{"pageNumber":"3799","pageRowStart":"94950","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185244,"records":[{"id":70018808,"text":"70018808 - 1996 - Acetochlor in the hydrologic system in the midwestern United States, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-19T06:23:01","indexId":"70018808","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acetochlor in the hydrologic system in the midwestern United States, 1994","docAbstract":"<p><span>The herbicide acetochlor [2-chloro-</span><i>N</i><span>-(ethoxymethyl)-</span><i>N</i><span>-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide] was given conditional registration in the United States by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in March 1994. This registration provided a rare opportunity to investigate the occurrence of a pesticide during its first season of extensive use in the midwestern United States. Water samples collected and analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey during 1994 documented the distribution of acetochlor in the hydrologic system; it was detected in 29% of the rain samples from four sites in Iowa, 17% of the stream samples from 51 sites across nine states, and 0% of the groundwater samples from 38 wells across eight states. Acetochlor exhibited concentration increases in rain and streams following its application to corn in the midwestern United States, with 75% of the rainwater and 35% of the stream samples having acetochlor detected during this time period. Acetochlor concentrations in rain decreased as the growing season progressed. Based on the limited data collected for this study, it is anticipated that acetochlor concentrations will have a seasonal pattern in rain and streams similar to those of other acetanilide herbicides examined. Possible explanations for the absence of acetochlor in groundwater for this study include the rapid degradation of acetochlor in the soil zone, insufficient time for this first extensive use of acetochlor to have reached the aquifers sampled, and the possible lack of acetochlor use in the recharge areas for the wells examined.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es9503241","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Nations, B., Goolsby, D.A., and Thurman, E., 1996, Acetochlor in the hydrologic system in the midwestern United States, 1994: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1459-1464, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9503241.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1459","endPage":"1464","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019025,"text":"70019025 - 1996 - Feruvite from the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019025","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feruvite from the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia","docAbstract":"Feruvite, an uncommon Ca- and Fe2+-rich tourmaline species, has been discovered in the footwall of the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit (British Columbia) near gabbro sills and dikes. Its chemical composition varies according to occurrence: feruvite from the shallow footwall has lower Ca, higher Al, and higher X-site vacancies than that from the deep footwall. The major chemical substitution involved in the feruvite is the exchange vector CaMgO???-1Al-1(OH)-1. The most important factor controlling feruvite formation at Sullivan is likely the reaction of Fe-rich hydrothermal fluids with Ca-rich minerals in gabbro and host rocks. This reaction led to the breakdown of Ca-rich minerals (plagioclase and hornblende), with release of Ca to solution and its incorporation into feruvite. This process probably postdated the main stages of formation of fine-grained, intermediate schorl-dravite in the tourmalinite pipe in the footwall, and is attributed to postore intrusion of gabbro and associated albite-chlorite-pyrite alteration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Jiang, S., Palmer, M.R., McDonald, A., Slack, J.F., and Leitch, C., 1996, Feruvite from the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 34, no. 4, p. 733-740.","startPage":"733","endPage":"740","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f97e4b0c8380cd53944","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jiang, S.-Y.","contributorId":79248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jiang","given":"S.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmer, M. R.","contributorId":81256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, A.M.","contributorId":59578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leitch, C.H.B.","contributorId":42841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leitch","given":"C.H.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018182,"text":"70018182 - 1996 - Pesticides and pesticide degradation products in stormwater runoff: Sacramento River Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T16:34:13","indexId":"70018182","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides and pesticide degradation products in stormwater runoff: Sacramento River Basin, California","docAbstract":"Pesticides in stormwater runoff, within the Sacramento River Basin, California, were assessed during a storm that occurred in January 1994. Two organophosphate insecticides (diazinon and methidathion), two carbamate pesticides (molinate and carbofuran), and one triazine herbicide (simazine) were detected. Organophosphate pesticide concentrations increased with the rising stage of the hydrographs; peak concentrations were measured near peak discharge. Diazinon oxon, a toxic degradation product of diazinon, made up approximately 1 to 3 percent of the diazinon load. The Feather River was the principal source of organophosphate pesticides to the Sacramento River during this storm. The concentrations of molinate and carbofuran, pesticides applied to rice fields during May and June, were relatively constant during and after the storm. Their presence in surface water was attributed to the flooding and subsequent drainage, as a management practice to degrade rice stubble prior to the next planting. A photodegradation product of molinate, 4-keto molinate, was in all samples where molinate was detected and made up approximately 50 percent of the total molinate load. Simazine, a herbicide used in orchards and to control weeds along the roadways, was detected in the storm runoff, but it was not possible to differentiate the two sources of that pesticide to the Sacramento River.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb04065.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., 1996, Pesticides and pesticide degradation products in stormwater runoff: Sacramento River Basin, California: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 32, no. 5, p. 953-964, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb04065.x.","startPage":"953","endPage":"964","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267670,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb04065.x"}],"volume":"32","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a772de4b0c8380cd7843e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018978,"text":"70018978 - 1996 - Inferring shallow groundwater flow in saprolite and fractured rock using environmental tracers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T13:01:37","indexId":"70018978","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inferring shallow groundwater flow in saprolite and fractured rock using environmental tracers","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Ridge and Valley Province of eastern Tennessee is characterized by (1) substantial topographic relief, (2) folded and highly fractured rocks of various lithologies that have low primary permeability and porosity, and (3) a shallow residuum of medium permeability and high total porosity. Conceptual models of shallow groundwater flow and solute transport in this system have been developed but are difficult to evaluate using physical characterization or short‐term tracer methods due to extreme spatial variability in hydraulic properties. In this paper we describe how chlorofluorocarbon 12,&nbsp;</span><sup>3</sup><span>H, and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>He were used to infer groundwater flow and solute transport in saprolite and fractured rock near Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In the shallow residuum, fracture spacings are &lt;0.05 m, suggesting that concentrations of these tracers in fractures and in the matrix have time to diffusionally equilibrate. The relatively smooth nature of tracer concentrations with depth in the residuum is consistent with this model and quantitatively suggests recharge fluxes of 0.2 to 0.4 m yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. In contrast, groundwater flow within the unweathered rock appears to be controlled by fractures with spacings of the order of 2 to 5 m, and diffusional equilibration of fractures and matrix has not occurred. For this reason, vertical fluid fluxes in the unweathered rock cannot be estimated from the tracer data.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR00354","usgsCitation":"Cook, P., Solomon, D.K., Sanford, W., Busenberg, E., Plummer, N., and Poreda, R., 1996, Inferring shallow groundwater flow in saprolite and fractured rock using environmental tracers: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 6, p. 1501-1509, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00354.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1501","endPage":"1509","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3aebe4b0c8380cd620a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, P.G.","contributorId":103807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solomon, D. K.","contributorId":98324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solomon","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanford, W. E. 0000-0002-6624-0280","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":102112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Poreda, R.J.","contributorId":97138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poreda","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018990,"text":"70018990 - 1996 - Mineral intergrowths replaced by \"elbow-twinned\" rutile in altered rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T12:59:10","indexId":"70018990","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral intergrowths replaced by \"elbow-twinned\" rutile in altered rocks","docAbstract":"Some aggregates of rutile, classically considered to be \"elbow\" twinned, instead are topotactic replacements of ilmenite or other hexagonal titaniferous precursors. Twinned rutile can be differentiated from the reticulated rutile of topotactic replacements by the angle of prism intersections, junction morphology, and the overall form of the aggregate. In a special case of topotactic replacement of ilmenite, rutile forms pseudomorphs of \"trellis\"-textured ilmenite lamellae in {111} of precursor magnetite. We trace the progress of rutile formation through the alteration of fine-grained magnetite-bearing host rocks. The sequential two-step topotaxy from magnetite through ilmenite to rutile requires rutile prisms to parallel the intersections of {111} planes in precursor magnetite. Some coarse reticulated rutile may result from the same paragenetic sequence.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Force, E.R., Richards, R.P., Scott, K.M., Valentine, P.C., and Fishman, N., 1996, Mineral intergrowths replaced by \"elbow-twinned\" rutile in altered rocks: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 34, no. 3, p. 605-614.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"605","endPage":"614","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345696,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://canmin.geoscienceworld.org/content/34/3/605/article-info"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5792e4b0c8380cd6dd63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Force, E. R.","contributorId":28235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Force","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richards, R. P.","contributorId":60792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, K. M.","contributorId":8119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Valentine, P. C.","contributorId":46505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fishman, N.S.","contributorId":59441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishman","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018576,"text":"70018576 - 1996 - Film cameras or digital sensors? The challenge ahead for aerial imaging","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018576","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Film cameras or digital sensors? The challenge ahead for aerial imaging","docAbstract":"Cartographic aerial cameras continue to play the key role in producing quality products for the aerial photography business, and specifically for the National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP). One NAPP photograph taken with cameras capable of 39 lp/mm system resolution can contain the equivalent of 432 million pixels at 11 ??m spot size, and the cost is less than $75 per photograph to scan and output the pixels on a magnetic storage medium. On the digital side, solid state charge coupled device linear and area arrays can yield quality resolution (7 to 12 ??m detector size) and a broader dynamic range. If linear arrays are to compete with film cameras, they will require precise attitude and positioning of the aircraft so that the lines of pixels can be unscrambled and put into a suitable homogeneous scene that is acceptable to an interpreter. Area arrays need to be much larger than currently available to image scenes competitive in size with film cameras. Analysis of the relative advantages and disadvantages of the two systems show that the analog approach is more economical at present. However, as arrays become larger, attitude sensors become more refined, global positioning system coordinate readouts become commonplace, and storage capacity becomes more affordable, the digital camera may emerge as the imaging system for the future. Several technical challenges must be overcome if digital sensors are to advance to where they can support mapping, charting, and geographic information system applications.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Light, D., 1996, Film cameras or digital sensors? The challenge ahead for aerial imaging: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 62, no. 3, p. 285-291.","startPage":"285","endPage":"291","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1007e4b0c8380cd53adb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Light, D.L.","contributorId":57606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Light","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018596,"text":"70018596 - 1996 - 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and paleomagnetism of Independence volcano, Absaroka volcanic supergroup, Beartooth mountains, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-20T22:59:40.04994","indexId":"70018596","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar geochronology and paleomagnetism of Independence volcano, Absaroka volcanic supergroup, Beartooth mountains, Montana","title":"40Ar/39Ar geochronology and paleomagnetism of Independence volcano, Absaroka volcanic supergroup, Beartooth mountains, Montana","docAbstract":"<p><span>Independence volcano is a major volcanic complex in the lower part of the Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup (AVS) of Montana and Wyoming. Recently reported Rb–Sr mineral dates from the complex give apparent ages of 91 and 84 Ma, whereas field relationships and the physical and compositional similarity of the rocks with other dated parts of the AVS indicate an Early to Middle Eocene age for eruption and deposition. To resolve the conflict between age assignments based on stratigraphic correlations and Rb–Sr dates, we report new paleomagnetic data and&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup><span>Ar/</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar dates for Independence volcano. Paleomagnetic data for the stock and an andesite plug that cuts the stock are well grouped, of reverse polarity, and yield a virtual geomagnetic pole that is essentially identical to Late Cretaceous and Tertiary reference poles. The reverse polarity indicates that the magnetization of these rocks is probably younger than the Cretaceous normal superchron, or less than about 83.5 Ma. Hornblende from a volcanic breccia near the base of the volcanic pile gives a&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup><span>Ar/</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar age of 51.57 Ma, whereas biotites from a dacite sill and a granodiorite stock that forms the core of the volcano give dates that range from 49.96 to 48.50 Ma. These dates record the age of eruption and intrusion of these rocks and clearly show that the age of Independence volcano is Early to Middle Eocene, consistent with stratigraphic relations. We suggest that the Rb–Sr mineral dates from the Independence stock and related intrusions are unreliable.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e96-125","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Harlan, S.S., Snee, L., and Geissman, J.W., 1996, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and paleomagnetism of Independence volcano, Absaroka volcanic supergroup, Beartooth mountains, Montana: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 33, no. 12, p. 1648-1654, https://doi.org/10.1139/e96-125.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1648","endPage":"1654","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227348,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup, Beartooth Mountains, Independence Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.67469285282459,\n              46.254385774519136\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.67469285282459,\n              42.07580893801048\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.13914749225992,\n              42.07580893801048\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.13914749225992,\n              46.254385774519136\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.67469285282459,\n              46.254385774519136\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e266e4b0c8380cd45b4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harlan, S. S.","contributorId":11651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlan","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geissman, J. W.","contributorId":105760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018597,"text":"70018597 - 1996 - Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) study of \"two-line\" ferrihydrite structure: Effect of arsenate sorption and counterion variation and comparison with EXAFS results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T12:53:32","indexId":"70018597","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) study of \"two-line\" ferrihydrite structure: Effect of arsenate sorption and counterion variation and comparison with EXAFS results","docAbstract":"<p>Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements have been made on a suite of “two-line” ferrihydrite (FHY2) samples containing varying amounts of coprecipitated arsenate. Samples prepared at pH 8 with counter ions chloride, nitrate, and a mixture of both also were examined. The raw WAXS scattering functions show that “two-line” ferrihydrite actually has a large number of non-Bragg (i.e., diffuse scattering) maxima up to our observation limit of 16 Å<sup>−1</sup>. The type of counter ion used during synthesis produces no significant change in this function. In unarsenated samples, Radial Distribution Functions (RDFs) produced from the scattering functions show a well-defined Fe-O peak at 2.02 Å in excellent agreement with the mean distance of 2.01 Å from extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis. The area under the Fe-O peak is consistent with only octahedral oxygen coordination about iron, and an iron coordination about oxygen of 2.2, in agreement with the EXAFS results, the sample composition, and XANES measurements. The second peak observed in the RDFs is clearly divided into two populations of correlations, at 3.07 and 3.52 Å, respectively. These distances are close to the EXAFS-derived Fe-Fe subshell distances of 3.02–3.05 and 3.43–3.46 Å, respectively, though this is misleading as the RDF peaks also include contributions from O-Fe and O-O correlations. Simulated RDFs of the FeOOH polymorphs indicate how the observed RDF structure relates to the EXAFS pair-correlation function, and allow comparisons with an ordered ferrihydrite structure.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(96)89830-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Waychunas, G., Fuller, C.C., Rea, B., and Davis, J., 1996, Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) study of \"two-line\" ferrihydrite structure: Effect of arsenate sorption and counterion variation and comparison with EXAFS results: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 10, p. 1765-1781, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)89830-9.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1765","endPage":"1781","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479167,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)89830-9","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd0a8e4b08c986b32efb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waychunas, G.A.","contributorId":90888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waychunas","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, B.A.","contributorId":39008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018176,"text":"70018176 - 1996 - Temperature and the seismic/aseismic transition: Observations from the 1992 Landers earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70018176","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperature and the seismic/aseismic transition: Observations from the 1992 Landers earthquake","docAbstract":"An important constraint on the size and destructive potential of earthquakes is the depth extent of rupture. Laboratory studies of the transition from unstable to stable sliding, along with ob served relationships between surface heat flow and the thickness of the seismogenic crust, provide strong evidence for the significance of temperature in determining the maximum nucleation depth of large earthquakes. The June 28, 1992, Mw 7.3 Landers earthquake ruptured fault segments within 20 km of 11 pre-existing heat flow measurements, and shallowing of the base of aftershock seismicity along strike correlates with an increase in heat flow. Crustal geotherms estimated from these measurements place the base of seismicity along the 250??C isotherm. This temperature is consistent with predictions from laboratory studies of the factional stability of Westerly granite, but estimated temperatures for the seismic-aseismic transition along other faults within the San Andreas fault system are in the range of 350 to 400??C. Variations in country rock and fault gouge composition, together with higher slip rates, may account for this difference, although part of the Landers seismogenic crust might remain unruptured. Copyright 1996 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Williams, C., 1996, Temperature and the seismic/aseismic transition: Observations from the 1992 Landers earthquake: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 23, no. 16, p. 2029-2032.","startPage":"2029","endPage":"2032","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4bde4b08c986b320550","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, C.F. 0000-0003-2196-5496","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-5496","contributorId":20401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"C.F.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":378770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018811,"text":"70018811 - 1996 - Improved method for measuring water imbibition rates on low-permeability porous media","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T16:28:47.73829","indexId":"70018811","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved method for measuring water imbibition rates on low-permeability porous media","docAbstract":"<p><span>Existing methods for measuring water imbibition rates are inadequate when imbibition rates are small (e.g., clay soils and many igneous rocks). We developed an improved laboratory method for performing imbibition measurements on soil or rock cores with a wide range of hydraulic properties. Core specimens are suspended from an electronic strain gauge (load cell) in a closed chamber while maintaining the lower end of the core in contact with a free water surface in a constant water level reservoir. The upper end of the core is open to the atmosphere. During imbibition, mass increase of the core is recorded continuously by a datalogger that converts the load cell voltage signal into mass units using a calibration curve. Computer automation allows imbibition rate measurement on as many as eight cores simultaneously and independently. Performance of each component of the imbibition apparatus was evaluated using a set of rock cores (2.5 cm in diameter and 2–5 cm in length) from a signle lithostratigraphic unit composed of non-to-moderately welded ash-flow tuff (a glass-rich pyroclastic rock partially fused by heat and pressure) with porosities ranging from 0.094 to 0.533 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>-3</sup><span>. Reproducibility of sample handling and testing procedures was demonstrated using replicate measurements. Precision and accuracy of load cell measurements were assessed using mass balance calculations and indicated agreement within a few tenths of a percent of total mass. Computed values of sorptivity,&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>, ranged from 8.83 × 10</span><sup>-6</sup><span>&nbsp;to 4.55 × 10</span><sup>-4</sup><span>&nbsp;m s</span><sup>-0.5</sup><span>. The developed method should prove useful for measuring imbibition rates on a wide range of porous materials.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000010007x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Humphrey, M., Istok, J., Flint, L.E., and Flint, A.L., 1996, Improved method for measuring water imbibition rates on low-permeability porous media: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 60, no. 1, p. 28-34, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000010007x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227093,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a395be4b0c8380cd618c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Humphrey, M.D.","contributorId":63181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Humphrey","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Istok, J.D.","contributorId":34165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, L. E. 0000-0002-7868-441X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":38180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"L.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flint, A. L.","contributorId":102453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018991,"text":"70018991 - 1996 - Late Paleocene Arctic Ocean shallow-marine temperatures from mollusc stable isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-13T11:36:51","indexId":"70018991","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Paleocene Arctic Ocean shallow-marine temperatures from mollusc stable isotopes","docAbstract":"Late Paleocene high-latitude (80°N) Arctic Ocean shallow-marine temperatures are estimated from molluscan δ<sup>18</sup>O time series. Sampling of individual growth increments of two specimens of the bivalve <i>Camptochlamys alaskensis</i> provides a high-resolution record of shell stable isotope composition. The heavy carbon isotopic values of the specimens support a late Paleocene age for the youngest marine beds of the Prince Creek Formation exposed near Ocean Point, Alaska. The oxygen isotopic composition of regional freshwater runoff is estimated from the mean δ<sup>18</sup>O value of two freshwater bivalves collected from approximately coeval fluviatile beds. Over a 30 – 34‰ range of salinity, values assumed to represent the tolerance of <i>C. alaskensis</i>, the mean annual shallow-marine temperature recorded by these individuals is between 11° and 22°C. These values could represent maximum estimates of the mean annual temperature because of a possible warm-month bias imposed on the average δ<sup>18</sup>O value by slowing or cessation of growth in winter months. The amplitude of the molluscan δ<sup>18</sup>O time series probably records most of the seasonality in shallow-marine temperature. The annual temperature range indicated is approximately 6°C, suggesting very moderate high-latitude marine temperature seasonality during the late Paleocene. On the basis of analogy with modern <i>Chlamys</i> species, <i>C. alaskensis</i> probably inhabited water depths of 30–50 m. The seasonal temperature range derived from δ<sup>18</sup>O is therefore likely to be damped relative to the full range of annual sea surface temperatures. High-resolution sampling of molluscan shell material across inferred growth bands represents an important proxy record of seasonality of marine and freshwater conditions applicable at any latitude. If applied to other regions and time periods, the approach used here would contribute substantially to the paleoclimate record of seasonality.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleoceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/96PA00813","issn":"08838305","usgsCitation":"Bice, K.L., Arthur, M.A., and Marincovich, L., 1996, Late Paleocene Arctic Ocean shallow-marine temperatures from mollusc stable isotopes: Paleoceanography, v. 11, no. 3, p. 241-249, https://doi.org/10.1029/96PA00813.","startPage":"241","endPage":"249","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280871,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96PA00813"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44fee4b0c8380cd66f53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bice, Karen L.","contributorId":107045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bice","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthur, Michael A.","contributorId":90018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marincovich, Louie Jr.","contributorId":53403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marincovich","given":"Louie","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018914,"text":"70018914 - 1996 - Temperature-dependent sorption of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene to low organic carbon aquifer sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T15:52:54","indexId":"70018914","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperature-dependent sorption of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene to low organic carbon aquifer sediments","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sorption experiments were conducted with naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene on low organic carbon sediments at 4 and 26 °C using batch and column techniques. Experimental controls ensured the absence of biologic and photolytic activity and colloid-free solution supernatants. Equilibrium distribution coefficients (</span><i>K</i><sub>d</sub><span>) increased 1.1−1.6 times with a decrease in temperature of 22 °C. Fraction instantaneous sorption (</span><i>F</i><span>) values did not change significantly with a decrease in temperature of 22 °C. Desorption rate constants (</span><i>k</i><sub>2</sub><span>) decreased 1.2−2.6 times with a decrease in temperature of 22 °C. Times to equilibrium were at least 40 h. The magnitude of observed<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>K</i><sub>d</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>k</i><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>values and the effect of temperature on<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>K</i><sub>d</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>(e.g., low enthalpy of sorption) are consistent with sorbate partitioning between the aqueous phase and small amounts of organic matter (</span><i>f</i><sub>oc</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.02%) on the sediments. The temperature dependence of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>K</i><sub>d</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>k</i><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>may be small as compared to the effects of heterogeneities in field-scale aquifer systems. Thus, thermal gradients may not be of major importance in most saturated subsurface regimes when predicting solute transport. However, aquifer remediation pump-and-treat times could be decreased because increased temperature decreases both retardation and tailing.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es9406288","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.J., Backhus, D.A., Capel, P.D., and Eisenreich, S.J., 1996, Temperature-dependent sorption of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene to low organic carbon aquifer sediments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 3, p. 751-760, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9406288.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"751","endPage":"760","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4d4e4b08c986b3205fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, Joseph J.","contributorId":18520,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piatt","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":381088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Backhus, Debera A.","contributorId":189651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Backhus","given":"Debera","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":33246,"text":"School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":381089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eisenreich, Steven J.","contributorId":66001,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eisenreich","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":381090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019028,"text":"70019028 - 1996 - Late Quaternary sedimentation on the Leidy Creek fan, Nevada–California: Geomorphic responses to climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-28T11:18:07.49254","indexId":"70019028","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":972,"text":"Basin Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary sedimentation on the Leidy Creek fan, Nevada–California: Geomorphic responses to climate change","docAbstract":"<p>Well-dated surface and subsurface deposits in semiarid Fish Lake Valley, Nevada and California, demonstrate that alluvial-fan deposition is strongly associated with the warm dry climate of the last two interglacial intervals, and that fans were stable and (or) incised during the last glaciation. Fan deposition was probably triggered by a change from relatively moist to arid conditions causing a decrease in vegetation cover and increases in flash floods and sediment yield. We think that this scenario applies to most of the other valleys in the southern Basin and Range.</p><p>Radiocarbon, tephra, and a few thermoluminescence and cosmogenic ages from outcrops throughout Fish Lake Valley and from cores on the Leidy Creek fan yield ages of &gt;100–50 ka and 11–0 ka for the last two periods of alluvial-fan deposition. Mapping, coring and shallow seismic profiling indicate that these periods were synchronous throughout the valley and on the proximal and distal parts of the fans. From 50 to 11 ka, fan deposition ceased, a soil formed on the older alluvium and the axial drainage became active as runoff and stream competence increased. Slow deposition due to sheet flow or aeolian processes locally continued during this interval, producing cumulic soil profiles. The soil was buried by debris-flow sediment beginning at about 11 ka, coincident with the onset of relatively dry and warm conditions in the region. However, ground-water discharge maintained a large freshwater marsh on the valley floor throughout the Holocene. Pulses of deposition during the Holocene are recorded in the marsh and fan deposits; some pulses coincided with periods of or transitions to warm, dry climate indicated by proxy climate records, whereas others may reflect local disturbances associated with volcanism and fires. Within the marsh deposits, much of the clastic material is probably desert loess. In addition, the deposition of coppice dunes within the fan deposits coincides with two dry periods during the late Holocene.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2117.1996.00205.x","usgsCitation":"Reheis, M.C., Slate, J.L., Throckmorton, C.K., McGeehin, J.P., Sarna-Wojcicki, A., and Dengler, L., 1996, Late Quaternary sedimentation on the Leidy Creek fan, Nevada–California: Geomorphic responses to climate change: Basin Research, v. 8, no. 3, p. 279-299, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.1996.00205.x.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226722,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Leidy Creek fan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.21991281760869,\n              37.79736405091971\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21991281760869,\n              37.364130098895515\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.82979803772957,\n              37.364130098895515\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.82979803772957,\n              37.79736405091971\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21991281760869,\n              37.79736405091971\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-10-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4535e4b0c8380cd67117","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reheis, Marith C. 0000-0002-8359-323X mreheis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-323X","contributorId":138571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reheis","given":"Marith","email":"mreheis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slate, Janet L. 0000-0002-2870-9068 jslate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2870-9068","contributorId":252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slate","given":"Janet","email":"jslate@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Throckmorton, Constance K.","contributorId":36935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Throckmorton","given":"Constance","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGeehin, John P. mcgeehin@usgs.gov","contributorId":140956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"John","email":"mcgeehin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":381447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, Andre M. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":95795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"Andre M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dengler, L.","contributorId":54337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dengler","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70019030,"text":"70019030 - 1996 - Cryptic trace-element alteration of Anorthosite, Stillwater complex, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019030","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cryptic trace-element alteration of Anorthosite, Stillwater complex, Montana","docAbstract":"Evidence of cryptic alteration and correlations among K, Ba, and LREE concentrations indicate that a post-cumulus, low-density aqueous fluid phase significantly modified the trace-element contents of samples from Anorthosite zones I and II of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Concentrations of Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hf, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Sc, Sr, Th, Zn, and the rare-earth elements (REE) were measured in whole rocks and plagioclase separates from five traverses across the two main plagioclase cumulate (anorthosite) zones and the contiguous cumulates of the Stillwater Complex in an attempt to better understand the origin and solidification of the anorthosites. However, nearly the entire observed compositional range for many trace elements can be duplicated at a single locality by discriminating between samples rich in oikocrystic pyroxene and those which are composed almost entirely of plagioclase and show anhedral-granular texture. Plagioclase separates with high trace-element contents were obtained from the pyroxene-poor samples, for which maps of K concentration show plagioclase grains to contain numerous fractures hosting a fine-grained, K-rich phase, presumed to be sericite. Secondary processes in layered intrusions have the potential to cause cryptic disturbance, and the utmost care must be taken to ensure that samples provide information about primary processes. Although plagioclase from Anorthosite zones I and II shows significant compositional variation, there are no systematic changes in the major- or trace-element compositions of plagioclase over as much as 630 m of anorthosite thickness or 18 km of strike length. Plagioclase in the two major anorthosite zones shows little distinction in trace-element concentrations from plagioclase in the cumulates immediately below, between, and above these zones.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Czamanske, G., and Loferski, P., 1996, Cryptic trace-element alteration of Anorthosite, Stillwater complex, Montana: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 34, no. 3, p. 559-576.","startPage":"559","endPage":"576","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcf6e4b0c8380cd4e54b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czamanske, G.K.","contributorId":26300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loferski, P. J.","contributorId":12841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loferski","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018676,"text":"70018676 - 1996 - Mechanism of formation of humus coatings on mineral surfaces 2. Attenuated total reflectance spectra of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions of organic acids from compost leachate on alumina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T13:54:36","indexId":"70018676","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1268,"text":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanism of formation of humus coatings on mineral surfaces 2. Attenuated total reflectance spectra of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions of organic acids from compost leachate on alumina","docAbstract":"Hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions were isolated from a compost leachate. The adsorption isotherms of both fractions on alumina were measured by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy. The shapes of the adsorption isotherms of the two fractions were different. The isotherms for the hydrophilic fraction showed little change in surface excess with increasing solution concentration above 4 mg L-1. The isotherms for the hydrophobic fraction, on the other hand, displayed a marked increase in surface excess with increasing solution concentration. This increase is evidence for the formation of aggregates (admicelles or hemimicelles) on the alumina surface. Linear dichroism calculations indicated that more of the carboxylate groups in the adsorbed hydrophobic molecules than in the absorbed hydrophilic fraction were free to rotate. The hindered rotation of the carboxylate groups in the adsorbed hydrophilic-fraction molecules probably indicates that these groups are bound to surface aluminum ions by a bidentate mechanism in which the two oxygen atoms of a single carboxylate group bind to separate aluminum ions.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0927-7757(95)03401-3","issn":"09277757","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R., Llaguno, E., Leenheer, J., Sperline, R., and Song, Y., 1996, Mechanism of formation of humus coatings on mineral surfaces 2. Attenuated total reflectance spectra of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions of organic acids from compost leachate on alumina: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, v. 108, no. 2-3, p. 199-211, https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(95)03401-3.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5363e4b0c8380cd6ca4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Llaguno, E.C.","contributorId":69729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Llaguno","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sperline, R.P.","contributorId":20093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sperline","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Song, Y.","contributorId":92443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70019004,"text":"70019004 - 1996 - Environmental Isotope Characteristics of Landfill Leachates and Gases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T01:20:05.715728","indexId":"70019004","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental Isotope Characteristics of Landfill Leachates and Gases","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The isotopic characteristics of municipal landfill leachate and gases (carbon dioxide and methane) are unique relative to the aqueous and gaseous media in most other natural geologic environments. The δ<sup>13</sup>C of the CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>in landfills is significantly enriched in<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C, with values as high as +20 ‰ reported. The δ<sup>13</sup>C and δD values of the methane fall within a range of values representative of microbial methane produced primarily by the acetate-fermentation process. The δD of landfill leachate is strongly enriched in deuterium, by approximately 30 ‰ to nearly 60 ‰ relative to local average precipitation values. This deuterium enrichment is undoubtedly due to the extensive production of microbial methane within the limited reservoir of a landfill. The concentration of the radiogenic isotopes,<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>3</sup>H, are significantly elevated in both landfill leachate and methane. The<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C values range between approximately 120 and 170 pMC and can be explained by the input of organic material that was affected by the increased<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C content of atmospheric CO2 caused by atmospheric testing of nuclear devices. The tritium measured in leachate, however, is often too high to be explained by previous atmospheric levels and must come from material buried within the landfill. The unique isotopic characteristics observed in landfill leachates and gases provide a very useful technique for confirming whether contamination is from a municipal landfill or some other local source.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02077.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Hackley, K.C., Liu, C., and Coleman, D., 1996, Environmental Isotope Characteristics of Landfill Leachates and Gases: Groundwater, v. 34, no. 5, p. 827-836, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02077.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"827","endPage":"836","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226311,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0995e4b0c8380cd51f9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hackley, Keith C.","contributorId":12166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, Chao-Li","contributorId":42361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Chao-Li","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coleman, D.D.","contributorId":93198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018976,"text":"70018976 - 1996 - Aeromagnetic survey over U.S. to advance geomagnetic research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T13:36:42","indexId":"70018976","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic survey over U.S. to advance geomagnetic research","docAbstract":"<p><span>A proposed high‐altitude survey of the United States offers an exciting and cost effective opportunity to collect magnetic‐anomaly data. Lockheed Martin Missile and Space Company is considering funding a reimbursable ER‐2 aircraft (Figure 1) mission to collect synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery at an altitude of about 21 km over the conterminous United States and Alaska. The collection of total and vector magnetic field data would be a secondary objective of the flight. Through this “piggyback approach,” the geomagnetic community would inherit invaluable magnetic data at a nominal cost. These data would provide insight on fundamental tectonic and thermal processes and give a new view of the structural and lithologic framework of the crust and upper mantle.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/96EO00187","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T., Blakely, R., Hinze, W.J., Keller, G.R., Langel, R., Nabighian, M., and Roest, W., 1996, Aeromagnetic survey over U.S. to advance geomagnetic research: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 77, no. 28, p. 265-268, https://doi.org/10.1029/96EO00187.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"268","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8b7e4b0c8380cd47e52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinze, W. J.","contributorId":52607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinze","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keller, Gordon R.","contributorId":90280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Langel, R.A.","contributorId":20918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langel","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nabighian, M.","contributorId":83286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nabighian","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roest, W.","contributorId":17382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roest","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70018606,"text":"70018606 - 1996 - Frictional behavior of large displacement experimental faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-13T17:21:05.989781","indexId":"70018606","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Frictional behavior of large displacement experimental faults","docAbstract":"<p><span>The coefficient of friction and velocity dependence of friction of initially bare surfaces and 1-mm-thick simulated fault gouges (&lt;90 μm) of Westerly granite were determined as a function of displacement to &gt;400 mm at 25°C and 25 MPa normal stress. Steady state negative friction velocity dependence and a steady state fault zone microstructure are achieved after ∼18 mm displacement, and an approximately constant strength is reached after a few tens of millimeters of sliding on initially bare surfaces. Simulated fault gouges show a large but systematic variation of friction, velocity dependence of friction, dilatancy, and degree of localization with displacement. At short displacement (&lt;10 mm), simulated gouge is strong, velocity strengthening and changes in sliding velocity are accompanied by relatively large changes in dilatancy rate. With continued displacement, simulated gouges become progressively weaker and less velocity strengthening, the velocity dependence of dilatancy rate decreases, and deformation becomes localized into a narrow basal shear which at its most localized is observed to be velocity weakening. With subsequent displacement, the fault restrengthens, returns to velocity strengthening, or to velocity neutral, the velocity dependence of dilatancy rate becomes larger, and deformation becomes distributed. Correlation of friction, velocity dependence of friction and of dilatancy rate, and degree of localization at all displacements in simulated gouge suggest that all quantities are interrelated. The observations do not distinguish the independent variables but suggest that the degree of localization is controlled by the fault strength, not by the friction velocity dependence. The friction velocity dependence and velocity dependence of dilatancy rate can be used as qualitative measures of the degree of localization in simulated gouge, in agreement with previous studies. Theory equating the friction velocity dependence of simulated gouge to the sum of the friction velocity dependence of bare surfaces and the velocity dependence of dilatancy rate of simulated gouge fails to quantitatively account for the experimental observations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB00411","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Beeler, N., Tullis, T., Blanpied, M., and Weeks, J., 1996, Frictional behavior of large displacement experimental faults: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 4, p. 8697-8715, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00411.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"8697","endPage":"8715","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227527,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13ede4b0c8380cd54829","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeler, N.M. 0000-0002-3397-8481","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-8481","contributorId":68894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tullis, T.E.","contributorId":91252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tullis","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blanpied, M.L.","contributorId":61961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanpied","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weeks, J.D.","contributorId":51034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018608,"text":"70018608 - 1996 - A scan-angle correction for thermal infrared multispectral data using side lapping images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-10T14:49:52.892313","indexId":"70018608","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A scan-angle correction for thermal infrared multispectral data using side lapping images","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Thermal infrared multispectral scanner (TIMS) images, acquired with side lapping flight lines, provide dual angle observations of the same area on the ground and can thus be used to estimate variations in the atmospheric transmission with scan angle. The method was tested using TIMS aircraft data for six flight lines with about 30% sidelap for an area within Joshua Tree National Park, California. Generally the results correspond to predictions for the transmission scan-angle coefficient based on a standard atmospheric model although some differences were observed at the longer wavelength channels. A change was detected for the last pair of lines that may indicate either spatial or temporal atmospheric variation. The results demonstrate that the method provides information for correcting regional survey data (requiring multiple adjacent flight lines) that can be important in detecting subtle changes in lithology.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96GL02226","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Watson, K., 1996, A scan-angle correction for thermal infrared multispectral data using side lapping images: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 23, no. 18, p. 2421-2424, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL02226.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2421","endPage":"2424","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227572,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e579e4b0c8380cd46d5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, K.","contributorId":39123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018609,"text":"70018609 - 1996 - Use of 13C NMR and ftir for elucidation of degradation pathways during natural litter decomposition and composting I. early stage leaf degradation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T14:03:43","indexId":"70018609","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3419,"text":"Soil Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of 13C NMR and ftir for elucidation of degradation pathways during natural litter decomposition and composting I. early stage leaf degradation","docAbstract":"Oxidative degradation of plant tissue leads to the formation of natural dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and humus. Infrared (IR) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry have been used to elucidate the chemical reactions of the early stages of degradation that give rise to DOC derived from litter and compost. The results of this study indicate that oxidation of the lignin components of plant tissue follows the sequence of O-demethylation, and hydroxylation followed by ring-fission, chain-shortening, and oxidative removal of substituents. Oxidative ring-fission leads to the formation of carboxylic acid groups on the cleaved ends of the rings and, in the process, transforms phenolic groups into aliphatic alcoholic groups. The carbohydrate components are broken down into aliphatic hydroxy acids and aliphatic alcohols.","language":"English","publisher":"Ovid","doi":"10.1097/00010694-199610000-00004","issn":"0038075X","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R., Leenheer, J., Kennedy, K.R., and Noyes, T., 1996, Use of 13C NMR and ftir for elucidation of degradation pathways during natural litter decomposition and composting I. early stage leaf degradation: Soil Science, v. 161, no. 10, p. 667-679, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199610000-00004.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"667","endPage":"679","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"161","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe52e4b08c986b329520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, K. R.","contributorId":66267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Noyes, T.I.","contributorId":54971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noyes","given":"T.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":96751,"text":"96751 - 1996 - San Clemente Island Biological Assessment of Fire Impacts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:52","indexId":"96751","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"San Clemente Island Biological Assessment of Fire Impacts","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"San Clemente Island Conservancy","publisherLocation":"San Clemente, CA","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., 1996, San Clemente Island Biological Assessment of Fire Impacts.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fde08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018168,"text":"70018168 - 1996 - Uranium adsorption on ferrihydrite - Effects of phosphate and humic acid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-21T11:06:52","indexId":"70018168","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3226,"text":"Radiochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium adsorption on ferrihydrite - Effects of phosphate and humic acid","docAbstract":"<div class=\"nova-c-card nova-c-card--spacing-m nova-c-card--elevation-none\"><div class=\"nova-c-card__body nova-c-card__body--spacing-inherit\"><div class=\"nova-e-text nova-e-text--size-m nova-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-e-text--spacing-auto nova-e-text--color-inherit\">Uranium adsorption on ferrihydrite was studied as a function of pH in systems equilibrated with air, in the presence and absence of added phosphate and humic acid (HA). The objective was to determine the influence of PO43- and HA on uranium uptake. Below pH 7, the sorption of UO22+ typically increases with increasing pH (the 'low pH sorption edge'), with a sharp decrease in sorption above this pH value (the 'high pH edge'). The presence of ΣPO43- of 10-4 mol/L moved the low pH edge to the left by approximately 0.8 pH units. The PO43- was strongly bound by the ferrihydrite surface, and the increased uptake of U was attributed to the formation of ternary surface complexes involving both UO22+ and PO43-. The addition of HA (9 mg/L) increased U uptake at pH values below 7, with little effect at higher pH values. The positions of the pH edges were also affected by the ionic strength and total U content. These experiments show that sorption interactions involving PO43 and HA must be considered in order to model the behavior of U in natural systems, in which these components are often present.</div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"De Gruyter","doi":"10.1524/ract.1996.74.special-issue.239","issn":"00338230","usgsCitation":"Payne, T., Davis, J., and Waite, T., 1996, Uranium adsorption on ferrihydrite - Effects of phosphate and humic acid: Radiochimica Acta, v. 74, no. s1, p. 239-243, https://doi.org/10.1524/ract.1996.74.special-issue.239.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"243","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"s1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd81e4b08c986b32906b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Payne, T.E.","contributorId":31916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waite, T.D.","contributorId":31116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018502,"text":"70018502 - 1996 - A geochemical study of macerals from a Miocene lignite and an Eocene bituminous coal, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018502","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geochemical study of macerals from a Miocene lignite and an Eocene bituminous coal, Indonesia","docAbstract":"Optical and chemical studies of maceral concentrates from a Miocene lignite and an Eocene high-volatile bituminous C coal from southeastern Kalimantan, Indonesia were undertaken using pyro-Lysis, optical, electron microprobe and FTIR techniques Pyrolysis products of vitrinite from bituminous coal were dominated by straight-chain aliphatics and phenols. The huminite of the Miocene lignite produced mostly phenolic compounds upon pyrolysis. Differences in the pyrolysis products between the huminite and vitrinite samples reflect both maturation related and paleobotanical differences. An undefined aliphatic source and/or bacterial biomass were the likely contributors of n-alkyl moieties to the vitrinite. The resinite fraction in the lignite yielded dammar-derived pyrolysis products, as well as aliphatics and phenols as the products of admixed huminite and other liptinites. The optically defined resinite-rich fraction of the bituminous coal from Kalimantan produced abundant n-aliphatic moieties upon pyrolysis, but only two major resin markers (cadalene and 1,6-dimethylnaphthalene). This phenomenon is likely due to the fact that Eocene resins were not dammar-related. Data from the electron microprobe and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry strongly support the results obtained by Py GC MS and microscopy.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(96)00038-1","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Stankiewicz, B., Kruge, M., and Mastalerz, M., 1996, A geochemical study of macerals from a Miocene lignite and an Eocene bituminous coal, Indonesia: Organic Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 5, p. 531-545, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00038-1.","startPage":"531","endPage":"545","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205879,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00038-1"},{"id":227253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3f7e4b0c8380cd46317","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stankiewicz, B.A.","contributorId":83676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stankiewicz","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kruge, M.A.","contributorId":55579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruge","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018971,"text":"70018971 - 1996 - Water transfer projects and the role of fisheries biologists","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:14","indexId":"70018971","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Water transfer projects and the role of fisheries biologists","docAbstract":"Water transfer projects are commonly considered important mechanisms for meeting increasing water demands. However, the movement of water from one area to another may have broad ecosystem effects, including on fisheries. The Southern Division of the American Fisheries Society held a symposium in 1995 at Virginia Beach, Virginia, to discuss the ecological consequences of water transfer and identify the role of fisheries biologists in such projects. Presenters outlined several case studies, including the California State Water Project, Garrison Diversion Project (North Dakota), Lake Texoma Water Transfer Project (Oklahoma-Texas), Santee-Cooper Diversion and Re-diversion projects (South Carolina), and Tri-State Comprehensive Study (Alabama-Florida-Georgia). Results from these studies suggest that fisheries biologists have provided critical information regarding potential ecological consequences of water transfer. If these professionals continue to be called for information regarding the ecological consequences of water transfer projects, developing a broader understanding of the ecological processes that affect the fish species they manage may be necessary. Although the traditional role of fisheries biologists has focused on the fishing customer base, fisheries management issues are only one component of the broad spectrum of ecosystem issues resulting from water transfer.","largerWorkTitle":"Fisheries","language":"English","issn":"03632415","usgsCitation":"Meador, M.R., 1996, Water transfer projects and the role of fisheries biologists, <i>in</i> Fisheries, v. 21, no. 9, p. 18-23.","startPage":"18","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcc99e4b08c986b32dc21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018979,"text":"70018979 - 1996 - Global distribution of beryllium isotopes in deep ocean water as derived from Fe-Mn crusts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-09T00:40:16.997231","indexId":"70018979","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global distribution of beryllium isotopes in deep ocean water as derived from Fe-Mn crusts","docAbstract":"<p>The direct measurement of the ratio of cosmogenic<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>10</sup>Be (<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>T</mtext><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext><mtext>= 1.5 Ma</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">T12= 1.5 Ma</span></span></span>) to stable terrigenously sourced<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>9</sup>Be in deep seawater or marine deposits can be used to trace water mass movements and to quantify the incorporation of trace metals into the deep sea. In this study a SIMS-based technique has been used to determine the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>10</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>9</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">10Be9Be</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios of the outermost millimetre of hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts from the worlds oceans.<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>10</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>9</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">10Be9Be</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios, time-corrected for radioactive decay of cosmogenic<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>10</sup>Be using<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>234</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>238</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">234U238U</span></span></span>, are in good agreement with AMS measurements of modern deep seawater. Ratios are relatively low in the North and equatorial Atlantic samples (0.4–0.5 × 10<sup>−7</sup>). In the Southwest Atlantic ratios increase up to 1 × 10<sup>−7</sup>, they vary between 0.7 and 1.0 × 10<sup>−7</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in Indian Ocean samples, and have a near constant value of 1.1 ± 0.2 × 10<sup>−7</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>for all Pacific samples.</p><p>If the residence time of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>10</sup>Be (<i>τ</i>10<sub>Be</sub>) in deep water is constant globally, then the observed variations in<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-5-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>10</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>9</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">10Be9Be</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios could be caused by accumulation of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>10</sup>Be in deep water as it flows and ages along the conveyor, following a transient depletion upon its formation in the Northern Atlantic. In this view both<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>10</sup>Be and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>9</sup>Be reach local steady-state concentration in Pacific deep water and the global<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-6-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x3C4;10</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn><mtext>Be</mtext></mn></msub><mtext>&amp;#x224C; 600</mtext><mtext>a</mtext></math>\">≌<span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">τ10Be≌ 600a</span></span></span>. An alternative possibility is that the Be isotope abundances are controlled by local scavenging. For this scenario<span>&nbsp;</span><i>τ</i>10<sub>Be</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>would vary according to local particle concentration and would ≌ 600 a in the central Pacific, but<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-7-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x3C4;10</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn><mtext>Be</mtext></mn></msub><mtext>&amp;#x224C; 230</mtext><mtext>a</mtext></math>\">≌<span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">τ10Be≌ 230a</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>in the Atlantic.</p><p>Mass balance considerations indicate that hydrothermal additions of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>9</sup>Be to the oceans are negligible and that the dissolved riverine source is also small. Furthermore, aeolian dust input of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>9</sup>Be appears insufficient to provide the dissolved<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>9</sup>Be inventory. The dissolution of only a small proportion (2%) of river-derived particulates could in principle supply the observed seawater<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>9</sup>Be content. If true, ocean margins would be the sites for<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>9</sup>Be addition. Due to the particle-reactive nature of Be, these would also be the primary sites of Be removal. A possible net result of horizontal water masses passing through these marginal areas might be a decrease in seawater<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-8-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>10</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>9</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">10Be9Be</span></span></span>, and establishment of a relatively constant<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>9</sup>Be concentration.</p><p>As<span>&nbsp;</span><i>τ</i>10<sub>Be</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(∼ 600 a) is less than the apparent age of deep water in the Pacific (∼ 1500 a), the Pacific record of<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-9-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>10</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>9</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">10Be9Be</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>is not expected to show secular variations due to changes in deep-water flow, despite the large variations in<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-10-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>10</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>9</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">10Be9Be</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>between different water masses. Because of this insensitivity to deep-water flow, however, it is suggested that the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-11-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>10</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>9</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">10Be9Be</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio, determined in the authigenic phase of marine sediments or hydrogenetic precipitates, should be a suitable tool for monitoring changes in continental input or cosmic ray intensity on longer time scales.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(96)00059-3","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Von Blanckenburg, F., O’Nions, R.K., Belshaw, N., Gibb, A., and Hein, J., 1996, Global distribution of beryllium isotopes in deep ocean water as derived from Fe-Mn crusts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 141, no. 1-4, p. 213-226, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(96)00059-3.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226572,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2943e4b0c8380cd5a7e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Von Blanckenburg, F.","contributorId":6199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Von Blanckenburg","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Nions, R. K.","contributorId":29138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Nions","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belshaw, N.S.","contributorId":24504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belshaw","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gibb, A.","contributorId":62763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibb","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
]}