The U.S. Geological Survey collected hydrologic (rainfall, streamflow, and reservoir content) and water-quality data in the Seco Creek watershed, south-central Texas. Most of the data from 15 sites were collected as part of a study in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board to evaluate the effects of agricultural best-management practices on surface- and ground-water quantity and quality in the 255-square-mile watershed. Nearly 400 best-management practices at 58 sites were implemented by landowners in the watershed during March 1990-September 1995.
Most of the data are from the early 1990s, the period during and after implementation of best-management practices. Data from five sites include water quality and are summarized in tables and graphics in the text; and data from all 15 sites are summarized on a diskette.
Maximum annual rainfall among the sites for which data are presented in the text (excluding one site) for the during-and-after-implementation period (March 1990-September 1995) was 53.27 inches in water year 1992. Maximum annual total streamflow among the sites for the period was 63,400 acre-feet, also in water year 1992. At the one site with water-quality data (under base-flow conditions) for both the before-implementation period and the during-and-after implementation period of best-management practices, percentiles (5, 25, 50, 75, 95) for specific conductance, nitrate concentration, and fecal coliform density were less for the during-and-after-implementation period than for the before-implementation period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/ofr98627","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board","usgsCitation":"Brown, D., Slattery, R.N., and Gilhousen, J.R., 1998, Summary statistics and graphical comparisons of historical hydrologic and water-quality data, Seco Creek Watershed, South-Central Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-627, iv, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98627.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p.","temporalStart":"1990-03-01","temporalEnd":"1995-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8917,"rank":99,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr98-627/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":327684,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98627.JPG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Seco Creek Watershed","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697951","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, David W.","contributorId":89922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"David W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slattery, Richard N. 0000-0002-9141-9776 rnslatte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9141-9776","contributorId":2471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slattery","given":"Richard","email":"rnslatte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilhousen, Jon R.","contributorId":31016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilhousen","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21703,"text":"ofr98510 - 1998 - Crosswell seismic tomography at the USGS fractured rock research site data collection, data processing, and tomograms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T14:43:00","indexId":"ofr98510","displayToPublicDate":"1999-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-510","title":"Crosswell seismic tomography at the USGS fractured rock research site data collection, data processing, and tomograms","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98510","issn":"0566-8174","isbn":"0607909293","usgsCitation":"Ellefson, K., Kibler, J.E., Hsieh, P.A., and Shapiro, A., 1998, Crosswell seismic tomography at the USGS fractured rock research site data collection, data processing, and tomograms: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-510, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98510.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680908","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellefson, K.J.","contributorId":82727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefson","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kibler, J. E.","contributorId":49358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kibler","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hsieh, P. A.","contributorId":40596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shapiro, A.M. 0000-0002-6425-9607","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":88384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":185326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23522,"text":"ofr98559 - 1998 - Evaluation of chemical data from selected sites in the Surface-Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:06","indexId":"ofr98559","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-559","title":"Evaluation of chemical data from selected sites in the Surface-Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) in Florida","docAbstract":"A cooperative study between the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) and the U.S. Geological Survey was conducted to assess the integrity of selected water-quality data collected at 150 sites in the FDEP Surface-Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) in Florida. The assessment included determining the consistency of the water-quality data collected statewide, including commonality of monitoring procedures and analytes, screening of the gross validity of a chemical analysis, and quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures. Four tests were used to screen data at selected SWAMP sites to estimate the gross validity of selected chemical data: (1) the ratio of dissolved solids (in milligrams per liter) to specific conductance (in microsiemens per centimeter); (2) the ratio of total cations (in milliequivalents per liter) multiplied by 100 to specific conductance (in microsiemens per centimeter); (3) the ratio of total anions (in milliequivalents per liter) multiplied by 100 to specific conductance (in microsiemens per centimeter); and (4) the ionic charge-balance error. Although the results of the four screening tests indicate that the chemical data generally are quite reliable, the extremely small number of samples (less than 5 percent of the total number of samples) with sufficient chemical information to run the tests may not provide a representative indication of the analytical accuracy of all laboratories in the program. In addition to the four screening tests, unusually low or high values were flagged for field and laboratory pH (less than 4.0 and greater than 9.0) and specific conductance (less than 10 and greater than 10,000 microsiemens per centimeter). The numbers of flagged data were less than 1 percent of the 19,937 water samples with pH values and less than 0.6 percent of the 16,553 water samples with specific conductance values. \rThirty-four agencies responded to a detailed questionnaire that was sent to more than 60 agencies involved in the collection and analysis of surface-water-quality data for SWAMP. The purpose of the survey was to evaluate quality assurance methods and consistency of methods statewide. Information was compiled and summarized on monitoring network design, data review and upload procedures, laboratory and field sampling methods, and data practices. Currently, most agencies that responded to the survey follow FDEP-approved QA/QC protocol for sampling and have quality assurance practices for recording and reporting data. Also, most agencies responded that calibration procedures were followed in the laboratory for analysis of data, but no responses were given about the specific procedures. Approximately 50 percent of the respondents indicated that laboratory analysis methods have changed over time. With so many laboratories involved in analyzing samples for SWAMP, it is difficult to compare water quality from one site to another due to different reporting conventions for chemical constituents and different analytical methods over time. Most agencies responded that calibration methods are followed in the field, but no specific details were provided. Grab samples are the most common method of collection. \rOther data screening procedures are necessary to further evaluate the validity of chemical data collected at SWAMP sites. High variability in the concentration of targeted constituents may signal analytical problems, but more likely changes in concentration are related to hydrologic conditions. This underscores the need for accurate measurements of discharge, lake stage, tidal stage at the time of sampling so that changes in constituent concentrations can be properly evaluated and fluxes (loads) of nutrients or metals, for example, can be calculated and compared over time. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr98559","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Katz, B., and Collins, J., 1998, Evaluation of chemical data from selected sites in the Surface-Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) in Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-559, iv, 51 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98559.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1586,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr98-559","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62570e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collins, J.J.","contributorId":67844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24058,"text":"ofr98265 - 1998 - Hydrologic data for the Presumpscot River Basin, Cumberland and Oxford Counties, Maine, 1995 to 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:19","indexId":"ofr98265","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-265","title":"Hydrologic data for the Presumpscot River Basin, Cumberland and Oxford Counties, Maine, 1995 to 1996","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98265","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Nichols, W.J., and Silverman, P., 1998, Hydrologic data for the Presumpscot River Basin, Cumberland and Oxford Counties, Maine, 1995 to 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-265, iv, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98265.","productDescription":"iv, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0265/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53232,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0265/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ce4b07f02db6082b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, Wallace J.","contributorId":81106,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nichols","given":"Wallace","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Silverman, P.N.","contributorId":83160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silverman","given":"P.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32193,"text":"ofr98777 - 1998 - 3-Dimensional visualization of the Medicine Lake Highland, CA: Topography, geology, geophysics, and hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-30T19:29:33.944692","indexId":"ofr98777","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-777","title":"3-Dimensional visualization of the Medicine Lake Highland, CA: Topography, geology, geophysics, and hydrology","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98777","usgsCitation":"Lowenstern, J.B., Killgore, M., Mariner, R., Blakely, R., Smith, J., and Donnelly-Nolan, J., 1998, 3-Dimensional visualization of the Medicine Lake Highland, CA: Topography, geology, geophysics, and hydrology: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-777, 165 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98777.","productDescription":"165 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":392253,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_67634.htm"},{"id":3149,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-777/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Medicine Lake Highland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd492ce4b0b290850eef06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowenstern, J. B.","contributorId":7737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Killgore, Michele","contributorId":86802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Killgore","given":"Michele","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mariner, Robert","contributorId":107340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariner","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, James G.","contributorId":44534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":207927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, J.M.","contributorId":104936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":22871,"text":"ofr98790 - 1998 - Mineralogical characteristics and acid-neutralizing potential of drill core samples from eight sites considered for metal-mine related waste repositories in northern Jefferson, Powell, and Lewis and Clark Counties, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-06T18:54:33.324042","indexId":"ofr98790","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-790","title":"Mineralogical characteristics and acid-neutralizing potential of drill core samples from eight sites considered for metal-mine related waste repositories in northern Jefferson, Powell, and Lewis and Clark Counties, Montana","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98790","usgsCitation":"Desborough, G.A., and Driscoll, R., 1998, Mineralogical characteristics and acid-neutralizing potential of drill core samples from eight sites considered for metal-mine related waste repositories in northern Jefferson, Powell, and Lewis and Clark Counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-790, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98790.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406254,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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A.","contributorId":34527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driscoll, Rhonda","contributorId":96716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Rhonda","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68048,"text":"ha730F - 1998 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 5, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":68048,"text":"ha730F - 1998 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 5, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi","indexId":"ha730F","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 5, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-30T15:59:29","indexId":"ha730F","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","chapter":"F","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 5, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi","docAbstract":"The States of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, which are located adjacent to each other and north of the Gulf of Mexico, compose Segment 5 of this Atlas. The three-State area encompasses an area of nearly 149,000 square miles. These States are drained by numerous rivers and streams, such as the Atchafalaya, the Teche, the Vermilion, the Calcasieu, the Mermentau, the Sabine, the Tombigbee, the Pascagoula, the Wolf, and the Pearl Rivers, that drain directly to the Gulf of Mexico. The Yazoo, the Big Black, the Arkansas, the St. Francis, the Red, and the White Rivers are tributaries of the Mississippi River, which is the largest of the rivers that drain the three States. Although surface water is the largest source of freshwater to public supply, domestic and commercial, industrial, mining, thermoelectric power and agricultural users, ground water also is important and accounts for 38 percent of total water use in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi.
Precipitation is the ultimate source of water that recharges the ma-jor aquifers in Segment 5. Average annual rainfall (1951-80) amounts range from about 40 to about 68 inches (fig. 1). Temporal (seasonal) and spatial variations in precipitation are evident in the three-State area.
Average annual rainfall is greatest (60 inches per year or more) in southern Louisiana and southern Mississippi and diminishes in Arkansas and in northwestern Louisiana. Precipitation is greatest during January and May in Arkansas. May to September represent the wettest months in southeastern Louisiana and southern Mississippi. March and April are the wettest months in northern Mississippi. Average annual (1951-80) runoff ranges from less than 12 inches in western Louisiana and northwestern Arkansas to more than 20 inches in southern and northern Mississippi and in central and western Arkansas (fig. 2). Comparison of precipitation and runoff maps shows that less than one-half of the annual precipitation leaves the area as stream runoff. Much of the water that does not exit Segment 5 as runoff is returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration, which is the combination of transpiration by vegetation and evaporation from marshes, swamps, lakes and streams. A small amount of water recharges aquifers that are either exposed or buried to shallow depths, and an even smaller amount percolates downward and enters the deep flow system.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66ddaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Renken, Robert A. rarenken@usgs.gov","contributorId":269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renken","given":"Robert","email":"rarenken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":277563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24442,"text":"ofr98549 - 1998 - Hydrologic and water-quality data from Mountain Island Lake, North Carolina, 1994-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T11:46:25","indexId":"ofr98549","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-549","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data from Mountain Island Lake, North Carolina, 1994-97","docAbstract":"Continuous-record water-level gages were established at three sites on Mountain Island Lake and one site downstream from Mountain Island Dam. The water level of Mountain Island Lake is controlled by Duke Power Company releases at Cowans Ford Dam (upstream) and Mountain Island Dam (downstream). Water levels on Mountain Island Lake measured just downstream from Cowans Ford Dam fluctuated 11.15 feet during the study. Water levels just upstream from the Mountain Island Lake forebay fluctuated 6.72 feet during the study. About 3 miles downstream from Mountain Island Dam, water levels fluctuated 5.31 feet.\r\n\r\nSampling locations included 14 sites in Mountain Island Lake, plus one downstream river site. At three sites, automated instruments recorded water temperature, dissolved-oxygen concentration, and specific conductance at 15-minute intervals throughout the study. Water temperatures recorded continuously during the study ranged from 4.2 to 35.2 degrees Celsius, and dissolved-oxygen concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 11.8 milligrams per liter. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations generally were inversely related to water temperature, with lowest dissolved-oxygen concentrations typically recorded in the summer. Specific conductance values recorded continuously during the study ranged from 33 to 89 microsiemens per centimeter; however, mean monthly values were fairly consistent throughout the study at all sites (50 to 61 microsiemens per centimeter). In addition, vertical profiles of water temperature, dissolved-oxygen concentration, specific conductance, and pH were measured at all sampling locations during 24 site visits.\r\n\r\nWater-quality constituent concentrations were determined for seven reservoir sites and the downstream river site during 17 sampling trips. Water-quality samples were routinely analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform bacteria, hardness, alkalinity, total and volatile suspended solids, nutrients, total organic carbon, chlorophyll, iron, calcium, and magnesium; the samples were analyzed less frequently for trace metals, volatile organic compounds, semivolatile organic compounds, and pesticides. Maximum dissolved nitrite plus nitrate concentrations determined during the study were 0.348 milligram per liter in the mainstem sites and 2.77 milligrams per liter in the coves. Maximum total phosphorus concentrations were 0.143 milligram per liter in the mainstem sites and 0.600 milligram per liter in the coves. Fecal coliform and chlorophyll a concentrations were less than or equal to 160 colonies per 100 milliliters and 13 micrograms per liter, respectively, in all samples. Trace metals detected in at least one sample included arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and antimony. Concentrations of all trace metals (except zinc) were 5.0 micrograms per liter or less; the maximum zinc concentration was 80 micrograms per liter.\r\n\r\nOne set of bottom material samples was collected from Gar Creek and McDowell Creek for chemical analysis and analyzed for nutrients, trace metals, organochlorine pesticides, and semivolatile organic compounds. The only organochlorine pesticide identified in either sample was p,p'-DDE at an estimated concentration of 0.8 microgram per kilogram. Twenty semivolatile organic compounds, mainly polyaromatic hydrocarbons and plasticizers, were identified.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr98549","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Sarver, K., and Steiner, B., 1998, Hydrologic and water-quality data from Mountain Island Lake, North Carolina, 1994-97: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-549, v, 165 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98549.","productDescription":"v, 165 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0549/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53519,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0549/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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K.M.","contributorId":104097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarver","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steiner, B.C.","contributorId":8508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steiner","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29526,"text":"wri984055 - 1998 - Techniques for estimating peak-flow magnitude and frequency relations for South Dakota streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri984055","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4055","title":"Techniques for estimating peak-flow magnitude and frequency relations for South Dakota streams","docAbstract":"A generalized skew coefficient analysis was completed for South Dakota to test the validity of using the generalized skew coefficient map in Bulletin 17B of the 1982 United States Water Resources Council, ?Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency.? Results of the analysis indicate that the Bulletin 17B generalized skew coefficient map generally provides adequate generalized skew coefficients for estimating peakflow magnitudes and frequencies for South Dakota gaging stations. Peak-flow records through 1994 for 197 continuous- and partial-record streamflow-gaging stations that had 10 or more years of unregulated systematic record were used in a generalized leastsquares regression analysis that relates peak flows for selected recurrence intervals to selected basin characteristics. Peak-flow equations were developed for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 years for seven hydrologic subregions in South Dakota. The peak-flow equations are applicable to natural-flow streams that have drainage areas less than or equal to 1,000 square miles. The standard error of estimate for the seven hydrologic subregions ranges from 22 to 110 percent for the 100-year peak-flow equations. Weighted peak flows for various frequencies based on gaging-station data and the regional regression equations are provided for each gaging station. Examples are given for (1) determining peak-flow magnitudes and frequencies for ungaged sites on ungaged streams; (2) determining weighted peak-flow magnitudes and frequencies for gaging stations; and (3) using the drainage-area ratio method for determining peakflow magnitudes and frequencies for ungaged sites near a gaging station on the same stream and ungaged sites between two gaging stations on the same stream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984055","usgsCitation":"Sando, S.K., 1998, Techniques for estimating peak-flow magnitude and frequency relations for South Dakota streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4055, iv, 48 p. :ill. 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Data from earlier years also are presented. Data collected from wells include well-completion data, water-level measurements, and physical properties of the water. Data collected from springs and surface-water sites include discharge and physical properties of the water. Selected water samples collected from ground- and surface-water sites were analyzed for isotopes, chlorofluorocarbons, and dissolved gases.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City. UT","doi":"10.3133/ofr98389","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; and the Washington County Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Wilkowske, C.D., Heilweil, V.M., and Wilberg, D.E., 1998, Selected hydrologic data for the central Virgin River basin area, Washington and Iron Counties, Utah, 1915-97: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-389, iv, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98389.","productDescription":"iv, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"57","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407002,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17807.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":53846,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0389/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0389/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Iron County, Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Virgin River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.938,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -113.075,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -113.075,\n 37.593\n ],\n [\n -113.938,\n 37.593\n ],\n [\n -113.938,\n 37\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f897b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilkowske, Christopher D. wilkowsk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkowske","given":"Christopher","email":"wilkowsk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heilweil, Victor M. heilweil@usgs.gov","contributorId":837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heilweil","given":"Victor","email":"heilweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilberg, Dale E.","contributorId":101275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilberg","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24466,"text":"ofr9864 - 1998 - Supporting data for hydrologic studies in San Francisco Bay, California; meteorological measurements at the Port of Redwood City during 1995-1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T11:49:49","indexId":"ofr9864","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-64","title":"Supporting data for hydrologic studies in San Francisco Bay, California; meteorological measurements at the Port of Redwood City during 1995-1997","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9864","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Schemel, L., 1998, Supporting data for hydrologic studies in San Francisco Bay, California; meteorological measurements at the Port of Redwood City during 1995-1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-64, iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. +1 disk (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9864.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. +1 disk (3 1/2 in.)","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0064/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53534,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0064/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697bcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schemel, L. E.","contributorId":89529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"L. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25046,"text":"pp1424B - 1998 - Hydrogeologic framework of the Willamette Lowland aquifer system, Oregon and Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T13:24:39","indexId":"pp1424B","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1424","chapter":"B","title":"Hydrogeologic framework of the Willamette Lowland aquifer system, Oregon and Washington","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the hydraulic characteristics of the materials that make up the Willamette Lowland aquifer system, ground-water movement in the aquifer system, estimates of ground-water recharge, ground-water quality characteristics, construction and use of cross-sectional numerical ground-water flow models, hydrologic controls on ground-water movement, water budgets and flow paths, and a description and application of a conceptual model.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1424B","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D.G., Gannett, M.W., and Vaccaro, J.J., 1998, Hydrogeologic framework of the Willamette Lowland aquifer system, Oregon and Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1424, p. B1-B82; 1 plate in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1424B.","productDescription":"p. B1-B82; 1 plate in pocket","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":108686,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16406.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"16406"},{"id":118999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1424b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54056,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1424b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54057,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1424b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6279d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, D. G.","contributorId":106458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gannett, Marshall W. 0000-0003-2498-2427 mgannett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2498-2427","contributorId":2942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannett","given":"Marshall","email":"mgannett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vaccaro, J. J.","contributorId":48173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaccaro","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29252,"text":"wri984178 - 1998 - Peak-discharge frequency and potential extreme peak discharge for natural streams in the Brazos River basin, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-22T22:59:29","indexId":"wri984178","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4178","title":"Peak-discharge frequency and potential extreme peak discharge for natural streams in the Brazos River basin, Texas","docAbstract":"The 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year peak discharges were estimated for 186 streamflow-gaging stations with at least 8 years of data for natural streams in and near the Brazos River Basin, Texas. Multiple regression equations were developed to estimate peak-discharge frequency for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence intervals for each of three hydrologic regions that compose the Brazos River Basin. The equations for each region are a function of significant basin characteristics (explanatory variables). The significant explanatory variables among six that were tested are the contributing drainage area and stream slope for regions 1 and 2 and the contributing drainage area for region 3. For the three sets of equations, the coefficient of determination ranges from 0.59 to 0.93, and the standard error ranges from 0.184 to 0.391 log units. A larger coefficient of determination and a lower standard error generally are associated with the equations for hydrologic regions 2 and 3. Statistics from the regression analysis allow computation of the prediction interval associated with a given significance level for a peak-discharge frequency estimate. The regression equations can be used to estimate peak discharges for sites at, near, or away from sites with streamflow-gaging stations.
\nThe potential extreme peak-discharge curves as related to contributing drainage area were estimated for each of the three hydrologic regions from measured extreme peaks of record at 186 sites with streamflow-gaging stations and from measured extreme peaks at 37 sites without streamflow-gaging stations in and near the Brazos River Basin. The potential extreme peak-discharge curves generally are similar for hydrologic regions 1 and 2, and the curve for region 3 consistently is below the curves for regions 1 and 2, which indicates smaller peak discharges.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri984178","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Brazos River Authority","usgsCitation":"Raines, T.H., 1998, Peak-discharge frequency and potential extreme peak discharge for natural streams in the Brazos River basin, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4178, Document: iv, 42 p.; Plate: 23 x 24 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984178.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 42 p.; Plate: 23 x 24 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326687,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri984178.JPG"},{"id":2247,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri98-4178/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Brazos River Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6884e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, Timothy H. thraines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Timothy","email":"thraines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":201225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44899,"text":"wri984196 - 1998 - Recharge-area delineation and hydrology, McCraken Springs, Fort Knox Military Reservation, Meade County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-22T18:36:13.654704","indexId":"wri984196","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4196","title":"Recharge-area delineation and hydrology, McCraken Springs, Fort Knox Military Reservation, Meade County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"McCraken Springs, consisting of three perennial springs - Main, Bat Cave, and Rocky Springs—and several intermittent springs, are used as a source of public water by the Fort Knox Military Reservation in Meade County, Ky. The water supply provided by McCraken Springs is potentially vulnerable to natural and induced stresses on the karst aquifer and to degradation by contaminants introduced by stormwater entering sinkholes and a large sinking stream in the Springs' recharge area.
The U.S. Department of the Army is preparing a spring-basin protection plan for McCraken Springs, in accordance with State water-supply regulations and as specified under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Guidelines for the Wellhead Protection Program (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). In order to provide the information needed to prepare the plan, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, conducted a hydrogeologic study of the McCraken Springs in 1997-98. This report presents the results of that investigation. Ground-water-tracer tests and the results of potentiometric-surface mapping were used to identify ground-water basins drained by major perennial springs and to delineate the approximate boundaries of the recharge area for McCraken Springs. Additional hydrologic data were collected to determine the discharge and recharge characteristics of the Springs.
Karst aquifers and springs are widely recognized as being more sensitive to degradation to point- and nonpoint-source contamination than most granular and fractured-rock aquifers (Field, 1990). Delineation of the geographic area contributing recharge to a water-supply spring is a principal step in identifying potential sources of ground-water contamination and developing a strategy to ensure the availability and protect the sustainability of the water supply. Conventional methods of aquifer testing and numerical modeling are not sufficient to determine the flow boundaries of ground-water basins in conduit-dominated karst aquifers. Previous studies published by Quinlan and Ewers (1989); Mull and others (1990); Bayless and others (1994); and Schindel and others (1995) demonstrate the utility of ground-water tracer tests, used in combination with potentiometric-surface mapping, to identify flow directions in karst aquifers, and to delineate karst ground-water-basin boundaries.
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/wri984196","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Taylor, C.J., and McCombs, G.K., 1998, Recharge-area delineation and hydrology, McCraken Springs, Fort Knox Military Reservation, Meade County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4196, Report: 12 p.; 1 Plate: 34.48 x 41.09 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984196.","productDescription":"Report: 12 p.; 1 Plate: 34.48 x 41.09 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":427879,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4196/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":427878,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4196/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161595,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4196/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Meade County","otherGeospatial":"Fort Knox Military Reservation, McCraken Springs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.166667,\n 37.944445\n ],\n [\n -86.166667,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 37.944445\n ],\n [\n -86.166667,\n 37.944445\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a75e4b07f02db644a6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Charles J.","contributorId":93100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCombs, Gregory K. gmccombs@usgs.gov","contributorId":5429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCombs","given":"Gregory","email":"gmccombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23934,"text":"ofr97242 - 1998 - Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from selected boreholes and wells in and near Belvidere, Illinois, 1989-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-27T20:14:52.498186","indexId":"ofr97242","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-242","title":"Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from selected boreholes and wells in and near Belvidere, Illinois, 1989-96","docAbstract":"This report presents selected geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data collected in and near Belvidere, Ill., during 1989-96. The data were collected primarily by the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in support of an ongoing ground-water study of the glacial drift aquifer and bedrock aquifers of Ordovician and Cambrian age underlying the area. These data were collected from 8 boreholes and 52 wells within a 4 square-mile urbanized part of the 80 square-mile study area.\r\nData include stratigraphic, lithologic, and physical descriptions of rock cores from 5 boreholes; geophysical logs of 23 boreholes; surface-geophysical surveys at 3 sites; ground-water levels at 46 wells; horizontal hydraulic conductivity estimated from slug tests at 32 boreholes and wells; and ground-water-quality information at 26 boreholes and wells. Ground-water-quality information include field characteristics and laboratory analyses of inorganic constituents, tritium, volatile organic compounds, and semivolatile organic compounds. Also included are construction logs for 11 monitoring wells and descriptions of the methods used for data collection.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97242","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., Yeskis, D., and Straub, T.D., 1998, Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from selected boreholes and wells in and near Belvidere, Illinois, 1989-96: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-242, vi, 151 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97242.","productDescription":"vi, 151 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411080,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_39603.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":53142,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0242/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156576,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0242/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Belvidere","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.855,\n 42.272\n ],\n [\n -88.855,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -88.8333,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -88.8333,\n 42.272\n ],\n [\n -88.855,\n 42.272\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688007","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, P. C.","contributorId":69117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yeskis, D.J.","contributorId":105334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeskis","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Straub, T. D.","contributorId":88775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Straub","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25480,"text":"wri974205 - 1998 - Environmental setting of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T21:26:04.639761","indexId":"wri974205","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4205","title":"Environmental setting of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California","docAbstract":"The National Water-Quality Assessment Program for the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins began in 1991 to study the effects of natural and anthropogenic influences on the quality of ground water, surface water, biology, and ecology. The San Joaquin-Tulare Basins study unit, which covers approximately 31,200 square miles in central California, is made up of the San Joaquin Valley, the eastern slope of the Coast Ranges to the west, and the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the east. The sediments of the San Joaquin Valley can be divided into alluvial fans and basin deposits. The San Joaquin River receives water from tributaries draining the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, and except for streams discharging directly to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, is the only surface- water outlet from the study unit. The surface-water hydrology of the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins study unit has been significantly modified by development of water resources. Almost every major river entering the valley from the Sierra Nevada has one or more reservoirs. Almost every tributary and drainage into the San Joaquin River has been altered by a network of canals, drains, and wasteways. The Sierra Nevada is predominantly forested, and the Coast Ranges and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada are predominately rangeland. The San Joaquin Valley is dominated by agriculture, which utilized approximately 14.7 million acre-feet of water and 597 million pounds active ingredient of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in 1990, and 88 million pounds active ingredient of pesticides in 1991. In addition, the livestock industry contributed 318 million pounds active ingredient of nitrogen and phosphorus from manure in 1987. This report provides the background information to assess the influence of these and other factors on water quality and to provide the foundation for the design and interpretation of all spatial data. These characterizations provide a basis for comparing the influences of human activities among basins and specific land use settings, as well as within and among study units at the national level.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974205","usgsCitation":"Gronberg, J.A., Dubrovsky, N.M., Kratzer, C.R., Domagalski, J.L., Brown, L.R., and Burow, K.R., 1998, Environmental setting of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4205, vii, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974205.","productDescription":"vii, 45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":413788,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13081.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54206,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4205/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118944,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4205/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin-Tulare basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118,\n 34.798\n ],\n [\n -121.375,\n 34.798\n ],\n [\n -121.375,\n 38.707\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 38.707\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 34.798\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0fe4b07f02db5fec33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gronberg, JoAnn A.","contributorId":36594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gronberg","given":"JoAnn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dubrovsky, Neil M. 0000-0001-7786-1149 nmdubrov@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7786-1149","contributorId":1799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"Neil","email":"nmdubrov@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kratzer, Charles R.","contributorId":30619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":193860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Burow, Karen R. 0000-0001-6006-6667 krburow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-6667","contributorId":1504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burow","given":"Karen","email":"krburow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":26014,"text":"wri984264 - 1998 - Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other volatile organic compounds in lakes in Byram Township, Sussex County, New Jersey, summer 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-09T19:12:57.035582","indexId":"wri984264","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4264","title":"Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other volatile organic compounds in lakes in Byram Township, Sussex County, New Jersey, summer 1998","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected from four lakes in Byram Township, Sussex County, N.J., in the summer of 1998 as part of an investigation of the occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in domestic wells of lakeside communities. Cranberry Lake and Lake Lackawanna are surrounded by densely populated communities where the use of gasoline-powered watercraft is prevalent, and water is supplied by lakeside wells. Forest Lake is surrounded by a densely populated community where the use of gasoline-powered watercraft is prohibited. Stag Pond is privately owned, is situated in a sparsely populated area, and is not navigated by gasoline-powered watercraft. Samples were collected from Cranberry Lake in early summer and again in late summer 1998. Concentrations of the gasoline oxygenate methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) ranged from 1.6 to 15.0 µg/L (micrograms per liter) on June 24 and decreased with depth. The depth-related concentration gradient is attributed to density stratification caused by the temperature gradient that is present in the lake during the early summer. MTBE concentrations ranged from 7.4 to 29.0 µg/L on September 8 and were uniform with depth, as was water temperature, indicating that the lake was vertically mixed. On the basis of these concentration profiles, the mass of MTBE in Cranberry Lake was estimated to be 15 kilograms on June 24 and 27 kilograms on September 8. These mass estimates are equal to the amount of MTBE in 52 and 95 gallons, respectively, of gasoline that contains 10 percent MTBE by volume. Concentrations of another gasoline oxygenate, tert-amyl-methyl ether (TAME), ranged from 0.07 to 0.43 µg/L on June 24 and from 0.2 to 0.69 µg/L on September 8. The highest concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) were 0.18, 1.2, 0.18, and 0.97 µg/L, respectively, on June 24. All BTEX concentrations in Cranberry Lake on September 8 were less than 0.2 µg/L.
Samples were collected from Lake Lackawanna on September 9. Concentrations of MTBE and TAME ranged from 3.7 to 14.0 µg/L and from 0.17 to 0.38 µg/L, respectively. Like those in Cranberry Lake the previous day, BTEX concentrations were less than 0.2 µg/L, and VOC concentrations and water temperatures were nearly uniform with depth. The mass of MTBE in Lake Lackawanna on September 9 was estimated to be 6 kilograms, which is equal to the amount of MTBE in 21 gallons of gasoline that contains10 percent MTBE by volume. All VOC concentrations were less than 0.2 µg/L in samples collected from Forest Lake on September 8, 1998, and from Stag Pond on the following day.
Oxygenated gasoline is used in watercraft on lakes across northern New Jersey. Many of these lakes are surrounded by communities similar to those at Cranberry Lake and at Lake Lackawanna, which depend largely on wells for water supply. Therefore, a regional assessment of the occurrence of these compounds in lakes and ground water is needed to determine the effect of the use of oxygenated gasoline on water quality in lakeside environments throughout northern New Jersey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984264","usgsCitation":"Baehr, A.L., and Zapecza, O.S., 1998, Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other volatile organic compounds in lakes in Byram Township, Sussex County, New Jersey, summer 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4264, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984264.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri984264.PNG"},{"id":411568,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13209.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2019,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4264/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Sussex County","otherGeospatial":"Byram Township","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.754,\n 40.996\n ],\n [\n -74.754,\n 40.936\n ],\n [\n -74.686,\n 40.936\n ],\n [\n -74.686,\n 40.996\n ],\n [\n -74.754,\n 40.996\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a56e4b07f02db62d69a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zapecza, Otto S. ozapecza@usgs.gov","contributorId":3687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zapecza","given":"Otto","email":"ozapecza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23455,"text":"ofr98395 - 1998 - Hydrologic and hydraulic analyses of selected streams in Erie County, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-02T10:52:47","indexId":"ofr98395","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1998–0395","displayTitle":"Hydrologic and Hydraulic Analyses of Selected Streams in Erie County, Ohio","title":"Hydrologic and hydraulic analyses of selected streams in Erie County, Ohio","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and hydraulic analyses were done for parts of Abel Ditch, Edson Creek, Maurer Ditch, and Sherod Creek1 in northeastern Vermilion Township, Erie County, Ohio. For each stream, instantaneous peak discharges for floods having recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years were estimated using regional regression equations. Factors used in the regression equations were drainage area, a basin development factor, and average annual precipitation. Drainage areas at the selected stream locations ranged from 0.41 to 4.61 square miles.
A step-backwater model was used to determine water-surface elevation profiles for the 10- year-recurrence-interval (10-year) flood along a selected reach of each stream. The water-surface profile information was then used to prepare a map of flood-plain boundaries. Hydraulic analyses indicated that the 10-year flood was generally confined within the stream channels. At three locations, however, some of the flood discharge escaped the main channel and flowed overland. In two cases, the overland flow returned to the channel from which it escaped. In the third case, flow drained into an adjacent basin. A separate analysis, in which concurrent flood peaks on the streams studied were assumed, indicated that water would spill over the Sherod Creek and the Maurer Ditch divides and that some of this water would eventually enter the Edson Creek Basin downstream from the study area.
1Locally the upper reach of Sherod Creek, south of the Conrail Railroad, is known as Japson Ditch. However, for simplicity it will be referred to as Sherod Creek along its entirety.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98395","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Erie County Engineer and Vermilion Township of Erie County, Ohio","usgsCitation":"Jackson, K.S., Ostheimer, C.J., and Whitehead, M.T., 1998, Hydrologic and hydraulic analyses of selected streams in Erie County, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 1998–0395, Document: iv, 26 p.; Plate: 37.44 x 26.16 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98395.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 26 p.; Plate: 37.44 x 26.16 in.","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":52773,"rank":298,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0395/ofr19980395.pdf","text":"Report","size":"436 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1998-0395"},{"id":157381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0395/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":260308,"rank":898,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0395/ofr19980395_plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"64 B","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1998-0395 Plate 1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","county":"Erie County","contact":"Director, Ohio Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6460 Busch Blvd.
Columbus, OH 43229-1737
Subsurface spills of gasoline and other petroleum products are a common environmental problem throughout the industrialized world. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has estimated that 40 percent of the more than 200,000 retail service stations in the United States have had accidental releases of petroleum hydrocarbons to the subsurface (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). Restoration of a contaminated aquifer to regulatory standards is a technically difficult problem even when best engineering strategies are applied.
Natural attenuation, a remediation strategy that relies on intrinsic physical, chemical, and biological processes to decrease contaminant concentrations, is gaining widespread acceptance in aquifer restoration efforts (Tremblay and others, 1995). The potential for successful remediation by natural attenuation depends on the fate of the organic constituents of the spilled product, which may include additives such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). These compounds can dissolve in ground water, adsorb to subsurface sediments, volatilize and diffuse through the unsaturated zone, or undergo chemical and biological reactions (fig. 1). Volatilization and biodegradation near the water table are two processes that can contribute significantly to the natural attenuation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in shallow ground water (McAllister and Chiang, 1994). To date, quantitative information on the rates at which these processes occur has been limited.
R-UNSAT, a computer model designed for quantifying rates of volatilization and biodegradation of organic compounds near the water table, was developed and documented by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and is now available to the public. R-UNSAT also can be applied, however, to other unsaturated-zone transport problems that involve gas diffusion, such as radon migration, and the deposition of compounds from the atmosphere to shallow ground water. This fact sheet describes the transport model and demonstrates its capabilities through applications to point- and nonpoint-source contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs01998","usgsCitation":"Lahvis, M.A., and Baehr, A.L., 1998, Simulating transport of volatile organic compounds in the unsaturated zone using the computer model R-UNSAT: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 019-98, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01998.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":431464,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-019-98/fs-019-98.pdf","text":"Report","size":"81.2 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 019-98 PDF"},{"id":120,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-019-98","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"FS 019-98 HTML"},{"id":121399,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-019-98/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f309e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahvis, Matthew A.","contributorId":104522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22133,"text":"ofr98297 - 1998 - Science for watershed decisions on abandoned mine lands; review of preliminary results, Denver, Colorado, February 4-5, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-02T19:57:58","indexId":"ofr98297","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-297","title":"Science for watershed decisions on abandoned mine lands; review of preliminary results, Denver, Colorado, February 4-5, 1998","docAbstract":"From the Preface: There are thousands of abandoned or inactive mines on or adjacent to public lands administered by the U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and National Park Service. Mine wastes from many of these abandoned mines adversely affect resources on public lands. In 1995, an interdepartmental work group within the Federal government developed a strategy to address remediation of the many abandoned mines on public lands. This strategy is based on using a watershed approach to address the abandoned mine lands (AML) problem. The USGS, working closely with the Federal land-management agencies (FLMAs), is key for the success of this watershed approach.\r\n\r\nIn support of this watershed approach, the USGS developed an AML Initiative with pilot studies in the Boulder River in Montana and the Animas River in Colorado. The goal of these studies is to design and implement a reliable strategy that will supply the scientific information to the FLMAs so that land managers can develop efficient and cost-effective remediation of AML.\r\n\r\nThe symposium 'Science for Watershed Decisions on Abandoned Mine Lands: Review of Preliminary Results' held in Denver, Colorado, on February 4-5, 1998, provided the FLMAs a first look at the techniques, data, and interpretations being generated by the USGS pilot studies. This multidisciplined effort already is proving very valuable to land managers in making science-based AML cleanup decisions and will continue to be of increasing value as additional and more complete information is obtained. Ongoing interaction between scientists and land managers is essential to insure the efficient continuation and success of AML cleanup efforts.\r\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98297","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Nimick, D.A., and Von Guerard, P., 1998, Science for watershed decisions on abandoned mine lands; review of preliminary results, Denver, Colorado, February 4-5, 1998 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-297, vii, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98297.","productDescription":"vii, 71 p.","temporalStart":"1998-02-04","temporalEnd":"1998-02-05","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0297/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":9167,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0297/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":51582,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0297/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Denver","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.30670166015625,\n 39.429828885207755\n ],\n [\n -104.62554931640625,\n 39.429828885207755\n ],\n [\n -104.62554931640625,\n 40.0507451947963\n ],\n [\n -105.30670166015625,\n 40.0507451947963\n ],\n [\n -105.30670166015625,\n 39.429828885207755\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd2cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Von Guerard, Paul","contributorId":40620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Von Guerard","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22448,"text":"ofr98534 - 1998 - Concepts for monitoring water quality in the Spokane River Basin, northern Idaho and eastern Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-29T13:26:32","indexId":"ofr98534","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-534","title":"Concepts for monitoring water quality in the Spokane River Basin, northern Idaho and eastern Washington","docAbstract":"Numerous environmental studies have been\nconducted in the Spokane River Basin over the\npast several decades by government agencies,\nacademic institutions, and environmental engineering\nfirms. Most of these efforts have focused\non the environmental effects of more than a century\nof silver, lead, and zinc mining and oreprocessing\nactivities in the South Fork Coeur\nd'Alene River valley in northern Idaho. Several\nstudies also have assessed the water quality and\npotential for eutrophication of Coeur d'Alene and\nLong Lakes and the Coeur d'Alene, St. Joe, and\nSpokane Rivers. Because past investigations often\nwere limited in scope and employed different\napproaches and methods, an integrated understanding\nof hydrologic, water-quality, and\naquatic biological conditions still is lacking for\nthe basin as a whole. Substantial resources are\nbeing spent for water-quality and naturalresource\nmanagement, and for mitigating the\nadverse environmental effects of past mining\nactivities in the basin. A water-quality monitoring\nnetwork, integrated with the decision-making\nprocesses associated with these efforts, could be\nof considerable value. The purpose of such a\nmonitoring network is to produce high-quality\ninformation on which to base sound water-quality\nand natural-resource management decisions\nand to assess the effectiveness of those decisions.\nA streamflow- and water-quality monitoring\ninfrastructure already exists in the Spokane River\nBasin. This infrastructure consists of 20 lake-stage\nand streamflow-gaging stations, representing\nspecific drainages or subdrainages and, in many\ncases, specific stream reaches or subreaches.\nThese gaging stations are operated by the U.S.\nGeological Survey (USGS), several of them in\ncooperation with State and Federal agencies and\na private utility company. Extensive streamflow\ndata are available, some dating from the late\n1800s. Water-quality data are also available from\nrecent USGS cooperative studies in the Coeur\nd'Alene Lake watershed. A nutrient load/lake\nresponse (eutrophication) model has been developed\nfor Coeur d'Alene Lake. Hydraulic models\nfor estimating streamflow through the low-gradient\nreaches of the Coeur d'Alene and St. Joe\nRivers have been developed. Trace-element concentrations\nand distributions in sediments in the\nlower South Fork and main-stem Coeur d'Alene\nRiver flood plain and the bed of Coeur d'Alene\nLake have been assessed. Trace-element transport\nmodels have been developed for the lower\nCoeur d'Alene River system; estimates of annual\nload are available from the early 1990's to the\npresent (1998). The USGS is monitoring traceelement\nconcentrations and transport at seven\ngaging stations in the lower Coeur d'Alene River\nsystem and upper Spokane River, in cooperation\nwith the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Fish and macroinvertebrate community assessment\nand tissue contaminant analyses at four\nCoeur d'Alene and St. Joe River gaging stations\nwill begin in 1998, either as part of the Idaho Surface-\nWater Quality Ambient Monitoring Network\noperated by USGS in cooperation with the Idaho\nDivision of Environmental Quality, or for the\nNorthern Rockies Intermontane Basins (NROK)\nstudy of the USGS National Water-Quality\nAssessment (NAWQA) Program. Several gaging\nstations in the Spokane River Basin are being considered\nfor routine sampling sites for the NROK\nNAWQA study. Several other sites also will be\nsampled for contaminants in bed sediment and\nfish tissue for the NROK study.\nCombined with appropriate sampling and\ndata interpretation strategies, the existing USGS\ngaging-station network and data base could provide\nintegrated water-quality information needed\nfor sound environmental and resource-management\ndecisions throughout the Spokane River\nBasin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98534","isbn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Beckwith, M., 1998, Concepts for monitoring water quality in the Spokane River Basin, northern Idaho and eastern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-534, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98534.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0534/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51977,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0534/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Washington","otherGeospatial":"Couer D'alene River;Long Lake;St. Joe River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.429262,46.792472 ], [ -118.429262,48.100301 ], [ -114.927162,48.100301 ], [ -114.927162,46.792472 ], [ -118.429262,46.792472 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db63602e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beckwith, M.A.","contributorId":79503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckwith","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25674,"text":"wri974256 - 1998 - National water-quality assessment of the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York — Environmental and hydrologic setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T19:34:21.084711","indexId":"wri974256","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4256","title":"National water-quality assessment of the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York — Environmental and hydrologic setting","docAbstract":"The Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin covers approximately 22,300 mi2 (square miles) in parts of Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Situated in two major physiographic provinces, the Appalachian Plateaus and the Central Lowland, the basin includes varied topographic and geomorphic features that affect the hydrology. As of 1990, the basin was inhabited by approximately 10.4 million people.
Lake effect has a large influence on the temperature and precipitation of the basin, especially along the leeward southeast shore of Lake Erie. Mean annual precipitation generally increases from west to east, ranging from 31.8 inches at Detroit, Mich., to 43.8 inches at Erie, Pa.
The rocks that underlie the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin range in age from Cambrian through Pennsylvanian, but only Silurian through Pennsylvanian rocks are part of the shallow ground-water flow system. The position of the basin on the edge of the Michigan and Appalachian Basins is responsible for the large range in geologic time of the exposed rocks. Rock types range from shales, siltstones, and mudstones to coarse-grained sandstones and conglomerates. Carbonate rocks consisting of limestones, dolomites, and calcareous shales also underlie the basin. All the basin is overlain by Pleistocene deposits- till, fine-grained stratified sediments, and coarse-grained stratified sediments-most of Wisconsinan age. A system of buried river valleys filled with various lacustrine, alluvial, and coarse glacial deposits is present in the basin.
The soils of the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin consist of two dominant soil orders: Alfisols and Inceptisols. Four other soil orders in the basin (Mollisols, Histisols, Entisols, and Spodosols) are of minor significance, making up less than 8 percent of the total area.
The estimated water use for the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin for 1990 was 10,649 Mgal/d (million gallons per day). Power generation accounted for about 77 percent of total water withdrawals for the basin, whereas agriculture accounted for the least water-use withdrawals, at an estimated 38 Mgal/d. About 98 percent of the total water used in the basin was drawn from surface water; the remaining 2 percent was from ground water.
Agricultural and urban land are the predominant land covers in the basin. Agriculture makes up approximately 74.7 percent of the total basin area; urban land use accounts for 11.2 percent; forested areas constitute 10.5 percent; and water, wetlands, rangeland, and barren land constitute less than 4.0 percent.
The eight principal streams in the basin are the Clinton, Huron, and Raisin Rivers in Michigan, the Maumee, Sandusky, Cuyahoga, and Grand Rivers in Ohio, and Cattaraugus Creek in New York. The Maumee River, the largest stream in the basin, drains 6,609 mi2 and discharges just under 24 percent of the streamflow from the basin into Lake Erie. Combined, the eight principal streams discharge approximately 54 percent of the surface water from the basin to the Lake Erie system per year. Average runoff increases from west to east in the basin.
The glacial and recent deposits comprise the unconsolidated aquifers and confining units within the basin. Yields of wells completed in tills range from 0 to 20 gal/min (gallon per minute), but yields generally are near the lower part of this range. Fine-grained stratified deposits can be expected to yield from 0 to 3 gal/ min, and coarse-grained stratified deposits can yield 0.3 to 2,050 gal/min. Pennsylvanian sandstones can yield more than 25 gal/min, but they generally yield 10 to 25 gal/min. Mississippian sandstones in the basin generally yield 2 to 100 gal/min. The Mississippian and Devonian shales are considered to be confining units; in places, they produce small quantities of water from fractures at or near the bedrock surface. Wells completed in the Devonian and Silurian carbonates yield 25 to 500 gal/min, but higher yields have been reported in several zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974256","usgsCitation":"Casey, G.D., Myers, D.N., Finnegan, D.P., and Wieczorek, M., 1998, National water-quality assessment of the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York — Environmental and hydrologic setting: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4256, viii, 93 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974256.","productDescription":"viii, 93 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394116,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48862.htm"},{"id":54442,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4256/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4256/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Michigan, New York , Ohio, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Lake Erie - Lake St. Clair Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.3333,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -78.1667,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -78.1667,\n 43.6667\n ],\n [\n -85.3333,\n 43.6667\n ],\n [\n -85.3333,\n 40.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698341","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Casey, G. D.","contributorId":49819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Myers, Donna N.","contributorId":63027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finnegan, D. P.","contributorId":7736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finnegan","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wieczorek, Michael E. 0000-0003-0999-5457 mewieczo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0999-5457","contributorId":178736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"Michael E.","email":"mewieczo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25724,"text":"wri974225 - 1998 - Preliminary estimates of residence times and apparent ages of ground water in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and water-quality data from a survey of springs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T15:15:38","indexId":"wri974225","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4225","title":"Preliminary estimates of residence times and apparent ages of ground water in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and water-quality data from a survey of springs","docAbstract":" Knowledge of the residence times of the ground-water systems in Chesapeake Bay watershed helps resource managers anticipate potential delays between implementation of land-management practices and any improve-ments in river and estuary water quality. This report presents preliminary estimates of ground-water residence times and apparent ages of water in the shallow aquifers of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. A simple reservoir model, published data, and analyses of spring water were used to estimate residence times and apparent ages of ground-water discharge. Ranges of aquifer hydraulic characteristics throughout the Bay watershed were derived from published literature and were used to estimate ground-water residence times on the basis of a simple reservoir model. Simple combinations of rock type and physiographic province were used to delineate hydrogeomorphic regions (HGMR?s) for the study area. The HGMR?s are used to facilitate organization and display of the data and analyses. Illustrations depicting the relation of aquifer characteristics and associated residence times as a continuum for each HGMR were developed. In this way, the natural variation of aquifer characteristics can be seen graphically by use of data from selected representative studies. Water samples collected in September and November 1996, from 46 springs throughout the watershed were analyzed for chlorofluorocarbons (CFC?s) to estimate the apparent age of ground water. For comparison purposes, apparent ages of water from springs were calculated assuming piston flow. Additi-onal data are given to estimate apparent ages assuming an exponential distribution of ages in spring discharge. Additionally, results from previous studies of CFC-dating of ground water from other springs and wells in the watershed were compiled. The CFC data, and the data on major ions, nutrients, and nitrogen isotopes in the water collected from the 46 springs are included in this report. The apparent ages of water discharging from 30 of the 46 springs sampled were less than 20 years, including 5 that were 'modern' (0-4 years). Four samples had apparent ages of 22 to 34 years, and two others from thermal springs were 40 years or greater. The remaining ten samples were contaminated with local sources of CFC and could not be dated. Nitrate concentrations and nitrate delta 15 nitrogen (15N) values in water from many springs are similar to those in shallow ground water beneath fertilized fields, and some values are high enough to indicate a probable source from animal-waste components. The nitrogen data reported here highlight the significance of the springs sampled during this study as pathways for nutrient transport in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Ground-water samples were collected from springs during an unusually high flow period and thus may not be representative of low base-flow conditions. Residence times estimated from plausible ranges of aquifer properties and results of previous age-dating analyses generally corroborate the apparent-age analysis made in the current study and suggests that some residence times could be much longer. The shortest residence times tend to be in the Blue Ridge and northern carbonate areas; however, the data are preliminary and not appropriate for statistical tests of significance or variance. Because the age distributions in the aquifer discharging to the springs are not known, and because the apparent ages of water from the springs are based on various com-binations of CFC criteria, the apparent ages and calculated residence times are compared for illustrative purposes but are considered preliminary until further work is accomplished. ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri974225","usgsCitation":"Focazio, M.J., Plummer, N., Bohlke, J., Busenberg, E., Bachman, L.J., and Powars, D.S., 1998, Preliminary estimates of residence times and apparent ages of ground water in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and water-quality data from a survey of springs: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4225, vi, 75 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974225.","productDescription":"vi, 75 p. 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