated alluvial terranes of the Basin and Range and Rio Grande Rift Valley provinces can be formulated as κ ≳ 1 GKG. The coincidence between this inequality and the Lake Bonneville shoreline κ is striking, and it suggests that the value of κ = 1 GKG may be generally applicable, as a good first approximation, to the modification of alluvial terranes within the semiarid regions of the western United States. The Lake Bonneville shoreline κ is the basis for dating four sets of fault scarps in west-central Utah. The Drum Mountains fault scarps can be modeled in several different circumstances, but the most likely interpretation is that these fault scarps formed as the result of a single episode of normal faulting 3.6 to 5.7 ka B.P. The younger age is associated with quite low initial slope angles (25°). The other three sets of fault scarps show no evidence for finite initial value slopes. Fault scarps along the eastern base of the Fish Springs Range are very young, 3 ka B.P. We estimate the age of fault scarps along the western flank of the Oquirrh Mountains to be 32 ka B.P., which meets the weak geologic constraint that they be older than the Lake Bonneville shoreline. Fault scarps along the northeastern margin of the Sheeprock Mountains are even older, 53 ka B.P. An intriguing consequence of our single-event analysis of these scarps is that an 11.5-m offset occurred in a single earthquake.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB07p05771","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hanks, T.C., Bucknam, R., Lajoie, K.R., and Wallace, R.E., 1984, Modification of wave-cut and faulting-controlled landforms: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B7, p. 5771-5790, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB07p05771.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"5771","endPage":"5790","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219865,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cb4e4b0c8380cd6feb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C.","contributorId":35763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bucknam, R.C.","contributorId":35744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bucknam","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lajoie, K. R.","contributorId":6828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lajoie","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wallace, R. E.","contributorId":6823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}