{"pageNumber":"3790","pageRowStart":"94725","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185258,"records":[{"id":70018479,"text":"70018479 - 1996 - Potential methane emission from north-temperate lakes following ice melt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T20:54:52","indexId":"70018479","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential methane emission from north-temperate lakes following ice melt","docAbstract":"Methane, a radiatively active 'greenhouse' gas, is emitted from lakes to the atmosphere throughout the open-water season. However, annual lake CH4 emissions calculated solely from open-water measurements that exclude the time of spring ice melt may substantially underestimate the lake CH4 source strength. We estimated potential spring CH4 emission at the time of ice melt for 19 lakes in northern Minnesota and Wisconsin. Lakes ranged in area from 2.7 to 57,300 ha and varied in littoral zone sediment type. Regression analyses indicated that lake area explained 38% of the variance in potential CH4 emission for relatively undisturbed lakes; as lake area increases potential CH4 emission per unit area decreases. Inclusion of a second term accounting for the presence or absence of soft organic-rich littoral-zone sediments explained 83% of the variance in potential spring CH4 emission. Total estimated spring CH4 emission for 1993 for all Minnesota lakes north of 45?? with areas ???4 ha was 1.5 x 108 mol CH4 assuming a 1 : 1 ratio of soft littoral sediment to hard littoral sediment lakes. Emission estimates ranged from 5.3 x 107 tool assuming no lakes have soft organic-rich littoral sediments to 4.5 x 108 mol assuming all lakes have soft organic-rich littoral sediments. This spring CH4 pulse may make up as much as 40% of the CH4 annually emitted to the atmosphere by small lakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Michmerhuizen, C., Striegl, R.G., and McDonald, M., 1996, Potential methane emission from north-temperate lakes following ice melt: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 41, no. 5, p. 985-991.","startPage":"985","endPage":"991","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7f47e4b0c8380cd7aa30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michmerhuizen, C.M.","contributorId":6205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michmerhuizen","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, M.E.","contributorId":33661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019366,"text":"70019366 - 1996 - Quality and petrographic characteristics of Paleocene coals from the Hanna basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70019366","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Quality and petrographic characteristics of Paleocene coals from the Hanna basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Coal beds from the Ferris and Hanna Formations, in the Hanna basin, south-central Wyoming, exhibit distinct differences in ash yield, sulfur content, and petrographic and palynologic constituents. These differences are interpreted to be controlled by tectonic changes of the Hanna basin and adjoining uplifts during evolutionary development, which, in turn, controlled mire chemistry and sedimentation. These conditions created two very different settings under which the peats developed during deposition of the Ferris and the Hanna Formations. In addition, there appears to be a geographic (latitudinal) and/or climatic control on the coal characteristics manifested by major differences of Paleocene coals in the Hanna basin compared to those in the Raton basin in Colorado and New Mexico and the Powder River basin in Wyoming.Coal beds from the Ferris and Hanna Formations, in the Hanna basin, south-central Wyoming, exhibit distinct differences in ash yield, sulfur content, and petrographic and palynologic constituents. These differences are interpreted to be controlled by tectonic changes of the Hanna basin and adjoining uplifts during evolutionary development, which, in turn, controlled mire chemistry and sedimentation. These conditions created two very different settings under which the peats developed during deposition of the Ferris and the Hanna Formations. In addition, there appears to be a geographic (latitudinal) and/or climatic control on the coal characteristics manifested by major differences of Paleocene coals in the Hanna basin compared to those in the Raton basin in Colorado and New Mexico and the Powder River basin in Wyoming.","largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 12th Annual Meeting of the Society for Organic Petrology","conferenceDate":"25 September 1994 through 30 September 1994","conferenceLocation":"Jackson, WY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press Inc","publisherLocation":"Tarrytown, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(96)00016-2","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Pierce, B., 1996, Quality and petrographic characteristics of Paleocene coals from the Hanna basin, Wyoming, <i>in</i> Organic Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 2, Jackson, WY, USA, 25 September 1994 through 30 September 1994, p. 181-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00016-2.","startPage":"181","endPage":"187","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205731,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00016-2"},{"id":226469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a907ee4b0c8380cd7fd90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierce, B.S.","contributorId":13639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019288,"text":"70019288 - 1996 - Diagenesis of an 'overmature' gas reservoir: The Spiro sand of the Arkoma Basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:11","indexId":"70019288","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diagenesis of an 'overmature' gas reservoir: The Spiro sand of the Arkoma Basin, USA","docAbstract":"The Spiro sand is a laterally extensive thin sandstone of earliest Atokan (Pennsylvanian) age that forms a major natural gas reservoir in the western Arkoma Basin, Oklahoma. Petrographic analysis reveals a variety of diagenetic alterations, the majority of which occurred during moderate to deep burial. Early diagenetic processes include calcite cementation and the formation of Fe-clay mineral peloids and coatings around quartz framework grains. These clays, which underwent transformation to well-crystallized chamosite [polytype Ib(?? = 90??)] on burial, are particularly abundant in medium-grained channel sandstones, whereas illitic clays are predominant in fine-grained interchannel sandstones. Subsequent to mechanical compaction, saddle ankerite precipitated in the reservoir at temperatures in excess of 70??C. Crude oil collected in favourable structural locations during and after ankeritization. Whereas hydrocarbons apparently halted inorganic diagenesis in oil-saturated zones, cementation continued in the underlying water-saturated zones. As reservoir temperatures increased further, hydrocarbons were cracked and a solid pyrobitumen residue remained in the reservoir. At temperatures exceeding ???140-150??C, non-syntaxial quartz cement, ferroan calcite and traces of dickite(?) locally reduced the reservoir quality. Local secondary porosity was created by carbonate cement dissolution. This alteration post-dated hydrocarbon emplacement and is probably related to late-stage infiltration of freshwater along 'leaky' faults. The study shows that the Spiro sandstone locally retained excellent porosities despite deep burial and thermal conditions that correspond to the zone of incipient very low grade metamorphism.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0264-8172(95)00037-2","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Spotl, C., Houseknecht, D., and Burns, S., 1996, Diagenesis of an 'overmature' gas reservoir: The Spiro sand of the Arkoma Basin, USA: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 25-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(95)00037-2.","startPage":"25","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205736,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(95)00037-2"},{"id":226507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0097e4b0c8380cd4f7e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spotl, C.","contributorId":11342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spotl","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houseknecht, D.W. 0000-0002-9633-6910","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":33695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burns, S.J.","contributorId":8236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018968,"text":"70018968 - 1996 - The nitrate connection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70018968","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3258,"text":"Report - University of California Water Resources Center","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The nitrate connection","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Report - University of California Water Resources Center","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"05754968","usgsCitation":"Rees, T., 1996, The nitrate connection: Report - University of California Water Resources Center, v. 1996, no. 88, p. 139-144.","startPage":"139","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1996","issue":"88","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae20e4b08c986b323f1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rees, T.F.","contributorId":26068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rees","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018960,"text":"70018960 - 1996 - A giant sediment trap in the Florida keys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70018960","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A giant sediment trap in the Florida keys","docAbstract":"Aerial photography, high-resolution seismic profiling, coring and jet probing have revealed a large sediment-filled sinkhole in the Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary off Key Largo, Florida. The 600-m-diameter feature straddles coral reef and carbonate-sand facies and contains >55 m of marine lime sand and aragonite mud. Bulk 14C age determinations of mud from a 30- m sediment core indicate infilling rates exceeding 20 m/ka between 3 and 5.6 ka. The total thickness and nature of the sediment near the base of the sinkhole are not known.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Shinn, E., Reich, C., Locker, S., and Hine, A.C., 1996, A giant sediment trap in the Florida keys: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 12, no. 4, p. 953-959.","startPage":"953","endPage":"959","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226268,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e408e4b0c8380cd46374","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shinn, E.A.","contributorId":38610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reich, C. D. 0000-0002-2534-1456","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-1456","contributorId":36978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Locker, S. D.","contributorId":81532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locker","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hine, A. C.","contributorId":21197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hine","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018585,"text":"70018585 - 1996 - Origin of high mountains in the continents: The Southern Sierra Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T15:24:28.546527","indexId":"70018585","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of high mountains in the continents: The Southern Sierra Nevada","docAbstract":"Active and passive seismic experiments show that the southern Sierra, despite standing 1.8 to 2.8 kilometers above its surroundings, is underlain by crust of similar seismic thickness, about 30 to 40 kilometers. Thermobarometry of xenolith suites and magnetotelluric profiles indicate that the upper mantle is eclogitic to depths of 60 kilometers beneath the western and central parts of the range, but little subcrustal lithosphere is present beneath the eastern High Sierra and adjacent Basin and Range. These and other data imply the crust of both the High Sierra and Basin and Range thinned by a factor of 2 since 20 million years ago, at odds with purported late Cenozoic regional uplift of some 2 kilometers.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Science","doi":"10.1126/science.271.5246.190","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Wernicke, B., Clayton, R., Ducea, M., Jones, C., Park, S., Ruppert, S., Saleeby, J., Snow, J., Squires, L., Fliedner, M., Jiracek, G., Keller, R.H., Klemperer, S., Luetgert, J., Malin, P., Miller, K., Mooney, W.D., Oliver, H., and Phinney, R., 1996, Origin of high mountains in the continents: The Southern Sierra Nevada: Science, v. 271, no. 5246, p. 190-193, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.271.5246.190.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479168,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External 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R.","contributorId":73352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ducea, Mihai N.","contributorId":86913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ducea","given":"Mihai N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, C.H.","contributorId":103775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Park, S.","contributorId":101031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Park","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ruppert, S.","contributorId":9786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Saleeby, J.","contributorId":7857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saleeby","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Snow, J.K.","contributorId":99316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snow","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Squires, L.","contributorId":6604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squires","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Fliedner, M.","contributorId":66005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fliedner","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Jiracek, G.","contributorId":53102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jiracek","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Keller, Rebecca Hylton","contributorId":12213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"Hylton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Klemperer, S.","contributorId":96432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemperer","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Luetgert, J.","contributorId":92807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Malin, P.","contributorId":19719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malin","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Miller, K.","contributorId":104434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Oliver, H.","contributorId":108261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Phinney, R.","contributorId":52735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phinney","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":70177760,"text":"70177760 - 1996 - Analysis of non-ortho-PCBs in fish, bird eggs, sediments, soils, and SPMD samples by gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry: Chapter 27","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T21:17:38.364544","indexId":"70177760","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Analysis of non-ortho-PCBs in fish, bird eggs, sediments, soils, and SPMD samples by gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry: Chapter 27","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Techniques in aquatic toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","usgsCitation":"Peterman, P.H., Gale, R.W., Tillitt, D.E., and Feltz, K.P., 1996, Analysis of non-ortho-PCBs in fish, bird eggs, sediments, soils, and SPMD samples by gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry: Chapter 27, chap. <i>of</i> Techniques in aquatic toxicology, p. 517-553.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"517","endPage":"553","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330253,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330251,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.crcpress.com/Techniques-in-Aquatic-Toxicology/Ostrander/p/book/9781566701495#googlePreviewContainer"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5809d7c7e4b0f497e78fcac1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ostrander, Gary K.","contributorId":113895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostrander","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651679,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Peterman, Paul H. ppeterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Paul","email":"ppeterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gale, Robert W. 0000-0002-8533-141X rgale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8533-141X","contributorId":2808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"Robert","email":"rgale@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Feltz, Kevin P. kfeltz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feltz","given":"Kevin","email":"kfeltz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017701,"text":"70017701 - 1996 - Damaging earthquakes: A scientific laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70017701","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Damaging earthquakes: A scientific laboratory","docAbstract":"This paper reviews the principal lessons learned from multidisciplinary postearthquake investigations of damaging earthquakes throughout the world during the past 15 years. The unique laboratory provided by a damaging earthquake in culturally different but tectonically similar regions of the world has increased fundamental understanding of earthquake processes, added perishable scientific, technical, and socioeconomic data to the knowledge base, and led to changes in public policies and professional practices for earthquake loss reduction.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction","conferenceDate":"3 December 1996 through 5 December 1996","conferenceLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Hays, W., 1996, Damaging earthquakes: A scientific laboratory, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction, Washington, DC, USA, 3 December 1996 through 5 December 1996, p. 151-152.","startPage":"151","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd60e4b0c8380cd4e7de","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Housner G.W.Chung R.M.","contributorId":128376,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Housner G.W.Chung R.M.","id":536374,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Hays, Walter W.","contributorId":66669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"Walter W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1014845,"text":"1014845 - 1996 - Genetic diversity of North American isolates of Renibacteriumsalmoninarum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-07T13:20:45.335709","indexId":"1014845","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic diversity of North American isolates of Renibacteriumsalmoninarum","docAbstract":"<p class=\"abstract_block\">Genetic diversity of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Renibacterium</i><i>salmoninarum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>was evaluated by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE). Whole cell lysates were prepared for 40 isolates representing 5 groups based on host and geographic area. Each lysate was assessed for activity of 44 enzymes with a pH 6.5 amine-citrate and a pH 8.0 buffer. Genetic variation was scored at 26 loci. Two zones of activity (presumptive loci) were scored each for esterase (EC 3.1.1.1) and glycyl-leucine peptidase (EC 3.4.11.x). There were no monomorphic loci and there was an average of 2.65 electromorphs per locus. There were 21 electrophoretic types. Mean genetic diversity (<i>H</i><sub>T</sub>) was 0.161 and the percentage of this explained by diversity between groups was<span>&nbsp;</span><i>G</i><sub>st</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>= 8.1%; thus 91.9% of the genetic diversity was due to heterogeneity between individual isolates. The 2 groups with the highest genetic diversity were from chinook<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Oncorhynchus</i><i>tshawytscha</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and coho<span>&nbsp;</span><i>O</i>.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>kisutch</i><span>&nbsp;</span>salmon, both from the Manistee Weir, Michigan, USA; i.e. 0.270 and 0.298, respectively. The highest genetic diversity for a locus (<i>h</i><sub>T</sub>) was 0.587 for EST-1. At this locus, diversity between groups explained a higher percentage of the total diversity (<i>G</i><sub>st</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>= 36.5%). Other loci with relatively high genetic diversity were succinate dehydrogenase (0.385; EC 1.3.99.1), cytochrome<span>&nbsp;</span><i>c</i><span>&nbsp;</span>oxidase (0.273; EC 1.9.3.1) and aconitase (0.311; EC 4.2.1.3). The results of this study indicate relatively low genetic diversity of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i>.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>salmoninarum</i>.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao027207","usgsCitation":"Starliper, C.E., 1996, Genetic diversity of North American isolates of Renibacteriumsalmoninarum: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 27, no. 3, p. 207-213, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao027207.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"213","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479052,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao027207","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131580,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeb33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starliper, C. E.","contributorId":59739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starliper","given":"C.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017824,"text":"70017824 - 1996 - Production of activated char from Illinois coal for flue gas cleanup","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017824","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":611,"text":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Production of activated char from Illinois coal for flue gas cleanup","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"05693772","usgsCitation":"Lizzio, A., and DeBarr, J., 1996, Production of activated char from Illinois coal for flue gas cleanup: ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, v. 41, no. 1, p. 427-430.","startPage":"427","endPage":"430","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8ddbe4b0c8380cd7ee8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lizzio, A.A.","contributorId":70937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lizzio","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeBarr, J.A.","contributorId":20078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeBarr","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017733,"text":"70017733 - 1996 - Crustal structure of a transform plate boundary: San Francisco Bay and the central California continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T10:14:52","indexId":"70017733","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of a transform plate boundary: San Francisco Bay and the central California continental margin","docAbstract":"Wide-angle seismic data collected during the Bay Area Seismic Imaging Experiment provide new glimpses of the deep structure of the San Francisco Bay Area Block and across the offshore continental margin. San Francisco Bay is underlain by a veneer (<300 m) of sediments, beneath which P wave velocities increase rapidly from 5.2 km/s to 6.0 km/s at 7 km depth, consistent with rocks of the Franciscan subduction assemblage. The base of the Franciscan at-15-18 km depth is marked by a strong wide-angle reflector, beneath which lies an 8- to 10-km-thick lower crust with an average velocity of 6.75??0.15 km/s. The lower crust of the Bay Area Block may be oceanic in origin, but its structure and reflectivity indicate that it has been modified by shearing and/or magmatic intrusion. Wide-angle reflections define two layers within the lower crust, with velocities of 6.4-6.6 km/s and 6.9-7.3 km/s. Prominent subhorizontal reflectivity observed at near-vertical incidence resides principally in the lowermost layer, the top of which corresponds to the \"6-s reflector\" of Brocher et al. [1994]. Rheological modeling suggests that the lower crust beneath the 6-s reflector is the weakest part of the lithosphere; the horizontal shear zone suggested by Furlong et al. [1989] to link the San Andreas and Hayward/Calaveras fault systems may actually be a broad zone of shear deformation occupying the lowermost crust. A transect across the continental margin from the paleotrench to the Hayward fault shows a deep crustal structure that is more complex than previously realized. Strong lateral variability in seismic velocity and wide-angle reflectivity suggests that crustal composition changes across major transcurrent fault systems. Pacific oceanic crust extends 40-50 km landward of the paleotrench but, contrary to prior models, probably does not continue beneath the Salinian Block, a Cretaceous arc complex that lies west of the San Andreas fault in the Bay Area. The thickness (10 km) and high lower-crustal velocity of Pacific oceanic crust suggest that it was underplated by magmatism associated with the nearby Pioneer seamount. The Salinian Block consists of a 15-km-thick layer of velocity 6.0-6.2 km/s overlying a 5-km-thick, high-velocity (7.0 km/s) lower crust that may be oceanic crust, Cretaceous arc-derived lower crust, or a magmatically underplated layer. The strong structural variability across the margin attests to the activity of strike-slip faulting prior to and during development of the transcurrent Pacific/North American plate boundary around 29 Ma. Copyright 1996 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Holbrook, W., Brocher, T., ten Brink, U., and Hole, J., 1996, Crustal structure of a transform plate boundary: San Francisco Bay and the central California continental margin: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. B10, p. 22311-22334.","startPage":"22311","endPage":"22334","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcebe4b0c8380cd4e4f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holbrook, W.S.","contributorId":84916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holbrook","given":"W.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hole, J.A.","contributorId":103422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hole","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018797,"text":"70018797 - 1996 - A camerate-rich late carboniferous (Moscovian) crinoid fauna from volcanic conglomerate, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-07T00:24:03.44913","indexId":"70018797","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A camerate-rich late carboniferous (Moscovian) crinoid fauna from volcanic conglomerate, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China","docAbstract":"A low-diversity camerate-rich crinoid fauna from the Qijiagou Formation, Taoshigo Valley near Turpan, Xinjiang-Uygar Autonomous Region, China was collected during field work in May, 1993. The crinoid fauna is dominated by species of Platycrinites. Other camerate crinoids include a species in the Paragaricocrinidae, Actinocrinites, a hexacrinitid, and an acrocrinoid. The only other non-North American occurrence of this latter family is Springeracrocrinus from the Moscovian of Russia. In addition to the camerates, there are several advanced cladid inadunates more typical of Upper Carboniferous crinoid faunas, including an erisocrinoid (possibly Sinocrinus), Graphiocrinus, ?Cromyocrinus, and an agassizocrinoid (Petschoracrinus) represented by partly fused infrabasal cones. A single radial plate with angustary facet may represent a cyathocrinoid, There also is a catillocrinoid, assigned here to Paracatillocrinus. The fauna, which resembles Moscovian crinoids described from Russia, is preserved in graded volcanic conglomeratic debris flows that overlie a carbonate mound and contain clasts up to 3 m in dimension. The crinoids are fragmentary, with many calyces seemingly torn into two or three pieces and dumped in with the pyroclastic debris. Camerates are represented by large thecal scraps consisting of numerous plates, or by large individual plates or circlets. Other fossils include rare solitary rugose corals, tabular bryozoans, Neospirifer, and other fragmentary brachiopods. We suspect that the crinoids may have been swept off of a nearby carbonate mound and deposited as debris-flow bedload.","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontological Society","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Lane, N., Waters, J., Maples, C., Marcus, S., and Liao, Z., 1996, A camerate-rich late carboniferous (Moscovian) crinoid fauna from volcanic conglomerate, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China: Journal of Paleontology, v. 70, no. 1, p. 117-128.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227627,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e334e4b0c8380cd45ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, N.G.","contributorId":60796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"N.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waters, J.A.","contributorId":78891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waters","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maples, C.G.","contributorId":7425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maples","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marcus, S.A.","contributorId":43924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marcus","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liao, Z.-T.","contributorId":85345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liao","given":"Z.-T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018505,"text":"70018505 - 1996 - Testing and validating environmental models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018505","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing and validating environmental models","docAbstract":"Generally accepted standards for testing and validating ecosystem models would benefit both modellers and model users. Universally applicable test procedures are difficult to prescribe, given the diversity of modelling approaches and the many uses for models. However, the generally accepted scientific principles of documentation and disclosure provide a useful framework for devising general standards for model evaluation. Adequately documenting model tests requires explicit performance criteria, and explicit benchmarks against which model performance is compared. A model's validity, reliability, and accuracy can be most meaningfully judged by explicit comparison against the available alternatives. In contrast, current practice is often characterized by vague, subjective claims that model predictions show 'acceptable' agreement with data; such claims provide little basis for choosing among alternative models. Strict model tests (those that invalid models are unlikely to pass) are the only ones capable of convincing rational skeptics that a model is probably valid. However, 'false positive' rates as low as 10% can substantially erode the power of validation tests, making them insufficiently strict to convince rational skeptics. Validation tests are often undermined by excessive parameter calibration and overuse of ad hoc model features. Tests are often also divorced from the conditions under which a model will be used, particularly when it is designed to forecast beyond the range of historical experience. In such situations, data from laboratory and field manipulation experiments can provide particularly effective tests, because one can create experimental conditions quite different from historical data, and because experimental data can provide a more precisely defined 'target' for the model to hit. We present a simple demonstration showing that the two most common methods for comparing model predictions to environmental time series (plotting model time series against data time series, and plotting predicted versus observed values) have little diagnostic power. We propose that it may be more useful to statistically extract the relationships of primary interest from the time series, and test the model directly against them.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(95)04971-1","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Kirchner, J., Hooper, R.P., Kendall, C., Neal, C., and Leavesley, G., 1996, Testing and validating environmental models: Science of the Total Environment, v. 183, no. 1-2, p. 33-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04971-1.","startPage":"33","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205884,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04971-1"},{"id":227301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"183","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5bfe4b08c986b320c4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirchner, J.W.","contributorId":45846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirchner","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neal, C.","contributorId":89269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leavesley, G.","contributorId":90483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018464,"text":"70018464 - 1996 - Hydrogen isotope systematics of phase separation in submarine hydrothermal systems: Experimental calibration and theoretical models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018464","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogen isotope systematics of phase separation in submarine hydrothermal systems: Experimental calibration and theoretical models","docAbstract":"Hydrogen isotope fractionation factors were measured for coexisting brines and vapors formed by phase separation of NaCl/H2O fluids at temperatures ranging from 399-450??C and pressures from 277-397 bars. It was found that brines are depleted in D compared to coexisting vapors at all conditions studied. The magnitude of hydrogen isotope fractionation is dependent on the relative amounts of Cl in the two phases and can be empirically correlated to pressure using the following relationship: 1000 ln ??(vap-brine) = 2.54(??0.83) + 2.87(??0.69) x log (??P), where ??(vap-brine) is the fractionation factor and ??P is a pressure term representing distance from the critical curve in the NaCl/H2O system. The effect of phase separation on hydrogen isotope distribution in subseafloor hydrothermal systems depends on a number of factors, including whether phase separation is induced by heating at depth or by decompression of hydrothermal fluids ascending to the seafloor. Phase separation in most subseafloor systems appears to be a simple process driven by heating of seawater to conditions within the two-phase region, followed by segregation and entrainment of brine or vapor into a seawater dominated system. Resulting vent fluids exhibit large ranges in Cl concentration with no measurable effect on ??D. Possible exceptions to this include hydrothermal fluids venting at Axial and 9??N on the East Pacific Rise. High ??D values of low Cl fluids venting at Axial are consistent with phase separation taking place at relatively shallow levels in the oceanic crust while negative ??D values in some low Cl fluids venting at 9??N suggest involvement of a magmatic fluid component or phase separation of D-depleted brines derived during previous hydrothermal activity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(96)00033-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Berndt, M., Seal, R., Shanks, W.C., and Seyfried, W., 1996, Hydrogen isotope systematics of phase separation in submarine hydrothermal systems: Experimental calibration and theoretical models: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 9, p. 1595-1604, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00033-6.","startPage":"1595","endPage":"1604","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205870,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00033-6"},{"id":227209,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a334de4b0c8380cd5eec1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berndt, M.E.","contributorId":78487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seal, R.R. II","contributorId":102097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seyfried, W.E. Jr.","contributorId":15347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seyfried","given":"W.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018172,"text":"70018172 - 1996 - Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:28:29.058569","indexId":"70018172","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis","docAbstract":"Liquefaction features can be used in many field settings to estimate the recurrence interval and magnitude of strong earthquakes through much of the Holocene. These features include dikes, craters, vented sand, sills, and laterally spreading landslides. The relatively high seismic shaking level required for their formation makes them particularly valuable as records of strong paleo-earthquakes. This state-of-the-art summary for using liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic interpretation and analysis takes into account both geological and geotechnical engineering perspectives. The driving mechanism for formation of the features is primarily the increased pore-water pressure associated with liquefaction of sand-rich sediment. The role of this mechanism is often supplemented greatly by the direct action of seismic shaking at the ground surface, which strains and breaks the clay-rich cap that lies immediately above the sediment that liquefied. Discussed in the text are the processes involved in formation of the features, as well as their morphology and characteristics in field settings. Whether liquefaction occurs is controlled mainly by sediment grain size, sediment packing, depth to the water table, and strength and duration of seismic shaking. Formation of recognizable features in the field generally requires a low-permeability cap above the sediment that liquefied. Field manifestations are controlled largely by the severity of liquefaction and the thickness and properties of the low-permeability cap. Criteria are presented for determining whether observed sediment deformation in the field originated by seismically induced liquefaction. These criteria have been developed mainly by observing historic effects of liquefaction in varied field settings. The most important criterion is that a seismic liquefaction origin requires widespread, regional development of features around a core area where the effects are most severe. In addition, the features must have a morphology that is consistent with a very sudden application of a large hydraulic force. This article discusses case studies in widely separated and different geological settings: coastal South Carolina, the New Madrid seismic zone, the Wabash Valley seismic zone, and coastal Washington State. These studies encompass most of the range of settings and the types of liquefaction-induced features likely to be encountered anywhere. The case studies describe the observed features and the logic for assigning a seismic liquefaction origin to them. Also discussed are some types of sediment deformations that can be misinterpreted as having a seismic origin. Two independent methods for estimating prehistoric magnitude are discussed briefly. One method is based on determination of the maximum distance from the epicenter over which liquefaction-induced effects have formed. The other method is based on use of geotechnical engineering techniques at sites of marginal liquefaction, in order to bracket the peak accelerations as a function of epicentral distance; these accelerations can then be compared with predictions from seismological models.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0074-6142(96)80074-X","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Obermeier, S., 1996, Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis: Engineering Geology, v. 44, no. 1-4, p. 1-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(96)80074-X.","productDescription":"76 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"76","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227631,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf38e4b08c986b329a20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obermeier, S. F.","contributorId":17602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018506,"text":"70018506 - 1996 - Three-dimensional P and S wave velocity structure of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-15T10:43:20","indexId":"70018506","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional P and S wave velocity structure of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>The three‐dimensional&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;wave structure of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, and the underlying crust to depths of 7–8 km is determined from 6219&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;wave and 4008&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;wave first‐arrival times recorded by a 30‐station seismograph network deployed on and around the volcano. First‐arrival times are calculated using a finite‐difference technique, which allows for flexible parameterization of the slowness model and easy inclusion of topography and source‐receiver geometry. The three‐dimensional&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;wave velocity structure and hypocenters are determined simultaneously, while the three‐dimensional&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>wave velocity model is determined using the relocated seismicity and an initial&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;wave velocity model derived from the&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;wave velocity model assuming an average&nbsp;</span><i>Vp</i><span>/</span><i>Vs</i><span>&nbsp;ratio of 1.78. Convergence is steady with approximately 73% and 52% reduction in&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>wave arrival time RMS, respectively, after 10 iterations. The most prominent feature observed in the three‐dimensional velocity models derived for both&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;waves is a relative low‐velocity, near‐vertical, pipelike structure approximately 1 km in diameter that extends from 1 to 6 km beneath sea level. This feature aligns axially with the bulk of seismicity and is interpreted as a highly fractured and altered zone encompassing a magma conduit. The velocity structure beneath the north flank of the volcano between depths of 1 and 6 km is characterized by large lateral velocity variations. High velocities within this region are interpreted as remnant dikes and sills and low velocities as regions along which magma migrates. No large low‐velocity body suggestive of a magma chamber is resolved in the upper 7–8 km of the crust.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/95JB03046","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Benz, H., Chouet, B., Dawson, P., Lahr, J., Page, R., and Hole, J., 1996, Three-dimensional P and S wave velocity structure of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 4, p. 8111-8128, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03046.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"8111","endPage":"8128","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb31de4b08c986b325bb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benz, H.M.","contributorId":21594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, P.B.","contributorId":75934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lahr, J.C.","contributorId":34892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Page, R.A.","contributorId":40197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hole, J.A.","contributorId":103422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hole","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018575,"text":"70018575 - 1996 - Comparison of damping in buildings under low-amplitude and strong motions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-23T14:55:48.207317","indexId":"70018575","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2511,"text":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of damping in buildings under low-amplitude and strong motions","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of damping values and other dynamic characteristics of five buildings using strong-motion and low-amplitude (ambient vibration) data. The strong-motion dynamic characteristics of five buildings within the San Francisco Bay area are extracted from recordings of the 17 October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake (LPE). Ambient vibration response characteristics for the same five buildings were inferred using data collected in 1990 following LPE. Additional earthquake data other than LPE for one building and ambient vibration data collected before LPE for two other buildings provide additional confirmation of the results obtained. For each building, the percentages of critical damping and the corresponding fundamental periods determined from low-amplitude test data are appreciably lower than those determined from strong-motion recordings. These differences are attributed mainly to soil-structure interaction and other non-linear behavior affecting the structures during strong shaking. Significant contribution of radiation damping to the effective damping of a specific building is discussed in detail.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0167-6105(96)00014-1","issn":"01676105","usgsCitation":"Çelebi, M., 1996, Comparison of damping in buildings under low-amplitude and strong motions: Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, v. 59, no. 2-3, p. 309-323, https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(96)00014-1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"323","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227035,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f859e4b0c8380cd4d03c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Çelebi, M.","contributorId":36946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018544,"text":"70018544 - 1996 - The ratio method of estimating water resistivity and TDS from resistivity logs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-31T09:17:49","indexId":"70018544","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The ratio method of estimating water resistivity and TDS from resistivity logs","docAbstract":"<p>It is a general belief that useful estimates of total dissolved solids concentrations of ground water cannot be made from borehole geophysical logs. A case study of estimating total dissolved solids concentration of ground water in the local area using the ratio method yielded estimates with an average error of less than 25 percent. The results do not support the hypothesis that useful estimates of total dissolved solids concentration cannot be made from borehole geophysical logs. The case study included a comparison of estimates of total dissolved solids concentration utilizing a resistivity of the mud input versus using resistivity of the mud filtrate input. Estimates made using resistivity of mud had a correlation coefficient of 0.97 whereas estimates using resistivity of mud filtrate had a correlation coefficient of only 0.27. The results from the case study suggest that at least in some cases the resistivity of the mud (Rm) produce a better estimate of the resistivity of water (Rw) in the fully flushed zone than an estimate using the resistivity of the mud filtrate Rmf. The ratio method can be easily used to estimate ground-water resistivity and total dissolved solids concentration of the formation water based only on data from resistivity logs. The advantage of the method is that data on porosity, cementation exponent, temperature, and volume of clay are not required. The method, which has been used by the oil industry to crudely estimate water resistivity, is based in part on the ratio of the resistivity of a fully water-saturated formation to the resistivity of the fully flushed zone adjacent to the annulus in a mud-filled borehole. The method, which is very robust, requires only an estimate of the resistivity of a fully water-saturated formation from a deep looking induction or resistivity log, an estimate of the resistivity of the fully flushed zone from a microresistivity or short normal log, and a measurement of resistivity of the mud or mud filtrate and its temperature.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02033.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, D.G., 1996, The ratio method of estimating water resistivity and TDS from resistivity logs: Ground Water, v. 34, no. 3, p. 519-522, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02033.x.","startPage":"519","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baef4e4b08c986b32444e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgensen, D. G.","contributorId":104527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018541,"text":"70018541 - 1996 - Thermal conductivity of water-saturated rocks from the KTB pilot hole at temperatures of 25 to 300°C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-14T08:58:07","indexId":"70018541","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal conductivity of water-saturated rocks from the KTB pilot hole at temperatures of 25 to 300°C","docAbstract":"<p><span>The conductivitites of selected gneiss (two) and amphibolite (one) core samples have been measured under conditions of elevated temperature and pressure with a needle‐probe. Water‐saturated thermal conductivity measurements spanning temperatures from 25 to 300°C and hydrostatic pressures of 0.1 and 34 MPa confirm the general decrease in conductivity with increasing temperature but deviate significantly from results reported from measurements on dry samples over the same temperature range. The thermal conductivity of water‐saturated amphibolite decreases with temperature at a rate approximately 40% less than the rate for dry amphibolite, and the conductivity of water‐saturated gneiss decreases at a rate approximately 20% less than the rate for dry gneiss. The available evidence points to thermal cracking as the primary cause of the more rapid decrease in dry thermal conductivity with temperature. The effects of thermal cracking were also observed in the water‐saturated samples but resulted in a net decrease in room‐temperature conductivity of less than 3%. These results highlight the importance of duplicating&nbsp;</span><i>in‐situ</i><span>&nbsp;conditions when determining thermal conductivity for the deep crust.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95GL00253","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Pribnow, D., Williams, C., Sass, J., and Keating, R., 1996, Thermal conductivity of water-saturated rocks from the KTB pilot hole at temperatures of 25 to 300°C: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 23, no. 4, p. 391-394, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL00253.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"391","endPage":"394","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb219e4b08c986b3255cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pribnow, D.","contributorId":13386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pribnow","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, C.F. 0000-0003-2196-5496","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-5496","contributorId":20401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"C.F.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sass, J.H.","contributorId":70749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keating, R.","contributorId":29968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keating","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018534,"text":"70018534 - 1996 - Controls on surface water chemistry in the upper Merced River basin, Yosemite National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-27T11:11:58.746183","indexId":"70018534","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls on surface water chemistry in the upper Merced River basin, Yosemite National Park, California","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group  metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Surface water draining granitic bedrock in Yosemite National Park exhibits considerable variability in chemical composition, despite the relative homogeneity of bedrock chemistry. Other geological factors, including the jointing and distribution of glacial till, appear to exert strong controls on water composition.  Chemical data from three surface water surveys in the upper Merced River basin conducted in August 1981, June 1988 and August 1991 were analysed and compared with mapped geological, hydrological and topographic features to identify the solute sources and processes that control water chemistry within the basin during baseflow.  Water at most of the sampling sites was dilute, with alkalinities ranging from 26 to 77 μequiv. l<sup>−1</sup>. Alkalinity was much higher in two subcatchments, however, ranging from 51 to 302 μequiv. l<sup>−1</sup>. Base cations and silica were also significantly higher in these two catchments than in the rest of the watershed. Concentrations of weathering products in surface water were correlated to the fraction of each subcatchment underlain by surficial material, which is mostly glacial till. Silicate mineral weathering is the dominant control on concentrations of alkalinity, silica and base cations, and ratios of these constituents in surface water reflect the composition of local bedrock.  Chloride concentrations in surface water samples varied widely, ranging from &lt;1 to 96 μequiv. l<sup>−1</sup>. The annual volume-weighted mean chloride concentration in the Merced River at the Happy Isles gauge from 1968 to 1990 was 26 μequiv. l<sup>−1</sup>, which was five times higher than in atmospheric deposition (4–5 μequiv. l<sup>−1</sup>), suggesting that a source of chloride exists within the watershed. Saline groundwater springs, whose locations are probably controlled by vertical jointing in the bedrock, are the most likely source of the chloride.  Sulphate concentrations varied much less than most other solutes, ranging from 3 to 14 μequiv. l<sup>−1</sup>. Concentrations of sulphate in quarterly samples collected at the watershed outlet also showed relatively little variation, suggesting that sulphate may be regulated to some extent by a within-watershed process, such as sulphate adsorption.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199605)10:5<727::AID-HYP316>3.0.CO;2-D","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Clow, D.W., Mast, M., and Campbell, K., 1996, Controls on surface water chemistry in the upper Merced River basin, Yosemite National Park, California: Hydrological Processes, v. 10, no. 5, p. 727-746, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199605)10:5<727::AID-HYP316>3.0.CO;2-D.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"727","endPage":"746","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227032,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbd3e4b0c8380cd4dfb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clow, D. W.","contributorId":23531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mast, M.A.","contributorId":67871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, K.","contributorId":63351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":47665,"text":"St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018779,"text":"70018779 - 1996 - Little Ice Age evidence from a south-central North American ice core, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-19T06:00:22","indexId":"70018779","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":898,"text":"Arctic and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Little Ice Age evidence from a south-central North American ice core, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<p><span>In the past, ice-core records from mid-latitude glaciers in alpine areas of the continental United States were considered to be poor candidates for paleoclimate records because of the influence of meltwater on isotopic stratigraphy. To evaluate the existence of reliable paleoclimatic records, a 160-m ice core, containing about 250 yr of record was obtained from Upper Fremont Glacier, at an altitude of 4000 m in the Wind River Range of south-central North America. The δ<sup>18</sup>O (SMOW) profile from the core shows a -0.95‰ shift to lighter values in the interval from 101.8 to 150 m below the surface, corresponding to the latter part of the Little Ice Age (LIA). Numerous high-amplitude oscillations in the section of the core from 101.8 to 150 m cannot be explained by site-specific lateral variability and probably reflect increased seasonality or better preservation of annual signals as a result of prolonged cooler temperatures that existed in this alpine setting. An abrupt decrease in these large amplitude oscillations at the 101.8-m depth suggests a sudden termination of this period of lower temperatures which generally coincides with the termination of the LIA. Three common features in the δ18O profiles between Upper Fremont Glacier and the better dated Quelccaya Ice Cap cores indicate a global paleoclimate linkage, further supporting the first documented occurrence of the LIA in an ice-core record from a temperate glacier in south-central North America.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","doi":"10.2307/1552083","issn":"00040851","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., Klusman, R., Michel, R.L., Schuster, P., Ready, M., Taylor, H.E., Yanosky, T., and McConnaughey, E., 1996, Little Ice Age evidence from a south-central North American ice core, U.S.A.: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 28, no. 1, p. 35-41, https://doi.org/10.2307/1552083.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"41","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Upper Fremont Glacier, Wind River Range","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48b1e4b0c8380cd68066","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klusman, R.W.","contributorId":93108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klusman","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schuster, P. F.","contributorId":30197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"P. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ready, M.M.","contributorId":63968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ready","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Yanosky, T.M.","contributorId":42263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yanosky","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McConnaughey, E.A.","contributorId":97265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McConnaughey","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70017700,"text":"70017700 - 1996 - Zostera marina (eelgrass) growth and survival along a gradient ofnutrients and turbidity in the lower Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-19T08:25:49","indexId":"70017700","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zostera marina (eelgrass) growth and survival along a gradient ofnutrients and turbidity in the lower Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"Survival of transplanted Zostera marina L. (eelgrass), Z. marina growth,and environmental conditions were studied concurrently at a number of sitesin a southwestern tributary of the Chesapeake Bay to elucidate the factorslimiting macrophyte distribution in this region. Consistent differences insurvival of the transplants were observed, with no long-term survival at anyof the sites that were formerly vegetated with this species but thatcurrently remain unvegetated. Therefore, the current distribution of Z.marina likely represents the extent of suitable environmental conditions inthe region, and the lack of recovery into historically vegetated sites is notsolely due to lack of propagules. Poor long-term survival was related toseasonally high levels of water column light attenuation. Fall transplantsdied by the end of summer following exposure to levels of high springturbidity (K(d) > 3.0). Accumulation of an epiphyte matrix during the latespring (0.36 to 1.14 g g-1 dry wt) may also have contributed to thisstress. Differences in water column nutrient levels among sites during thefall and winter (10 to 15 ??M dissolved inorganic nitrogen and 1 ??Mdissolved inorganic phosphates) had no observable effect on epiphyteaccumulation or macrophyte growth. Salinity effects were minor and there wereno symptoms of disease. Although summertime conditions resulted indepressions in growth, they did not alone limit long-term survival. It issuggested that water quality conditions enhancing adequate seagrass growthduring the spring may be key to long-term Z. marina survival and successfulrecolonization in this region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps142247","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Moore, K., Neckles, H., and Orth, R., 1996, Zostera marina (eelgrass) growth and survival along a gradient ofnutrients and turbidity in the lower Chesapeake Bay: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 142, no. 1-3, p. 247-259, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps142247.","startPage":"247","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479164,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps142247","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps142247"}],"volume":"142","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd2a1e4b08c986b32f927","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, K.A.","contributorId":41609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neckles, H.A.","contributorId":104179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neckles","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orth, R.J.","contributorId":58408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orth","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017698,"text":"70017698 - 1996 - Shallow velocity structure and Poisson's ratio at the Tarzana, California, strong-motion accelerometer site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-24T00:53:08.181259","indexId":"70017698","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow velocity structure and Poisson's ratio at the Tarzana, California, strong-motion accelerometer site","docAbstract":"<div id=\"130404884\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The 17 January 1994, Northridge, California, earthquake produced strong ground shaking at the Cedar Hills Nursery (referred to here as the Tarzana site) within the city of Tarzana, California, approximately 6 km from the epicenter of the mainshock. Although the Tarzana site is on a hill and is a rock site, accelerations of approximately 1.78 g horizontally and 1.2 g vertically at the Tarzana site are among the highest ever instrumentally recorded for an earthquake. To investigate possible site effects at the Tarzana site, we used explosive-source seismic refraction data to determine the shallow (&lt;70 m)<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave velocity structure. Our seismic velocity models for the Tarzana site indicate that the local velocity structure may have contributed significantly to the observed shaking.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave velocities range from 0.9 to 1.65 km/sec, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave velocities range from 0.20 and 0.6 km/sec for the upper 70 m. We also found evidence for a local<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave low-velocity zone (<span class=\"small-caps\">LVZ</span>) beneath the top of the hill. The<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">LVZ</span><span>&nbsp;</span>underlies a<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">CDMG</span><span>&nbsp;</span>strong-motion recording site at depths between 25 and 60 m below ground surface (<span class=\"small-caps\">BGS</span>). Our velocity model is consistent with the near-surface (&lt;30 m)<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>- and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave velocities and Poisson's ratios measured in a nearby (&lt;30 m) borehole. High Poisson's ratios (0.477 to 0.494) and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave attenuation within the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">LVZ</span><span>&nbsp;</span>suggest that the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">LVZ</span><span>&nbsp;</span>may be composed of highly saturated shales of the Modelo Formation. Because the lateral dimensions of the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">LVZ</span><span>&nbsp;</span>approximately correspond to the areas of strongest shaking, we suggest that the highly saturated zone may have contributed to localized strong shaking. Rock sites are generally considered to be ideal locations for site response in urban areas; however, localized, highly saturated rock sites may be a hazard in urban areas that requires further investigation.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0860061704","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Catchings, R.D., and Lee, W., 1996, Shallow velocity structure and Poisson's ratio at the Tarzana, California, strong-motion accelerometer site: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 86, no. 6, p. 1704-1713, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0860061704.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1704","endPage":"1713","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.46145629882811,\n              34.06972475691634\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.89566040039062,\n              34.06972475691634\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.89566040039062,\n              34.264026473152875\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.46145629882811,\n              34.264026473152875\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.46145629882811,\n              34.06972475691634\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e43e4b08c986b318825","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Catchings, R. D.","contributorId":98738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, W.H.K.","contributorId":35303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"W.H.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017697,"text":"70017697 - 1996 - Loess studies in central United States: Evolution of concepts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:30:10.560695","indexId":"70017697","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Loess studies in central United States: Evolution of concepts","docAbstract":"Few words in the realm of earth science have caused more debate than \"loess\". It is a common term that was first used as a name of a silt deposit before it was defined in a scientific sense. Because this \"loose\" deposit is easily distinguished from other more coherent deposits, it was recognized as a matter of practical concern and later became the object of much scientific scrutiny. Loess was first recognized along the Rhine Valley in Germany in the 1830s and was first noted in the United States in 1846 along the lower Mississippi River where it later became the center of attention. The use of the name eventually spread around the world, but its use has not been consistently applied. Over the years some interpretations and stratigraphic correlations have been validated, but others have been hotly contested on conceptual grounds and semantic issues. The concept of loess evolved into a complex issue as loess and loess-like deposits were discovered in different parts of the US. The evolution of concepts in the central US developed in four indefinite stages: the eras of (1) discovery and development of hypotheses, (2) conditional acceptance of the eolian origin of loess, (3) \"bandwagon\" popularity of loess research, and (4) analytical inquiry on the nature of loess. Toward the end of the first era around 1900, the popular opinion on the meaning of the term loess shifted from a lithological sense of loose silt to a lithogenetic sense of eolian silt. However, the dual use of the term fostered a lingering skepticism during the second era that ended in 1944 with an explosion of interest that lasted for more than a decade. In 1944, R.J. Russell proposed and H.N. Fisk defended a new non-eolian, property-based, concept of loess. The eolian advocates reacted with surprise and enthusiasm. Each side used constrained arguments to show their view of the problem, but did not examine the fundamental problem, which was not in the proofs of their hypothesis, but in the definition of the term. Between 1944 and about 1950, the debates about loess reached a maximum level of complexity. The main semantic problem was submersed in peripheral arguments about physical properties and genetic interpretations. The scholarly treatment of the subject by Fisk and Russell stimulated quality responses from a diversity of earth scientists interested in academic and applied studies, particularly geo-history, pedology, soil mechanics and stratigraphy. The long-lasting popularity of loess studies during the bandwagon era lasted to about 1970. By that time, the analytical and technical interests had attracted the mainstream into the fourth era with a focus beyond the old arguments. Although Fisk and Russell found themselves defending an unpopular theory, they stimulated a scientific interest in the late Quaternary history of the Mississippi Valley that may never be exceeded.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0013-7952(96)00018-X","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Follmer, L., 1996, Loess studies in central United States: Evolution of concepts: Engineering Geology, v. 45, no. 1-4, p. 287-304, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(96)00018-X.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"304","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229038,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a493de4b0c8380cd68455","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Follmer, L.R.","contributorId":19294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Follmer","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019067,"text":"70019067 - 1996 - A migratory mantle plume on Venus: Implications for Earth?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T10:37:09","indexId":"70019067","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A migratory mantle plume on Venus: Implications for Earth?","docAbstract":"A spatially fixed or at least internally rigid hotspot reference frame has been assumed for determining relative plate motions on Earth. Recent 1:5,000,000 scale mapping of Venus, a planet without terrestrial-style plate tectonics and ocean cover, reveals a systematic age and dimensional progression of corona-like arachnoids occurring in an uncinate chain. The nonrandom associations between arachnoids indicate they likely formed from a deep-seated mantle plume in a manner similar to terrestrial hotspot features. However, absence of expected convergent \"plate\" margin deformation suggests that the arachnoids are the surface expression of a migratory mantle plume beneath a stationary surface. If mantle plumes are not stationary on Venus, what if any are the implications for Earth?","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/96JB00883","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Chapman, M.G., and Kirk, R.L., 1996, A migratory mantle plume on Venus: Implications for Earth?: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. B7, p. 15953-15967, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00883.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"15953","endPage":"15967","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Venus","volume":"101","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e463e4b0c8380cd46622","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, Mary G.","contributorId":69055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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