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The lake herring (Coregonus artedi) is an important coldwater planktivore in the Laurentian Great Lakes and in smaller inland lakes in portions of Canada and the northern United States. Lake herring cruise the pelagia and feed selectively in both gulping and particulate modes. They are visual predators in environments with adequate illumination. Visual predation by fish consists of a series of discrete steps. We studied the first step in the predation sequence, reaction to prey, at light intensities of 2–1500 Lx in a simulated pelagic environment at 10–13°C. We measured lake herring reactive distances, the distance at which a prey item will be detected and attacked, to liveLimnocalanus macrurus, a natural prey of lake herring in Lake Superior. We used the reactive distances and associated angles of bearing and elevation, which described the location of the prey relative to the lake herring, to calculate reactive volume. This reactive volume can be envisioned as an irregular sphere surrounding the fish, within which prey are detected and attacked. All of the attacks on prey occurred in the anterior portions of the sagittal and lateral planes of the lake herring, as would be expected for a pelagic, cruising fish. The reactive volume surrounding the lake herring was generally spherical, but was more irregular than the simple spheres, hemispheres, cylinders, cones or other geometries assumed in previous studies. The reactive distances and the reactive volume changed with light intensity and were significantly smaller at 2–10 Lx than at 40–1500 Lx. At 40–1500 Lx, the reactive volume was expanded over that observed at 2–10 Lx laterally and caudally. Collectively our results indicate that lake herring can visually forage most effectively in environments with light levels >10 Lx.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00016692","usgsCitation":"Link, J., and Edsall, T.A., 1996, The effect of light on lake herring (Coregonus artedi) reactive volume: Hydrobiologia, v. 332, no. 2, p. 131-140, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00016692.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"140","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"332","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667805","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, Jason","contributorId":8793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"Jason","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":309510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019338,"text":"70019338 - 1996 - Direct simulation of groundwater age","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T15:45:15","indexId":"70019338","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Direct simulation of groundwater age","docAbstract":"

A new method is proposed to simulate groundwater age directly, by use of an advection-dispersion transport equation with a distributed zero-order source of unit (1) strength, corresponding to the rate of aging. The dependent variable in the governing equation is the mean age, a mass-weighted average age. The governing equation is derived from residence-time-distribution concepts for the case of steady flow. For the more general case of transient flow, a transient governing equation for age is derived from mass-conservation principles applied to conceptual “age mass.” The age mass is the product of the water mass and its age, and age mass is assumed to be conserved during mixing. Boundary conditions include zero age mass flux across all noflow and inflow boundaries and no age mass dispersive flux across outflow boundaries. For transient-flow conditions, the initial distribution of age must be known. The solution of the governing transport equation yields the spatial distribution of the mean groundwater age and includes diffusion, dispersion, mixing, and exchange processes that typically are considered only through tracer-specific solute transport simulation. Traditional methods have relied on advective transport to predict point values of groundwater travel time and age. The proposed method retains the simplicity and tracer-independence of advection-only models, but incorporates the effects of dispersion and mixing on volume-averaged age. Example simulations of age in two idealized regional aquifer systems, one homogeneous and the other layered, demonstrate the agreement between the proposed method and traditional particle-tracking approaches and illustrate use of the proposed method to determine the effects of diffusion, dispersion, and mixing on groundwater age.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR03401","usgsCitation":"Goode, D., 1996, Direct simulation of groundwater age: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 2, p. 289-296, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR03401.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"296","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480178,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/95wr03401","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01b2e4b0c8380cd4fd08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186273,"text":"70186273 - 1996 - Dispersion of adult Cancer magister at Glacier Bay, Alaska: Variation with spatial scale, sex, and reproductive status","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T14:10:26","indexId":"70186273","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Dispersion of adult Cancer magister at Glacier Bay, Alaska: Variation with spatial scale, sex, and reproductive status","docAbstract":"

Patterns of micro- to mesoscale distribution of Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister) in nearshore habitats at five locations in and near Glacier Bay National Park were revealed using subtidal transects. Sampling was conducted in April and September 1992 and 1993 and April 1994. Divers censused crabs by sex and reproductive status (ovigerous/nonovigerous females) along belt transects (2 m x 100 m) perpendicular to shore in the depth range 0 m (mean lower low water) to 18 m. A sample estimator of Morisita's index (Î*Δ) was used to quantify crab dispersion at 10 scales of measurement ranging from 20 m2 to 200 m2 at each location during each sampling period.

Values of Î*Δ in ovigerous female C. magister deviated significantly (P < 0.05) from 1.0 (random distribution) toward contagion more frequently than did Î*Δ for nonovigerous female and male crabs. Ovigerous crabs also usually had higher Î*Δ than did nonovigerous female and male crabs, especially at smaller measurement scales (20-80 m2). Morisita's index for all three groups of crabs decreased more frequently than it increased with an increase in measurement scale. We observed no relationship between t and crab density in nonovigerous female and male crabs, whereas Î*Δ was positively correlated with the density of ovigerous crabs. A total of 13 dense aggregations of ovigerous C. magister were observed nearshore (depth range 0-10 m) at the five study locations. About half of these were repeatedly observed at the same microsite over the course of this study. Ovigerous Dungeness crabs at Glacier Bay were usually aggregated, often forming dense aggregations with high site fidelity. These dense aggregations may concentrate a significant proportion of the brood stock of this species in a limited number of patches of optimal brooding habitat at Glacier Bay.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the international symposium on biology, management, and economics of crabs from high latitude habitats: Lowell Wakefield fisheries symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Biology, Management, and Economics of Crabs from High Latitude Habitats: Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium","conferenceDate":"October 11-13, 1995","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","isbn":"1-56612-039-X","usgsCitation":"O’Clair, C.E., Shirley, T.C., and Taggart, S.J., 1996, Dispersion of adult Cancer magister at Glacier Bay, Alaska: Variation with spatial scale, sex, and reproductive status, in Proceedings of the international symposium on biology, management, and economics of crabs from high latitude habitats: Lowell Wakefield fisheries symposium, Anchorage, AK, October 11-13, 1995, p. 209-227.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"227","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339056,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339052,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://seagrant.uaf.edu/bookstore/pubs/AK-SG-96-02.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Glacier Bay","publicComments":"Larger Work is Alaska Sea Grant College Program report no. 96-02","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f8ce4b09da67997ecd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Clair, Charles E.","contributorId":60571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Clair","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shirley, Thomas C.","contributorId":17409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shirley","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12548,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":688104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taggart, S. James","contributorId":30131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019342,"text":"70019342 - 1996 - Directional topographic site response at Tarzana observed in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Implications for mainshock motions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T14:05:46.417816","indexId":"70019342","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Directional topographic site response at Tarzana observed in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Implications for mainshock motions","docAbstract":"

The Northridge earthquake caused 1.78 g acceleration in the east-west direction at a site in Tarzana, California, located about 6 km south of the mainshock epicenter. The accelerograph was located atop a hill about 15-m high, 500-m long, and 130-m wide, striking about N78°E. During the aftershock sequence, a temporary array of 21 three-component geophones was deployed in six radial lines centered on the accelerograph, with an average sensor spacing of 35 m. Station C00 was located about 2 m from the accelerograph. We inverted aftershock spectra to obtain average relative site response at each station as a function of direction of ground motion. We identified a 3.2-Hz resonance that is a transverse oscillation of the hill (a directional topographic effect). The top/base amplification ratio at 3.2 Hz is about 4.5 for horizontal ground motions oriented approximately perpendicular to the long axis of the hill and about 2 for motions parallel to the hill. This resonance is seen most strongly within 50 m of C00. Other resonant frequencies were also observed. A strong lateral variation in attenuation, probably associated with a fault, caused substantially lower motion at frequencies above 6 Hz at the east end of the hill. There may be some additional scattered waves associated with the fault zone and seen at both the base and top of the hill, causing particle motions (not spectral ratios) at the top of the hill to be rotated about 20° away from the direction transverse to the hill. The resonant frequency, but not the amplitude, of our observed topographic resonance agrees well with theory, even for such a low hill. Comparisons of our observations with theoretical results indicate that the 3D shape of the hill and its internal structure are important factors affecting its response. The strong transverse resonance of the hill does not account for the large east-west mainshock motions. Assuming linear soil response, mainshock east-west motions at the Tarzana accelerograph were amplified by a factor of about 2 or less compared with sites at the base of the hill. Probable variations in surficial shear-wave velocity do not account for the observed differences among mainshock acceleration observed at Tarzana and at two different sites within 2 km of Tarzana.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA08601BS193","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Spudich, P., Hellweg, M., and Lee, W., 1996, Directional topographic site response at Tarzana observed in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Implications for mainshock motions: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 86, no. 1B, p. S193-S208, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA08601BS193.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"S193","endPage":"S208","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226741,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Northridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.46145629882811,\n 34.06972475691634\n ],\n [\n -117.89566040039062,\n 34.06972475691634\n ],\n [\n -117.89566040039062,\n 34.264026473152875\n ],\n [\n -118.46145629882811,\n 34.264026473152875\n ],\n [\n -118.46145629882811,\n 34.06972475691634\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"1B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01bae4b0c8380cd4fd2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spudich, P.","contributorId":85700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spudich","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hellweg, M.","contributorId":11344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hellweg","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, W.H.K.","contributorId":35303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"W.H.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019343,"text":"70019343 - 1996 - Triggering mechanisms and depositional rates of postglacial slope-movement processes in the Yosemite Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:11","indexId":"70019343","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Triggering mechanisms and depositional rates of postglacial slope-movement processes in the Yosemite Valley, California","docAbstract":"We examined information collected from 395 reports of slope-movement events during about the past 150 years in Yosemite National Park, central Sierra Nevada, California, to identify the most prevalent types of slope movements and their triggering mechanisms. Rock slides and rock falls have been more numerous than debris slides, debris flows, and miscellaneous slumps. Rock falls have produced the largest cumulative volume of deposits. About half of slope movements had unreported or unrecognized triggering events. Earthquakes and rain storms individually accounted for the greatest cumulative volumes of deposits from recognized triggers of all types of historical slope movements; snowmelt, human activities and freeze-thaw conditions accounted for only a small proportion of the volumes from reported triggers. A comparison of the historical and postglacial average annual rates of deposition from slope-movement processes in a portion of the Yosemite Valley indicates that, during the period 1851-1992, slope-movement processes have been producing about half the average rate of deposits than during the past 15,000 years.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(95)00112-I","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Wieczorek, G.F., and Jager, S., 1996, Triggering mechanisms and depositional rates of postglacial slope-movement processes in the Yosemite Valley, California: Geomorphology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 17-31, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(95)00112-I.","startPage":"17","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205786,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(95)00112-I"},{"id":226784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb853e4b08c986b3277d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jager, S.","contributorId":88098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jager","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019339,"text":"70019339 - 1996 - Rapid anaerobic benzene oxidation with a variety of chelated Fe(III) forms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-17T17:29:12.654413","indexId":"70019339","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid anaerobic benzene oxidation with a variety of chelated Fe(III) forms","docAbstract":"Fe(III) chelated to such compounds as EDTA, N-methyliminodiacetie acid, ethanol diglycine, humic acids, and phosphates stimulated benzene oxidation coupled to Fe(III) reduction in anaerobic sediments from a petroleum- contaminated aquifer as effectively as or more effectively than nitrilotriacetic acid did in a previously demonstrated stimulation experiment. These results indicate that many forms of chelated Fe(III) might be applicable to aquifer remediation.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.62.1.288-291.1996","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Lovley, D.R., Woodward, J., and Chapelle, F.H., 1996, Rapid anaerobic benzene oxidation with a variety of chelated Fe(III) forms: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 62, no. 1, p. 288-291, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.1.288-291.1996.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"288","endPage":"291","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479056,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.1.288-291.1996","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226694,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a94b9e4b0c8380cd815a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, J.C.","contributorId":62590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019344,"text":"70019344 - 1996 - Trends in nutrients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-27T11:01:15.545419","indexId":"70019344","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in nutrients","docAbstract":"

The roles of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as key nutrients determining the trophic status of water bodies are examined, and evidence reviewed for trends in concentrations of N and P species which occur in freshwaters, primarily in northern temperate environments. Data are reported for water bodies undergoing eutrophication and acidification, especially water bodies receiving increased nitrogen inputs through the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Nutrient loading on groundwaters and surface freshwaters is assessed with respect to causes and rates of change, relative rates of change for N and P, and implications of change for the future management of lakes, rivers and groundwaters. In particular, the nature and emphasis of studies for N species and P fractions in lakes versus rivers and groundwaters are contrasted. This review paper primarily focuses on results from North America and Europe, particularly for the UK where a wide range of data sets exists. Few nutrient loading data have been published on water bodies in less developed countries; however, some of the available data are presented to provide a global perspective. In general, N and P concentrations have increased dramatically (>20 times background concentrations) in many areas and causes vary considerably, ranging from urbanization to changes in agricultural practices.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199602)10:2<263::AID-HYP441>3.0.CO;2-K","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Heathwaite, A., Johnes, P., and Peters, N., 1996, Trends in nutrients: Hydrological Processes, v. 10, no. 2, p. 263-293, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199602)10:2<263::AID-HYP441>3.0.CO;2-K.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"293","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226785,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7f6e4b08c986b3275c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heathwaite, A.L.","contributorId":20480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heathwaite","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnes, P.J.","contributorId":28020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnes","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197979,"text":"70197979 - 1996 - An introduction to the Woodworth Study Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-03T10:12:29","indexId":"70197979","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"An introduction to the Woodworth Study Area","docAbstract":"

The Woodworth Study Area (WSA) was purchased by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) during the early 1960's as a waterfowl production area.  Unlike most such areas, its primary purpose was not to provide waterfowl breeding habitat directly, but instead it was dedicated for use as a research area to develop information for better management of upland and wetland habitats.  This article provides some history of the area and background information about biological monitoring and research that have been conducted on the WSA.  Unless otherwise stated, information included in derived from (1) or unpublished data on file at the Northern Prairie Science Center (NPSC).

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"North Dakota Academy of Science 88th Annual Meeting","conferenceDate":"April 25-26, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Valley City, ND","language":"English","publisher":"North Dakota Academy of Science","publisherLocation":"Fargo, ND","usgsCitation":"Johnson, D.H., Higgins, K.F., and Woodward, R.O., 1996, An introduction to the Woodworth Study Area, in Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science, v. 50, Valley City, ND, April 25-26, 1996, p. 95-102.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"102","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355454,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":355453,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ashipunov.info/journals/pndas/index.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Stutsman County","city":"Woodworth","otherGeospatial":"Woodworth Study","volume":"50","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98e59de4b0702d0e849478","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":739447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higgins, Kenneth F.","contributorId":202243,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Higgins","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":36386,"text":"Department Of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":739448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodward, Robert O. rwoodward@usgs.gov","contributorId":4259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Robert","email":"rwoodward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":739449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27118,"text":"wri944181 - 1996 - Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the middle Connecticut River basin, west-central New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T21:06:38.391798","indexId":"wri944181","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4181","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the middle Connecticut River basin, west-central New Hampshire","docAbstract":"A study was done by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Water Resources Division, to describe the geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the Middle Connecticut River Basin, west-central New Hampshire Stratified-drift aquifers discontinuously underlie 123 mi2 (square miles) of the Middle Connecticut River Basin, which has a total drainage area of 987 mi 2. Saturated thicknesses of stratified drift in the study area are locally greater than 500 feet but generally are less than 100 feet. Aquifer transmissivity locally exceeds 4,000 ft2/d (feet squared per day) but is generally less than 1,000 ft2/d. In only 17.2 mi2 of the study area are the aquifers identified as having a transmissivity greater than 1,000 ft2/d. As of 1990, total groundwater withdrawals from stratified drift for municipal supply were about 1.5 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) in the study area. Many of the stratified-drift aquifers underlying the study area are not developed to their fullest potential. The geohydrologic investigation of the stratified-drift aquifers focused on aquifer properties, including aquifer boundaries; recharge, discharge, and direction of ground-water flow; saturated thickness and storage; and transmissivity. Surficial-geologic mapping assisted in the determination of aquifer boundaries. Data from more than 1,000 wells, test borings, and springs were used to prepare maps of water-table altitude, saturated thickness, and transmissivity of stratified drift. More than 11 miles of seismic-refraction profiling at 95 sites was used in the preparation of the water-table-altitude and saturated-thickness maps. Seismic-reflection data collected along 1.6 miles of Mascoma Lake also were used in preparation of the saturated-thickness maps. Four stratified-drift aquifers in the towns of Franconia, Haverhill, and Lisbon were analyzed to estimate the water availability on the basis of analytical ground-water model simulation based on the Theis confined-flow equation adjusted to account for boundary effects commonly associated with stratified-drift aquifers. Conservative estimates of water availability during a 180-day period of no recharge were estimated to be 1.9 Mgal/d for the Meadow Brook aquifer; 1.8 Mgal/d for the Ham Branch Brook aquifer; 1.5 Mgal/d for the Salmon Hole aquifer; and 1.4 Mgal/d for the Haverhill-French Pond aquifer. Water-availability estimates would be higher if periods of recharge were accounted for and if less conservative boundary conditions were used in the model. Results of analysis of water samples from 26 observation wells, 3 municipal water-supply wells, and 1 public-supply spring show that, with the exception of dissolved iron and manganese in some samples, water in the stratified-drift aquifers generally meets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's primary and secondary drinking-water standards.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944181","usgsCitation":"Flanagan, S.M., 1996, Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the middle Connecticut River basin, west-central New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4181, Report: vi, 224 p.; 8 Plates: 35.00 x 39.83 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944181.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 224 p.; 8 Plates: 35.00 x 39.83 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415543,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48056.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55979,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55977,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55975,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55983,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55982,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55981,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55980,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55978,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55976,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"middle Connecticut River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.3,\n 44.4578\n ],\n [\n -72.35,\n 44.4578\n ],\n [\n -72.35,\n 43.5222\n ],\n [\n -71.3,\n 43.5222\n ],\n [\n -71.3,\n 44.4578\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flanagan, S. M.","contributorId":12523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanagan","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70194939,"text":"70194939 - 1996 - Water-vapor movement through unsaturated alluvium in Amargosa Desert near Beatty, Nevada - Current understanding and continuing studies: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70194939,"text":"70194939 - 1996 - Water-vapor movement through unsaturated alluvium in Amargosa Desert near Beatty, Nevada - Current understanding and continuing studies: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","indexId":"70194939","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"Water-vapor movement through unsaturated alluvium in Amargosa Desert near Beatty, Nevada - Current understanding and continuing studies: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","title":"Water-vapor movement through unsaturated alluvium in Amargosa Desert near Beatty, Nevada - Current understanding and continuing studies: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":27920,"text":"wri954015 - 1996 - Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings","indexId":"wri954015","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":27920,"text":"wri954015 - 1996 - Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings","indexId":"wri954015","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T18:16:03","indexId":"70194939","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"displayTitle":"Water-vapor movement through unsaturated alluvium in Amargosa Desert near Beatty, Nevada - Current understanding and continuing studies: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","title":"Water-vapor movement through unsaturated alluvium in Amargosa Desert near Beatty, Nevada - Current understanding and continuing studies: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","docAbstract":"

Disposal of low-level radioactive wastes has been a concern since the 1950's. These wastes commonly are buried in shallow trenches (Fischer, 1986, p. 2). Water infiltrating into the trenches is considered the principal process by which contaminants are transported away from the buried wastes, although gaseous transport in some areas may be important. Arid regions in the western United States have been suggested as places that could provide safe containment of the wastes, because little or no water would infiltrate into the trenches (Richardson, 1962), and because thick unsaturated zones would slow contaminant movement. Although burial in arid regions may greatly reduce the amount of water coming in contact with the waste and consequently may provide longterm containment, insufficient data are available on the effectiveness of burial in such regions. Of particular interest is the potential for contaminant movement, either as liquid or vapor, through unsaturated sediments to land surface or to underlying ground water.

Since 1962, low-level radioactive wastes have been buried at a disposal facility in the Amargosa Desert, about 17 km south of Beatty, Nevada (fig. 50). This facility is in one of the most arid regions of the United States. Annual precipitation at the disposal facility averaged 82 mm for 1985-92; the minimum was 14 mm, recorded for 1989 (Wood and Andraski, 1992, p. 12).

Investigations to determine the hydrogeology, water movement, and potential for contaminant movement at the facility began in 1976. Results from an initial study indicated that a potential exists for deep percolation of infiltrated water at the burial site (Nichols, 1987), assuming that the only water loss is by evaporation because the trenches are kept clear of vegetation. Results from a subsequent study of water movement beneath an undisturbed, vegetated site indicate that percolation of infiltrated water may be limited to the uppermost 9 m of sediments, on the basis of water potentials, subsurface temperatures, water content, and sodium chloride content of the sediments (Fischer, 1992, p. 1). One objective of a third study that began in 1987 is to determine how the typical procedure of burying wastes alters water movement and affects the potential for deep percolation of infiltrated water (Andraski, these proceedings). In addition to these studies, a fourth began in 1992 to determine the importance of vapor movement through the unsaturated zone.

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the current understanding of water movement (as liquid and vapor) through the upper 13 m of unsaturated sediments beneath the undisturbed, vegetated site and to present plans for determining the importance of watervapor movement from land surface to the water table.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal","conferenceDate":" May 4-6, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Reston, VA","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., 1996, Water-vapor movement through unsaturated alluvium in Amargosa Desert near Beatty, Nevada - Current understanding and continuing studies: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015), 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"166","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350823,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350822,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4015/report.pdf#page=170","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","city":"Beatty","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7192a9e4b0a9a2e9dbe033","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stevens, Peter R.","contributorId":66239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726221,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nicholson, Thomas J.","contributorId":77790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726222,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018169,"text":"70018169 - 1996 - Recharge of valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated northeast from upland runoff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-06T17:03:53.68768","indexId":"70018169","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":620,"text":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recharge of valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated northeast from upland runoff","docAbstract":"Channeled and unchanneled runoff from till-covered bedrock uplands is a major source of recharge to valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated northeastern United States. Streamflow measurements and model simulation of average steady-state conditions indicate that upland runoff accounted for more recharge to two valley-fill aquifers in moderately high topographic-relief settings than did direct infiltration of precipitation. Recharge from upland runoff to a modeled valley-fill aquifer in an area of lower relief was significant but less than that from direct infiltration of precipitation. The amount of upland runoff available for recharging valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated Northeast ranges from about 1.5 to 2.5 cubic feet per second per square mile of drainage area that borders the aquifer. Stream losses from tributaries that drain the uplands commonly range from 0.3 to 1.5 cubic feet per second per 1,000 feet of wetted channel where the tributaries cross alluvial fans in the main valleys. Recharge of valley-fill aquifers from channeled runoff was estimated from measured losses and average runoff rates and was represented in aquifer models as specified fluxes or simulated by head-dependent fluxes with streamflow routing in the model cells that represent the tributary streams. Unchanneled upland runoff, which includes overland and subsurface flow, recharges the valley-fill aquifers at the contact between the aquifer and uplands near the base of the bordering till-covered hillslopes. Recharge from unchanneled runoff was estimated from average runoff rates and the hillslope area that borders the aquifer and was represented as specified fluxes to model-boundary cells along the valley walls.","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","doi":"10.1520/STP38381S","usgsCitation":"Williams, J., and Morrissey, D.J., 1996, Recharge of valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated northeast from upland runoff: ASTM Special Technical Publication, v. 1288, p. 97-113, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP38381S.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227545,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1288","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9666e4b0c8380cd81f87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, J.H.","contributorId":29482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morrissey, D. J.","contributorId":51305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrissey","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018060,"text":"70018060 - 1996 - Applications of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in environmental radiochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70018060","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3465,"text":"Spectroscopy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in environmental radiochemistry","docAbstract":"The state of the art in ICP-MS is now such that there are few discernible differences between radiochemical and mass spectrometric determinations of longlived radionuclides. Indeed, ICP-MS may provide better (more sensitive) data for many radionuclides, depending upon how one wishes to define \"long-lived.\" In lowlevel determinations, sample preparation remains an important part of the analytical procedure, even with ICP-MS, but the speed and isotopic selectivity of the mass spectrometer appear to offer distinct procedural advantages over radiochemical techniques. Therefore, \"radioanalytical\" ICP-MS applications should continue to grow, especially in the area of radiation protection, but further research (on efficient sample introduction, for example) and method development may be required to get ICP-MS \"off the ground\" in the geochemical research areas that have traditionally been supported by radiochemistry.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Spectroscopy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08876703","usgsCitation":"Grain, J., 1996, Applications of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in environmental radiochemistry: Spectroscopy, v. 11, no. 2, p. 30-39.","startPage":"30","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecc8e4b0c8380cd494a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grain, J.S.","contributorId":57226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grain","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018051,"text":"70018051 - 1996 - Use of 2D and 3D GIS in well selection and interpretation of nitrate data, central Nebraska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70018051","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1934,"text":"IAHS-AISH Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of 2D and 3D GIS in well selection and interpretation of nitrate data, central Nebraska, USA","docAbstract":"Nonpoint-source contamination of the principal aquifers in a 7800 km2 area of central Nebraska was evaluated utilizing aquifer condition, well depth, soil type, and physiographical and land use settings. A two-dimensional geographical information system linked with a three-dimensional geological visualization and analytical program was used in the random selection of acceptable wells for the monitoring of nitrate concentrations in groundwater. Locations of existing wells were super-imposed on the three-dimensional geological block diagram and more than 200 wells randomly were selected for monitoring. The three-dimensional system also was used to show three-dimensional contours of nitrate concentrations that can be used interactively to determine the volumetric percentage of an aquifer that contains nitrate concentrations exceeding a specified threshold. The two-dimensional geographical information system was used in comparing nitrate concentrations in differing physiographical, soil, and land use settings. Preliminary results suggest that approximately 6% (volumetric) of water in the High Plains aquifer has nitrate concentrations above the US Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 mg 1-1 as N.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Verstraeten, I., 1996, Use of 2D and 3D GIS in well selection and interpretation of nitrate data, central Nebraska, USA: IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 235, p. 585-591.","startPage":"585","endPage":"591","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"235","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe56e4b08c986b329535","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verstraeten, Ingrid M.","contributorId":61033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstraeten","given":"Ingrid M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019335,"text":"70019335 - 1996 - Porosity factors that control the hydraulic conductivity of soil-saprolite transitional zones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T16:21:40.570331","indexId":"70019335","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Porosity factors that control the hydraulic conductivity of soil-saprolite transitional zones","docAbstract":"

Slowly permeable transitional horizons separate soil and saprolite, but these horizons cannot be identified easily in the field. The objectives of this study were to determine why the soil-saprolite transitional zone (BC and CB horizons) is slowly permeable, and to evaluate ways for identifying it in the field. Two saprolite deposits were studied in the North Carolina Piedmont. At each site, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities (Ksat and Kunsat) were measured for major horizons. Volume fractions of water-conducting pores were also compared with the changes in hydraulic conductivity with depth. Horizon mean Ksat values at both sites ranged from virtually 0 to approximately 3 cm h-1. The lowest Ksat values (<0.3 cm h-1) occurred in or near the transitional horizons that were directly below the Bt horizons. Changes in the volume of pores within or between mineral grains (termed inter/intraparticle pores) with depth corresponded to changes in both Ksat and Kunsat. In the transitional horizons, the inter/intraparticle pores were plugged with clay and this caused the horizons to have low K values. In situ measurements of Ksat with depth were the most accurate technique to use for identifying transitional zones in the field. Examination of both the soil and rock structures in pits was also an acceptable technique. Texture and consistence were not considered reliable for pin-pointing transitional horizons.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000010031x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Vepraskas, M., Kleiss, H., Amoozegar, A., and Guertal, W., 1996, Porosity factors that control the hydraulic conductivity of soil-saprolite transitional zones: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 60, no. 1, p. 192-199, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000010031x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"192","endPage":"199","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226598,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Person County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.11288378107477,\n 36.54010978670284\n ],\n [\n -79.11288378107477,\n 36.26588582450742\n ],\n [\n -78.82609448661837,\n 36.26588582450742\n ],\n [\n -78.82609448661837,\n 36.54010978670284\n ],\n [\n -79.11288378107477,\n 36.54010978670284\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ddde4b0c8380cd7a1e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vepraskas, M.J.","contributorId":37483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vepraskas","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kleiss, H.J.","contributorId":27206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleiss","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amoozegar, A.","contributorId":76077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amoozegar","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guertal, W.R.","contributorId":99311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guertal","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1014844,"text":"1014844 - 1996 - Comparison of four cell diluents to determine viable counts of Renibacterinium salmoninarum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-07T12:30:10.370626","indexId":"1014844","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1036,"text":"Biomedical Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of four cell diluents to determine viable counts of Renibacterinium salmoninarum","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Starliper, C.E., 1996, Comparison of four cell diluents to determine viable counts of Renibacterinium salmoninarum: Biomedical Letters, v. 53, p. 139-147.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131579,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae315","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starliper, C. E.","contributorId":59739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starliper","given":"C.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018055,"text":"70018055 - 1996 - Large-magnitude Middle Ordovician volcanic ash falls in North America and Europe: Dimensions, emplacement and post-emplacement characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70018055","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-magnitude Middle Ordovician volcanic ash falls in North America and Europe: Dimensions, emplacement and post-emplacement characteristics","docAbstract":"Middle Ordovician K-bentonites represent some of the largest known fallout ash deposits in the Phanerozoic Era. They cover minimally 2.2 ?? 106 km2 in eastern North America and 6.9 ?? 105 km2 in northwestern Europe, and represents the coeval accumulation of plinian and co-ignimbrite ash on both Laurentia and Baltica during the closure of the Iapetus Ocean. The three most widespread beds are the Deicke and Millbrig K-bentonites in North America and the Kinnekulle K-bentonite in northwestern Europe. The vents were located near the Laurentian margin of Iapetus on an arc or microplate undergoing collision with Laurentia. The volume of ash preserved in the stratigraphic record converted to dense rock equivalent (DRE) of silicic magma is minimally estimated to be 943 km3 for the Deicke, 1509 km3 for the Millbrig and 972 km3 for the Kinnekulle. The Millbrig and Kinnekulle beds are coeval and possibly equivalent, yielding a combined DRE volume of nearly 2500 km3. Some unknown but probably large amount of additional ash fell into oceanic regions of the Iapetus, but these areas became subducted and the ash is not preserved in the geologic record. The symmetry of the thickness contours is suggestive that one or more ash clouds interacting with equatorial stratospheric and tropospheric wind patterns dispersed pyroclastic material to both the northwest and southeast in terms of Ordovician paleogeography. Based on grain size measurements and thickness/area1/2 plots we conclude the three beds were each formed from co-ignimbrite or possibly phreatoplinian eruption columns. Analyses of melt inclusions in primary quartz crystals indicate the parental magma contained approximately 4% dissolved water at the time of the eruption. This water provided the explosive energy during the initial gas thrust phase. The implied fragmentation pressure on the magma would have reduced much of the ejecta to small particles, forming a deposit composed largely of single crystals and glassy dust. Conversion of the ash to K-bentonite resulted in a mass loss of approximately 35%, mostly in the form of Si with lesser amounts of Na and K.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Huff, W., Kolata, D.R., Bergstrom, S., and Zhang, Y., 1996, Large-magnitude Middle Ordovician volcanic ash falls in North America and Europe: Dimensions, emplacement and post-emplacement characteristics: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 73, no. 3-4, p. 285-301.","startPage":"285","endPage":"301","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a448ee4b0c8380cd66be3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, W.D.","contributorId":48327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolata, Dennis R.","contributorId":79495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kolata","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bergstrom, Stig M.","contributorId":80832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstrom","given":"Stig M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, Y.-S.","contributorId":94057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018567,"text":"70018567 - 1996 - Geovibrio ferrireducens, a phylogenetically distinct dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-06T15:41:45.086613","indexId":"70018567","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":889,"text":"Archives of Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geovibrio ferrireducens, a phylogenetically distinct dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium","docAbstract":"

A new, phylogenetically distinct, dissimilatory, Fe(III)-reducing bacterium was isolated from surface sediment of a hydrocarbon-contaminated ditch. The isolate, designated strain PAL-1, was an obligately anaerobic, non-fermentative, motile, gram-negative vibrio. PAL-1 grew in a defined medium with acetate as electron donor and ferric pyrophosphate, ferric oxyhydroxide, ferric citrate, Co(III)-EDTA, or elemental sulfur as sole electron acceptor. PAL-1 also used proline, hydrogen, lactate, propionate, succinate, fumarate, pyruvate, or yeast extract as electron donors for Fe(III) reduction. It is the first bacterium known to couple the oxidation of an amino acid to Fe(III) reduction. PAl-1 did not reduce oxygen, Mn(IV), U(VI), Cr(VI), nitrate, sulfate, sulfite, or thiosulfate with acetate as the electron donor. Cell suspensions of PAL-1 exhibited dithionite-reduced minus air-oxidized difference spectra that were characteristic of c-type cytochromes. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of PAL-1 showed that the strain is not related to any of the described metal-reducing bacteria in the Proteobacteria and, together with Flexistipes sinusarabici, forms a separate line of descent within the Bacteria. Phenotypically and phylogenetically, strain PAl-1 differs from all other described bacteria, and represents the type strain of a new genus and species, Geovibrio ferrireducens.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002030050340","usgsCitation":"Caccavo, F., Coates, J.D., Rossello-Mora, R.A., Ludwig, W., Schleifer, K.H., Lovley, D.R., and McInerney, M.K., 1996, Geovibrio ferrireducens, a phylogenetically distinct dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium: Archives of Microbiology, v. 165, no. 6, p. 370-376, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002030050340.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"370","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480166,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/handle/1/14267","text":"External Repository"},{"id":227570,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"165","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28e0e4b0c8380cd5a4cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caccavo, F. Jr.","contributorId":15351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caccavo","given":"F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coates, John D.","contributorId":107667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rossello-Mora, R. A.","contributorId":45065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rossello-Mora","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ludwig, W.","contributorId":81263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schleifer, K. H.","contributorId":106660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schleifer","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McInerney, Michael K.","contributorId":196370,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McInerney","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70018084,"text":"70018084 - 1996 - Multiport well design for sampling of ground water at closely spaced vertical intervals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T09:39:59","indexId":"70018084","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiport well design for sampling of ground water at closely spaced vertical intervals","docAbstract":"

Detailed vertical sampling is useful in aquifers where vertical mixing is limited and steep vertical gradients in chemical concentrations are expected. Samples can be collected at closely spaced vertical intervals from nested wells with short screened intervals. However, this approach may not be appropriate in all situations. An easy-to-construct and easy-to-install multiport sampling well to collect ground-water samples from closely spaced vertical intervals was developed and tested. The multiport sampling well was designed to sample ground water from surficial sand-and-gravel aquifers. The device consists of multiple stainless-steel tubes within a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) protective casing. The tubes protrude through the wall of the PVC casing at the desired sampling depths. A peristaltic pump is used to collect ground-water samples from the sampling ports. The difference in hydraulic head between any two sampling ports can be measured with a vacuum pump and a modified manometer. The usefulness and versatility of this multiport well design was demonstrated at an agricultural research site near Princeton, Minnesota where sampling ports were installed to a maximum depth of about 12 m below land surface. Tracer experiments were conducted using potassium bromide to document the degree to which short-circuiting occurred between sampling ports. Samples were successfully collected for analysis of major cations and anions, nutrients, selected herbicides, isotopes, dissolved gases, and chlorofluorcarbon concentrations.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02176.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Delin, G., and Landon, M., 1996, Multiport well design for sampling of ground water at closely spaced vertical intervals: Ground Water, v. 34, no. 6, p. 1098-1104, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02176.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1098","endPage":"1104","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.69415283203125,\n 45.50923415869288\n ],\n [\n -93.69415283203125,\n 45.630365250117606\n ],\n [\n -93.47785949707031,\n 45.630365250117606\n ],\n [\n -93.47785949707031,\n 45.50923415869288\n ],\n [\n -93.69415283203125,\n 45.50923415869288\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6093e4b0c8380cd71557","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018056,"text":"70018056 - 1996 - Occurrence and significance of stalactites within the epithermal deposits at Creede, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70018056","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence and significance of stalactites within the epithermal deposits at Creede, Colorado","docAbstract":"In addition to the common and abundant features in karst terranes, stalactites involving a wide variety of minerals have also been found in other settings, including epigenetic mineral deposits, but these are almost always associated with supergene stages. Here we describe a different mode of occurrence from the Creede epithermal ore deposits, in Colorado, wherein stalactites of silica, sphalerite, galena, or pyrite formed in a vapor-dominated setting, below the paleo-water table, and except possibly for pyrite, as part of the hypogene mineralization. Axial cavities may, or may not, be present. No stalagmites have been recognized. The stalactites are small, from a few millimeters to a few centimeters long and a few millimeters in outer diameter. They represent only a small fraction of one percent of the total mineralization, and are covered by later crystals. Their growth orientation usually is unobservable; however, the parallel arrangement of all stalactites in a given specimen, consistency with indicators of gravitational settling, and the common presence of axial structures make the stalactitic interpretation almost unavoidable. In contrast with common carbonate stalactites, the growth mechanism for the sulfide and silica stalactites requires extensive evaporation. Stalactitic forms have also been reported from other deposits, mostly epithermal or Mississippi-Valley-type occurrences, but we caution that stalactite-like features can form by alternative processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Campbell, W.R., and Barton, P.B., 1996, Occurrence and significance of stalactites within the epithermal deposits at Creede, Colorado: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 34, no. 5, p. 905-930.","startPage":"905","endPage":"930","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b7de4b0c8380cd7471b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, W. R.","contributorId":20775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barton, P. B. Jr.","contributorId":23683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72579,"text":"ofr96613 - 1996 - Digital maps of the extent, base, and potentiometric surface of the glacial-drift aquifers in Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T10:21:29","indexId":"ofr96613","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-613","title":"Digital maps of the extent, base, and potentiometric surface of the glacial-drift aquifers in Kansas","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96613","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., Hansen, C.V., and Logan, C., 1996, Digital maps of the extent, base, and potentiometric surface of the glacial-drift aquifers in Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-613, digital data set, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96613.","productDescription":"digital data set","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340899,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://kansasgis.org/catalog/index.cfm?data_id=2221&show_cat=1"},{"id":192676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65abaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, K. E. 0000-0002-2102-8980","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":44570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, C. V.","contributorId":74749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Logan, C.M.","contributorId":59105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018079,"text":"70018079 - 1996 - Structure, stratigraphy, and petroleum geology of the Little Plain basin, northwestern Hungary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T15:42:26.96255","indexId":"70018079","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure, stratigraphy, and petroleum geology of the Little Plain basin, northwestern Hungary","docAbstract":"

The basement of the Little Plain (Kisalfold) basin is composed of two parts: an eastern part comprised of folded and overthrusted Triassic and Paleozoic rocks of the Pelso block (Transdanubian Central Range) compressed in the Early Cretaceous, and a western part consisting of stacked nappes of the Austroalpine zone of Paleozoic rocks, significantly metamorphosed during Cretaceous and later compression, overriding Jurassic oceanic rift-zone rocks of the Penninic zone.

The evolution of the basin began in the late Karpatian-early Badenian (middle Miocene) when the eastern part of the basin began to open along conjugate sets of northeast- and northwest-trending normal faults.

Neogene rocks in the study area, on the average, contain less than 0.5 wt. % total organic carbon (TOC) and, therefore, are not considered effective source rocks. Locally, however, where TOC values are as high as 3 wt. %, significant amounts of gas may have been generated and expelled. Although potential stratigraphic traps are numerous in the Neogene section, these potential traps must be downgraded because of the small amount of hydrocarbons discovered in structural traps to date.

With the exception of the Cretaceous, the Mesozoic section has not been actively explored. Large anticlinal and overthrust structures involving pre-Cretaceous strata remain undrilled.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/64EDA168-1724-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Mattick, R.E., Teleki, P.G., Phillips, R., Clayton, J., David, G., Pogacsas, G., Bardocz, B., and Simon, E., 1996, Structure, stratigraphy, and petroleum geology of the Little Plain basin, northwestern Hungary: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 80, no. 11, p. 1780-1800, https://doi.org/10.1306/64EDA168-1724-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1780","endPage":"1800","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228646,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Hungary","otherGeospatial":"Little Plain basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 16.29563326930554,\n 48.41460624592102\n ],\n [\n 16.29563326930554,\n 46.62479455393577\n ],\n [\n 18.09024236635298,\n 46.62479455393577\n ],\n [\n 18.09024236635298,\n 48.41460624592102\n ],\n [\n 16.29563326930554,\n 48.41460624592102\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c6ce4b08c986b31d3f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattick, Robert E.","contributorId":44130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattick","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Teleki, P. G.","contributorId":31137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teleki","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, R. L.","contributorId":98289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clayton, J.L.","contributorId":76767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"David, G.","contributorId":16594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"David","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pogacsas, G.","contributorId":138735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pogacsas","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bardocz, B.","contributorId":92815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bardocz","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Simon, E.","contributorId":43515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70019408,"text":"70019408 - 1996 - Effects of sampling strategies on estimates of annual mean herbicide concentrations in midwestern rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T10:32:25","indexId":"70019408","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of sampling strategies on estimates of annual mean herbicide concentrations in midwestern rivers","docAbstract":"The effects of 10 sampling strategies on estimates of annual mean concentrations of the herbicides atrazine, alachlor, and cyanazine in selected midwestern rivers were tested. The accuracy of the strategies was computed by comparing time-weighted annual mean herbicide concentrations calculated from water samples collected from 17 locations on midwestern rivers, with simulated annual mean concentrations calculated for each sampling strategy, using Monte Carlo simulations. Monthly sampling was the most accurate strategy tested. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency requires quarterly sampling for municipalities using surface water as a source of drinking water. Due to the seasonality of herbicide occurrence and transport, quarterly sampling underestimates annual mean herbicide concentrations in over 40% of the simulations. Three of the strategies tested showed that, relative to quarterly sampling, a more accurate representation of annual mean concentrations could be obtained by sampling more frequently during spring and early summer runoff and assuming zero herbicide concentration during late summer and winter months.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es950351r","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W., and Hay, L., 1996, Effects of sampling strategies on estimates of annual mean herbicide concentrations in midwestern rivers: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 3, p. 889-896, https://doi.org/10.1021/es950351r.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"889","endPage":"896","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205734,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es950351r"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07bee4b0c8380cd517eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018171,"text":"70018171 - 1996 - Earthquake-induced subsidence and burial of late holocene archaeological sites, northern Oregon coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T11:48:21","indexId":"70018171","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":700,"text":"American Antiquity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake-induced subsidence and burial of late holocene archaeological sites, northern Oregon coast","docAbstract":"Fire hearths associated with prehistoric Native American occupation lie within the youngest buried lowland soil of the estuaries along the Salmon and Nehalem rivers on the northern Oregon coast. This buried soil is the result of sudden subsidence induced by a great earthquake about 300 years ago along the Cascadia subduction zone, which extends offshore along the North Pacific Coast from Vancouver Island to northern California. The earthquake 300 years ago was the latest in a series of subsidence events along the Cascadia subduction zone over the last several thousand years. Over the long term, subsidence and burial of prehistoric settlements as a result of Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes have almost certainly been an important factor contributing to the limited time depth of the archaeological record along this section of the North Pacific Coast. Copyright ?? by the Society for American Archaeology.","language":"English","publisher":"Society for American Archaeology","doi":"10.2307/282017","issn":"00027316","usgsCitation":"Minor, R., and Grant, W., 1996, Earthquake-induced subsidence and burial of late holocene archaeological sites, northern Oregon coast: American Antiquity, v. 61, no. 4, p. 772-781, https://doi.org/10.2307/282017.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"772","endPage":"781","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227588,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a050be4b0c8380cd50c2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Minor, R.","contributorId":42728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minor","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grant, W.C.","contributorId":86908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018671,"text":"70018671 - 1996 - Assessment of a ground water flow model of the Bangkok Basin, Thailand, using carbon-14-based ages and paleohydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-06T12:13:31.433932","indexId":"70018671","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of a ground water flow model of the Bangkok Basin, Thailand, using carbon-14-based ages and paleohydrology","docAbstract":"

A study was undertaken to understand the groundwater flow conditions in the Bangkok Basin, Thailand, by comparing 14C-based and simulated groundwater ages. 14C measurements were made on about 50 water samples taken from wells throughout the basin. Simulated ages were obtained using 1) backward-pathline tracking based on the well locations, and 2) results from a three-dimensional groundwater flow model. Comparisons of ages at these locations reveal a large difference between 14C-based ages and ages predicted by the steady-state groundwater flow model. Mainly, 14C and 13C analyses indicate that groundwater in the Bangkok area is about 20,000 years old, whereas steady-state flow and transport simulations imply that groundwater in the Bangkok area is 50,000–100,000 years old. One potential reason for the discrepancy between simulated and 14C-based ages is the assumption in the model of steady-state flow. Groundwater velocities were probably greater in the region before about 10,000 years ago, during the last glacial maximum, because of the lower position of sea level and the absence of the surficial Bangkok Clay. Paleoflow conditions were estimated and then incorporated into a second set of simulations. The new assumption was that current steady-state flow conditions existed for the last 8,000 years but were preceded by steady-state conditions representative of flow during the last glacial maximum. This “transient” paleohydrologic simulation yielded a mean simulated age that more closely agrees with the mean 14C-based age, especially if the 14C-based age corrected for diffusion into clay layers. Although the uncertainties in both the simulated and 14C-based ages are nontrivial, the magnitude of the improved match in the mean age using a paleohydrologic simulation instead of a steady-state simulation suggests that flow conditions in the basin have changed significantly over the last 10,000–20,000 years. Given that the valid age range of 14C-dating methods and the timing of the last glacial maximum are of similar magnitude, adjustments for paleohydrologic conditions may be required for many such studies.


","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100400050083","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W., and Buapeng, S., 1996, Assessment of a ground water flow model of the Bangkok Basin, Thailand, using carbon-14-based ages and paleohydrology: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 4, no. 4, p. 26-40, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050083.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227222,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee1fe4b0c8380cd49ba0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, W. E. 0000-0002-6624-0280","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":102112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buapeng, S.","contributorId":69728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buapeng","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018486,"text":"70018486 - 1996 - Crustal structure of the Colorado Plateau, Arizona: Application of new long-offset seismic data analysis techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-12T18:01:55.779258","indexId":"70018486","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of the Colorado Plateau, Arizona: Application of new long-offset seismic data analysis techniques","docAbstract":"

The Colorado Plateau is a large crustal block in the southwestern United States that has been raised intact nearly 2 km above sea level since Cretaceous marine sediments were deposited on its surface. Controversy exists concerning the thickness of the plateau crust and the source of its buoyancy. Interpretations of seismic data collected on the plateau vary as to whether the crust is closer to 40 or 50 km thick. A thick crust could support the observed topography of the Colorado Plateau isostatically, while a thinner crust would indicate the presence of an underlying low-density mantle. This paper reports results on long-offset seismic data collected during the 1989 segment of the U.S. Geological Survey Pacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment that extended from the Transition Zone into the Colorado Plateau in northwest Arizona. We apply two new methods to analyze long-offset data that employ finite difference travel time calculations: (1) a first-arrival time inverter to find upper crustal velocity structure and (2) a forward-modeling technique that allows the direct use of the inverted upper crustal solution in modeling secondary reflected arrivals. We find that the crustal thickness increases from 30 km beneath the metamorphic core complexes in the southern Basin and Range province to about 42 km beneath the northern Transition Zone and southern Colorado Plateau margin. We observe some crustal thinning (to ∼37 km thick) and slightly higher lower crustal velocities farther inboard; beneath the Kaibab uplift on the north rim of the Grand Canyon the crust thickens to a maximum of 48 km. We observe a nonuniform crustal thickness beneath the Colorado Plateau that varies by ∼15% and corresponds approximately to variations in topography with the thickest crust underlying the highest elevations. Crustal compositions (as inferred from seismic velocities) appear to be the same beneath the Colorado Plateau as those in the Basin and Range province to the southwest, implying that the plateau crust represents an unextended version of the Basin and Range. Some of the variability in crustal structure appears to correspond to preserved lithospheric discontinuities that date back to the Proterozoic Era.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB03742","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., McCarthy, J., Kohler, W., Ammon, C., Benz, H., Hole, J., and Criley, E., 1996, Crustal structure of the Colorado Plateau, Arizona: Application of new long-offset seismic data analysis techniques: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 5, p. 11173-11194, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03742.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"11173","endPage":"11194","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227648,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcede4b0c8380cd4e50c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, J.","contributorId":50290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kohler, W.M.","contributorId":62999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohler","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ammon, C.J.","contributorId":28389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ammon","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Benz, H.M.","contributorId":21594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hole, J.A.","contributorId":103422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hole","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Criley, E.E.","contributorId":79498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criley","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ]}