{"pageNumber":"3791","pageRowStart":"94750","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185258,"records":[{"id":70018417,"text":"70018417 - 1996 - Crystal structures of [NEt3H]5[XCoIIW11O39]·3H2O (X = P or As)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-28T16:01:16","indexId":"70018417","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2537,"text":"Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crystal structures of [NEt3H]5[XCoIIW11O39]·3H2O (X = P or As)","docAbstract":"The orthorhombic crystal structures of [NEt3H]5[XCoIIW11O39]·3H2O for X = P and As have been determined with data collected at room temperature, and for X = P at –100 °C, using Mo-Kα radiation. For the latter the space group is Pna21, a= 21.670(11), b= 14.805(4), c= 20.393(5)Å and Z= 4. The structure consists of chains of α-Keggin-type molecules joined by W–O–links aligned in the a-axis direction. The Co/W occupancy at the link is disordered, with 61% Co on one side and 39% on the other. Further probable disorder, by lamellar merohedral twinning on (001) and by misorientation of the triethylammonium ions, has obscured the ethyl groups and the water molecules. In polarized light the crystals are deep wine-red normal to the chains (in the b direction), but nearly colourless in the a and c directions. The structure of the arsenate is similar to that of the phosphate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","doi":"10.1039/DT9960002537","issn":"03009246","usgsCitation":"Evans, H.T., Weakley, T., and Jameson, G., 1996, Crystal structures of [NEt3H]5[XCoIIW11O39]·3H2O (X = P or As): Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, no. 12, p. 2537-2540, https://doi.org/10.1039/DT9960002537.","startPage":"2537","endPage":"2540","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268596,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/DT9960002537"},{"id":227113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcfee4b0c8380cd4e579","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weakley, T.J.R.","contributorId":107403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weakley","given":"T.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jameson, G.B.","contributorId":14584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jameson","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018507,"text":"70018507 - 1996 - A catastrophic flood caused by drainage of a caldera lake at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska, and implications for volcanic hazards assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T07:53:30","indexId":"70018507","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A catastrophic flood caused by drainage of a caldera lake at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska, and implications for volcanic hazards assessment","docAbstract":"<p>Aniakchak caldera, located on the Alaska Peninsula of southwest Alaska, formerly contained a large lake (estimated volume 3.7 × 10<sup>9</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>3</sup>) that rapidly drained as a result of failure of the caldera rim sometime after ca. 3400 yr B.P. The peak discharge of the resulting flood was estimated using three methods: (1) flow-competence equations, (2) step-backwater modeling, and (3) a dam-break model. The results of the dam-break model indicate that the peak discharge at the breach in the caldera rim was at least 7.7 × 10<sup>4</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>s<sup>−1</sup>, and the maximum possible discharge was ≈1.1 × 10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>s<sup>−1</sup>. Flow-competence estimates of discharge, based on the largest boulders transported by the flood, indicate that the peak discharge values, which were a few kilometers downstream of the breach, ranged from 6.4 × 10<sup>5</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to 4.8 × 10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>s<sup>−1</sup>. Similar but less variable results were obtained by step-backwater modeling. Finally, discharge estimates based on regression equations relating peak discharge to the volume and depth of the impounded water, although limited by constraining assumptions, provide results within the range of values determined by the other methods. The discovery and documentation of a flood, caused by the failure of the caldera rim at Aniakchak caldera, underscore the significance and associated hydrologic hazards of potential large floods at other lake-filled calderas.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0861:ACFCBD>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., Walder, J.S., McGimsey, R.G., and Neal, C., 1996, A catastrophic flood caused by drainage of a caldera lake at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska, and implications for volcanic hazards assessment: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 7, p. 861-871, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0861:ACFCBD>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"861","endPage":"871","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e33be4b0c8380cd45ec5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, C. F.","contributorId":10065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walder, J. S.","contributorId":32561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGimsey, R. G.","contributorId":93921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neal, C.A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":91122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018418,"text":"70018418 - 1996 - Enriched Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic signatures in the Dovyren layered intrusion ( eastern Siberia, Russia): Evidence for source contamination by ancient upper-crustal material","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T17:13:27","indexId":"70018418","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Enriched Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic signatures in the Dovyren layered intrusion ( eastern Siberia, Russia): Evidence for source contamination by ancient upper-crustal material","docAbstract":"Major- and trace-element concentrations and Nd-, Sr- and Pb-isotopic ratios are reported for the Dovyren layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion in the northern Baikal region, eastern Siberia. Sm-Nd internal isochrons for an olivine gabbro from the layered series and a gabbronorite from a sill at the bottom of the Dovyren intrusion yield ages of 673 ?? 22 and 707 ?? 40 Ma, respectively. Initial isotopic ratios: 87Sr/86Sr (673) from 0.7101 to 0.7135, ??Nd(673 Ma) from - 16.3 to - 14.1, 206Pb/204Pb from 16.80 to 17.14, 207Pb/204Pb from 15.477 to 15.501 and 208Pb/204Pb from 37.17 to 37.59, are similar to those of late Archean-early Proterozoic upper continental crust, but do not appear to be a result of wallrock assimilation in the magma chamber. These isotopic features, as well as high K, Rb and LREE and low Ti concentrations in the calculated composition of the Dovyren parental magma, may be explained by subduction of sediments derived from upper continental crust into depleted mantle and subsequent melting of the metasomatized peridotite.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(95)00135-2","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Amelin, Y.V., Neymark, L., Ritsk, E.Y., and Nemchin, A., 1996, Enriched Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic signatures in the Dovyren layered intrusion ( eastern Siberia, Russia): Evidence for source contamination by ancient upper-crustal material: Chemical Geology, v. 129, no. 1-2, p. 39-69, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00135-2.","startPage":"39","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266048,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00135-2"}],"volume":"129","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a097ce4b0c8380cd51f30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amelin, Yu. V.","contributorId":79634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amelin","given":"Yu.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neymark, L.A. 0000-0003-4190-0278","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-0278","contributorId":56673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ritsk, E. Yu","contributorId":28385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritsk","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Yu","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nemchin, A.A.","contributorId":10175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nemchin","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018565,"text":"70018565 - 1996 - Growth of the Tongariro volcanic complex: New evidence from K-Ar age determinations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T13:16:54","indexId":"70018565","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2869,"text":"New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth of the Tongariro volcanic complex: New evidence from K-Ar age determinations","docAbstract":"New K-Ar age determinations indicate that the exposed portion of the Tongariro volcanic complex has grown steadily since at least 275 ka, with intervals of vigorous cone growth at 210-200.130-70. and 25 ka to the present day.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/00288306.1996.9514701","issn":"00288306","usgsCitation":"Hobden, B., Houghton, B.F., Lanphere, M.A., and Nairn, I., 1996, Growth of the Tongariro volcanic complex: New evidence from K-Ar age determinations: New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, v. 39, no. 1, p. 151-154, https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1996.9514701.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"154","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1996.9514701","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268059,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1996.9514701"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-03-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2dfbe4b0c8380cd5c1d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hobden, B.J.","contributorId":67677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobden","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":380055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nairn, I.A.","contributorId":92812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nairn","given":"I.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018406,"text":"70018406 - 1996 - The Border Ranges fault system in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska: Evidence for major early Cenozoic dextral strike-slip motion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T16:11:51.950352","indexId":"70018406","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Border Ranges fault system in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska: Evidence for major early Cenozoic dextral strike-slip motion","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Border Ranges fault system of southern Alaska, the fundamental break between the arc basement and the forearc accretionary complex, is the boundary between the Peninsular–Alexander–Wrangellia terrane and the Chugach terrane. The fault system separates crystalline rocks of the Alexander terrane from metamorphic rocks of the Chugach terrane in Glacier Bay National Park. Mylonitic rocks in the zone record abundant evidence for dextral strike-slip motion along north-northwest-striking subvertical surfaces. Geochronologic data together with regional correlations of Chugach terrane rocks involved in the deformation constrain this movement between latest Cretaceous and Early Eocene (~50 Ma). These findings are in agreement with studies to the northwest and southeast along the Border Ranges fault system which show dextral strike-slip motion occurring between 58 and 50 Ma. Correlations between Glacier Bay plutons and rocks of similar ages elsewhere along the Border Ranges fault system suggest that as much as 700 km of dextral motion may have been accommodated by this structure. These observations are consistent with oblique convergence of the Kula plate during early Cenozoic and forearc slivering above an ancient subduction zone following late Mesozoic accretion of the Peninsular–Alexander–Wrangellia terrane to North America.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e96-096","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Smart, K., Pavlis, T., Sisson, V., Roeske, S.M., and Snee, L., 1996, The Border Ranges fault system in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska: Evidence for major early Cenozoic dextral strike-slip motion: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 33, no. 9, p. 1268-1282, https://doi.org/10.1139/e96-096.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1268","endPage":"1282","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227644,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Glacier Bay National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -137.11638510129728,\n              58.862706667256305\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.72570704961922,\n              58.862706667256305\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.72570704961922,\n              58.99688217663305\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.11638510129728,\n              58.99688217663305\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.11638510129728,\n              58.862706667256305\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba6a8e4b08c986b321226","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smart, K.J.","contributorId":43627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smart","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pavlis, T.L.","contributorId":94473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavlis","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sisson, V.B.","contributorId":101104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sisson","given":"V.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roeske, S. M.","contributorId":96865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roeske","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":7000052,"text":"7000052 - 1996 - Water use in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:06","indexId":"7000052","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Water use in the United States","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/7000052","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, R.R., and Perlman, H.A., 1996, Water use in the United States: General Interest Publication, 7 p. : ill., map ; 23 x 11 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000052.","productDescription":"7 p. : ill., map ; 23 x 11 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":198257,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee2d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Robert R. Jr.","contributorId":105405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perlman, Howard A.","contributorId":86323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perlman","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018566,"text":"70018566 - 1996 - Modeling reservoir density underflow and interflow from a chemical spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T15:20:52","indexId":"70018566","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling reservoir density underflow and interflow from a chemical spill","docAbstract":"<p><span>An integral simulation model has been developed for understanding and simulating the process of a density current and the transport of spilled chemicals in a stratified reservoir. The model is capable of describing flow behavior and mixing mechanisms in different flow regimes (plunging flow, underflow, and interflow). It computes flow rate, velocity, flow thickness, mixing parameterized by entrainment and dilution, depths of plunging, separation and intrusion, and time of travel. The model was applied to the Shasta Reservoir in northern California during the July 1991 Sacramento River chemical spill. The simulations were used to assist in the emergency response, confirm remediation measures, and guide data collection. Spill data that were available after the emergency response are used to conduct a postaudit of the model results. Predicted flow parameters are presented and compared with observed interflow intrusion depth, travel time, and measured concentrations of spilled chemicals. In the reservoir, temperature difference between incoming river flow and ambient lake water played a dominant role during the processes of flow plunging, separation, and intrusion. With the integral approach, the gross flow behavior can be adequately described and information useful in the analysis of contaminated flow in a reservoir after a spill is provided.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR03486","usgsCitation":"Gu, R., McCutcheon, S.C., and Wang, P., 1996, Modeling reservoir density underflow and interflow from a chemical spill: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 3, p. 695-705, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR03486.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"695","endPage":"705","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c23e4b0c8380cd6fa7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gu, Ruochuan","contributorId":152295,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gu","given":"Ruochuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCutcheon, Steve C.","contributorId":84374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCutcheon","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Pei-Fang","contributorId":176998,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Pei-Fang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018408,"text":"70018408 - 1996 - The effect of membrane filtration on dissolved trace element concentrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T17:28:00.556115","indexId":"70018408","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of membrane filtration on dissolved trace element concentrations","docAbstract":"<p>The almost universally accepted operational definition for dissolved constituents is based on processing</p><p>The almost universally accepted operational definition for dissolved constituents is based on processing whole-water samples through a 0.45-μm membrane filter. Results from field and laboratory experiments indicate that a number of factors associated with filtration, other than just pore size (e.g., diameter, manufacturer, volume of sample processed, amount of suspended sediment in the sample), can produce substantial variations in the ‘disolved’ concentrations of such elements as Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, and Ni. These variations result from the inclusion/exclusion of colloidally-associated trace elements. Thus, 'dissolved' concentrations quantitated by analyzing filtrates generated by processing whole-water through similar pore-sized membrane filters may not be equal/comparable. As such, simple filtration through a 0.45-μm membrane filter may no longer represent an acceptable operational definition for dissolved chemical constituents. This conclusion may have important implications for environmental studies and regulatory agencies.</p>","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1995 International Clean Water Conference on Clean Water: Factors that Influence its Availabilty, Quality and its Use","conferenceDate":"Nov 28-30, 1995","conferenceLocation":"La Jolla, CA","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/BF00619288","usgsCitation":"Horowitz, A.J., Lum, K., Garbarino, J., Hall, G., Lemieux, C., and Demas, C.R., 1996, The effect of membrane filtration on dissolved trace element concentrations: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 90, no. 1-2, p. 281-294, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00619288.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"294","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226984,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab33e4b08c986b322cbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horowitz, A. J.","contributorId":102066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lum, K.R.","contributorId":84092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lum","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garbarino, J.R.","contributorId":76326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hall, G.E.M.","contributorId":67671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"G.E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lemieux, C.","contributorId":18118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemieux","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Demas, C. R.","contributorId":77178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018394,"text":"70018394 - 1996 - Taxonomic reassessment of the ichnogenus Beaconichnus and additional examples from the Carboniferous of Kansas, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T09:10:25","indexId":"70018394","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1965,"text":"Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces","onlineIssn":"1563-5236","printIssn":"1042-0940","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Taxonomic reassessment of the ichnogenus <i>Beaconichnus</i> and additional examples from the Carboniferous of Kansas, U.S.A.","title":"Taxonomic reassessment of the ichnogenus Beaconichnus and additional examples from the Carboniferous of Kansas, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<p><span>The ichnogenus&nbsp;</span><i>Beaconichnus</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>(Gevers 1973), an arthropod trace fossil, includes very different forms that comprise five ichnospecies, namely B.<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>darwi‐nunt</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>(Gevers 1971),<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>B. gouldi</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>(Gevers 1971),<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>B. ahtarcticum</i><span>(Gevers 1971),<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>B. giganteum</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>Gevers and Twomey 1982, and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>B. wrrighti</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>Gevers and Twomey 1982. The original diagnosis of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Beaconichnus</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>is rather vague and potentially may accommodate&nbsp;virtually every arthropod trackway described from the fossil record. In view of these problems, the validity of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Beaconichnus</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>is reassessed and each of its ichnospecies is reviewed. We conclude that B.<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>darwinum</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>is a junior synonym of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Diplopodichnus biformis</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>Brady 1947; B.<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>antarcticum</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>should be regarded as<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Palmich‐niunt antarcticum;</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>B. wrighti</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>is a<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>nomen nudum.</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>Additionally, we agree with previous proposals in considering B.<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>gouldi</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>as the senior synonym of B.<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>giganteum</i><span>, and including it in<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Diplichnites</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>Dawson 1873. Therefore, we suggest that the ichnogenus<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Beaconichnus</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>is best disregarded. Additionally, we describe specimens collected from the Late Carboniferous Tonganoxie Sandstone Member (Stranger Formation) of eastern Kansas, ascribed herein to<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Diplopodichnus biformis</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Diplichnites gouldi</i><span>, which include examples of intergradations between both ichnotaxa, and provide synonymy lists for both ichnospecies.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10420949809386427","usgsCitation":"Buatois, L.A., Mángano, M., Maples, C.G., and Lanier, W.P., 1996, Taxonomic reassessment of the ichnogenus Beaconichnus and additional examples from the Carboniferous of Kansas, U.S.A.: Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces, v. 5, no. 4, p. 287-302, https://doi.org/10.1080/10420949809386427.","productDescription":"16 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,{"id":27272,"text":"wri944177 - 1996 - Results and interpretation of preliminary aquifer tests in boreholes UE-25c #1, UE-25c #2, and UE-25c #3, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-18T19:16:36.13085","indexId":"wri944177","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4177","title":"Results and interpretation of preliminary aquifer tests in boreholes UE-25c #1, UE-25c #2, and UE-25c #3, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944177","usgsCitation":"Geldon, A., 1996, Results and interpretation of preliminary aquifer tests in boreholes UE-25c #1, UE-25c #2, and UE-25c #3, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4177, Report: vi, 119 p.; 3 Plates: 36.00 x 12.76 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944177.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 119 p.; 3 Plates: 36.00 x 12.76 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":56154,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4177/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56153,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4177/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56152,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4177/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56151,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4177/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158946,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4177/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":415934,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48051.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.5,\n              36.8667\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.5,\n              36.8042\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.375,\n              36.8042\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.375,\n              36.8667\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.5,\n              36.8667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db62720c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geldon, A. L.","contributorId":46988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geldon","given":"A. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27326,"text":"wri964060 - 1996 - Ground-water levels in an alluvial plain between the Tanana and Chena Rivers near Fairbanks, Alaska 1986-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T18:41:33.367092","indexId":"wri964060","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4060","title":"Ground-water levels in an alluvial plain between the Tanana and Chena Rivers near Fairbanks, Alaska 1986-93","docAbstract":"The aquifer of an alluvial plain between the Tanana and Chena Rivers near Fairbanks, Alaska, generally consists of highly transmissive sands and gravels under water-table conditions. During 1986-88, the U.S. Geological Survey studied the distribution of ground-water levels in the alluvial plain between Moose Creek Dam and the confluence of the Tanana and Chena Rivers. Moose Creek Dam is a flood-control structure on the Chena River that impounds water only during high flows in the Chena River or during tests of the dam's control gates. Ground-water-level information is needed to help design and place septic systems, buildings, and drainage structures. Using 38 existing wells and 83 wells drilled for this study during 1986 and 1987, ground-water levels were measured to determine the depth to the water table, its seasonal variation, and its relation to changes in river and reservoir stages. Water levels were continuously measured in 10 wells and periodically measured in 110 other wells until August 1988. During 1989, water levels were measured at least once in 59 wells. Three wells were equipped with water-level recorders through 1993. River stages were measured continuously at one gaging station on the Tanana River and at two stations on the Chena River. During summer months of 1986-88, stages and discharges in the Chena River were generally less than long-term mean monthly values, whereas mean monthly stages and discharges in the Tanana River fluctuated above and below long-term mean monthly values. Depths to water in monitoring wells ranged from slightly above land surface to about 21 feet below land surface. Depths to water in the alluvial plain were within 10 feet of land surface in most areas, but were within 5 feet of land surface in many low-lying areas. In general, the water table sloped to the northwest, from the Tanana River to the Chena River, at a gradient of about 4 feet per mile. Water levels in wells within about half a mile of either river responded rapidly to changes in river stage. During summer months of 1989-93, stages and discharges in the Chena River were generally higher than those during 1986-88, whereas stages and discharges in the Tanana River were similar to those during 1986-88. During 1989, peak water levels were higher in more than half the wells measured than during peak levels observed during 1986-88. Peak water levels were also 1.9 to 3.3 feet higher in 1991 or 1992 than peak values during 1986-88 in three wells equipped with water-level recorders. Water levels in wells near Moose Creek Dam responded rapidly to changes in water levels behind the dam. During one impoundment, water levels in a well 0.1 mile from the dam rose approximately 7 feet, to 4.8 feet below land surface.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964060","usgsCitation":"Glass, R.L., Lilly, M.R., and Meyer, D.F., 1996, Ground-water levels in an alluvial plain between the Tanana and Chena Rivers near Fairbanks, Alaska 1986-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4060, iv, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964060.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414718,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48425.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56193,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4060/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123585,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4060/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Fairbanks","otherGeospatial":"Chena River, Tanana River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -147.9364,\n              64.8925\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.9364,\n              64.7042\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.1228,\n              64.7042\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.1228,\n              64.8925\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.9364,\n              64.8925\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66760a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glass, R. L.","contributorId":80279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lilly, M. R.","contributorId":38594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilly","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, D. F.","contributorId":21167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003666,"text":"1003666 - 1996 - A retrospective study of postmortem findings in red-tailed hawks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-25T16:50:35.040854","indexId":"1003666","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A retrospective study of postmortem findings in red-tailed hawks","docAbstract":"<p>We studied necropsy results from carcasses of 163 red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center from 1975 through 1992. The most frequent postmortem finding was emaciation of unknown etiology, diagnosed in 33 (20%) carcasses. Proportionally more juveniles than adults were emaciated. Evidence of non-gunshot trauma, often suggestive of collision with vehicles or structures near roadways, was found in 29 (18%) birds. Of 25 (15%) toxicoses, 20 were attributed to agricultural pesticides, including famphur (4), fenthion (3), carbofuran (2), phosphamidon (2), endrin (1), and unidentified organophosphorus compounds (8). Lead and strychnine poisoning were diagnosed in two birds each, and selenium poisoning in one. Diseases, including aspergillosis, tuberculosis, pasteurellosis, and pox, were found in 21 (13%) hawks. Gunshot and electrocution were each diagnosed in six (4%) birds, one (0.6%) was trapped, miscellaneous conditions were found in 10 (6%), and no diagnosis could be determined for 32 (19%) of the carcasses.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Raptor Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., Thomas, N., Smith, M.R., Robbins, A.H., Newman, S., and McCartin, P.C., 1996, A retrospective study of postmortem findings in red-tailed hawks: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 30, no. 1, p. 7-14.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -128.8144020939384,\n              51.14251873470744\n            ],\n            [\n              -128.8144020939384,\n              23.82270754584161\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.62547828582905,\n              23.82270754584161\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.62547828582905,\n              51.14251873470744\n            ],\n            [\n              -128.8144020939384,\n              51.14251873470744\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a82c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":177499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Christian","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":313854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, Nancy","contributorId":203506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Nancy","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":313851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Milton R.","contributorId":14272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Milton","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robbins, A. H.","contributorId":57036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Newman, S.","contributorId":7678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McCartin, P. C.","contributorId":77497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCartin","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70178351,"text":"70178351 - 1996 - Discharge of oilfield-produced water in Nueces Bay, Texas: A case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-14T15:11:05","indexId":"70178351","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discharge of oilfield-produced water in Nueces Bay, Texas: A case study","docAbstract":"<p><span>During oil and gas production, water is often extracted from geological formations along with the hydrocarbons. These “produced waters” have been discharged to Nueces Bay since the turn of the century. These effluents were found to be highly toxic, and sediments in the vicinity of the discharges were also toxic. We developed a map of wells and produced-water discharge sites in the vicinity of Nueces Bay and identified numerous unplugged wells suitable for conversion to produced water disposal wells. An economic analysis of conversion to subterranean injection of produced water indicates that most of the wells currently in production could pay out the cost of conversion to injection in one to three years. The use of one injection well for two or more water-producing wells could yield greater savings. Wells that could not support the cost of injection are small producers, and their loss would not constitute a major loss of jobs or dollars to the area. This study could serve as a useful model for evaluating the economic feasibility of conversion to injection in other areas of Texas and Louisiana.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/PL00006697","usgsCitation":"D’Unger, C., Chapman, D., and Carr, R.S., 1996, Discharge of oilfield-produced water in Nueces Bay, Texas: A case study: Environmental Management, v. 20, no. 1, p. 143-150, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00006697.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"150","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330986,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"582adb47e4b0c253bdfff0c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Unger, Claude","contributorId":176842,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"D’Unger","given":"Claude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapman, Duane 0000-0002-1086-8853 dchapman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-8853","contributorId":1291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Duane","email":"dchapman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carr, R. Scott","contributorId":14025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017731,"text":"70017731 - 1996 - Exsolved magmatic fluid and its role in the formation of comb-layered quartz at the Cretaceous Logtung W-Mo deposit, Yukon Territory, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T11:25:03","indexId":"70017731","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3642,"text":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exsolved magmatic fluid and its role in the formation of comb-layered quartz at the Cretaceous Logtung W-Mo deposit, Yukon Territory, Canada","docAbstract":"Comb-layered quartz is a type of unidirectional solidification texture found at the roofs of shallow silicic intrusions that are often associated spatially with Mo and W mineralisation. The texture consists of multiple layers of euhedral, prismatic quartz crystals (Type I) that have grown on subplanar aplite substrates. The layers are separated by porphyritic aplite containing equant phenocrysts of quartz (Type II), which resemble quartz typical of volcanic rocks and porphyry intrusions. At Logtung, Type I quartz within comb layers is zoned with respect to a number of trace elements, including Al and K. Concentrations of these elements as well as Mn, Ti, Ge, Rb and H are anomalous and much higher than found in Type II quartz from Logtung or in igneous quartz reported elsewhere. The two populations appear to have formed under different conditions. The Type II quartz phenocrysts almost certainly grew from a high-silica melt between 600 and 800??C (as ??-quartz); in contrast, the morphology of Type I quartz is consistent with precipitation from a hydrothermal solution, possibly as ??-quartz grown below 600??C. The bulk compositions of comb-layered rocks, as well as the aplite interlayers, are consistent with the hypothesis that these textures did not precipitate solely from a crystallising silicate melt. Instead, Type I quartz may have grown from pockets of exsolved magmatic fluid located between the magma and its crystallised border. The Type II quartz represents pre-existing phenocrysts in the underlying magma; this magma was quenched to aplite during fracturing/degassing events. Renewed and repeated formation and disruption of the pockets of exsolved aqueous fluid accounts for the rhythmic banding of the rocks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1017/S0263593300006696","issn":"02635933","usgsCitation":"Lowenstern, J.B., and Sinclair, W., 1996, Exsolved magmatic fluid and its role in the formation of comb-layered quartz at the Cretaceous Logtung W-Mo deposit, Yukon Territory, Canada: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, v. 87, no. 1-2, p. 291-303, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300006696.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"303","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269500,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300006696"}],"volume":"87","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e3be4b0c8380cd53367","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowenstern, J. B.","contributorId":7737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sinclair, W.D.","contributorId":28394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinclair","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70177020,"text":"70177020 - 1996 - A field investigation of the relationship between zinc and acid volatile sulfide concentrations in freshwater sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-14T13:40:38","indexId":"70177020","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2178,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A field investigation of the relationship between zinc and acid volatile sulfide concentrations in freshwater sediments","docAbstract":"<p><span>Understanding relationships between cationic metals such as cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc, and amorphous iron sulfides, measured as acid volatile sulfide (AVS), is key to predicting metal bioavailability and toxicity insediments. The objective of the present study was to assess seasonal and spatial variations of AVS in freshwater sediments contaminated with zinc. Sediments were sampled from three streams with varying levels of zinc contamination at two different times, March and June of 1995, representing cold- and warm-weather situations. Interstitial (pore) water concentrations of zinc, and solid phase concentrations of AVS and zinc were measured in surficial and deep sediment horizons. Toxicity tests (10-d) with the amphipod</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Hyalella azteca</i><span> were conducted using intact cores. Sediment zinc concentrations from six sites within the primary test stream differed by about five-fold, and also varied seasonally. Acid volatile sulfide concentrations were generally lower than those of zinc, and pore water zinc concentrations typically were elevated. There was a positive correlation between solid-phase AVS and zinc concentrations, suggesting that the system was dominated by zinc, as opposed to iron sulfides. In contrast to expectations arising from some studies of seasonal variations of AVS in iron-dominated systems, AVS concentrations were smaller in June than in March. However, this was likely due to a major storm event and associated sediment scouring before the June sampling, rather than to seasonal processes related to variations in temperature and dissolved oxygen. Based upon an indirect analysis of depth variations in AVS, there was some indication that zinc sulfide might be less prone to oxidation than iron sulfide. There was a strong correlation between toxicity of the sediment samples to</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">H. azteca</i><span> and interstitial water concentrations of zinc; however, the possible contribution of other contaminants to sediment toxicity cannot be dismissed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00662186","usgsCitation":"Ankley, G., Liber, K., Call, D.J., Markee, T.P., Canfield, T., and Ingersoll, C.G., 1996, A field investigation of the relationship between zinc and acid volatile sulfide concentrations in freshwater sediments: Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health, v. 5, no. 4, p. 255-264, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00662186.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"264","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329611,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5801eebfe4b0824b2d18c437","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ankley, Gerald T.","contributorId":67382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ankley","given":"Gerald T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liber, Karsten","contributorId":175394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liber","given":"Karsten","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Call, Daniel J.","contributorId":175395,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Call","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Markee, Thomas P.","contributorId":175396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Markee","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Canfield, Timothy J.","contributorId":175397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Canfield","given":"Timothy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70177019,"text":"70177019 - 1996 - A comparison of β-adrenoceptors and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in tissues of brown bullhead catfish (<i>Ameiurus nebulosus</i>) from the black river and old woman creek, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-14T13:36:17","indexId":"70177019","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of β-adrenoceptors and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in tissues of brown bullhead catfish (<i>Ameiurus nebulosus</i>) from the black river and old woman creek, Ohio","docAbstract":"<p><span>β-Adrenoceptors (βARs) and muscarinic cholinergic receptors were measured in brain, gill, and heart tissues of brown bullhead catfish exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Black River, Ohio, USA, and were compared to values from Old Woman Creek, Ohio, a reference site. A decreased number of βARs were found in the gill from Black River fish, possibly indicating a compensatory response subsequent to chemical stress.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620150918","usgsCitation":"Steevens, J., Baumann, P.C., and Jones, S.B., 1996, A comparison of β-adrenoceptors and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in tissues of brown bullhead catfish (<i>Ameiurus nebulosus</i>) from the black river and old woman creek, Ohio: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 15, no. 9, p. 1551-1554, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150918.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1551","endPage":"1554","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329610,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5801eebfe4b0824b2d18c439","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steevens, Jeffery A. 0000-0003-3946-1229","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-1229","contributorId":65415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steevens","given":"Jeffery A.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baumann, Paul C.","contributorId":104455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baumann","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Susan B.","contributorId":175324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":651008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017856,"text":"70017856 - 1996 - Overview of the limnology of crater lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70017856","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview of the limnology of crater lake","docAbstract":"Crater Lake occupies the collapsed caldera of volcanic Mount Mazama in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. It is the deepest lake (589 m) in the United States and the 7th deepest lake in the world. The water column mixes to a depth of about 200 m in winter and spring from wind energy and cooling. The deep lake is mixed in winter and early spring each year when relatively cold water near the surface sinks and exchanges positions with water in the deep basins of the lake. The lake becomes thermally stratified in summer and early fall. The metalimnion extends to a depth of about 100 m; thus most of the water column is a cold hypolimnion. Secchi disk clarity measurements typically are in the upper-20-m range to the low-30-m range in summer and early fall. Concentrations of nutrients are low, although conductivity is relatively high owing to the inflow of hydrothermal fluids. Total chlorophyll is low in concentration, but typically maximal at a depth of 120 m during periods of thermal stratification. Primary production also is low, with the maximum levels occurring between the depth of 40 and 80 m. Phytoplankton taxa are spatially segregated from each other within the water column to a depth of 200 m in summer and early fall. The same generalization applies to the Zooplankton taxa. Water level, clarity, concentrations of total chlorophyll, primary production, and abundances of zooplankton and introduced kokanee salmon exhibit long-term fluctuations. Based primarily on a recent 10-year study of the lake, the lake is considered to be pristine, except for the consequences of fish introductions. ?? 1996 by the Northwest Scientific Association. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0029344X","usgsCitation":"Larson, G., 1996, Overview of the limnology of crater lake: Northwest Science, v. 70, no. 2 SPEC. ISS., p. 39-47.","startPage":"39","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"2 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7245e4b0c8380cd769d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, G.L.","contributorId":103021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017749,"text":"70017749 - 1996 - Water erosion on mars and its biologic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:20","indexId":"70017749","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1503,"text":"Endeavour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water erosion on mars and its biologic implications","docAbstract":"The Martian surface shows abundant evidence of water erosion. Liquid water is unstable under present climatic conditions but conditions may have been different in the past. The planet has been volcanically active throughout its history. The combination of water and volcanism must have commonly resulted in hydrothermal environments similar to those in which grow the most primitive terrestrial life-forms.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Endeavour","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0160-9327(96)10013-2","issn":"01609327","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., 1996, Water erosion on mars and its biologic implications: Endeavour, v. 20, no. 2, p. 56-60, https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(96)10013-2.","startPage":"56","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206105,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(96)10013-2"},{"id":228349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc7dce4b08c986b32c67d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017857,"text":"70017857 - 1996 - Combustion properties of Illinois coal-char blends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017857","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":611,"text":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combustion properties of Illinois coal-char blends","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"05693772","usgsCitation":"DeBarr, J., Rostam-Abadi, M., and Benson, S., 1996, Combustion properties of Illinois coal-char blends: ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, v. 41, no. 3, p. 1104-1108.","startPage":"1104","endPage":"1108","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7e2e4b0c8380cd4cd57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeBarr, J.A.","contributorId":20078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeBarr","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rostam-Abadi, M.","contributorId":37061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostam-Abadi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benson, S.A.","contributorId":68054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70176936,"text":"70176936 - 1996 - A comparison of sediment toxicity test methods at three Great Lake Areas of Concern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T09:18:57","indexId":"70176936","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of sediment toxicity test methods at three Great Lake Areas of Concern","docAbstract":"<p><span>The significance of sediment contamination is often evaluated using sediment toxicity (bioassay) testing. There are relatively few “standardized” test methods for evaluating sediments. Popular sediment toxicity methods examine the extractable water (elutriate), interstitial water, or whole (bulk) sediment phases using test species spanning the aquatic food chain from bacteria to fish. The current study was designed to evaluate which toxicity tests were most useful in evaluations of sediment contamination at three Great Lake Areas of Concern. Responses of 24 different organisms including fish, mayflies, amphipods, midges, cladocerans, rotifers, macrophytes, algae, and bacteria were compared using whole sediment or elutriate toxicity assays. Sediments from several sites in the Buffalo River, Calumet River (Indiana Harbor), and Saginaw River were tested, as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) Project. Results indicated several assays to be sensitive to sediment toxicity and able to discriminate between differing levels of toxicity. Many of the assay responses were significantly correlated to other toxicity responses and were similar based on factor analysis. For most applications, a test design consisting of two to three assays should adequately detect sediment toxicity, consisting of various groupings of the following species: Hyalella azteca, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Chironomus riparius, Chironomus tentans, Daphnia magna, Pimephales promelas, Hexagenia bilineata, Diporeia sp., Hydrilla verticillata, or Lemna minor.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70975-9","usgsCitation":"Burton, G.A., Ingersoll, C.G., Burnett, L.C., Henry, M., Hinman, M.L., Klaine, S.J., Landrum, P.F., Ross, P., and Tuchman, M., 1996, A comparison of sediment toxicity test methods at three Great Lake Areas of Concern: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 495-511, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70975-9.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"495","endPage":"511","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329516,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffdf06e4b0824b2d179d23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":650766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burnett, LouAnn C.","contributorId":175314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burnett","given":"LouAnn","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Henry, Mary","contributorId":175315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henry","given":"Mary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hinman, Mark L.","contributorId":175317,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinman","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Klaine, Stephen J.","contributorId":112438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaine","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Landrum, Peter F.","contributorId":20688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landrum","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ross, Phillipe","contributorId":175319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ross","given":"Phillipe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Tuchman, Marc","contributorId":50118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuchman","given":"Marc","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70177768,"text":"70177768 - 1996 - Assessing contamination in Great Lakes sediments using benthic invertebrate communities and the sediment quality triad approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-20T14:31:05","indexId":"70177768","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing contamination in Great Lakes sediments using benthic invertebrate communities and the sediment quality triad approach","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sediments in many Great Lakes harbors and tributary rivers are contaminated. As part of the USEPA's Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediment (ARCS) program, a number of studies were conducted to determine the nature and extent of sediment contamination in Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOC). This paper describes the composition of benthic invertebrate communities in contaminated sediments and is one in a series of papers describing studies conducted to evaluate sediment toxicity from three AOC's (Buffalo River, NY; Indiana Harbor, IN; Saginaw River, MI), as part of the ARCS Program. Oligochaeta (worms) and Chironomidae (midge) comprised over 90% of the benthic invertebrate numbers in samples collected from depositional areas. Worms and midge consisted of taxa identified as primarily contaminant tolerant organisms. Structural deformities of mouthparts in midge larvae were pronounced in many of the samples. Good concurrence was evident between measures of laboratory toxicity, sediment contaminant concentration, and benthic invertebrate community composition in extremely contaminated samples. However, in moderately contaminated samples, less concordance was observed between the benthos community composition and either laboratory toxicity test results or sediment contaminant concentration. Laboratory sediment toxicity tests may better identify chemical contamination in sediments than many commonly used measures of benthic invertebrate community composition. Benthic measures may also reflect other factors such as habitat alteration. Evaluation of non-contaminant factors are needed to better interpret the response of benthic invertebrates to sediment contamination.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70981-4","usgsCitation":"Canfield, T., Dwyer, F.J., Fairchild, J.F., Haverland, P.S., Ingersoll, C.G., Kemble, N.E., Mount, D.R., La Point, T.W., Burton, G.A., and Swift, M.C., 1996, Assessing contamination in Great Lakes sediments using benthic invertebrate communities and the sediment quality triad approach: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 565-583, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70981-4.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"565","endPage":"583","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330263,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5809d7c7e4b0f497e78fcabc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Canfield, Timothy J.","contributorId":175397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Canfield","given":"Timothy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwyer, F. James","contributorId":176136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":651710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fairchild, James F. jfairchild@usgs.gov","contributorId":492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"James","email":"jfairchild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":651711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haverland, Pamela S.","contributorId":176137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haverland","given":"Pamela","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kemble, Nile E. 0000-0002-3608-0538 nkemble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-0538","contributorId":2626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"Nile","email":"nkemble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mount, David R.","contributorId":150725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mount","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":18078,"text":"U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":651715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"La Point, Thomas W.","contributorId":114142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Point","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Swift, M. C.","contributorId":176138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swift","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70178246,"text":"70178246 - 1996 - Deformities, PCBs, and TCDD-equivalents in double-crested cormorants (<i>Phalacrocorax auritus</i>) and Caspian terns (<i>Hydroprogne caspia</i>) of the Upper Great Lakes 1986–1991: Testing a cause-effect hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-08T13:31:58","indexId":"70178246","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformities, PCBs, and TCDD-equivalents in double-crested cormorants (<i>Phalacrocorax auritus</i>) and Caspian terns (<i>Hydroprogne caspia</i>) of the Upper Great Lakes 1986–1991: Testing a cause-effect hypothesis","docAbstract":"<p><span>Deformities have been reported in many species of colonial waterbirds from several localities on the Laurentian Great Lakes. The hypothesis that deformities were caused by either polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or contaminants measured as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-</span><i>p</i><span>-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQs) is tested in this review of available data on concentrations of contaminants in eggs and observed deformities in embryos and chicks of double-crested cormorants (</span><i>Phalacrocorax auritus</i><span>) and Caspian terns (</span><i>Hydroprogne caspia</i><span>) between 1986 and 1991. Hatched chicks, live and dead eggs retrieved from 37 colonies in the upper Great Lakes were assessed for gross anatomical deformities. Rates of embryo death from seven regions of the upper Great Lakes were measured annually between 1986–1991. Half the embryos found dead in eggs were deformed. Nineteen types of abnormalities or deformities were observed. Subcutaneous edema in cormorants and gastroschisis in terns were the most common abnormalities in live or dead eggs. One of ten crossed-billed cormorant embryos survived to hatch. No bill-deformed terns hatched, although tern embryos had a greater rate of crossed-bills than cormorants. The suite of deformities and abnormalities found was similar to that produced in chickens by exposure to planar polychlorinated biphenyl (pPCB) and dioxin congeners. Hatching and deformity rates were correlated with concentrations ofpPCBs and TCDD-EQs. Planar PCB congeners that contributed most of the TCDD-EQs were present at concentrations sufficient to cause the observed effects. TCDD-EQs measured by H4IIE rat hepatoma cell 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) bioassay were highly correlated with deformity rates observed in cormorant chicks, live and dead eggs, and egg death rates. Similar correlations of TCDD-EQs with deformity rates were found in hatched tern chicks, dead eggs, and egg death rates, but not in live eggs. TCDD-EQs were more highly correlated to deformity and embryo death rates than total PCBs. The weight of evidence and these data are sufficient to reject the null hypothesis that there is no causal relationship between the incidence of deformities in cormorants and terns and exposure to planar halogenated compounds measured as TCDD-EQs or total PCBs in the Great Lakes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70948-6","usgsCitation":"Ludwig, J.P., Kurita-Matsuba, H., Auman, H.J., Ludwig, M.E., Summer, C.L., Giesy, J.P., Tillitt, D.E., and Jones, P.D., 1996, Deformities, PCBs, and TCDD-equivalents in double-crested cormorants (<i>Phalacrocorax auritus</i>) and Caspian terns (<i>Hydroprogne caspia</i>) of the Upper Great Lakes 1986–1991: Testing a cause-effect hypothesis: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 2, p. 172-197, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70948-6.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"172","endPage":"197","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330870,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5822f23ce4b0ef3123a97036","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludwig, James P.","contributorId":175390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ludwig","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kurita-Matsuba, Hiroko","contributorId":176738,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kurita-Matsuba","given":"Hiroko","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Auman, Heidi J.","contributorId":175393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Auman","given":"Heidi","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ludwig, Matthew E.","contributorId":176656,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ludwig","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Summer, Cheryl L.","contributorId":175391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Summer","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Giesy, John P.","contributorId":57426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jones, Paul D.","contributorId":175332,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70177772,"text":"70177772 - 1996 - Assessment of sediment quality in dredged and undredged areas of the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River, Michigan USA, using the sediment quality triad","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-20T14:53:28","indexId":"70177772","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of sediment quality in dredged and undredged areas of the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River, Michigan USA, using the sediment quality triad","docAbstract":"<p><span>The “sediment quality triad” approach was used to assess the effects of dredging on the sediment quality of a new marina in the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River, and to evaluate spatial and temporal variation in sediment quality in the Trenton Channel. Samples were collected in November of 1993 (10 months after dredging) and characterized by chemical analysis, sediment bioassays, and assessment of benthic invertebrate communities. The three study components indicated little difference in sediment quality at dredged sites in the marina relative to nearby areas in the Trenton Channel, and little change in sediment quality of Trenton Channel sites relative to conditions reported in the mid-1980s. These results suggest that improvement in sediment quality in the Trenton Channel, due to dredging or natural processes, will depend on elimination of sediment “hot spots” and other upstream contaminant sources. Concentrations of chemical contaminants, especially metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, exceeded concentrations associated with effects on biota and were significantly correlated with results of sediment bioassays and characteristics of benthic communities. Laboratory sediment bioassays with </span><i>Hyalella azteca</i><span> and</span><i>Chironomus tentans</i><span> produced better discrimination among sites with differing degrees of contamination than did characterization of benthic communities, which were dominated by oligochaetes at all sites in the marina and the Trenton Channel.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70989-9","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Giesy, J.P., Kubitz, J.A., Verbrugge, D.A., Coon, T.G., and Braselton, W.E., 1996, Assessment of sediment quality in dredged and undredged areas of the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River, Michigan USA, using the sediment quality triad: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 683-696, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70989-9.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"696","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330269,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5809d7c7e4b0f497e78fcab5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giesy, John P.","contributorId":57426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kubitz, Jody A.","contributorId":175430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kubitz","given":"Jody","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Verbrugge, David A.","contributorId":172542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Verbrugge","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coon, Thomas G.","contributorId":46889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Braselton, W. Emmett","contributorId":176143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Braselton","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Emmett","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70177905,"text":"70177905 - 1996 - Behavioral studies of contaminant effects on aquatic invertebrates: A review of Russian investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-26T10:41:19","indexId":"70177905","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Behavioral studies of contaminant effects on aquatic invertebrates: A review of Russian investigations","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"true\"><strong></strong><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"true\"><span>Studies by Russian scientists have documented significant alterations and impairment of critical behavioral functions in aquatic organisms following exposure to environmental contaminants. Behavioral responses disrupted by sublethal exposure to toxicants are intimately involved in habitat selection, foraging, competition, predator-prey relationships, and reproduction, and are essential to survival. Behavioral responses of benthic invertebrates have received considerable study in Russia. A range of invertebrate taxa have been studied, including leeches, insects, molluscs, plankton, and crustaceans. In addition, aquatic invertebrates exhibit a large number of behavioral responses which are sensitive to contaminant exposure and are easily quantified. Standardized behavioral methodologies for measuring contaminant effects are being developed.</span></span></span><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","doi":"10.1520/STP11718S","usgsCitation":"Nepomnyashchikh, V.A., DeLonay, V.A., and Little, E.E., 1996, Behavioral studies of contaminant effects on aquatic invertebrates: A review of Russian investigations, p. 323-343, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP11718S.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"323","endPage":"343","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330391,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5811053ae4b0f497e79815af","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Henshel, D. S.","contributorId":176295,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henshel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652101,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bengston, David A.","contributorId":112567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bengston","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652102,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Nepomnyashchikh, V. A.","contributorId":176293,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nepomnyashchikh","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeLonay, V. A.","contributorId":176294,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeLonay","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Little, E. E.","contributorId":13187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":652100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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