Water-quality data from October 1969 to December 1999 for both surface water and ground water in the upper Gunnison River watershed were retrieved and compiled from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Storage and Retrieval databases. Analyses focused primarily on a subset of these data from October 1989 to December 1999. The upper Gunnison River watershed is located west of the Continental Divide in the Southern Rocky Mountains physiographic province.
Surface-water-quality data were compiled for 482 sites in the upper Gunnison River watershed. Most values of surface-water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH were within Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) in-stream standards. Calcium bicarbonate type water was the most spatially dominant water type in the basin.
Nutrients were most commonly sampled along the Slate River and East River near Crested Butte and along the Gunnison River from the confluence of the East and Taylor Rivers to the western edge of the watershed. Median ammonia concentrations were low, with many concentrations less than laboratory reporting levels. All nitrate concentrations met the CDPHE in-stream standard of 10 milligrams per liter. More than 30 percent of stream sites with total phosphorus data (23 of 61 sites) had concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommendation for controlling eutrophication.
Ammonia concentrations at a site on the Slate River near Crested Butte had a statistically significant upward trend for the 1995–99 period. The Slate River near Crested Butte site is located immediately downstream from the towns of Crested Butte and Mount Crested Butte and may reflect recent population growth or other land-use changes. However, the rate of change of the trend is small (0.017 milligram per liter per year).
Although a multiple comparison test showed nitrate concentrations were statistically different between agriculture and forest sites and between agriculture and urban land-use classified sites, median concentrations were low among all land-use settings. Median concentrations of total phosphorus were greatest in rangeland areas and least in urban areas. No significant differences were identified for median concentrations of total phosphorus in agriculture and forest land-use areas.
Median concentrations of arsenic, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver were low or below reporting levels throughout the watershed. Aluminum, cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, and zinc concentrations were elevated near the town of Crested Butte and on Henson Creek upstream from Lake City, which may be explained by upstream areas of historical mining. Samples for six trace elements exceeded standards: cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, silver, and zinc. A downward trend (3 micrograms per liter per year) was identified for the dissolved iron concentration at a site on the Gunnison River at County Road 32 downstream from the city of Gunnison. Streambed-sediment samples from areas affected by historical mining also had elevated concentrations of some trace elements.
Chlorophyll-a concentrations in samples from Blue Mesa Reservoir and streams in the Crested Butte and Gunnison areas were typical of unenriched to moderately enriched conditions. Median concentrations of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand concentrations for sites between Crested Butte and Blue Mesa Reservoir were less than 2 milligrams per liter. Occasional high (greater than 200 counts per 100 milliliters) concentrations for fecal coliform were determined at selected sites within the study area. However, median concentrations were less than 100 counts per 100 milliliters except for the Squaw Creek and Cimarron River areas in the western part of the watershed.
Ground-water-quality data have been collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from 99 wells. Many wells were completed in aquifers composed of Holocene-age valley fill and alluvium. Most field properties were within the USEPA Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (SDWR) range for treated drinking water, except for 2 (of 40) pH samples. Calcium bicarbonate was the predominant water type in nearly all aquifers except for the aquifers composed of volcanic rock, which had more sodium and sulfate mixed water types. Wells with sulfate concentrations exceeding the SDWR of 250 milligrams per liter were completed in aquifers composed of volcanic rock near Lake City. Dissolution and oxidation of sulfide minerals in these aquifers may explain the elevated sulfate concentrations in ground water at these locations.
Nutrient concentrations in ground water were generally low, and median concentrations for ammonia, nitrite, and dissolved phosphorus were below reporting levels. All nitrate concentrations in the samples were below the USEPA drinking-water maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/L. No statistical difference was found in nitrate concentrations among the four land-use classifications (agriculture, forest, rangeland, and urban).
Trace elements in ground water were generally below the USEPA SDWR. Three iron samples exceeded the USEPA SDWR of 300 micrograms per liter at two wells located near the city of Gunnison and at a well south of the town of Powderhorn near the Cebolla River. Nine of 39 manganese samples exceeded the USEPA SDWR of 50 micrograms per liter and were collected from aquifers composed of Holocene-age valley fill and alluvium near Gunnison and Crested Butte and in one well near the Cebolla River. Radon gas is a natural radioactive decay product of uranium. All 39 radon samples collected from ground water in the watershed exceeded the proposed USEPA drinking-water maximum contaminant level of 300 picocuries per liter and ranged from 426 to 3,830 picocuries per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024001","usgsCitation":"Gurdak, J., Greve, A.I., and Spahr, N.E., 2002, Water-quality data analysis of the upper Gunnison River watershed, Colorado, 1989-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4001, vii, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024001.","productDescription":"vii, 61 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407464,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51446.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3869,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri02-4001","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"upper Gunnison River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.6667,\n 37.8472\n ],\n [\n -106.25,\n 37.8472\n ],\n [\n -106.25,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -107.6667,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -107.6667,\n 37.8472\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fad9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gurdak, Jason J.","contributorId":65125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurdak","given":"Jason J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greve, Adrienne I.","contributorId":40959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greve","given":"Adrienne","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44986,"text":"wri014222 - 2002 - Compilation of minimum and maximum isotope ratios of selected elements in naturally occurring terrestrial materials and reagents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-25T14:56:39.461731","indexId":"wri014222","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4222","title":"Compilation of minimum and maximum isotope ratios of selected elements in naturally occurring terrestrial materials and reagents","docAbstract":"Documented variations in the isotopic compositions of some chemical elements are responsible for expanded uncertainties in the standard atomic weights published by the Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. This report summarizes reported variations in the isotopic compositions of 20 elements that are due to physical and chemical fractionation processes (not due to radioactive decay) and their effects on the standard atomic weight uncertainties. For 11 of those elements (hydrogen, lithium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, chlorine, copper, and selenium), standard atomic weight uncertainties have been assigned values that are substantially larger than analytical uncertainties because of common isotope abundance variations in materials of natural terrestrial origin. For 2 elements (chromium and thallium), recently reported isotope abundance variations potentially are large enough to result in future expansion of their atomic weight uncertainties. For 7 elements (magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, molybdenum, palladium, and tellurium), documented isotope-abundance variations in materials of natural terrestrial origin are too small to have a significant effect on their standard atomic weight uncertainties.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThis compilation indicates the extent to which the atomic weight of an element in a given material may differ from the standard atomic weight of the element. For most elements given above, data are graphically illustrated by a diagram in which the materials are specified in the ordinate and the compositional ranges are plotted along the abscissa in scales of (1) atomic weight, (2) mole fraction of a selected isotope, and (3) delta value of a selected isotope ratio.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThere are no internationally distributed isotopic reference materials for the elements zinc, selenium, molybdenum, palladium, and tellurium. Preparation of such materials will help to make isotope ratio measurements among laboratories comparable.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe minimum and maximum concentrations of a selected isotope in naturally occurring terrestrial materials for selected chemical elements reviewed in this report are given below:\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nIsotope Minimum\r\nmole fraction Maximum\r\nmole fraction \r\n\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n \r\n2H 0 .000 0255 0 .000 1838 \r\n7Li 0 .9227 0 .9278 \r\n11B 0 .7961 0 .8107 \r\n13C 0 .009 629 0 .011 466 \r\n15N 0 .003 462 0 .004 210 \r\n18O 0 .001 875 0 .002 218 \r\n26Mg 0 .1099 0 .1103 \r\n30Si 0 .030 816 0 .031 023 \r\n34S 0 .0398 0 .0473 \r\n37Cl 0 .240 77 0 .243 56 \r\n44Ca 0 .020 82 0 .020 92 \r\n53Cr 0 .095 01 0 .095 53 \r\n56Fe 0 .917 42 0 .917 60 \r\n65Cu 0 .3066 0 .3102 \r\n205Tl 0 .704 72 0 .705 06 \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe numerical values above have uncertainties that depend upon the uncertainties of the determinations of the absolute isotope-abundance variations of reference materials of the elements. Because reference materials used for absolute isotope-abundance measurements have not been included in relative isotope abundance investigations of zinc, selenium, molybdenum, palladium, and tellurium, ranges in isotopic composition are not listed for these elements, although such ranges may be measurable with state-of-the-art mass spectrometry.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThis report is available at the url: http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014222.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014222","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T., Hopple, J., Böhlke, J., Peiser, H., Rieder, S., Krouse, H., Rosman, K., Ding, T., Vocke, R., Revesz, K., Lamberty, A., Taylor, P., and De Bievre, P., 2002, Compilation of minimum and maximum isotope ratios of selected elements in naturally occurring terrestrial materials and reagents: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4222, ix, 98 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014222.","productDescription":"ix, 98 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4222/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":3861,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014222/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":99357,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4222/report.pdf","size":"10133","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6a9fe0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopple, J.A. 0000-0003-3180-2252","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3180-2252","contributorId":85235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopple","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peiser, H.S.","contributorId":64303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peiser","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rieder, S.E.","contributorId":66751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rieder","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Krouse, H.R.","contributorId":63067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krouse","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rosman, K.J.R.","contributorId":27903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosman","given":"K.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ding, T.","contributorId":70450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ding","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Vocke, R.D. Jr.","contributorId":9310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vocke","given":"R.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Revesz, K.M.","contributorId":78787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lamberty, A.","contributorId":49414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamberty","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Taylor, P.","contributorId":74047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"De Bievre, P.","contributorId":22399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Bievre","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":44951,"text":"wri024139 - 2002 - Relations of benthic macroinvertebrates to concentrations of trace elements in water, streambed sediments, and transplanted bryophytes and stream habitat conditions in nonmining and mining areas of the upper Colorado River basin, Colorado, 1995-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:12","indexId":"wri024139","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4139","title":"Relations of benthic macroinvertebrates to concentrations of trace elements in water, streambed sediments, and transplanted bryophytes and stream habitat conditions in nonmining and mining areas of the upper Colorado River basin, Colorado, 1995-98","docAbstract":"Intensive mining activity and highly mineralized rock formations have had significant impacts on surface-water and streambed-sediment quality and aquatic life within the upper reaches of the Uncompahgre River in western Colorado. A synoptic study by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program was completed in the upper Uncompahgre River Basin in 1998 to better understand the relations of trace elements (with emphasis on aluminum, arsenic, copper, iron, lead, and zinc concentrations) in water, streambed sediment, and aquatic life. Water-chemistry, streambed-sediment, and benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected during low-flow conditions between October 1995 and July 1998 at five sites on the upper Uncompahgre River, all downstream from historical mining, and at three sites in drainage basins of the Upper Colorado River where mining has not occurred. Aquatic bryophytes were transplanted to all sites for 15 days of exposure to the water column during which time field parameters were measured and chemical water-quality and benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected. Stream habitat characteristics also were documented at each site. \r\n\r\nCertain attributes of surface-water chemistry among streams were significantly different. Concentrations of total aluminum, copper, iron, lead, and zinc in the water column and concentrations of dissolved aluminum, copper, and zinc were significantly different between nonmining and mining sites. Some sites associated with mining exceeded Colorado acute aquatic-life standards for aluminum, copper, and zinc and exceeded Colorado chronic aquatic-life standards for aluminum, copper, iron, lead, and zinc. Concentrations of copper, lead, and zinc in streambed sediments were significantly different between nonmining and mining sites. Generally, concentrations of arsenic, copper, lead, and zinc in streambed sediments at mining sites exceeded the Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines probable effect level (PEL), except at two mining sites where concentrations of copper and zinc were below the PEL. Concentrations of arsenic, copper, iron, and lead in transplanted bryophytes were significantly different between nonmining and mining sites. Bioconcentration factors calculated for 15-day exposure using one-half of the minimum reporting level were significantly different between nonmining and mining sites. In general, concentrations of trace elements in streambed sediment and transplanted bryophytes were more closely correlated than were the concentrations of trace elements in the water column with streambed sediments or concentrations in the water column with transplanted bryophytes. \r\n\r\nStream habitat was rated as optimal to suboptimal using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for all sites in the study area. Generally, stream habitat conditions were similar at nonmining compared to mining sites and were suitable for diverse macroinvertebrate communities. All study sites had optimal instream habitat except two mining sites with suboptimal instream habitat because of disturbances in stream habitat. \r\n\r\nThe benthic macroinvertebrate community composition at nonmining sites and mining sites differed. Mining sites had significantly lower total abundance of macroinvertebrates, fewer numbers of taxa, and lower dominance of Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera (caddisflies), and a larger percentage of tolerant species than did nonmining sites. The predominance of Baetis sp. (mayflies), Hydropsychidae (caddisflies), and large percentage of Orthocladiinae chironomids (midges) at mining sites indicated that these species may be tolerant to elevated trace-element concentrations. The absence of Heptageniidae (mayflies), Chloroperlidae (stoneflies), and Rhyacophila sp. (caddisflies) at mining sites indicated that these species may be sensitive to elevated trace-element concentrations. \r\n\r\nComparison of field parameters and ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024139","usgsCitation":"Mize, S.V., and Deacon, J.R., 2002, Relations of benthic macroinvertebrates to concentrations of trace elements in water, streambed sediments, and transplanted bryophytes and stream habitat conditions in nonmining and mining areas of the upper Colorado River basin, Colorado, 1995-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4139, 54 p., 12 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024139.","productDescription":"54 p., 12 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3825,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024139/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":162075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634950","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mize, Scott V. 0000-0001-6751-5568 svmize@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6751-5568","contributorId":2997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mize","given":"Scott","email":"svmize@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deacon, Jeffrey R. 0000-0001-5793-6940 jrdeacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-6940","contributorId":2786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deacon","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jrdeacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44946,"text":"wri024128 - 2002 - Sources of metal loads to the Alamosa River and estimation of seasonal and annual metal loads for the Alamosa River basin, Colorado, 1995-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-13T20:28:23.401585","indexId":"wri024128","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4128","title":"Sources of metal loads to the Alamosa River and estimation of seasonal and annual metal loads for the Alamosa River basin, Colorado, 1995-97","docAbstract":"Metal contamination in the upper Alamosa River Basin has occurred for decades from the Summitville Mine site, from other smaller mines, and from natural, metal-enriched acidic drainage in the basin. In 1995, the need to quantify contamination from various source areas in the basin and to quantify the spatial, seasonal, and annual metal loads in the basin was identified. Data collection occurred from 1995 through 1997 at numerous sites to address data gaps. Metal loads were calculated and the percentages of metal load contributions from tributaries to three risk exposure areas were determined. Additionally, a modified time-interval method was used to estimate seasonal and annual metal loads in the Alamosa River and Wightman Fork. \r\n\r\nSources of dissolved and total-recoverable aluminum, copper, iron, and zinc loads were determined for Exposure Areas 3a, 3b, and 3c. Alum Creek is the predominant contributor of aluminum, copper, iron, and zinc loads to Exposure Area 3a. In general, Wightman Fork was the predominant source of metals to Exposure Area 3b, particularly during the snowmelt and summer-flow periods. During the base-flow period, however, aluminum and iron loads from Exposure Area 3a were the dominant source of these metals to Exposure Area 3b. Jasper and Burnt Creeks generally contributed less than 10 percent of the metal loads to Exposure Area 3b. On a few occasions, however, Jasper and Burnt Creeks contributed a substantial percentage of the loads to the Alamosa River. The metal loads calculated for Exposure Area 3c result from upstream sources; the primary upstream sources are Wightman Fork, Alum Creek, and Iron Creek. Tributaries in Exposure Area 3c did not contribute substantially to the metal load in the Alamosa River. \r\n\r\nIn many instances, the percentage of dissolved and/or total-recoverable metal load contribution from a tributary or the combined percentage of metal load contribution was greater than 100 percent of the metal load at the nearest downstream site on the Alamosa River. These data indicate that metal partitioning and metal deposition from the water column to the streambed may be occurring in Exposure Areas 3a, 3b, and 3c. Metals that are deposited to the streambed probably are resuspended and transported downstream during high streamflow periods such as during snowmelt runoff and rainfall runoff. \r\n\r\nSeasonal and annual dissolved and totalrecoverable aluminum, copper, iron, and zinc loads> for 1995?97 were estimated for Exposure Areas 1, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c. During 1995?97, many tons of metals were transported annually through each exposure area. Generally, the largest estimated annual totalrecoverable metal mass for most metals was in 1995. The smallest estimated annual total-recoverable metal mass was in 1996, which also had the smallest annual streamflow. In 1995 and 1997, more than 60 percent of the annual total-recoverable metal loads generally was transported through each exposure area during the snowmelt period. A comparison of the estimated storm load at each site to the corresponding annual load indicated that storms contribute less than 2 percent of the annual load at any site and about 5 to 20 percent of the load during the summer-flow period.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024128","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., Edelmann, P., Ferguson, S., and Stogner, R., 2002, Sources of metal loads to the Alamosa River and estimation of seasonal and annual metal loads for the Alamosa River basin, Colorado, 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4128, v, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024128.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":406642,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52200.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3821,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024128","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Alamosa River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.6764,\n 37.3542\n ],\n [\n -106.2644,\n 37.3542\n ],\n [\n -106.2644,\n 37.4761\n ],\n [\n -106.6764,\n 37.4761\n ],\n [\n -106.6764,\n 37.3542\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcdd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edelmann, Patrick","contributorId":86305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edelmann","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferguson, Sheryl","contributorId":86812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"Sheryl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stogner, Robert Sr.","contributorId":31801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stogner","given":"Robert","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44942,"text":"wri024104 - 2002 - Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormflow on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981 through 2001","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44941,"text":"wri024104_interim - 2002 - Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormwater on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981-2001","indexId":"wri024104_interim","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormwater on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981-2001"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":44942,"text":"wri024104 - 2002 - Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormflow on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981 through 2001","indexId":"wri024104","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormflow on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981 through 2001"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-05T19:09:54.425198","indexId":"wri024104","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4104","title":"Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormflow on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981 through 2001","docAbstract":"This report documents water quality and suspended sediment with an emphasis on evaluating the effects of stormflow on Fountain Creek Basin in the vicinity of Colorado Springs, Colorado. Water-quality data collected at 11 sites between 1981 and 2001 were used to evaluate the effects of stormflow on water quality. Suspended-sediment data collected at seven sites from 1998 through 2001 were used to evaluate effects of stormflow on suspended-sediment concentrations, discharges, and yields. Data were separated into three flow regimes: base flow, normal flow, and stormflow. A comparison of stormwater-quality concentrations measured between 1981 and 2001 to Colorado acute instream standards indicated that, except for isolated occurrences, stormwater quality met acute instream standards. At several sites, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform, and selected nutrient concentrations tended to be highest during stormflow and lowest during base flow. Dissimilar to the other nutrients, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate concentrations generally were highest during base flow and lowest during stormflow. Most dissolved trace-element concentrations associated with stormflow decreased or showed little change compared to base flow. However, median concentrations of total copper, iron, lead, nickel, manganese, and zinc for stormflow samples generally were much larger than nonstorm samples. The substantially larger concentrations of total copper, iron, lead, nickel, manganese, and zinc measured at site 5800 during stormflow as compared to other sites indicates a relatively large source of these metals in the reach between sites 5530 and 5800. Semi-volatile organic compounds in samples collected during stormflow were detected relatively infrequently at the four sites monitored; however, analysis of pesticide data collected during stormflow showed a relatively frequent detection of pesticides at low levels. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and particulate trace-element loads substantially increased during stormflow. Suspended-sediment concentrations, discharges, and yields associated with stormflow were significantly greater than during normal flow. Depending on the site and year, suspended-sediment concentrations associated with storm-flow generally were 3 to10 times greater than concentrations measured during normal flow, and suspended-sediment discharges were usually more than 10 times greater during stormflow. The April through October cumulative suspended-sediment discharges and streamflows were largest in 1999 at all sites. Although large spatial variations in suspended-sediment yields occurred during normal flows, the suspended-sediment yields associated with stormflow generally were more than 10 times greater than the suspended-sediment yields that occurred during normal flow. The smallest suspended-sediment yields generally were less than 1 ton per day per square mile during stormflow. The largest suspended-sediment yields occurred at sites located in the Cottonwood Creek Basin and were greater than 10 tons per day per square mile.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024104","usgsCitation":"Edelmann, P., Ferguson, S.A., Stogner, August, M., Payne, W.F., and Bruce, J.F., 2002, Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormflow on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981 through 2001 (Supercedes interim report published May 2002): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4104, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024104.","productDescription":"59 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3817,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024104/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135184,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":411439,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51556.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Colorado Springs","otherGeospatial":"Fountain and Monument Creek basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.6111,\n 39.1358\n ],\n [\n -105.1281,\n 39.1358\n ],\n [\n -105.1281,\n 38.7228\n ],\n [\n -104.6111,\n 38.7228\n ],\n [\n -104.6111,\n 39.1358\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Supercedes interim report published May 2002","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611a12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edelmann, Patrick","contributorId":86305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edelmann","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferguson, Sheryl A.","contributorId":78698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"Sheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stogner 0000-0002-3185-1452 rstogner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3185-1452","contributorId":938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stogner","email":"rstogner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"August, Marianne","contributorId":57429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"August","given":"Marianne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Payne, William F.","contributorId":62565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bruce, James F. 0000-0003-3125-2932 jbruce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3125-2932","contributorId":916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruce","given":"James","email":"jbruce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":44941,"text":"wri024104_interim - 2002 - Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormwater on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981-2001","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44941,"text":"wri024104_interim - 2002 - Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormwater on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981-2001","indexId":"wri024104_interim","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormwater on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981-2001"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":44942,"text":"wri024104 - 2002 - Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormflow on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981 through 2001","indexId":"wri024104","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormflow on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981 through 2001"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":44942,"text":"wri024104 - 2002 - Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormflow on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981 through 2001","indexId":"wri024104","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormflow on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981 through 2001"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:53","indexId":"wri024104_interim","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4104","title":"Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormwater on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981-2001","docAbstract":"This report documents water quality and suspended sediment with an emphasis on evaluating the effects of stormflow on Fountain Creek Basin in the vicinity of Colorado Springs, Colorado. Water-quality data collected at 11 sites between 1981 and 2001 were used to evaluate the effects of stormflow on water quality. Suspended-sediment data collected at seven sites from 1998 through 2001 were used to evaluate effects of stormflow on suspended-sediment concentrations, discharges, and yields. Data were separated into three flow regimes: base flow, normal flow, and stormflow. A comparison of stormwater-quality concentrations measured between 1981 and 2001 to Colorado acute instream standards indicated that, except for isolated occurrences, stormwater quality met acute instream standards. At several sites, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform, and selected nutrient concentrations tended to be highest during stormflow and lowest during base flow. Dissimilar to the other nutrients, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate concentrations generally were highest during base flow and lowest during stormflow. Most dissolved trace-element concentrations associated with stormflow decreased or showed little change compared to base flow. However, median concentrations of total copper, iron, lead, nickel, manganese, and zinc for stormflow samples generally were much larger than nonstorm samples. The substantially larger concentrations of total copper, iron, lead, nickel, manganese, and zinc measured at site 5800 during stormflow as compared to other sites indicates a relatively large source of these metals in the reach between sites 5530 and 5800. Semi-volatile organic compounds in samples collected during stormflow were detected relatively infrequently at the four sites monitored; however, analysis of pesticide data collected during stormflow showed a relatively frequent detection of pesticides at low levels. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and particulate trace-element loads substantially increased during stormflow. Suspended-sediment concentrations, discharges, and yields associated with stormflow were significantly greater than during normal flow. Depending on the site and year, suspended-sediment concentrations associated with storm-flow generally were 3 to10 times greater than concentrations measured during normal flow, and suspended-sediment discharges were usually more than 10 times greater during stormflow. The April through October cumulative suspended-sediment discharges and streamflows were largest in 1999 at all sites. Although large spatial variations in suspended-sediment yields occurred during normal flows, the suspended-sediment yields associated with stormflow generally were more than 10 times greater than the suspended-sediment yields that occurred during normal flow. The smallest suspended-sediment yields generally were less than 1 ton per day per square mile during stormflow. The largest suspended-sediment yields occurred at sites located in the Cottonwood Creek Basin and were greater than 10 tons per day per square mile.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024104_interim","usgsCitation":"Edelmann, P., Ferguson, S.A., Stogner, August, M., Payne, W.F., and Bruce, J.F., 2002, Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormwater on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981-2001 (Interim approved report): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4104, 1 v. (various pagings) : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024104_interim.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3816,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024104/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Interim approved report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1339","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edelmann, Patrick","contributorId":86305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edelmann","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferguson, Sheryl A.","contributorId":78698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"Sheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stogner 0000-0002-3185-1452 rstogner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3185-1452","contributorId":938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stogner","email":"rstogner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"August, Marianne","contributorId":57429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"August","given":"Marianne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Payne, William F.","contributorId":62565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bruce, James F. 0000-0003-3125-2932 jbruce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3125-2932","contributorId":916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruce","given":"James","email":"jbruce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":44614,"text":"wri024182 - 2002 - Investigation of water quality and aquatic-community structure in Village and Valley Creeks, City of Birmingham, Jefferson County, Alabama, 2000-01","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:05","indexId":"wri024182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4182","title":"Investigation of water quality and aquatic-community structure in Village and Valley Creeks, City of Birmingham, Jefferson County, Alabama, 2000-01","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a 16-month investigation of water quality, aquatic-community structure, bed sediment, and fish tissue in Village and Valley Creeks, two urban streams that drain areas of highly intensive residential, commercial, and industrial land use in Birmingham, Alabama. Water-quality data were collected between February 2000 and March 2001 at four sites on Village Creek, three sites on Valley Creek, and at two reference sites near Birmingham?Fivemile Creek and Little Cahaba River, both of which drain less-urbanized areas. Stream samples were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, fecal bacteria, trace and major elements, pesticides, and selected organic constituents. Bed-sediment and fish-tissue samples were analyzed for trace and major elements, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and additional organic compounds. Aquatic-community structure was evaluated by conducting one survey of the fish community and in-stream habitat and two surveys of the benthic-invertebrate community. Bed-sediment and fish-tissue samples, benthic-invertebrates, and habitat data were collected between June 2000 and October 2000 at six of the nine water-quality sites; fish communities were evaluated in April and May 2001 at the six sites where habitat and benthic-invertebrate data were collected. The occurrence and distribution of chemical constituents in the water column and bed sediment provided an initial assessment of water quality in the streams. The structure of the aquatic communities, the physical condition of the fish, and the chemical analyses of fish tissue provided an indication of the cumulative effects of water quality on the aquatic biota. Water chemistry was similar at all sites, characterized by strong calcium-bicarbonate component and magnesium components. Median concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were highest at the headwaters of Valley Creek and lowest at the reference site on Fivemile Creek. In Village Creek, median concentrations of nitrite and ammonia increased in a downstream direction. In Valley Creek, median concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, organic nitrogen, suspended phosphorus, and orthophosphate decreased in a downstream direction. Median concentrations of Escherichia coli and fecal coliform bacteria were highest at the most upstream site of Valley Creek and lowest at the reference site on Fivemile Creek. Concentrations of enterococci exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency criterion in 80 percent of the samples; concentrations of Escherichia coli exceeded the criterion in 56 percent of the samples. Concentrations of bacteria at the downstream sites on Village and Valley Creeks were elevated during high flow rather than low flow, indicating the presence of nonpoint sources. Surface-water samples were analyzed for chemical compounds that are commonly found in wastewater and urban runoff. The median number of wastewater indicators was highest at the most upstream site on Valley Creek and lowest at the reference site on Fivemile Creek. Concentrations of total recoverable cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in surface water exceeded acute and chronic aquatic life criteria in up to 24 percent of the samples that were analyzed for trace and major elements. High concentrations of trace and major elements in the water column were detected most frequently during high flow, indicating the presence of nonpoint sources. Of the 24 pesticides detected in surface water, 17 were herbicides and 7 were insecticides. Atrazine, simazine, and prometon were the most commonly detected herbicides; diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and carbaryl were the most commonly detected insecticides. Concentrations of atrazine, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion periodically exceeded criteria for the protection of aquatic life. Trace-element priority pollutants, pesticides, and other organic compounds were detected in higher concentrations in bed sediment at the Village and Valley Creek sites t","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024182","usgsCitation":"McPherson, A.K., Abrahamsen, T.A., and Journey, C.A., 2002, Investigation of water quality and aquatic-community structure in Village and Valley Creeks, City of Birmingham, Jefferson County, Alabama, 2000-01: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4182, viii, 120 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024182.","productDescription":"viii, 120 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3716,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024182","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":168259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a5e4b07f02db497aca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McPherson, Ann K.","contributorId":15240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrahamsen, Thomas A.","contributorId":79137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrahamsen","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Journey, Celeste A. 0000-0002-2284-5851 cjourney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":2617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"Celeste","email":"cjourney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28898,"text":"wri004261 - 2001 - Quantification of metal loads by tracer injection and synoptic sampling in Daisy Creek and the Stillwater River, Park County, Montana, August 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-27T19:01:14.558336","indexId":"wri004261","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4261","title":"Quantification of metal loads by tracer injection and synoptic sampling in Daisy Creek and the Stillwater River, Park County, Montana, August 1999","docAbstract":"A metal-loading study using tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling methods was conducted in Daisy Creek and a short reach of the Stillwater River during baseflow in August 1999 to quantify the metal inputs from acid rock drainage in the New World Mining District near Yellowstone National Park and to examine the downstream transport of these metals into the Stillwater River. Loads were calculated for many mainstem and inflow sites by combining streamflow determined using the tracer-injection method with concentrations of major ions and metals that were determined in synoptic water-quality samples.\r\n\r\nWater quality and aquatic habitat in Daisy Creek have been affected adversely by drainage derived from waste rock and adit discharge at the McLaren Mine as well as from natural weathering of pyrite-rich mineralized rock that comprises and surrounds the ore zones. However, the specific sources and transport pathways are not well understood. Knowledge of the main sources and transport pathways of metals and acid can aid resource managers in planning and conducting effective and cost-efficient remediation activities.\r\n\r\nThe metals cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc occur at concentrations that are sufficiently elevated to be potentially lethal to aquatic life in Daisy Creek and to pose a toxicity risk in part of the Stillwater River. Copper is of most concern in Daisy Creek because it occurs at higher concentrations than the other metals. Acidic surface inflows had dissolved concentrations as high as 20.6 micrograms per liter (?g/L) cadmium, 26,900 ?g/L copper, 76.4 ?g/L lead, and 3,000 ?g/L zinc. These inflows resulted in maximum dissolved concentrations in Daisy Creek of 5.8 ?g/L cadmium, 5,790 ?g/L copper, 3.8 ?g/L lead, and 848 ?g/L zinc.\r\n\r\nSignificant copper loading to Daisy Creek occurred only in the upper half of the stream. Sources included subsurface inflow and right-bank (mined side) surface inflows. Copper loads in left-bank (unmined side) surface inflows were negligible. Most (71 percent) of the total copper loading in the study reach occurred along a 341-foot reach near the stream?s headwaters. About 53 percent of the total copper load was contributed by five surface inflows that drain a manganese bog and the southern part of the McLaren Mine. Copper loading from subsurface inflow was substantial, contributing 46 percent of the total dissolved copper load to Daisy Creek. More than half of this subsurface copper loading occurred downstream from the reaches that received significant surface loading.\r\n\r\nFlow through the shallow subsurface appears to be the main copper-transport pathway from the McLaren Mine and surrounding altered and mineralized bedrock to Daisy Creek during base-flow conditions. Little is known about the source of acid and copper in this subsurface flow. However, possible sources include the mineralized rocks of Fisher Mountain upgradient of the McLaren Mine area, the surficial waste rock at the mine, and the underlying pyritic bedrock.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004261","usgsCitation":"Nimick, D.A., and Cleasby, T., 2001, Quantification of metal loads by tracer injection and synoptic sampling in Daisy Creek and the Stillwater River, Park County, Montana, August 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4261, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004261.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":408814,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34845.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2362,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004261/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Park County","otherGeospatial":"Daisey Creek, Stillwater River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110,\n 45.075\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 45.05\n ],\n [\n -109.95,\n 45.05\n ],\n [\n -109.95,\n 45.075\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 45.075\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a87e4b07f02db64eb06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cleasby, Thomas E. 0000-0003-0694-1541","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0694-1541","contributorId":21993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleasby","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45120,"text":"wri014118 - 2001 - Effects of land use on water quality and transport of selected constituents in streams in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1994–98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T21:19:52.124526","indexId":"wri014118","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4118","title":"Effects of land use on water quality and transport of selected constituents in streams in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1994–98","docAbstract":"Transport rates for total solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc during 1994–98 were computed for six stormwater-monitoring sites in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. These six stormwater-monitoring sites were operated by the Mecklenburg County Department of Environmental Protection, in cooperation with the City of Charlotte, and are located near the mouths of major streams. Constituent transport at the six study sites generally was dominated by nonpoint sources, except for nitrogen and phosphorus at two sites located downstream from the outfalls of major municipal wastewater-treatment plants.
To relate land use to constituent transport, regression equations to predict constituent yield were developed by using water-quality data from a previous study of nine stormwater-monitoring sites on small streams in Mecklenburg County. The drainage basins of these nine stormwater sites have relatively homogeneous land-use characteristics compared to the six study sites. Mean annual construction activity, based on building permit files, was estimated for all stormwater-monitoring sites and included as an explanatory variable in the regression equations. These regression equations were used to predict constituent yield for the six study sites. Predicted yields generally were in agreement with computed yields. In addition, yields were predicted by using regression equations derived from a national urban water-quality database. Yields predicted from the regional regression equations generally were about an order of magnitude lower than computed yields.
Regression analysis indicated that construction activity was a major contributor to transport of the constituents evaluated in this study except for total nitrogen and biochemical oxygen demand. Transport of total nitrogen and biochemical oxygen demand was dominated by point-source contributions. The two study basins that had the largest amounts of construction activity also had the highest total solids yields (1,300 and 1,500 tons per square mile per year). The highest total phosphorus yields (3.2 and 1.7 tons per square mile per year) attributable to nonpoint sources also occurred in these basins. Concentrations of chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc were positively correlated with total solids concentrations at most of the study sites (Pearson product-moment correlation >0.50). The site having the highest median concentrations of chromium, copper, and nickel also was the site having the highest computed yield for total solids.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014118","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina","usgsCitation":"Ferrell, G.M., 2001, Effects of land use on water quality and transport of selected constituents in streams in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1994–98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4118, vii, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014118.","productDescription":"vii, 88 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414583,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_42103.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":169071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4118/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":3953,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4118/wri20014118.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4118"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Mecklenburg County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-80.7823,35.5113],[-80.7867,35.5031],[-80.7889,35.4949],[-80.7831,35.4836],[-80.7819,35.475],[-80.7779,35.4668],[-80.7778,35.4614],[-80.7744,35.4578],[-80.7549,35.423],[-80.7525,35.4148],[-80.7553,35.4125],[-80.7638,35.4134],[-80.7693,35.402],[-80.7551,35.3944],[-80.7364,35.3786],[-80.7187,35.3624],[-80.704,35.3552],[-80.6983,35.3507],[-80.6822,35.3131],[-80.6677,35.2705],[-80.6214,35.2499],[-80.5954,35.2369],[-80.5485,35.2108],[-80.6245,35.1487],[-80.7328,35.0627],[-80.7645,35.0375],[-80.7684,35.0348],[-80.7746,35.0329],[-80.7858,35.0315],[-80.7892,35.0314],[-80.8009,35.0286],[-80.8155,35.0204],[-80.8194,35.019],[-80.8216,35.018],[-80.8216,35.0167],[-80.8288,35.0098],[-80.835,35.0061],[-80.8405,35.0016],[-80.8604,35.0246],[-80.8854,35.0535],[-80.9016,35.0716],[-80.9312,35.1049],[-80.9373,35.1018],[-81.0383,35.0452],[-81.0419,35.0432],[-81.0447,35.0468],[-81.0464,35.0482],[-81.0483,35.0507],[-81.0503,35.0527],[-81.0528,35.0557],[-81.0548,35.0582],[-81.0568,35.0611],[-81.0577,35.0636],[-81.0586,35.067],[-81.0582,35.0722],[-81.0577,35.0788],[-81.0566,35.0834],[-81.0554,35.0868],[-81.0541,35.0904],[-81.0533,35.0927],[-81.0523,35.0956],[-81.0503,35.0975],[-81.0487,35.099],[-81.0462,35.1003],[-81.0437,35.1014],[-81.042,35.1022],[-81.0391,35.1027],[-81.0369,35.1036],[-81.0352,35.1054],[-81.0344,35.1072],[-81.0341,35.1095],[-81.0341,35.1136],[-81.0358,35.1186],[-81.0363,35.1213],[-81.038,35.124],[-81.0408,35.1267],[-81.0425,35.1281],[-81.0454,35.1289],[-81.0476,35.1295],[-81.0499,35.1302],[-81.051,35.1313],[-81.0521,35.1335],[-81.0523,35.1365],[-81.0517,35.1392],[-81.0501,35.142],[-81.0476,35.1463],[-81.0448,35.1494],[-81.0238,35.1486],[-81.0176,35.1536],[-81.0109,35.1532],[-81.0076,35.1569],[-81.0088,35.165],[-81.0049,35.1728],[-81.0045,35.1814],[-81.0046,35.1864],[-81.0063,35.1923],[-81.0064,35.1973],[-81.0054,35.2055],[-81.0071,35.2109],[-81.0129,35.2231],[-81.0113,35.2309],[-81.012,35.2349],[-81.0082,35.2509],[-81.0139,35.2585],[-81.0152,35.2685],[-81.0143,35.2876],[-81.0133,35.293],[-81.0105,35.2944],[-81.0033,35.3017],[-81.0022,35.3045],[-80.9961,35.3113],[-80.9938,35.3132],[-80.9894,35.3205],[-80.9844,35.3237],[-80.9805,35.3287],[-80.9823,35.3341],[-80.984,35.3373],[-80.9818,35.3446],[-80.9706,35.3501],[-80.9656,35.3506],[-80.9593,35.3489],[-80.9537,35.3521],[-80.9442,35.3521],[-80.9374,35.3572],[-80.9285,35.3614],[-80.9268,35.3627],[-80.9296,35.3636],[-80.9432,35.3658],[-80.9505,35.3675],[-80.9563,35.3738],[-80.9597,35.3756],[-80.9625,35.3756],[-80.9647,35.3738],[-80.9669,35.3688],[-80.9697,35.3669],[-80.9742,35.3642],[-80.9776,35.3646],[-80.9844,35.3695],[-80.9868,35.38],[-80.9846,35.3822],[-80.9806,35.3823],[-80.9761,35.3828],[-80.9632,35.3901],[-80.9554,35.3925],[-80.9549,35.4006],[-80.959,35.4133],[-80.9569,35.4288],[-80.9587,35.436],[-80.9527,35.446],[-80.9465,35.4524],[-80.9421,35.457],[-80.9432,35.4602],[-80.9506,35.4656],[-80.9518,35.4701],[-80.948,35.481],[-80.947,35.486],[-80.951,35.4942],[-80.9612,35.4986],[-80.9664,35.509],[-80.9637,35.5131],[-80.9586,35.5163],[-80.9569,35.5177],[-80.7823,35.5113]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Mecklenburg\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
As a follow-up of an initial overview of environmental problems caused by mining activities on Marinduque Island, Philippines, USGS and TAMU-CC scientists went to Marinduque in October 2000 to do a preliminary assessment of potential impacts of mining-related activities on the marine environment. Like the previous visit in May 2000, the marine assessment was conducted at the invitation of Philippine Congressman Edmund O. Reyes.
In this report we present the results of sediment porewater toxicity tests and chemical analyses. Toxicity tests consist of laboratory analyses for the assessment of adverse effects caused by environmental contaminants to animals or plants. Sediments (sand or mud) are known to accumulate contaminants (e.g., copper and other heavy metals). Therefore, it is common to perform toxicity tests using different phases of the sedimentary environment in order to analyze adverse effects of contaminants accumulated in the sediment. Sediment pore water (or interstitial water, i.e., the water distributed among the sediment grains) is a sedimentary phase which controls the bioavailability of contaminants to bottom dwelling aquatic organisms (both plants and animals).
There are several different kinds of organisms with which toxicity tests can be performed. Among those, tests with sea urchin early life stages (gametes and embryos) are very common due to their high sensitivity to contaminants, ease of maintenance under laboratory conditions, and ecological importance, particularly in coral reefs. The basis of these tests is the exposure of gametes or embryos to the pore water to be analyzed for toxicity. If the pore water contains contaminants in levels that can adversely affect a number of marine species, fertilization and/or embryological development of sea urchins is inhibited.
Chemical analyses provide additional information and aid in the interpretation of the toxicity test results. For the current study, chemical analyses were performed for the measurement of porewater concentrations of several heavy metals associated with copper mining activities.
Pore waters for toxicological and chemical analyses were collected at several stations on the coast of Marinduque, near the mouths of the Boac and Mogpog rivers, and near the causeways formed by mine tailings disposal. Porewater samples were also collected at the Tres Reyes Marine Reserve, so that these non-contaminated samples could serve as a reference for test performance.
Sea urchin embryological development and fertilization were only significantly impaired by two porewater samples, suggesting the presence of contaminants in toxic amounts at those stations. The toxic samples were collected near the up current side of the Calancan (Marcopper) mine tailings causeway (stations 2 and 3 – see figure 10). The pore water from station 2 also had the highest levels of heavy metals, particularly cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, lead and zinc (Table 5). The concentrations of cobalt, nickel and zinc were also elevated 2 at station 3. Copper concentrations were also elevated at the two river mouth stations (8 and 9) and near the CMI tailings causeway (station 7).
Visual observations also indicated biological degradation due to heavy siltation and smothered coral at a gradient off the Calancan causeway, suggesting that siltation might also be causing a physical impact.
This preliminary survey suggests that effects related to past mining activities are still evident and warrant a more comprehensive study to assess their severity and areal extent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01441","usgsCitation":"Carr, R.S., Nipper, M., and Plumlee, G.S., 2001, A preliminary survey of marine contamination from mining-related activities on Marinduque Island, Philippines: porewater toxicity and chemistry results from a field trip, October 14-19, 2000 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-441, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01441.","productDescription":"62 p.","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01441.PNG"},{"id":2681,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0441/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":329522,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0441/ofr-01-0441.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9a74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, R. Scott","contributorId":14025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nipper, Marion","contributorId":56273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nipper","given":"Marion","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006458,"text":"70006458 - 2001 - Relationships between thiamine content of eggs and concentrations of lead and other heavy metals in water and survival of Atlantic salmon fry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-05T16:14:19","indexId":"70006458","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T15:54:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Relationships between thiamine content of eggs and concentrations of lead and other heavy metals in water and survival of Atlantic salmon fry","docAbstract":"Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were extirpated in much of New York state by the late 1800s. Currently, Atlantic salmon from Little Clear Pond (Saranac Lake, NY) are stocked in Cayuga Lake (Ithaca, NY) and Lake Ontario to support a fishery, but reproduction is severely impaired by thiamine deficiency in Cayuga Lake and probably in Lake Ontario--apparently caused by adults feeding on prey fish high in thiaminase. One study suggested that survival of these fry may be reduced by phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, copper, or lead in water. Thiamine deficiency is known to increase lead toxicity. Bringing gravid Atlantic salmon from Little Clear Pond and Cayuga Inlet into the laboratory, we examined the effect of exposing their fertilized eggs during water-hardening to water with and without added lead (0.1 to 100 mg lead·liter-1) and to other contaminated waters (from New York State) on the survival of their eggs and fry. Our results showed no significant influence of our water-hardening treatments on survival of eggs or fry; therefore, it appears that exposure of eggs (during water-hardening) to lead in water (concentrations up to 100 mg lead·liter-1) or to several contaminated waters was not detrimental to the survival of eggs or fry of Atlantic salmon. We also determined the mineral and heavy metal content of dried eggs and found that eggs from Cayuga Lake salmon had significantly higher concentrations of copper (1.9 vs. 0.5 mg·g-1) than did eggs from salmon from Little Clear Pond. All concentrations of copper appeared to be within the range observed in other normal salmon. There were no other significant differences in concentrations of other minerals tested. Concentrations of copper in Cayuga Lake water (mean, 1.16 mg·liter-1) were significantly higher than in Little Clear Pond water (mean, 0.17 mg·liter-1). The effect of copper in eggs of thiamine-deficient salmon is not known.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"A Symposium on Environmental Research in the Cayuga Lake Watershed","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service","publisherLocation":"Ithaca, NY","usgsCitation":"Ketola, H.G., Wedge, L.R., Lary, S.J., Grant, E.C., and Rutzke, M., 2001, Relationships between thiamine content of eggs and concentrations of lead and other heavy metals in water and survival of Atlantic salmon fry, in A Symposium on Environmental Research in the Cayuga Lake Watershed, p. 167-174.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288128,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53919166e4b06f80638265da","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wagenet, Linda P.","contributorId":112782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagenet","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508332,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eckhardt, David A.V.","contributorId":80233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckhardt","given":"David A.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508330,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hairston, Nelson G. Jr.","contributorId":113027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hairston","given":"Nelson","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508333,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Karig, Daniel E.","contributorId":98739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karig","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508331,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yager, Richard","contributorId":113607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508334,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Ketola, H. George 0000-0002-7260-5602 gketola@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7260-5602","contributorId":2664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketola","given":"H.","email":"gketola@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"George","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wedge, Leslie R.","contributorId":48130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedge","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lary, Sandra J.","contributorId":55343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lary","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grant, Edward C.","contributorId":60957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rutzke, Michael A.","contributorId":63726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutzke","given":"Michael A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":31388,"text":"ofr01218 - 2001 - A simplified economic filter for open-pit mining and heap-leach recovery of copper in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T12:51:40.413555","indexId":"ofr01218","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-218","title":"A simplified economic filter for open-pit mining and heap-leach recovery of copper in the United States","docAbstract":"Determining the economic viability of mineral deposits of various sizes and grades is a critical task in all phases of mineral supply, from land-use management to mine development. This study evaluates two simple tools for estimating the economic viability of porphyry copper deposits mined by open-pit, heap-leach methods when only limited information on these deposits is available. These two methods are useful for evaluating deposits that either (1) are undiscovered deposits predicted by a mineral resource assessment, or (2) have been discovered but for which little data has been collected or released. The first tool uses ordinary least-squared regression analysis of cost and operating data from selected deposits to estimate a predictive relationship between mining rate, itself estimated from deposit size, and capital and operating costs. The second method uses cost models developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (Camm, 1991) updated using appropriate cost indices. We find that the cost model method works best for estimating capital costs and the empirical model works best for estimating operating costs for mines to be developed in the United States.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01218","usgsCitation":"Long, K.R., and Singer, D.A., 2001, A simplified economic filter for open-pit mining and heap-leach recovery of copper in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-218, iii, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01218.","productDescription":"iii, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science 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States\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6497","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Keith R. 0000-0002-6457-2820 klong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6457-2820","contributorId":2279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Keith","email":"klong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":205864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31384,"text":"ofr01197 - 2001 - Technology advancement: A factor in increasing resource use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-26T14:36:34.623269","indexId":"ofr01197","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-197","title":"Technology advancement: A factor in increasing resource use","docAbstract":"The specter of mineral resource scarcity has been repeatedly raised as a concern because ever-growing populations with seemingly insatiable appetites for minerals place claims against a finite resource endowment. This report analyzes how technology has helped to ease resource constraints, and uses case studies of aluminum, copper, potash, and sulfur minerals to identify the effects of technology on resource supply.
\nIn spite of heightened demand for and increased loss of resources to environmental policy and urbanization, mineral producers historically have been able to continually expand production and lower costs. Specific production increases for the years 1900-98 were: aluminum (3,250 percent), copper (2,465 percent), potash (3,770 percent), and sulfur (6,000 percent). For the same period, constant-dollar (1998) prices decreased: aluminum (90 percent), copper (75 percent), potash (94 percent), and sulfur (89 percent).
\nThe application of technology has made available mineral deposits that were previously overlooked or considered non-viable. Using technology, producers can meet the demand for stronger, energy-efficient, more environmentally safe products with less physical material. Technologies have been developed to increase the amount of materials recycled and remanufactured. Technology development can occur in breakthroughs, but most often advances incrementally. Technological development is driven by the profit motive.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01197","usgsCitation":"Wilburn, D.R., Goonan, T.G., and Bleiwas, D.I., 2001, Technology advancement: A factor in increasing resource use (Version 1.03): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-197, vi, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01197.","productDescription":"vi, 81 p.","numberOfPages":"87","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3059,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-197/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":293945,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-197/2001-197.pdf"},{"id":164293,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01197.png"}],"edition":"Version 1.03","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db6859bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilburn, David R. 0000-0002-5371-7617 wilburn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5371-7617","contributorId":1755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilburn","given":"David","email":"wilburn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goonan, Thomas G. goonan@usgs.gov","contributorId":2761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goonan","given":"Thomas","email":"goonan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bleiwas, Donald I. bleiwas@usgs.gov","contributorId":1434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bleiwas","given":"Donald","email":"bleiwas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30958,"text":"wri014170 - 2001 - Metal loading in Soda Butte Creek upstream of Yellowstone National Park, Montana and Wyoming; a retrospective analysis of previous research; and quantification of metal loading, August 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-23T16:21:00","indexId":"wri014170","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4170","title":"Metal loading in Soda Butte Creek upstream of Yellowstone National Park, Montana and Wyoming; a retrospective analysis of previous research; and quantification of metal loading, August 1999","docAbstract":"Acid drainage from historic mining activities has affected the water quality and aquatic biota of Soda Butte Creek upstream of Yellowstone National Park. Numerous investigations focusing on metals contamination have been conducted in the Soda Butte Creek basin, but interpretations of how metals contamination is currently impacting Soda Butte Creek differ greatly. A retrospective analysis of previous research on metal loading in Soda Butte Creek was completed to provide summaries of studies pertinent to metal loading in Soda Butte Creek and to identify data gaps warranting further investigation. Identification and quantification of the sources of metal loading to Soda Butte Creek was recognized as a significant data gap. The McLaren Mine tailings impoundment and mill site has long been identified as a source of metals but its contribution relative to the total metal load entering Yellowstone National Park was unknown. A tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling study was designed to determine metal loads upstream of Yellowstone National Park.A tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling study was conducted on an 8,511-meter reach of Soda Butte Creek from upstream of the McLaren Mine tailings impoundment and mill site downstream to the Yellowstone National Park boundary in August 1999. Synoptic-sampling sites were selected to divide the creek into discrete segments. A lithium bromide tracer was injected continuously into Soda Butte Creek for 24.5 hours. Downstream dilution of the tracer and current-meter measurements were used to calculate the stream discharge. Stream discharge values, combined with constituent concentrations obtained by synoptic sampling, were used to quantify constituent loading in each segment of Soda Butte Creek.Loads were calculated for dissolved calcium, silica, and sulfate, as well as for dissolved and total-recoverable iron, aluminum, and manganese. Loads were not calculated for cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc because these elements were infrequently detected in mainstem synoptic samples. All of these elements were detected at high concentrations in the seeps draining the McLaren Mine tailings impoundment. The lack of detection of these elements in the downstream mainstem synoptic samples is probably because of sorption (coprecipitation and adsorption) to metal colloids in the stream.Most of the metal load that entered Soda Butte Creek was contributed by the inflows draining the McLaren Mine tailings impoundment (between 505 meters and 760 meters downstream from the tracer-injection site), Republic Creek (1,859 meters), and Unnamed Tributary (8,267 meters). Results indicate that treatment or removal of the McLaren Mine tailings impoundment would greatly reduce metal loading in Soda Butte Creek upstream of Yellowstone National Park. However, removing only that single source may not reduce metal loads to acceptable levels. The sources of metal loading in Republic Creek and Unnamed Tributary merit further investigation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014170","usgsCitation":"Boughton, G., 2001, Metal loading in Soda Butte Creek upstream of Yellowstone National Park, Montana and Wyoming; a retrospective analysis of previous research; and quantification of metal loading, August 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4170, 68 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014170.","productDescription":"68 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2940,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wrir014170","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming, Montana","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 43.39706523932025\n ],\n [\n -109.18212890625,\n 43.39706523932025\n ],\n [\n -109.18212890625,\n 45.01141864227728\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 45.01141864227728\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 43.39706523932025\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625c8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boughton, G.K.","contributorId":70428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boughton","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26715,"text":"wri004286 - 2001 - Investigation of Ground-Water Availability and Quality in Orange County, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-08T13:40:47","indexId":"wri004286","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4286","title":"Investigation of Ground-Water Availability and Quality in Orange County, North Carolina","docAbstract":"A countywide inventory was conducted of 649 wells in nine hydrogeologic units in Orange County, North Carolina. As a result of this inventory, estimates of ground-water availability and use were calculated, and water-quality results were obtained from 51 wells sampled throughout the County from December 1998 through January 1999. The typical well in Orange County has an average depth of 208 feet, an average casing length of 53.6 feet, a static water level of 26.6 feet, a yield of 17.6 gallons per minute, and a well casing diameter of 6.25 inches. The saturated thickness of the regolith averages 27.0 feet and the yield per foot of total well depth averages 0.119 gallon per minute per foot. Two areas of the County are more favorable for high-yield wells—a west-southwest to east-northeast trending area in the northwestern part of the County, and a southwest to northeast trending area in the southwestern part of the County. Well yields in Orange County show little correlation with topographic or hydrogeologic setting.
Fifty-one sampling locations were selected based on (a) countywide areal distribution, (b) weighted distribution among hydrogeologic units, and (c) permission from homeowners. The list of analytes for the sampling program consisted of common anions and cations, metals and trace elements, nutrients, organic compounds, and radon. Samples were screened for the presence of fuel compounds and pesticides by using immuno-assay techniques. Dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, specific conductance, and alkalinity were measured in the field. The median pH was 6.9, which is nearly neutral, and the median hardness was 75 milligrams per liter calcium carbonate. The median dissolved solids concentration was 125 milligrams per liter, and the median specific conductance was 175 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. Orange County ground water is classified as a calcium-bicarbonate type.
High nutrient concentrations were not found in samples collected for this study. Nitrate was detected in 82 percent of the samples at concentrations ranging up to 7.2 milligrams per liter, although the median concentration was 0.49 milligram per liter; all other samples had a concentration of 2.9 milligrams per liter or less. In general, trace elements were detected infrequently or at concentrations less than State drinking-water standards. However, exceedances of North Carolina drinking-water standards were observed for iron (3 exceedances of 51 analyses, detection up to 1,100 micrograms per liter), manganese (12 exceedances of 51 analyses, detection up to 890 micrograms per liter), and zinc (4 exceedances of 31 analyses, detection up to 4,900 micrograms per liter). Lead was detected in 8 of 31 samples with a concentration up to 3.5 micrograms per liter. Zinc, manganese, iron, and copper were the most frequently detected trace metals at 100, 94, 80, and 61 percent, respectively. Lead, arsenic, bromide, alum inum, and selenium were detected in 13 to 26 percent of the analyses. No benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) or atrazine compounds were detected in any of the samples.
Radon activities in ground water can be high because of the rock units present in Orange County. Radon activity ranged from 38 to 4,462 picocuries per liter countywide, with a median activity of 405 picocuries per liter. Median radon activities in Orange County were highest in felsic rocks (487 picocuries per liter) and lowest in mafic rocks (357 picocuries per liter). When evaluated by individual hydrogeologic units, the median radon activity was highest in the phyllite unit (1,080 picocuries per liter in 2 samples) and the felsic metaigneous unit (571 picocuries per liter in 13 samples).
Overall, water-quality data in Orange County indicate few drinking-water concerns. No organic contaminants analyzed (total BTEX and atrazine) or excessive nutrient concentrations were detected, and few exceedances of North Carolina drinking- water standards were detected.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004286","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Orange County, North Carolina","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, W.L., and Daniel, C.C., 2001, Investigation of Ground-Water Availability and Quality in Orange County, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4286, vi, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004286.","productDescription":"vi, 59 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2053,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4286/wri20004286.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2000-4286"},{"id":158246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4286/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Orange County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-79.1538,36.2422],[-78.9507,36.2393],[-79.0124,35.886],[-79.0142,35.8755],[-79.0161,35.8633],[-79.0831,35.8611],[-79.1262,35.8651],[-79.2521,35.8768],[-79.2588,35.8859],[-79.2598,35.9027],[-79.2711,35.9091],[-79.2756,35.9101],[-79.2637,36.0307],[-79.2593,36.2443],[-79.1538,36.2422]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Orange\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
Trace elements and organic contaminants in bottom-sediment samples collected from 10 sites on the Barron River Canal and from one site on the Turner River in October 1998 had patterns of distribution that indicated different sources. At some sites on the Barron River Canal, lead, copper, and zinc, normalized to aluminum, exceeded limits normally considered as background and may be enriched by human activities. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and p-cresol, normalized against organic carbon, had patterns of distribution that indicated local sources of input from a road or vehicular traffic or from an old creosote wood treatment facility. Phthalate esters and the traces elements arsenic, cadmium, and zinc were more widely distributed with the highest normalized concentrations occurring at the Turner River background site, probably due to the high percentage of fine sediment (74% less than 63 micrometers) and high organic carbon concentration (42%) at that site and the binding effect of organic carbon on trace elements and trace organic compounds. Low concentrations of pesticides or pesticide degradation products were detected in bottom sediment (DDD and DDE, each less than 3.5 µg/kg) and water (9 pesticides, each less than 0.06 µ/L), primarily in the northern reach of the Barron River Canal where agriculture is a likely source. Although a few contaminants approached criteria that would indicate adverse effects on aquatic life, none exceeded the criteria, but the potential synergistic effects of mixtures of contaminants found at most sites are not included in the criteria.
","language":"English","publisher":"Florida Academy of Sciences","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.L., and McPherson, B.F., 2001, Occurrence and distribution of contaminants in bottom sediment and water of the Barron River Canal, Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida: Florida Scientist, v. 64, no. 1, p. 1-19.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338511,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338510,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24321027"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Barron River Canal, Big Cypress National Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.41006469726562,\n 25.61304787081554\n ],\n [\n -80.7440185546875,\n 25.61304787081554\n ],\n [\n -80.7440185546875,\n 26.28602752888521\n ],\n [\n -81.41006469726562,\n 26.28602752888521\n ],\n [\n -81.41006469726562,\n 25.61304787081554\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc802e4b02ff32c6856d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Ronald L.","contributorId":103245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McPherson, Benjamin F.","contributorId":17965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31223,"text":"ofr0159 - 2001 - Geochemical baseline studies and relations between water quality and streamflow in the Upper Blackfoot watershed, Montana: Data for July 1997-December 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T19:40:15.165949","indexId":"ofr0159","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-59","title":"Geochemical baseline studies and relations between water quality and streamflow in the Upper Blackfoot watershed, Montana: Data for July 1997-December 1998","docAbstract":"We used ultraclean sampling techniques to study the solute (operationally defined as\r\n<0.2 ?m) surface water geochemistry at five sites along the Upper Blackfoot River and\r\nfour sites along the Landers Fork, some in more detail and more regularly than others. We\r\ncollected samples also from Hogum Creek, a tributary to the Blackfoot, from Copper\r\nCreek, a tributary to the Landers Fork, and from ground water seeps contributing to the\r\nflow along the Landers Fork. To better define the physical dynamics of the hydrologic\r\nsystem and to determine geochemical loads, we measured streamflow at all the sites where\r\nwe took samples for water quality analysis. The Upper Blackfoot River, which drains\r\nhistoric mines ca. 20 Km upstream of the study area, had higher trace metal concentrations\r\nthan did the Landers Fork, which drains the pristine Scapegoat Wilderness area. In both\r\nrivers, many of the major elements were inversely related to streamflow, and at some sites,\r\nseveral show a hysteresis effect in which the concentrations were lower on the rising limb\r\nof the hydrograph than on the falling limb. However, many of the trace elements followed\r\nfar more irregular trends, especially in the Blackfoot River. Elements such as As, Cu, Fe,\r\nMn, S, and Zn exhibited complex and variable temporal patterns, which included almost no\r\nresponse to streamflow differences, increased concentrations following a summer storm\r\nand at the start of snowmelt in the spring, and/or increased concentrations throughout the\r\ncourse of spring runoff. In summary, complex interactions between the timing and\r\nmagnitude of streamflow with physical and chemical processes within the watershed\r\nappeared to greatly influence the geochemistry at the sites, and streamflow values alone\r\nwere not good predictors of solute concentrations in the rivers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0159","usgsCitation":"Nagorski, S.A., Moore, J.N., and Smith, D., 2001, Geochemical baseline studies and relations between water quality and streamflow in the Upper Blackfoot watershed, Montana: Data for July 1997-December 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-59, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0159.","productDescription":"99 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406783,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37217.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2794,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0059/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161031,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Upper Blackfoot watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.61,\n 46.949\n ],\n [\n -112.498,\n 46.949\n ],\n [\n -112.498,\n 47.017\n ],\n [\n -112.61,\n 47.017\n ],\n [\n -112.61,\n 46.949\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae61c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nagorski, Sonia A.","contributorId":32940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagorski","given":"Sonia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Johnnie N.","contributorId":102532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Johnnie","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, David B. 0000-0001-8396-9105 dsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-9105","contributorId":1274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David B.","email":"dsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":205367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30946,"text":"wri014213 - 2001 - Trace-metal concentrations in sediment and water and health of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of streams near Park City, Summit County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T15:59:33","indexId":"wri014213","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4213","title":"Trace-metal concentrations in sediment and water and health of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of streams near Park City, Summit County, Utah","docAbstract":"The spatial distribution of metals in streambed sediment and surface water of Silver Creek, McLeod Creek, Kimball Creek, Spring Creek, and part of the Weber River, near Park City, Utah, was examined. From the mid-1800s through the 1970s, this region was extensively mined for silver and lead ores. Although some remediation has occurred, residual deposits of tailing wastes remain in place along large sections of Silver Creek. These tailings are the most likely source of metals to this system. Bed sediment samples were collected in 1998, 1999, and 2000 and analyzed using two extraction techniques: a total extraction that completely dissolves all forms of metals in minerals and trace elements associated with the sediment; and a weak-acid extraction that extracts the metals and trace elements that are only weakly adsorbed onto the sediment surface. This latter method is used to determine the more biologically relevant fraction of metal complexed onto the sediment. Water samples were collected in March and August 2000 and were analyzed for total and dissolved trace metals.
Concentrations of silver, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc in the streambed sediment of Silver Creek greatly exceeded background concentrations. These metals also exceeded established aquatic life criteria at most sites. In the Weber River, downstream of the confluence with Silver Creek, concentrations of cadmium, lead, zinc, and total mercury in streambed sediment also exceeded aquatic life guidelines, however, concentrations of metals in streambed sediment of McLeod and Kimball Creeks were lower than Silver Creek. Water-column concentrations of zinc, total mercury, and methylmercury in Silver Creek were high relative to unimpacted sites, and exceeded water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms. Qualitative measurements of the macroinvertebrate community in Silver Creek were compared to the spatial distribution of metals in streambed sediment. The data indicate that impairment related to metal concentration exists in Silver Creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/wri014213","usgsCitation":"Giddings, E., Hornberger, M.I., and Hadley, H.K., 2001, Trace-metal concentrations in sediment and water and health of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of streams near Park City, Summit County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4213, vi, 22 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014213.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p. ","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161149,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2915,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014213/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":334637,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014213/pdf/wri014213.pdf","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Summit County","city":"Park City","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.61697387695312,\n 40.558678010242645\n ],\n [\n -111.61697387695312,\n 40.944639085793064\n ],\n [\n -111.34780883789062,\n 40.944639085793064\n ],\n [\n -111.34780883789062,\n 40.558678010242645\n ],\n [\n -111.61697387695312,\n 40.558678010242645\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6271cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giddings, Elis","contributorId":102929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giddings","given":"Elis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornberger, Michelle I. 0000-0002-7787-3446 mhornber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-3446","contributorId":1037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"Michelle","email":"mhornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hadley, Heidi K.","contributorId":101654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hadley","given":"Heidi","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30923,"text":"wri014085 - 2001 - Sediment deposition and trends and transport of phosphorus and other chemical constituents, Cheney Reservoir watershed, south-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:04","indexId":"wri014085","displayToPublicDate":"2001-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4085","title":"Sediment deposition and trends and transport of phosphorus and other chemical constituents, Cheney Reservoir watershed, south-central Kansas","docAbstract":"Sediment deposition, water-quality trends, and mass transport of phosphorus, nitrogen, selected trace elements, and selected pesticides within the Cheney Reservoir watershed in south-central Kansas were investigated using bathymetric survey data and reservoir bottom-sediment cores. Sediment loads in the reservoir were investigated by comparing 1964 topographic data to 1998 bathymetric survey data. Approximately 7,100 acre-feet of sediment deposition occurred in Cheney Reservoir from 1965 through 1998. As of 1998, sediment had filled 27 percent of the reservoir's inactive conservation storage pool, which is less than the design estimate of 34 percent. Mean annual sediment deposition was 209 acre-feet per year, or 0.22 acre-feet per year per square mile, and the mean annual sediment load was 453 million pounds per year. During the 3-year period from 1997 through 1999, 23 sediment cores were collected from the reservoir, and subsamples were analyzed for nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen species), selected trace elements, and selected organic pesticides. Mean concentrations of total phosphorus in reservoir bottom sediment ranged from 94 milligrams per kilogram at the upstream end of the reservoir to 710 milligrams per kilogram farther downstream near the reservoir dam. The mean concentration for all sites was 480 milligrams per kilogram. Total phosphorus concentrations were greatest when more silt- and clay-sized particles were present. The implications are that if anoxic conditions (inadequate oxygen) occur near the dam, phosphorus could be released from the sediment and affect the drinking-water supply. Analysis of selected cores also indicates that total phosphorus concentrations in the reservoir sediment increased over time and were probably the result of nonpoint-source activities in the watershed, such as increased fertilizer use and livestock production. Mean annual phosphorus loading to Cheney Reservoir was estimated to be 226,000 pounds per year on the basis of calculations from deposited sediment in the reservoir. Mean total phosphorus concentration in the surface-water inflow to Cheney Reservoir was 0.76 milligram per liter, mean annual phosphorus yield of the watershed was estimated to be 0.38 pound per year per acre, and both are based on sediment deposition in the reservoir. A comparison of the Cheney Reservoir watershed to the Webster Reservoir, Tuttle Creek Lake, and Hillsdale Lake watersheds showed that phosphorus yields were smallest in the Webster Reservoir watershed where precipitation was less than in the other watersheds. Mean concentrations of total ammonia plus organic nitrogen in bottom sediment from Cheney Reservoir ranged from 1,200 to 2,400 milligrams per kilogram as nitrogen. A regression analysis between total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen and sediment particle size showed a strong relation between the two variables and suggests, as with phosphorus, that total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen adsorbs to the silt- and clay-sized particles that are transported to the deeper parts of the reservoir. An analysis of trends with depth of total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen did not indicate a strong relation between the two variables despite the increase in fertilizer use in the watershed during the past 40 years. Selected cores were analyzed for trace elements. Concentrations of arsenic, chromium, copper, and nickel at many sites exceeded levels where adverse effects on aquatic organisms sometimes occur. Larger concentrations of these elements also occurred in sediment closer to the reservoir dam where there is a larger percentage of silt and clay in the bottom sediment than farther upstream. However, the lack of industrial or commercial land use in the watershed suggests that these concentrations may be the result of natural conditions. Organochlorine insecticides were detected in the reservoir-bottom sediment in Cheney Reservoir. DDT and its degradation products DDD and DD","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014085","usgsCitation":"Mau, D., 2001, Sediment deposition and trends and transport of phosphorus and other chemical constituents, Cheney Reservoir watershed, south-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4085, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014085.","productDescription":"40 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2885,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014085","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95878,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4085/report.pdf","size":"12049","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4085/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc09d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mau, D.P.","contributorId":40638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mau","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30850,"text":"wri994237 - 2001 - Copper avoidance and mortality of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) in tests with copper-sulfate-treated water from West Branch Reservoir, Putnam County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T15:55:21","indexId":"wri994237","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4237","title":"Copper avoidance and mortality of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) in tests with copper-sulfate-treated water from West Branch Reservoir, Putnam County, New York","docAbstract":"Copper-avoidance tests and acute-toxicity (mortality) tests on hatchery-reared, young-of- the-year brown trout (salmo trutta) were conducted with water from West Branch Reservoir to assess the avoidance response to copper sulfate treatment, which is used occasionally by New York City Department of Environmental Protection to decrease phytoplankton populations in the reservoir. Avoidance-test results indicate that juvenile brown trout tend to avoid dissolved copper concentrations greater than about 55 μg/L (micrograms per liter), which is the approximate avoidance-response threshold. The mean net avoidance response of brown trout to dissolved copper concentrations of 70 and 100 μg/L, and possibly 80 μg/L, was significantly different (at α= 0.1) from the mean net avoidance response of fish to control (untreated) water and to treated water at most other tested concentrations. Mortality-test results indicate that the 96-hr median lethal concentration (LC50) of dissolved copper was 61.5 μg/L. All (100 percent) of the brown trout died at a dissolved copper concentration of 85 μg/L, many died at concentrations of 62 μg/L and 70 μg/L, and none died in the control waters (7 μg/L) or at concentrations of 10, 20, or 45 μg/L. The estimated concentration of dissolved copper that caused fish mortality (threshold) was 53.5 μg/L, virtually equivalent to the avoidance-response threshold.
Additional factors that could affect the copper-avoidance and mortality response of individual brown trout and their populations in West Branch Reservoir include seasonal variations in certain water-quality parameters, copper-treatment regimes, natural fish distributions during treatment, and increased tolerance due to acclimation. These warrant additional study before the findings from this study can be used to predict the effects that copper sulfate treatments have on resident fish populations in New York City reservoirs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994237","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York City Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Baldigo, B., and Baudanza, T., 2001, Copper avoidance and mortality of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) in tests with copper-sulfate-treated water from West Branch Reservoir, Putnam County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4237, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994237.","productDescription":"25 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4237/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2731,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4237/wri19994237.pdf","text":"Report","size":"590 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1999-4237"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Putnam County","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Stormwater and streamflow in Maricopa County were monitored to (1) describe the physical, chemical, and toxicity characteristics of stormwater from areas having different land uses, (2) describe the physical, chemical, and toxicity characteristics of streamflow from areas that receive urban stormwater, and (3) estimate constituent loads in stormwater. Urban stormwater and streamflow had similar ranges in most constituent concentrations. The mean concentration of dissolved solids in urban stormwater was lower than in streamflow from the Salt River and Indian Bend Wash. Urban stormwater, however, had a greater chemical oxygen demand and higher concentrations of most nutrients.
\nMean seasonal loads and mean annual loads of 11 constituents and volumes of runoff were estimated for municipalities in the metropolitan Phoenix area, Arizona, by adjusting regional regression equations of loads. This adjustment procedure uses the original regional regression equation and additional explanatory variables that were not included in the original equation. The adjusted equations had standard errors that ranged from 161 to 196 percent. The large standard errors of the prediction result from the large variability of the constituent concentration data used in the regression analysis.
\n
\n
Adjustment procedures produced unsatisfactory results for nine of the regressions?suspended solids, dissolved solids, total phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus, total recoverable cadmium, total recoverable copper, total recoverable lead, total recoverable zinc, and storm runoff. These equations had no consistent direction of bias and no other additional explanatory variables correlated with the observed loads. A stepwise-multiple regression or a three-variable regression (total storm rainfall, drainage area, and impervious area) and local data were used to develop local regression equations for these nine constituents. These equations had standard errors from 15 to 183 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/wri014088","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Flood Control District of Maricopa County","usgsCitation":"Fossum, K.D., O’Day, C.M., Wilson, B.J., and Monical, J.E., 2001, Statistical summary of selected physical, chemical, and toxicity characteristics and estimates of annual constituent loads in urban stormwater, Maricopa County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4088, v, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014088.","productDescription":"v, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288405,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4088/report.pdf"},{"id":288406,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Maricopa County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.5,33.25 ], [ -112.5,33.75 ], [ -111.75,33.75 ], [ -111.75,33.25 ], [ -112.5,33.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa313","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fossum, Kenneth D.","contributorId":34121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fossum","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Day, Christie M.","contributorId":34556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Day","given":"Christie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, Barbara J.","contributorId":41475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monical, Jim E.","contributorId":84805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monical","given":"Jim","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}