Infiltration into and drainage from facilities for the disposal of low-level radioactive wastes is considered the major process by which non-volatile contaminants are transported away from the facilities. The session included 10 papers related to the processes of infiltration and drainage, and to the simulation of flow and transport through the unsaturated zone. The first paper, presented by David Stonestrom, was an overview regarding the application of unsaturated flow theory to infiltration and drainage. Stonestrom posed three basic questions, which are:
The other nine papers presented during the session gave some insight to these questions. Topics included: laboratory measurement of unsaturated hydraulic conductivities at low water contents, by John Nimmo; use of environmental tracers to identify preferential flow through fractured media and to quantify drainage, by Edmund Prych and Edwin Weeks; field experiments to evaluate relevant processes affecting infiltration and drainage, by Brian Andraski, Glendon Gee, and Peter Wierenga; and the use of determinist'c and stochastic models for simulating flow and transport through heterogeneous sediments, by Richard Hills, Lynn Gelhar, and Shlomo Neuman.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal","conferenceDate":" May 4-6, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Reston, VA","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., and Gee, G., 1996, Topic III - Infiltration and Drainage: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015), 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"8","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350821,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4015/report.pdf#page=20"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7192a8e4b0a9a2e9dbe030","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stevens, Peter R.","contributorId":66239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726223,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nicholson, Thomas J.","contributorId":77790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726224,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gee, Glendon","contributorId":195328,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gee","given":"Glendon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019004,"text":"70019004 - 1996 - Environmental Isotope Characteristics of Landfill Leachates and Gases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T01:20:05.715728","indexId":"70019004","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental Isotope Characteristics of Landfill Leachates and Gases","docAbstract":"The isotopic characteristics of municipal landfill leachate and gases (carbon dioxide and methane) are unique relative to the aqueous and gaseous media in most other natural geologic environments. The δ13C of the CO2 in landfills is significantly enriched in 13C, with values as high as +20 ‰ reported. The δ13C and δD values of the methane fall within a range of values representative of microbial methane produced primarily by the acetate-fermentation process. The δD of landfill leachate is strongly enriched in deuterium, by approximately 30 ‰ to nearly 60 ‰ relative to local average precipitation values. This deuterium enrichment is undoubtedly due to the extensive production of microbial methane within the limited reservoir of a landfill. The concentration of the radiogenic isotopes, 14C and 3H, are significantly elevated in both landfill leachate and methane. The 14C values range between approximately 120 and 170 pMC and can be explained by the input of organic material that was affected by the increased 14C content of atmospheric CO2 caused by atmospheric testing of nuclear devices. The tritium measured in leachate, however, is often too high to be explained by previous atmospheric levels and must come from material buried within the landfill. The unique isotopic characteristics observed in landfill leachates and gases provide a very useful technique for confirming whether contamination is from a municipal landfill or some other local source.
Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) help identify the onshore deposits of tsunamis from earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone along the Pacific coast of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, and on faults high in the North American plate in the Puget Sound area of Washington. At the Copalis River, Washington, diatom analyses suggest that a tsunami deposit about 300 calendric years old (300 yr BP) originated from sandy shoals of the lower estuary rather than nearby beaches or coastal dunes. At Cultus Bay and West Point, Washington, well-preserved benthic estuarine diatoms in sand sheets overlying tidal-marsh peat indicate that the deposits came from intertidal or nearshore areas of Puget Sound. On an abruptly uplifted mudflat at the landward end of Hood Canal at Lynch Cove, Washington, tidal-flat diatoms refute the possibility of a terrestrial source for the sand. Diatoms in 300-yr-BP tsunami deposits on the Niawiakum River, Washington, confirm that the sand in these deposits had a marine source, and help to identify the landward extent of tsunami inundation. Diatom assemblages in deposits of the 300 yr BP and AD 1964 tsunamis at Port Alberni, British Columbia, consist of different dominant taxa, but both indicate that the sand units originated from Alberni Inlet. Diatoms add to stratigraphic evidence that tsunamis flooded Bradley Lake, a freshwater lake on the south-central Oregon coast, three times during the past 1700 years. Planktonic marine diatoms only found above 1-70-cm-thick sand layers in otherwise clayey lacustrine sediment imply tsunami inundation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Sage","doi":"10.1177/095968369600600406","issn":"09596836","usgsCitation":"Hemphill-Haley, E., 1996, Diatoms as an aid in identifying late-holocene tsunami deposits: Holocene, v. 6, no. 4, p. 439-448, https://doi.org/10.1177/095968369600600406.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"448","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228725,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00aee4b0c8380cd4f868","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemphill-Haley, E.","contributorId":69309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemphill-Haley","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018914,"text":"70018914 - 1996 - Temperature-dependent sorption of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene to low organic carbon aquifer sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T15:52:54","indexId":"70018914","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperature-dependent sorption of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene to low organic carbon aquifer sediments","docAbstract":"Sorption experiments were conducted with naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene on low organic carbon sediments at 4 and 26 °C using batch and column techniques. Experimental controls ensured the absence of biologic and photolytic activity and colloid-free solution supernatants. Equilibrium distribution coefficients (Kd) increased 1.1−1.6 times with a decrease in temperature of 22 °C. Fraction instantaneous sorption (F) values did not change significantly with a decrease in temperature of 22 °C. Desorption rate constants (k2) decreased 1.2−2.6 times with a decrease in temperature of 22 °C. Times to equilibrium were at least 40 h. The magnitude of observed Kd and k2 values and the effect of temperature on Kd (e.g., low enthalpy of sorption) are consistent with sorbate partitioning between the aqueous phase and small amounts of organic matter (foc = 0.02%) on the sediments. The temperature dependence of Kd and k2 may be small as compared to the effects of heterogeneities in field-scale aquifer systems. Thus, thermal gradients may not be of major importance in most saturated subsurface regimes when predicting solute transport. However, aquifer remediation pump-and-treat times could be decreased because increased temperature decreases both retardation and tailing.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es9406288","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.J., Backhus, D.A., Capel, P.D., and Eisenreich, S.J., 1996, Temperature-dependent sorption of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene to low organic carbon aquifer sediments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 3, p. 751-760, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9406288.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"751","endPage":"760","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4d4e4b08c986b3205fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, Joseph J.","contributorId":18520,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piatt","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":381088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Backhus, Debera A.","contributorId":189651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Backhus","given":"Debera","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":33246,"text":"School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":381089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eisenreich, Steven J.","contributorId":66001,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eisenreich","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":381090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018847,"text":"70018847 - 1996 - Trihalomethane and nonpurgeable total organic-halide formation potentials of the Mississippi river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70018847","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trihalomethane and nonpurgeable total organic-halide formation potentials of the Mississippi river","docAbstract":"Trihalomethane and nonpurgeable total organic-hallide formation potentials were determined for water samples from 12 sites along the Mississippi River from Minneapolis, MN, to New Orleans, LA, for the summer and fall of 1991 and the spring of 1992. The formation potentials increased with distance upstream, approximately paralleling the increase of the dissolved organic- carbon concentration. The pH and the dissolved organic-carbon and free- chlorine concentrations were significant variables in the prediction of the formation potentials. The trihalomethane formation potential increased as the pH increased, whereas the nonpurgeable total organic-halide formation potential decreased. All formation potentials increased as the dissolved organic-carbon and free-chlorine concentrations increased, with the dissolved organic-carbon concentration having a much greater effect.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s002449900022","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., 1996, Trihalomethane and nonpurgeable total organic-halide formation potentials of the Mississippi river: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 30, no. 2, p. 156-162, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900022.","startPage":"156","endPage":"162","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205797,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900022"},{"id":226845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb857e4b08c986b3277ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018848,"text":"70018848 - 1996 - Isotopic evidence for shifts in atmospheric circulation patterns during the late Quaternary in mid-North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-20T01:15:13.516957","indexId":"70018848","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic evidence for shifts in atmospheric circulation patterns during the late Quaternary in mid-North America","docAbstract":"Wyoming is now at the eastern margin of westerlies originating in the Pacific, but in the Pleistocene appears to have received moisture from elsewhere, possibly the Gulf of Mexico. Oxygen isotope ratios of pedogenic carbonate in postglacial terraces correspond to ratios in equilibrium with present meteoric waters, which show a strong relation to precipitation seasonality and storm sources. In contrast, the oxygen isotope ratios of all pre-Holocene soils are significantly more positive, even though the carbon isotope composition of coexisting organic matter suggests that the carbonate formed in temperatures cooler than today. The oxygen isotope ratios of paleowaters in mid–North America appear to be more useful for identifying past storm sources than for estimating paleotemperatures.
Existing methods for measuring water imbibition rates are inadequate when imbibition rates are small (e.g., clay soils and many igneous rocks). We developed an improved laboratory method for performing imbibition measurements on soil or rock cores with a wide range of hydraulic properties. Core specimens are suspended from an electronic strain gauge (load cell) in a closed chamber while maintaining the lower end of the core in contact with a free water surface in a constant water level reservoir. The upper end of the core is open to the atmosphere. During imbibition, mass increase of the core is recorded continuously by a datalogger that converts the load cell voltage signal into mass units using a calibration curve. Computer automation allows imbibition rate measurement on as many as eight cores simultaneously and independently. Performance of each component of the imbibition apparatus was evaluated using a set of rock cores (2.5 cm in diameter and 2–5 cm in length) from a signle lithostratigraphic unit composed of non-to-moderately welded ash-flow tuff (a glass-rich pyroclastic rock partially fused by heat and pressure) with porosities ranging from 0.094 to 0.533 m3 m-3. Reproducibility of sample handling and testing procedures was demonstrated using replicate measurements. Precision and accuracy of load cell measurements were assessed using mass balance calculations and indicated agreement within a few tenths of a percent of total mass. Computed values of sorptivity, S, ranged from 8.83 × 10-6 to 4.55 × 10-4 m s-0.5. The developed method should prove useful for measuring imbibition rates on a wide range of porous materials.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000010007x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Humphrey, M., Istok, J., Flint, L.E., and Flint, A.L., 1996, Improved method for measuring water imbibition rates on low-permeability porous media: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 60, no. 1, p. 28-34, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000010007x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227093,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a395be4b0c8380cd618c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Humphrey, M.D.","contributorId":63181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Humphrey","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Istok, J.D.","contributorId":34165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, L. E. 0000-0002-7868-441X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":38180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"L.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flint, A. L.","contributorId":102453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017747,"text":"70017747 - 1996 - Environmental immunoassays: Alternative techniques for soil and water analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T17:48:28.958312","indexId":"70017747","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":612,"text":"ACS Symposium Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental immunoassays: Alternative techniques for soil and water analysis","docAbstract":"Analysis of soil and water samples for environmental studies and compliance testing can be formidable, time consuming, and costly. As a consequence, immunochemical techniques have become popular for environmental analysis because they are reliable, rapid, and cost effective. During the past 5 years, the use of immunoassays for environmental monitoring has increased substantially, and their use as an integral analytical tool in many environmental laboratories is now commonplace. This chapter will present the basic concept of immunoassays, recent advances in the development of immunochemical methods, and examples of successful applications of immunoassays in environmental analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/bk-1997-0657.ch001","usgsCitation":"Aga, D.S., and Thurman, E., 1996, Environmental immunoassays: Alternative techniques for soil and water analysis: ACS Symposium Series, v. 657, p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0657.ch001.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"657","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0993e4b0c8380cd51f93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aga, Diana S.","contributorId":112821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aga","given":"Diana","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018859,"text":"70018859 - 1996 - Climatic control of nitrate loss from forested watersheds in the northeast United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:14","indexId":"70018859","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic control of nitrate loss from forested watersheds in the northeast United States","docAbstract":"Increased losses of nitrate from watersheds may accelerate the depletion of nutrient cations and affect the acidification and trophic status of surface waters. Patterns of nitrate concentrations and losses were evaluated in four forested watersheds (East Bear Brook Watershed, Lead Mountain, ME; Watershed 6, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, White Mountains, NH; Arbutus Watershed, Huntington Forest, Adirondack Mountains, NY; Biscuit Brook, Catskill Mountains, NY) located across the northeastern United States. A synchronous pattern was observed in nitrate concentrations of drainage waters from these four sites from 1983 through 1993. Most notably, high concentrations and high drainage water losses followed an anomalous cold period (mean daily temperature -11.4 to -16 ??C in December 1989) for all four sites. After high nitrate losses during the snowmelt of 1990, nitrate concentrations and fluxes decreased at all sites. These results suggest that climatic variation can have a major effect on nitrogen flux and cycling and may influence temporal patterns of nitrate loss in a region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es9600237","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Mitchell, M., Driscoll, C.T., Kahl, J.S., Likens, G., Murdoch, P., and Pardo, L., 1996, Climatic control of nitrate loss from forested watersheds in the northeast United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 8, p. 2609-2612, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9600237.","startPage":"2609","endPage":"2612","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205702,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9600237"},{"id":226302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-07-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f65ee4b0c8380cd4c713","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mitchell, M.J.","contributorId":72940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driscoll, C. T.","contributorId":47530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Driscoll","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kahl, J. S.","contributorId":77885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kahl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Likens, G.E.","contributorId":68893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Likens","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pardo, L.H.","contributorId":93209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pardo","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018990,"text":"70018990 - 1996 - Mineral intergrowths replaced by \"elbow-twinned\" rutile in altered rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T12:59:10","indexId":"70018990","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral intergrowths replaced by \"elbow-twinned\" rutile in altered rocks","docAbstract":"Some aggregates of rutile, classically considered to be \"elbow\" twinned, instead are topotactic replacements of ilmenite or other hexagonal titaniferous precursors. Twinned rutile can be differentiated from the reticulated rutile of topotactic replacements by the angle of prism intersections, junction morphology, and the overall form of the aggregate. In a special case of topotactic replacement of ilmenite, rutile forms pseudomorphs of \"trellis\"-textured ilmenite lamellae in {111} of precursor magnetite. We trace the progress of rutile formation through the alteration of fine-grained magnetite-bearing host rocks. The sequential two-step topotaxy from magnetite through ilmenite to rutile requires rutile prisms to parallel the intersections of {111} planes in precursor magnetite. Some coarse reticulated rutile may result from the same paragenetic sequence.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Force, E.R., Richards, R.P., Scott, K.M., Valentine, P.C., and Fishman, N., 1996, Mineral intergrowths replaced by \"elbow-twinned\" rutile in altered rocks: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 34, no. 3, p. 605-614.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"605","endPage":"614","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345696,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://canmin.geoscienceworld.org/content/34/3/605/article-info"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5792e4b0c8380cd6dd63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Force, E. R.","contributorId":28235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Force","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richards, R. P.","contributorId":60792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, K. M.","contributorId":8119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Valentine, P. C.","contributorId":46505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fishman, N.S.","contributorId":59441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishman","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018799,"text":"70018799 - 1996 - Modeling the periodic stratification and gravitational circulation in San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T10:38:42","indexId":"70018799","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Modeling the periodic stratification and gravitational circulation in San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"A high resolution, three-dimensional (3-D) hydrodynamic numerical model is applied to San Francisco Bay, California to simulate the periodic tidal stratification caused by tidal straining and stirring and their long-term effects on gravitational circulation. The numerical model is formulated using fixed levels in the vertical and uniform computational mesh on horizontal planes. The governing conservation equations, the 3-D shallow water equations, are solved by a semi-implicit finite-difference scheme. Numerical simulations for estuarine flows in San Francisco Bay have been performed to reproduce the hydrodynamic properties of tides, tidal and residual currents, and salt transport. All simulations were carried out to cover at least 30 days, so that the spring-neap variance in the model results could be analyzed. High grid resolution used in the model permits the use of a simple turbulence closure scheme which has been shown to be sufficient to reproduce the tidal cyclic stratification and well-mixed conditions in the water column. Low-pass filtered 3-D time-series reveals the classic estuarine gravitational circulation with a surface layer flowing down-estuary and an up-estuary flow near the bottom. The intensity of the gravitational circulation depends upon the amount of freshwater inflow, the degree of stratification, and spring-neap tidal variations.
","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1995 4th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling","conferenceDate":"26 October 1995 through 28 October 1995","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., and Casulli, V., 1996, Modeling the periodic stratification and gravitational circulation in San Francisco Bay, California, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling, San Diego, CA, USA, 26 October 1995 through 28 October 1995, p. 240-254.","startPage":"240","endPage":"254","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c4ae4b0c8380cd6fb8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casulli, Vincenzo","contributorId":42302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casulli","given":"Vincenzo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018819,"text":"70018819 - 1996 - Pesticides in streams draining agricultural and urban areas in Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:28","indexId":"70018819","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides in streams draining agricultural and urban areas in Colorado","docAbstract":"A study was conducted from April 1993 through April 1994 to describe and compare the occurrence and distribution of pesticides in streams in a small agricultural and a small urban area in Colorado. Twenty-five water samples collected at least monthly at the mouths of two tributary streams of the South Plate River were analyzed for 47 pesticides. The results indicate that both agricultural and urban areas are probable sources for pesticides in streams. In the agricultural area, 30 pesticides were detected, and in the urban area, 22 pesticides were detected in one or more samples. Most often, the more frequently detected pesticides in both areas also were some of the more commonly used pesticides. In both areas, pesticide concentrations were higher during the summer (application period) with maximum concentrations generally occurring in storm runoff. The year-round detection of some pesticides in both areas at consistently low concentrations, regardless of season or streamflow volume, could indicate that these compounds persist in the shallow alluvial aquifer year-round.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es950353b","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kimbrough, R.A., and Litke, D.W., 1996, Pesticides in streams draining agricultural and urban areas in Colorado: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 3, p. 908-916, https://doi.org/10.1021/es950353b.","startPage":"908","endPage":"916","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205866,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es950353b"},{"id":227187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a775de4b0c8380cd7849b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimbrough, R. A.","contributorId":21150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimbrough","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Litke, D. W.","contributorId":94346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litke","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018984,"text":"70018984 - 1996 - Verification of vertically rotating flume using non-newtonian fluids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-12T16:42:21.20532","indexId":"70018984","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Verification of vertically rotating flume using non-newtonian fluids","docAbstract":"Three tests on non-Newtonian fluids were used to verify the use of a vertically rotating flume (VRF) for the study of the rheological properties of debris flow. The VRF is described and a procedure for the analysis of results of tests made with the VRF is presented. The major advantages of the VRF are a flow field consistent with that found in nature, a large particle-diameter threshold, inexpensive operation, and verification using several different materials; the major limitations are a lack of temperature control and a certain error incurred from the use of the Bingham plastic model to describe a more complex phenomenon. Because the VRF has been verified with non-Newtonian fluids as well as Newtonian fluids, it can be used to measure the rheological properties of coarse-grained debris-flow materials.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:8(456)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Huizinga, R., 1996, Verification of vertically rotating flume using non-newtonian fluids: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 122, no. 8, p. 456-459, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:8(456).","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"456","endPage":"459","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226670,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc221e4b08c986b32a942","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huizinga, R.J.","contributorId":36970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huizinga","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018952,"text":"70018952 - 1996 - Atrazine concentrations in near-surface aquifers: A censored regression approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T10:10:48","indexId":"70018952","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atrazine concentrations in near-surface aquifers: A censored regression approach","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a study to investigate the occurrence of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6- isopropylamino-s-triazine) and other agricultural chemicals in near-surface aquifers in the midcontinental USA. Because about 83% of the atrazine concentrations from the USGS study were censored, standard statistical estimation procedures could not be used. To determine factors that affect atrazine concentrations in groundwater while accommodating the high degree of data censoring. Tobit models were used (normal homoscedastic, normal heteroscedastic, lognormal homoscedastic, and lognormal heteroscedastic). Empirical results suggest that the lognormal heteroscedastic Tobit model is the model of choice for this type of study. This model determined the following factors to have the strongest effect on atrazine concentrations in groundwater: percent of pasture within 3.2 km, percent of forest within 3.2 km (2 mi), mean open interval of the well, primary water use of a well, aquifer class (unconsolidated or bedrock), aquifer type (unconfined or confined), existence of a stream within 30 m (100 ft), existence of a stream within 30 m to 0.4 km (0.25 mi), and existence of a stream within 0.4 to 3.2 km. Examining the elasticities of the continuous explanatory factors provides further insight into their effects on atrazine concentrations in groundwater. This study documents a viable statistical method that can be used to accommodate the complicating presence of censured data, a feature that commonly occurs in environmental data.","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500050010x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., Yen, S., and Kolpin, D., 1996, Atrazine concentrations in near-surface aquifers: A censored regression approach: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 25, no. 5, p. 992-999, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500050010x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"992","endPage":"999","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eecbe4b0c8380cd49f84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yen, S.T.","contributorId":106659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yen","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018901,"text":"70018901 - 1996 - Vertical spatial coherence model for a transient signal forward-scattered from the sea surface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-25T17:16:15.717933","indexId":"70018901","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1941,"text":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertical spatial coherence model for a transient signal forward-scattered from the sea surface","docAbstract":"The treatment of acoustic energy forward scattered from the sea surface, which is modeled as a random communications scatter channel, is the basis for developing an expression for the time-dependent coherence function across a vertical receiving array. The derivation of this model uses linear filter theory applied to the Fresnel-corrected Kirchhoff approximation in obtaining an equation for the covariance function for the forward-scattered problem. The resulting formulation is used to study the dependence of the covariance on experimental and environmental factors. The modeled coherence functions are then formed for various geometrical and environmental parameters and compared to experimental data.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/48.485199","issn":"03649059","usgsCitation":"Yoerger, E., and McDaniel, S., 1996, Vertical spatial coherence model for a transient signal forward-scattered from the sea surface: IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, v. 21, no. 1, p. 24-36, https://doi.org/10.1109/48.485199.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"24","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226849,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc242e4b08c986b32aa0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yoerger, E.J.","contributorId":36307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoerger","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDaniel, S.T.","contributorId":33858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDaniel","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018809,"text":"70018809 - 1996 - The imaging node for the Planetary Data System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:28","indexId":"70018809","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The imaging node for the Planetary Data System","docAbstract":"The Planetary Data System Imaging Node maintains and distributes the archives of planetary image data acquired from NASA's flight projects with the primary goal of enabling the science community to perform image processing and analysis on the data. The Node provides direct and easy access to the digital image archives through wide distribution of the data on CD-ROM media and on-line remote-access tools by way of Internet services. The Node provides digital image processing tools and the expertise and guidance necessary to understand the image collections. The data collections, now approaching one terabyte in volume, provide a foundation for remote sensing studies for virtually all the planetary systems in our solar system (except for Pluto). The Node is responsible for restoring data sets from past missions in danger of being lost. The Node works with active flight projects to assist in the creation of their archive products and to ensure that their products and data catalogs become an integral part of the Node's data collections.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planetary and Space Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0032-0633(95)00103-4","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Eliason, E.M., LaVoie, S., and Soderblom, L., 1996, The imaging node for the Planetary Data System: Planetary and Space Science, v. 44, no. 1 SPEC. ISS., p. 23-32, https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(95)00103-4.","startPage":"23","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205848,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(95)00103-4"},{"id":227091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"1 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacdae4b08c986b3237b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eliason, E. M.","contributorId":93113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eliason","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaVoie, S.K.","contributorId":47927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaVoie","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018858,"text":"70018858 - 1996 - A resource evaluation of the Bakken Formation (Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian) continuous oil accumulation, Williston Basin, North Dakota and Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:13","indexId":"70018858","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A resource evaluation of the Bakken Formation (Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian) continuous oil accumulation, Williston Basin, North Dakota and Montana","docAbstract":"The Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian Bakken Formation in the United States portion of the Williston Basin is both the source and the reservoir for a continuous oil accumulation - in effect a single very large field - underlying approximately 17,800 mi2 (46,100 km2) of North Dakota and Montana. Within this area, the Bakken Formation continuous oil accumulation is not significantly influenced by the water column and cannot be analyzed in terms of conventional, discrete fields. Rather, the continuous accumulation can be envisioned as a collection of oil-charged cells, virtually all of which are capable of producing some oil, but which vary significantly in their production characteristics. Better wellperformance statistics are linked regionally to higher levels of thermal maturity and to lower levels of reservoir heterogeneity. Although portions of the Bakken Formation continuous oil accumulation have reached a mature stage of development, the accumulation as a whole is far from depleted.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Schmoker, J., 1996, A resource evaluation of the Bakken Formation (Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian) continuous oil accumulation, Williston Basin, North Dakota and Montana: Mountain Geologist, v. 33, no. 1, p. 1-10.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e54ae4b0c8380cd46c7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoker, J. W.","contributorId":69964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019097,"text":"70019097 - 1996 - Characterizing coal beds in western Kentucky with the Al-La-Sc coherent triad","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019097","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing coal beds in western Kentucky with the Al-La-Sc coherent triad","docAbstract":"Cyclic sedimentation and lateral facies changes make coal bed correlations inconclusive and difficult. This uncertainty can be further complicated if a coal basin has been structurally deformed. Coal macerals can be studied to indicate the nature and degree of coalification. Their use in coal bed correlation, however, is limited. Most of the trace elements and their ratios that have been studied show significant within-bed lateral and stratigraphic variations, and thus are not effective in correlating coal beds regionally. Geochemically coherent groups of elements, such as rare earth elements (REE) and platinum group elements (PGE), appear to be highly differentiated in coal-forming environments. Geochemical coherent elemental triads appear to be useful for coal bed identification or fingerprinting. The best triad which was demonstrated to be effective in coal bed characterization in western Kentucky, is that of Al, La and Sc. These three elements are highly correlated with one another and they can be determined accurately and simultaneously with instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The elemental triad Al-La-Sc is used to identify and fingerprint three key coal beds in western Kentucky: the Springfield (western Kentucky No. 9), the Davis (western Kentucky No. 6), and the Mining City and Dawson Springs are both considered to be the No. 4 coal bed in western Kentucky). Four distinct groupings can be recognized by use of the Al-La-Sc triad. The Dawson Springs coals have the highest Al/(La + Sc) ratios, followed by the Springfield, the Davis and the Mining City. The Mining City coal bed generally has the highest La/Sc ratio. However, the Dawson Springs is not correlated with the Mining City using the triad analysis, even though they have reportedly similar stratigraphic positions in the western Kentucky coal basin. The Al-La-Sc triad appears to be effective in discriminating between the Springfield and the Davis coal beds throughout the entire Illinois Basin. Furthermore, the range of concentration variation of the AL-La-Sc triad suggests individual groupings of the No. 4 coal in western Kentucky. In addition to characterizing these coal beds, the Al-La-Sc triad may be used to confirm stratigraphic correlations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0166-5162(95)00054-2","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Chyi, L., and Medlin, J., 1996, Characterizing coal beds in western Kentucky with the Al-La-Sc coherent triad: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 30, no. 4 SPEC. ISS., p. 349-359, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(95)00054-2.","startPage":"349","endPage":"359","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205730,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(95)00054-2"},{"id":226454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4f0e4b0c8380cd4c002","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chyi, L.L.","contributorId":16587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chyi","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medlin, J.H.","contributorId":27869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medlin","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018991,"text":"70018991 - 1996 - Late Paleocene Arctic Ocean shallow-marine temperatures from mollusc stable isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-13T11:36:51","indexId":"70018991","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Paleocene Arctic Ocean shallow-marine temperatures from mollusc stable isotopes","docAbstract":"Late Paleocene high-latitude (80°N) Arctic Ocean shallow-marine temperatures are estimated from molluscan δ18O time series. Sampling of individual growth increments of two specimens of the bivalve Camptochlamys alaskensis provides a high-resolution record of shell stable isotope composition. The heavy carbon isotopic values of the specimens support a late Paleocene age for the youngest marine beds of the Prince Creek Formation exposed near Ocean Point, Alaska. The oxygen isotopic composition of regional freshwater runoff is estimated from the mean δ18O value of two freshwater bivalves collected from approximately coeval fluviatile beds. Over a 30 – 34‰ range of salinity, values assumed to represent the tolerance of C. alaskensis, the mean annual shallow-marine temperature recorded by these individuals is between 11° and 22°C. These values could represent maximum estimates of the mean annual temperature because of a possible warm-month bias imposed on the average δ18O value by slowing or cessation of growth in winter months. The amplitude of the molluscan δ18O time series probably records most of the seasonality in shallow-marine temperature. The annual temperature range indicated is approximately 6°C, suggesting very moderate high-latitude marine temperature seasonality during the late Paleocene. On the basis of analogy with modern Chlamys species, C. alaskensis probably inhabited water depths of 30–50 m. The seasonal temperature range derived from δ18O is therefore likely to be damped relative to the full range of annual sea surface temperatures. High-resolution sampling of molluscan shell material across inferred growth bands represents an important proxy record of seasonality of marine and freshwater conditions applicable at any latitude. If applied to other regions and time periods, the approach used here would contribute substantially to the paleoclimate record of seasonality.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleoceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/96PA00813","issn":"08838305","usgsCitation":"Bice, K.L., Arthur, M.A., and Marincovich, L., 1996, Late Paleocene Arctic Ocean shallow-marine temperatures from mollusc stable isotopes: Paleoceanography, v. 11, no. 3, p. 241-249, https://doi.org/10.1029/96PA00813.","startPage":"241","endPage":"249","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280871,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96PA00813"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44fee4b0c8380cd66f53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bice, Karen L.","contributorId":107045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bice","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthur, Michael A.","contributorId":90018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marincovich, Louie Jr.","contributorId":53403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marincovich","given":"Louie","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018796,"text":"70018796 - 1996 - Mobility of 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in model systems containing bottom sediments and water from the lower Fox River, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T00:32:04.317747","indexId":"70018796","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mobility of 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in model systems containing bottom sediments and water from the lower Fox River, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Sediment-water partitioning and diffusive transport of 2,2’,5,5’-tetrachlorobiphenyl, PCB congener IUPAC #52 (TCB52) were examined in laboratory experiments with sediments from two sites in the lower Fox River, Wisconsin. Native water was pumped at controlled flow rates through cells containing sediments amended with a known activity of carbon-14-labeled TCB52. Concentrations of TCB52 in water and sediments were determined by liquid scintillation measurements of carbon-14 activity. Sediment-water partitioning was independent of flow rate for rates up to 8 m/d. Distribution coefficients (Kd) and soil-sorption coefficients (Koc) were found to be at maximum levels 5–10 cm below the surface, despite an absence of significant variation in the fraction of organic carbon (foc) through the same profile. Other factors, such as the effects of colloids and microbial activity in the sediments, are likely to be important in controlling the PCB distribution. Log Kd and log Koc ranges were 4.1–4.9 and 5.3–6.1, respectively, and calculated effective diffusivities at the sediment-water interface ranged from 3 to 8 × 10−10 cm2/s. Gradual increases with time in TCB52 concentrations in the water phase, possibly due to effects of microbial activity, were observed. Diffusion experiments and models showed that the TCB52 migration rate within the sediment column is 8-9 mm/yr.
The herbicide acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide] was given conditional registration in the United States by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in March 1994. This registration provided a rare opportunity to investigate the occurrence of a pesticide during its first season of extensive use in the midwestern United States. Water samples collected and analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey during 1994 documented the distribution of acetochlor in the hydrologic system; it was detected in 29% of the rain samples from four sites in Iowa, 17% of the stream samples from 51 sites across nine states, and 0% of the groundwater samples from 38 wells across eight states. Acetochlor exhibited concentration increases in rain and streams following its application to corn in the midwestern United States, with 75% of the rainwater and 35% of the stream samples having acetochlor detected during this time period. Acetochlor concentrations in rain decreased as the growing season progressed. Based on the limited data collected for this study, it is anticipated that acetochlor concentrations will have a seasonal pattern in rain and streams similar to those of other acetanilide herbicides examined. Possible explanations for the absence of acetochlor in groundwater for this study include the rapid degradation of acetochlor in the soil zone, insufficient time for this first extensive use of acetochlor to have reached the aquifers sampled, and the possible lack of acetochlor use in the recharge areas for the wells examined.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es9503241","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Nations, B., Goolsby, D.A., and Thurman, E., 1996, Acetochlor in the hydrologic system in the midwestern United States, 1994: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1459-1464, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9503241.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1459","endPage":"1464","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205840,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9503241"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n 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B.K.","contributorId":67667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nations","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018195,"text":"70018195 - 1996 - Nitrogen transport from tallgrass prairie watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70018195","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Nitrogen transport from tallgrass prairie watersheds","docAbstract":"Discharge and N content of surface water flowing from four Karat watersheds on Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, Kansas, managed with different burn frequencies, were monitored from 1986 to 1992. The goal was to establish the influence of natural processes (climate, fire, and bison grazing) on N transport and concentration in streams. Streams were characterized by variable flow, under conditions that included an extreme flood and a drought during which all channels were dry for over a year. The estimated groundwater/stream water discharge ratio varied between 0.15 to 6.41. Annual N transport by streams, averaged across all watersheds and years, was 0.16 kg N ha-1 yr-1. Annual N transport per unit area also increased as the watershed area increased and as precipitation increased. Total annual transport of N horn the prairie via streams ranged from 0.01 to 6.0% of the N input from precipitation. Nitrate and total N concentrations in surface water decreased (P < 0.001, r values ranged from 0.140.26) as length of time since last fire increased. Increased watershed area was correlated negatively (P < 0.0001) to stream water concentrations of NO3-N and total N (r values = -0.43 and -0.20, respectively). Low N concentration is typical of these streams, with NH4/+-N concentrations below 1.0 ??g L-1, NO3-N ranging from below 1.4 to 392 ??g L-1, and total N from 3.0 to 714 ??g L-1. These data provide an important baseline for evaluating N transport and stream water quality from unfertilized grasslands.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","language":"English","publisher":"American Soc of Agronomy Inc","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI, United States","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Dodds, W.K., Blair, J., Henebry, G., Koelliker, J., Ramundo, R., and Tate, C.M., 1996, Nitrogen transport from tallgrass prairie watersheds, in Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 25, no. 5, p. 973-981.","startPage":"973","endPage":"981","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227278,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66f6e4b0c8380cd730dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodds, W. K.","contributorId":21297,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dodds","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blair, J.M.","contributorId":65238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blair","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henebry, G.M.","contributorId":98055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henebry","given":"G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koelliker, J.K.","contributorId":49940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koelliker","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ramundo, R.","contributorId":63550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramundo","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tate, C. M.","contributorId":97147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018200,"text":"70018200 - 1996 - Petrography, geochemistry and palynology of the Stockton coal bed (Middle Pennsylvanian), Martin County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-21T00:52:43.079824","indexId":"70018200","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrography, geochemistry and palynology of the Stockton coal bed (Middle Pennsylvanian), Martin County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The Middle Pennsylvanian (Westphalian D) Stockton (also known as the Broas) coal bed of the Breathitt Formation is an important energy resource in Kentucky. Petrographic, geochemical and palynologic studies were undertaken from mine, core and highway exposures in Martin and northern Pike counies, Kentucky, in order to determine the influence of the Stockton depositional ecosystem on those parameters.
Vitrinite-rich Stockton lithotypes are dominated by Lycospora. Dull lithotypes, including both high- and low-ash yield durains, generally have abundant Densosporites, suggesting that the parent plant inhabited a fairly wide range of environments. Lithologies having tree ferns as an important component also have high fusinite + semifusinite and a low telinite/gelocollinite ratio. The aerial root bundles of the tree ferns were susceptible to oxidation and, for tissue not oxidized to inertinite, to preservation as gelocollinite.
In the initial stages of formation, the Stockton mire was discontinuous and had a rather restricted floral assemblage. The presence of durains higher in the Stockton section, particularly the low-ash yield durains having petrographic indicators of degradation, suggests that portions of the mire developed as a domed peat. The termination of the mire as a high-sulfur, arboreous lycopod-domimated mire is consistent with the return to more planar mire development.