A broad-perspective analysis of the ground-water resources and present and possible future water development and management in the Souris-Red-Rainy Region is presented. The region includes the basins of the Souris River within Montana and North Dakota; the Red River of the North in South Dakota, North Dakota, and Minnesota; and the Rainy River within Minnesota. The region includes 59,645 square miles, mostly in North Dakota and Minnesota.
\nThe terrain is relatively flat, but ranges in altitude from 2,541 to 750 feet. Annual average precipitation ranges from 14 inches in the west to 28 inches in the east and about 75 percent of it is rain. The mean annual snow fall ranges from 32 inches in the west to 64 inches in the east. Temperatures range from -55° to 118°F (-48.3° to 47.8°C). Irrigation is needed at least part of the time to assure crop production, particularly in the western part of the region.
\nSand and gravel deposits in the drift form the most important fresh-water aquifers. Other aquifers are found in at least parts of the region in the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary rocks. The potentiometric surface in the bedrock generally decreases in altitude toward the Red River of the North, indicating that the general direction of ground-water movement is toward the river. Ground-water with less than 3,000 milligrams per liter dissolved solids is available throughout the region.
\nGround water with less than 1,000 milligrams per liter occurs in most of the region east of the Red River of the North and in most of the shallow aquifers west of the river. The total volume of water available from storage having less than 3,000 milligrams per liter dissolved solids is estimated to be 5 x 108 acre-feet. In addition to the fresh and slightly saline water, the region has abundant highly mineralized water that can be considered as a resource. Yields of wells in individual bedrock aquifers are generally less than 100 gallons per minute but locally yields may be as much as 500 gallons per minute and more. Yields in drift aquifers are frequently less than 100 gallons per minute but range from 5 to 1,000 gallons per minute. In a few places outwash yields more than 1,000 gallons per minute.
\nGround water is the sole or a primary source of water supply in much of the region, including supplies for irrigation, domestic and livestock, municipal, and industrial needs. Reportedly, the potential irrigation development is 1,550,000 acres, as compared with 50,200 acres in 1975. Both ground- and surface-water supplies would be required to meet these demands. Rural domestic and livestock water supplies are derived almost entirely from ground-water sources. Smaller communities and towns generally rely on ground water, and the cities and industries use ground water, surface water, or both. The municipalities using surface water generally depend upon reservoir storage. Water quality rather than quantity is the greater water-supply problem for many communities in the region.
\nIncreased demands on both ground-water and surface-water supplies likely will be made in the future. Storage of surface water in the ground-water reservoirs during times of surplus for withdrawal during times of scarcity would aid in meeting these demands. The surplus (flood) water is of better chemical quality than underlying ground water in parts of the western half of the region. Fresh water could be stored in saline- or fresh-water aquifers, and pumped out later, as needed. Thus, the ground-water reservoirs have a definite present and potential role in water management.
\nTo understand the hydrologic system for management purposes there is a need to determine more adequately the geologic and hydrologic characteristics of existing aquifers and the location of new aquifers. Also, as pumping and other stresses on any part of the hydrologic system affect other parts of the system, monitoring programs ideally should be started and maintained to detect changes and determine effects of the stresses.
\nMany alternatives are available for managing water in the region. Some of these are operational and others are undergoing research. Adequate hydrologic information is needed to aid in solving problems of water supply, use and pollution.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77565","usgsCitation":"Reeder, H.O., 1977, Summary appraisals of the Nation's ground-water resources; Souris-Red-Rainy region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-565, 125 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77565.","productDescription":"125 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0565/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38598,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0565/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.98 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.40283203124999,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 49.06666839558117\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 49.52520834197442\n ],\n [\n -94.74609375,\n 49.32512199104001\n ],\n [\n -94.482421875,\n 48.864714761802794\n ],\n [\n -93.69140625,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -93.0322265625,\n 48.719961222646276\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 48.516604348867475\n ],\n [\n -91.845703125,\n 48.40003249610685\n ],\n [\n -91.3623046875,\n 48.19538740833338\n ],\n [\n -90.7470703125,\n 48.28319289548349\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 48.1367666796927\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 47.724544549099676\n ],\n [\n -91.2744140625,\n 47.15984001304432\n ],\n [\n -92.373046875,\n 46.70973594407157\n ],\n [\n -94.5703125,\n 45.73685954736049\n ],\n [\n -95.712890625,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -97.0751953125,\n 45.30580259943578\n ],\n [\n -98.525390625,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -99.5361328125,\n 46.10370875598026\n ],\n [\n -100.81054687499999,\n 46.89023157359399\n ],\n [\n -101.953125,\n 47.07012182383309\n ],\n [\n -103.3154296875,\n 47.54687159892238\n ],\n [\n -104.150390625,\n 47.84265762816538\n ],\n [\n -105.2490234375,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -105.40283203124999,\n 49.03786794532644\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6995d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeder, Harold O.","contributorId":14381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeder","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27906,"text":"wri7782 - 1977 - Ground-water hydrology of the Lower Milliken-Sarco-Tulucay Creeks area, Napa County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-20T11:29:09","indexId":"wri7782","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-82","title":"Ground-water hydrology of the Lower Milliken-Sarco-Tulucay Creeks area, Napa County, California","docAbstract":"The Sonoma Volcanics are the principal water-bearing materials in the lower Milliken-Sarco-Tulucay Creeks area, which occupies about 15 square miles (39 square kilometers) in and east of Napa, Calif. The distribution and composition of these volcanic units are highly variable and complex. Within the Sonoma Volcanics the tuffs constitute the best ground-water reservoir. They are principally pumicitic ash-flow tuffs, partly welded and moderately permeable. These tuffs extend to a depth exceeding 500 feet (150 meters), and are irregularly interbedded with clay, igneous flows, and other volcanically derived material of very low permeability which locally confine the tuffs. Recharge and movement of ground water within these tuffs are affected by the highly variable character of this rock sequence, by adjacent formations, and by tectonic features such as the Cup and Saucer ridge and the Soda Creek fault. The lithology of the area limits specific yields to about 4 percent (unconfined conditions). Specific capacities of wells average less than 3 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown (0.6 liter per second per meter) except in the most permeable areas.
\nAnnual pumpage of 3,000 acre-feet (3.7 cubic hectometers), mostly from the Sonoma tuffs, represents a significant portion of the ground-water discharge. The seasonal change in ground-water storage was about 6,600 acre-feet (8.1 cubic hectometers) in 1975. Water-level data from the area reflect the seasonal change in ground-water storage, with fluctuations of 3 to 60 feet (1 to 18 meters). The storage capacity to a depth of 500 feet (150 meters) may be as much as 196,000 acre-feet (242 cubic hectometers) in the study area, but physical and economic factors may restrict the usable capacity to about 20,000 acre-feet (25 cubic hectometers).
\nRecharge within the area is generally inadequate to marginal under 1975 demand. There is insufficient recharge in the Milliken and Sarco Creeks area to support 1975 pumpage. Long-term changes in the seasonal peak water levels indicate an average decline of 1.5 feet per year (0.5 meter per year). By 1975 annual pumpage was not exceeding recharge in the Tulucay Creek area. Although a downward trend in water levels was noted in the western part of this basin in the late 1940's, the pumping distribution and its stress on the ground-water system have since changed, and no overall downward trend was evident in the Tulucay Creek area in 1975.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/wri7782","usgsCitation":"Johnson, M.J., 1977, Ground-water hydrology of the Lower Milliken-Sarco-Tulucay Creeks area, Napa County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-82, Report: v, 40 p.; Plate: 41.82 x 25.99 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7782.","productDescription":"Report: v, 40 p.; Plate: 41.82 x 25.99 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri7782.jpg"},{"id":321077,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0082/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321078,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0082/plate-1.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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Michael J. johnsonm@usgs.gov","contributorId":2282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michael","email":"johnsonm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5825,"text":"pp980 - 1977 - Effects of the catastrophic flood of December 1966, north rim area, eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:54","indexId":"pp980","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"980","title":"Effects of the catastrophic flood of December 1966, north rim area, eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"Precipitation from the unusual storm of December 1966 was concentrated on highlands in northern Arizona, southwestern Utah , southern Nevada, and south-central California and caused widely scattered major floods in the four States. In Arizona the largest amount of precipitation was in the north rim area of eastern Grand Canyon, where about 14 inches was measured. The largest flows occurred along Bright Angel Creek and the MilK Creek-Dragon Creek part of the Crystal Creek drainage basin. The maximum effects of the flood were along Milk Creek-Dragon Creek, where a mudflow caused extensive channel modification. Floods that occurred in the Bright Angel and Crystal Creek basins have a recurrence interval of only once in several centuries. The streamflow that resulted from the storm on the Kaibab Plateau caused considerable local scouring and deepening of channels, including some renewed arroyo cutting. The most catastrophic effects of the 1966 floods were caused by two mudflows that extended from the edge of the Kaibab Plateau along Dragon Creek in the Crystal Creek basin and Lava Creek in the Chuar Creek basin to the Colorado River. More than 10 other large mudflows occurred in Nankoweap, Kwagunt, Crystal, and Shinumo Creek basins. About 80 large debris slides left conspicuous scars in the amphitheaters at the heads of the side gorges, and at least 10 small slides occurred on the Kaibab Plateau. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp980","usgsCitation":"Cooley, M.E., Aldridge, B.N., and Euler, R.C., 1977, Effects of the catastrophic flood of December 1966, north rim area, eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 980, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp980.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0980/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32524,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0980/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32525,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0980/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db6102bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooley, Maurice E.","contributorId":8077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Maurice","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aldridge, B. N.","contributorId":73179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldridge","given":"B.","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Euler, Robert C.","contributorId":63791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euler","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4302,"text":"cir750 - 1977 - Geological studies on the COST No. B-2 well, U. S. Mid-Atlantic outer continental shelf area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:33","indexId":"cir750","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"750","title":"Geological studies on the COST No. B-2 well, U. S. Mid-Atlantic outer continental shelf area","docAbstract":"The COST No. B-2 well is the first deep stratigraphic test to be drilled on the United States Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (AOCS) area. The well was drilled on the eastern flank of the Baltimore Canyon trough to a total depth of 16,043 feet; it penetrated a section composed almost entirely of sand and shale with subordinate amounts of limestone, coal, and lignite. Biostratigraphic studies have shown that the uppermost 5,000 feet is of Tertiary and Quaternary age and was deposited in nonmarine to deep marine environments. The Upper Cretaceous section is about 3,000 feet thick and is of dominantly shallow marine origin. The basal 8,000 feet of sediment has been tentatively determined to be entirely of Early Cretaceous age, the basal sediments being dated as Berriasian. This Lower Cretaceous section is primarily nonmarine to very shallow marine in origin. \r\n\r\nExamination of cores, well cuttings, and electric logs shows that thick potential reservoir sands are found through much of the section. However, porosity and permeability decrease strikingly in the deeper parts of the Lower Cretaceous section as a result of compaction and cementation. Most of the sands are quite feldspathic, and progressive decomposition of feldspar stimulates authigenic clay and silica formation. \r\n\r\nStudies of color alteration of visible organic matter, organic geochemistry, and vitrinite reflectance show that although many units have high organic-carbon contents, moderately low geothermal gradients may have retarded thermal maturation. This, in conjunction with the scarcity of marine-derived organic matter in the lower part of the section, suggests a relatively low potential for the generation of liquid hydrocarbons. However, the overall combination of source beds, reservoirs, seals, structures, and thermal gradients may be favorable for the generation and entrapment of natural gas. \r\n\r\nFurthermore, the presence of reservoir rocks, seals, and trapping structures may indicate a significant potential for entrapment of either natural gas or petroleum that was generated deeper in the basin and then migrated either laterally or vertically.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir750","usgsCitation":"Scholle, P.A., 1977, Geological studies on the COST No. B-2 well, U. S. Mid-Atlantic outer continental shelf area: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 750, iv, 71 p. :ill., map ;26 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/cir750.","productDescription":"iv, 71 p. :ill., map ;26 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1977/0750/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31413,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1977/0750/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8470","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholle, Peter A.","contributorId":48954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholle","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":148770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30633,"text":"wri77108 - 1977 - Reconnaissance of ground-water resources in the Mountain Home plateau area, southwest Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-09T13:38:47.733454","indexId":"wri77108","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-108","title":"Reconnaissance of ground-water resources in the Mountain Home plateau area, southwest Idaho","docAbstract":"The Mountain Home plateau area occupies approximately 1,220 square miles of the western Snake River Plain in southwestern Idaho. About 40,000 acres are presently (1977) irrigated with ground water, about 30,000 acres with surface water. An estimated 450,000 acres are potentially irrigable, if water is available. Development of ground-water re-sources has caused water-level declines in several places. Largest declines are south of Mountain Home, where water levels dropped more than 20 feet in the last 9 years.
Ground water in the area occurs primarily under water-table conditions. Perched-water zones are present in several locations. The most productive aquifer in the eastern part of the plateau is basalt of the Bureau Formation of the Idaho Group. In the western part, the most productive aquifers are sand and gravel of the older terrace gravel lithologic unit and the Idaho Group.
Recharge to the ground-water system is water from the Boise River drainage basin, precipitation on the plateau and adjacent mountains, and leakage from irrigation structures. Ground-water movement is generally south or southwest. Natural ground-water discharge from the plateau is about 18,000 acre-feet annually.
The chemical composition of the ground water generally reflects water characteristics in the area of the source of recharge and, for the most part, is good. Deuterium and oxygen-18 isotope analyses suggest that the water at the lower end of the ground-water flow system underlying the plateau was recharged a long time ago, although climatic conditions then were similar to current conditions in the Boise River basin.
Additional large-scale ground-water development will probably result in economically prohibitive pumping lifts, which also would consume excessive amounts of energy. Therefore, large-scale new agricultural development would depend heavily on the availability of surface water. However, one or several deep test holes, in selected places, could help answer some questions about the occurrence of ground water and perhaps encourage further exploration for untapped deep artesian aquifers.
The occurrence of perched-water zones beneath lands irrigated by surface water suggests that more zones of this type could develop if water is imported into the area to irrigate additional lands, and if the efficiency of the present distribution systems remains unchanged.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri77108","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Young, H., 1977, Reconnaissance of ground-water resources in the Mountain Home plateau area, southwest Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-108, Report: iv, 40 p.; 5 Figures, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri77108.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 40 p.; 5 Figures","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380232,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0108/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 3"},{"id":380231,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0108/figure-4.pdf","text":"Figure 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 4"},{"id":380230,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0108/figure-5.pdf","text":"Figure 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 5"},{"id":380229,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0108/figure-6.pdf","text":"Figure 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 6"},{"id":380228,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0108/figure-9.pdf","text":"Figure 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 9"},{"id":159946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0108/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":380227,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0108/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Mountain Home plateau area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 42\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63be41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, H.W.","contributorId":68278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10478,"text":"ofr77592 - 1977 - Geology of the Midnite uranium mine area, Washington — Maps, description, and interpretation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-08T22:09:56.728257","indexId":"ofr77592","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-592","title":"Geology of the Midnite uranium mine area, Washington — Maps, description, and interpretation","docAbstract":"Bedrock geology of about 12 km2 near the Midnite mine has been mapped at the surface, in mine exposures, and from drilling, at scales from 1:600 to 1:12,000 and is presented here at 1:12,000 to provide description of the setting of uranium deposits. Oldest rocks in the area are metapelitic and metacarbonate rocks of the Precambrian (Y) Togo Formation. The chief host for uranium deposits is graphitic and pyritic mica phyllite and muscovite schist. Ore also occurs in calc-silicate hornfels and marble at the western edge of a calcareous section about 1,150 m thick. Calcareous rocks of the Togo are probably older than the pelitic as they are interpreted to be near the axis of a broad anticline. The composition and structural position of the calcareous unit suggests correlation with less metamorphosed carbonate-bearing rocks of the Lower Wallace Formation, Belt Supergroup, about 200 km to the east. Basic sills intrusive into the Togo have been metamorphosed to amphibolite.
Unmetamorphosed rocks in the mine area are Cretaceous(?) and Eocene igneous rocks. Porphyritic quartz monzonite of Cretaceous age, part of the Loon Lake batholith, is exposed over one third of the mine area. It underlies the roof pendant of Precambrian rocks in which the Midnite mine occurs at depths of generally less than 300 m. The pluton is a two-mica granite and exhibits pegmatitic and aplitic textural features indicative of water saturation and pressure quenching. Eocene intrusive and extrusive rocks in the area provide evidence that the Eocene surface was only a short distance above the present uranium deposits.
Speculative hypotheses are presented for penesyngenetic, hydrothermal, and supergene modes of uranium emplacement. The Precambrian Stratigraphy, similar in age and pre-metamorphic lithology to that of rocks hosting large uranium deposits in Saskatchewan and Northern Territory, Australia, suggests the possibility of uranium accumulation along with diagenetic pyrite in carbonaceous muds in a marine shelf environment. This hypothesis is not favored by the author because there is no evidence for stratabound uranium such as high regional radioactivity in the Togo. A hydrothermal mode of uranium emplacement is supported by the close apparent ages of mineralization and plutonism, and by petrology of the pluton. I speculate that uranium may have become enriched in postmagmatic fluids at the top of the pluton, possibly by hydrothermal leaching of soluble uranium associated with magnetite, and diffused outward into metasedimentary wall rocks to create an aureole about 100 m thick containing about 100 ppm uranium. Chemistry of the hydrothermal process is not understood, but uranium does not appear to have been transported by an oxidizing fluid, and the fluid did not produce veining and alteration comparable to that of base-metal sulfide deposits. Uranium in the low-grade protore is believed to have been redistributed into permeable zones in the Tertiary to create ore grades. Geologic and isotopic ages of uranium mineralization, and the small volume of porphyritic quartz monzonite available for leaching, are not supportive of supergene emplacement of uranium.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77592","usgsCitation":"Nash, J.T., 1977, Geology of the Midnite uranium mine area, Washington — Maps, description, and interpretation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-592, Report: ii, 39 p.; 2 Plates: 15.00 × 20.00 inches and 16.00 × 17.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77592.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 39 p.; 2 Plates: 15.00 × 20.00 inches and 16.00 × 17.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392655,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14485.htm"},{"id":38343,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0592/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0592/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":94974,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0592/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":94973,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0592/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"12000","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Midnite uranium mine area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.118,\n 47.933\n ],\n [\n -118.0670,\n 47.933\n ],\n [\n -118.0670,\n 47.962\n ],\n [\n -118.118,\n 47.962\n ],\n [\n -118.118,\n 47.933\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e9da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":43162,"text":"ofr77169C - 1977 - Gravity map of the eastern part of southern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-14T18:11:11.186883","indexId":"ofr77169C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-169","chapter":"C","title":"Gravity map of the eastern part of southern Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77169C","usgsCitation":"Barnes, D., 1977, Gravity map of the eastern part of southern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-169, 1 Plate: 37.90 × 34.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77169C.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 37.90 × 34.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":390523,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14325.htm"},{"id":80953,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0169c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -138,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -138,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 59\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2807","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, David F.","contributorId":72787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"David F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9035,"text":"ofr77492 - 1977 - Hydrologic reconnaissance of the eastern North Slope, Alaska, 1975","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-01T15:34:21","indexId":"ofr77492","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-492","title":"Hydrologic reconnaissance of the eastern North Slope, Alaska, 1975","docAbstract":"The part of the Arctic coast of Alaska between the Colville River and the Canadian boundary was visited in April, August, and November 1975. The study area is characterized by its cold climate and is largely uninhabited, but oil and gas discoveries have spurred development of parts of the area. Sensible, coordinated development requires information about water resources. The purpose of the April reconnaissance was to locate winter streamflow and describe its quantity and quality. A followup summer trip was made in August to determine the flood characteristics of selected streams by measuring channel geometry in relation to bankfull discharge and the maximum evident flood and by estimating channel roughness. In addition, one lake was sampled, the discharge of a few springs was measured, and samples of spring water were taken. Because streamflow in August was assumed to be representative of normal summer flow, water quality was examined in streams for which flood surveys had been made. Samples of aquatic invertebrate populations were taken from most sites on the April and August trips. Another reconnaissance trip from Prudhoe Bay east to Canada was made in November to measure discharge in selected streams and springs, to measure ice thickness and water depth in selected lakes, and to collect water samples for water-quality analyses. Tables of data, photographs, and maps are included. 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Joseph M.","contributorId":14379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childers","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloan, C. E.","contributorId":59037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloan","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meckel, J.P.","contributorId":43770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meckel","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nauman, J. W.","contributorId":30630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nauman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":9089,"text":"ofr7795 - 1977 - A summary of the mineral resources of the proposed Great Bear wilderness, Flathead, Teton, and Pondera counties, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-08T21:55:37.496776","indexId":"ofr7795","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-95","title":"A summary of the mineral resources of the proposed Great Bear wilderness, Flathead, Teton, and Pondera counties, Montana","docAbstract":"The proposed Great Bear wilderness has a good potential for oil and gas (mainly gas), and a moderate potential for submarginal resources of copper and silver in a belt 25 miles (40 km) long and about 1 mile (1.6 km) wide that is partly within the study area along the western boundary. The eastern part of the area may contain small submarginal resources of coal. Sand and gravel, dimension stone, and high calcium limestone are in the area, but they occur in abundance in more accessible areas elsewhere in northwest Montana. The potential for geothermal resources is nil.
A mineral survey of the proposed Great Bear wilderness was made in 1974 and 1976. The work by the U.S. Geological Survey consisted of geologic mapping, and geochemical and geophysical surveys. The U.S. Bureau of Mines made a courthouse search for mining claims, and sampled and mapped prospects.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7795","usgsCitation":"Mudge, M.R., Earhart, R.L., Rice, D.D., and Marks, L.Y., 1977, A summary of the mineral resources of the proposed Great Bear wilderness, Flathead, Teton, and Pondera counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-95, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7795.","productDescription":"3 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412883,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142891,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0095/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Flathead County, Pondera County, Teton County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.75,47 ], [ -113.75,49 ], [ -112,49 ], [ -112,47 ], [ -113.75,47 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5f23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mudge, Melville Rhodes","contributorId":77119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mudge","given":"Melville","email":"","middleInitial":"Rhodes","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Earhart, Robert L.","contributorId":74729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earhart","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rice, Dudley D.","contributorId":11601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Dudley","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marks, Lawrence Y.","contributorId":49370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marks","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":8019,"text":"ofr77631 - 1977 - Chemical composition of Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks from east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T20:29:45.316054","indexId":"ofr77631","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-631","title":"Chemical composition of Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks from east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"The purpose of this report is to make available 108 analyses of a variety of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks from east-central Alaska. The rocks were collected by the senior author, Michael Churkin, Jr., G. Donald Eberlein, Reuben J. Ross, Jr., and James Melik from 1960 to 1963.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77631","usgsCitation":"Brabb, E.E., and Hamachi, B.R., 1977, Chemical composition of Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks from east-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-631, ii, 166 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77631.","productDescription":"ii, 166 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424900,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0631/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141577,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0631/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"east-central 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Earl E.","contributorId":48939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabb","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamachi, Bette R.","contributorId":44543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamachi","given":"Bette","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9778,"text":"ofr77545 - 1977 - Late Pleistocene and Recent geology of the Housatonic River region in northwestern Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:17","indexId":"ofr77545","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-545","title":"Late Pleistocene and Recent geology of the Housatonic River region in northwestern Connecticut","docAbstract":"An investigation of Late Pleistocene and Recent surficial deposits in western Connecticut and adjacent areas was undertaken, to determine characteristics of Wisconsin glaciation and the history and chronology of deglaciation in part of the finely dissected New England Uplands. \r\n\r\nThe study area lies along the midreach of the Housatonic River in western Connecticut, and has local relief exceeding 1,200 feet. Surface morphology and internal characteristics of glacial and glaciofluvial erosional and depositional features were examined and mapped in detail in the Kent and Ellsworth, Connecticut, USGS 7? minute quadrangles, and by reconnaissance in the surrounding quadrangles. This study contributes to the expanding detailed knowledge of glaciation and geomorphology in western New England and eastern New York state. \r\n\r\nIce along the lateral east margin of the southward-waxing, Wisconsin-age, Hudson-Champlain Valley ice lobe successively overran ridges trending northeast-to-southwest. Late Wisconsin ice flow was consistently toward the southeast in the study area. Glacial erosion on the upland surfaces was weak, and several early or pre-Wisconsin meltwater channels persist, which evidence little late Wisconsin glacial or glaciofluvial modification. Deeply weathered rock has been locally preserved beneath unweathered till. \r\n\r\nTill deposits are generally thin, averaging from 10 to 15 feet in thickness, but till deposits exceeding 200 feet in thickness have been observed. Direct evidence for two or more cycles of till deposition is lacking, although multiple glaciations can be inferred from drainage derangement of the Housatonic River and from anomalies in configuration of old, upland melt-water channels which were re-occupied and eroded by melt water during subsequent deglaciations. \r\n\r\nThe orientation of ridges and the local terrain relief exerted minor control on ice flow during waxing phases of glaciation. Local relief and ridges which were oriented transverse to ice flow became the dominant control factors for ice flow during late phases of deglaciation and ultimately initiated marginal stagnation zones. \r\n\r\nLate Wisconsin deglaciation evolved in three stages. First, the active ice margin receded rapidly northwestward across, and almost transverse to, the upland ridge crests in response to factors of both backwasting and downwasting. Second, local terrain relief restricted active ice flow, initiated stagnation, diverted melt-water flow and controlled deposition of small active ice-marginal deposits on the northwest slopes of ridges. Third, melting and thinning of stagnant ice tongues in valleys with ice surfaces which were low gradient and southward-sloping caused rapid northward recession of the stagnant ice margin. \r\n\r\nSequences of related outwash deposits have been correlated with inferred ice-marginal, recessional positions. In this region, the zone of stagnant ice distal to active ice ranged from 6 to 15 miles in average width. \r\n\r\nLacustrine sediments accumulated as stagnant ice blocks melted in isolated basins and other depressions where through-flowing melt-water drainage was restricted or absent. The paucity of ice-contact and outwash deposits in the isolated basins indicates that little entrained debris was present in the stagnant ice. Prograding outwash along the Housatonic River and other major drainage routes infilled glacially overdeepened \r\nunderlying lacustrine sediments sand and gravel. rock basins and buried beneath upward-coarsening \r\n\r\nUpland bogs, which have developed postglacially, contain as much as 22 feet of organic material mixed with silt and clay. An age of 12,750 ? 230 years B.P. was determined for materials immediately above three feet of older organic-rich clay layers. This dated material correlates with the upper part of the pollen T zone reported elsewhere in Connecticut and New York.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77545","usgsCitation":"Kelley, G.C., 1977, Late Pleistocene and Recent geology of the Housatonic River region in northwestern Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-545, [12], 222 leaves :ill., maps, plates (fold. in envelope) ;28 cm.; (222 p., 9 sheets - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77545.","productDescription":"[12], 222 leaves :ill., maps, plates (fold. in envelope) ;28 cm.; (222 p., 9 sheets - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142786,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37540,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37541,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37542,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37543,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37544,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37545,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37546,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37547,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, George C.","contributorId":51294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":60434,"text":"mf865C - 1977 - Map showing original (pre-mining) distribution of coal in Kentucky River Area Development District and vicinity, Eastern Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-08T22:21:58.230925","indexId":"mf865C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"865","chapter":"C","title":"Map showing original (pre-mining) distribution of coal in Kentucky River Area Development District and vicinity, Eastern Kentucky","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf865C","usgsCitation":"Newell, W.L., and Rice, C.L., 1977, Map showing original (pre-mining) distribution of coal in Kentucky River Area Development District and vicinity, Eastern Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 865, 1 Plate: 43.12 × 40.44 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf865C.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 43.12 × 40.44 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180256,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404959,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4053.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":276402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0865c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"125000","country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Kentucky River Area Development District and vicinity","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.9478,\n 36.8647\n ],\n [\n -82.5583,\n 36.8647\n ],\n [\n -82.5583,\n 37.8514\n ],\n [\n -83.9478,\n 37.8514\n ],\n [\n -83.9478,\n 36.8647\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b14e4b07f02db6a47a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newell, Wayne L. wnewell@usgs.gov","contributorId":99114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"Wayne","email":"wnewell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, C. L.","contributorId":60658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":46520,"text":"ofr77169D - 1977 - Map showing coal fields and distribution of coal-bearing rocks in the eastern part of southern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-24T18:37:13.734374","indexId":"ofr77169D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-169","chapter":"D","title":"Map showing coal fields and distribution of coal-bearing rocks in the eastern part of southern Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77169D","usgsCitation":"Holloway, C.D., 1977, Map showing coal fields and distribution of coal-bearing rocks in the eastern part of southern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-169, 1 Plate: 66.00 x 38.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77169D.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 66.00 x 38.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":99725,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0169d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":462213,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14326.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":172509,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135.1073670439423,\n 56.60676719906883\n ],\n [\n -132.9089896971182,\n 57.246509922812095\n ],\n [\n -135.4706601476653,\n 59.63239164833158\n ],\n [\n -137.4913490578516,\n 59.085167883927994\n ],\n [\n -140.68400439488084,\n 60.45081730015744\n ],\n [\n -140.86255730634022,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 58.81341104096671\n ],\n [\n -146.5545073060723,\n 59.56471586005253\n ],\n [\n -142.48784636046838,\n 59.42513256723976\n ],\n [\n -138.37720969119894,\n 58.36479993082949\n ],\n [\n -135.1073670439423,\n 56.60676719906883\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a95e4b07f02db659c5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holloway, Carleen D.","contributorId":105719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloway","given":"Carleen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":62846,"text":"gq1444 - 1977 - Geologic map of the North Middletown quadrangle, east-central Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T20:47:13.712531","indexId":"gq1444","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1444","title":"Geologic map of the North Middletown quadrangle, east-central Kentucky","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gq1444","usgsCitation":"Helfrich, C.T., 1977, Geologic map of the North Middletown quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 1444, Report: 1 p.; Plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/gq1444.","productDescription":"Report: 1 p.; Plate","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":107868,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10978.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"10978"},{"id":248994,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1444/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":251667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1444/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"North Middletown quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.125,38.125 ], [ -84.125,38.25 ], [ -84,38.25 ], [ -84,38.125 ], [ -84.125,38.125 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db696166","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helfrich, Charles T.","contributorId":22847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helfrich","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":267951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47280,"text":"ofr77169B - 1977 - Generalized geologic map of the eastern part of southern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-06T21:40:06.202474","indexId":"ofr77169B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-169","chapter":"B","title":"Generalized geologic map of the eastern part of southern Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77169B","usgsCitation":"Beikman, H.M., Holloway, C.D., and MacKevett, E., 1977, Generalized geologic map of the eastern part of southern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-169, 1 Plate: 58.00 × 37.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77169B.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 58.00 × 37.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":398278,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14324.htm"},{"id":99895,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0169b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -138,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -138,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 59\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aee6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beikman, Helen M.","contributorId":76290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beikman","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holloway, C. D.","contributorId":78374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloway","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacKevett, E. M.","contributorId":32910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKevett","given":"E. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44535,"text":"wri773 - 1977 - Water resources of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T15:14:12","indexId":"wri773","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-3","title":"Water resources of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Oregon","docAbstract":"Water resources of the Umatilla Indian Reservation are poorly distributed both geographically and in time. On the reservation, only the Umatilla River and one of its principal tributaries, Meacham Creek, have significant perennial flows. Runoff of the principal streams is largely from snowmelt in the Blue Mountains and is highly variable. The principal aquifers are the Columbia River Basalt Group and the Quaternary alluvium. The basalt underlies the entire reservation to a depth of a few thousand feet, and most wells tap this source. The Quaternary alluvium is present only in the valleys of the principal streams. The alluvium averages about 12 feet (ft) in thickness in the Umatilla River valley, where it has the greatest extent; elsewhere it is generally thinner.
Surface-water outflow from the reservation averages about 600 cubic feet per second (ft3/s), and the total stream inflow is about 540 ft3/s. About 480 ft3/s of the outflow is in the Umatilla River, 106 ft3/s is in McKay Creek, and 14 ft3/s is in other streams.
Dependable streamflow, defined here as the 7-day mean low flow that will occur once every 50 years, on the average, is 30 ft3/s in Umatilla River above Meacham Creek near Gibbon, 5 ft3/s in Meacham Creek below Line Creek at the east boundary, 33 ft3/s in Umatilla River at Cayuse, and 14 ft3/s in Umatilla River at Pendleton. Monthly mean flows in Umatilla River above Meacham Creek near Gibbon in summer and fall frequently are less than the published recommended minimum flows for spawning and rearing of trout; in the reach of the Umatilla River near Pendleton the summer and fall flows generally are below those recommended minimum flows.
Wells in the Columbia River Basalt Group range in depth from a few to 1,910 ft, and their yields range from less than 1 to more than 1,200 gallons per minute (gal/min). Small yields adequate for domestic needs can generally be obtained from the basalt. The depths required for successful wells may be extremely variable. Evaluation of specific-capacity data from wells in the basalt in four geographic areas suggests that the basalt is more permeable beneath the south reservation and the Umatilla River valley, that the permeability decreases on the north reservation, and that it is least in the Blue Mountains.
Surface and ground waters generally are of good quality and suitable for most uses. Surface water is soft and generally contains less than 120 milligrams per liter (ug/L) of dissolved solids. Dissolved oxygen in streams is generally at or close to saturation levels at most stream temperatures and discharge rates. Ground water ranges from soft to very hard (28 to 280 mg/L), but it generally ranges between moderately hard to hard (61 to 180 mg/L). Dissolved solids in ground water range from 88 to 561 mg/L, but generally are between 200 and about 250 mg/L.
During 1975, an estimated 11 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of surface and ground water was withdrawn from the reservation for all uses. About 4 Mgal/d was from surface-water sources and 60 percent, or 7 Mgal/d, was from ground-water sources. About 7.2 Mgal/d was used for irrigation, 3.6 Mgal/d for public supply, and the remainder was for domestic and industrial use. About 4 Mgal/d, or 40 percent of the total water withdrawn, was for public supply and for irrigation use outside the reservation boundaries.
Local seasonal declines of ground-water levels of 100 ft or more occur in shallow basalt wells in the Umatilla River valley between Mission and the west boundary. The declines are due chiefly to pumping from many small-capacity shallow wells in the basalt for irrigation of lawns and small acreages of pasture or hay.
Future potential problems on the reservation include regional decline of ground-water levels in the basalt aquifer and local contamination of surface and ground water from accidental spills of deleterious substances.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri773","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation","usgsCitation":"Gonthier, J.B., and Harris, D., 1977, Water resources of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-3, vi, 112 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri773.","productDescription":"vi, 112 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0003/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":361270,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0003/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361269,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Umatilla Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.8,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -118.25,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -118.25,\n 45.8\n ],\n [\n -118.8,\n 45.8\n ],\n [\n -118.8,\n 45.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698600","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gonthier, Joseph B.","contributorId":74350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonthier","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":229957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, D.D.","contributorId":59002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":56276,"text":"wdrWA762 - 1977 - Water resources data for Washington, water year 1976, Vol. 2 - Eastern Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T18:28:09.946631","indexId":"wdrWA762","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WA-76-2","title":"Water resources data for Washington, water year 1976, Vol. 2 - Eastern Washington","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1976 water year for Washington consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels of ground water. This report contains discharge records for 248 gaging stations; stage only records for 3 gaging stations; stage and contents for 44 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 123 gaging stations, 1 partial-record station, and 7 lakes; and water levels for 108 observations wells. Also included are 172 crest-stage partial-record stations and 1 low-flow partial-record station. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not involved in the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Washington.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrWA762","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Washington and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Water resources data for Washington, water year 1976, Vol. 2 - Eastern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WA-76-2, x, 344 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWA762.","productDescription":"x, 344 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410999,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1976/wa-76-2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174641,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1976/wa-76-2/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f17fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59512,"text":"mf863 - 1977 - Gamma aeroradioactivity map of parts of Norfolk and Eastville quadrangles, outer Coastal Plain, North Carolina and Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T21:41:11.835793","indexId":"mf863","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"863","title":"Gamma aeroradioactivity map of parts of Norfolk and Eastville quadrangles, outer Coastal Plain, North Carolina and Virginia","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf863","usgsCitation":"Force, E.R., and Bose, S.K., 1977, Gamma aeroradioactivity map of parts of Norfolk and Eastville quadrangles, outer Coastal Plain, North Carolina and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 863, 1 Plate: 32.94 × 26.96 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf863.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 32.94 × 26.96 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":276401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0863/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":405289,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4049.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Norfolk and Eastville quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -75.7167,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -75.7167,\n 36.625\n ],\n [\n -77,\n 36.625\n ],\n [\n -77,\n 36\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1416","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Force, E. R.","contributorId":28235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Force","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bose, S. K.","contributorId":92919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bose","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47635,"text":"wri7739 - 1977 - Estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods on natural-flow streams in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:24","indexId":"wri7739","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-39","title":"Estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods on natural-flow streams in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The magnitude and frequency of floods on natural-flow streams in Massachusetts, with drainage areas between 0.25 square mile and 497 square miles, may be estimated from drainage area, main channel slope, a precipitation index, and a storage factor. Multiple-regression techniques were used to define the relationship between basin and climatic characteristics, and flood peaks for 113 gaging stations. Flood-frequency and magnitude data at the gaging stations were computed using the guidelines recommended by the U.S. Water Resources Council. It was found that flood peaks of rural, unregulated Massachusetts streams can best be defined by dividing the State into an EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS and a WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS flood-frequency region. The regression equations relate peak discharges with 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0.04, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005, and 0.002 exceedance probabilities to basin and climatic parameters. Standard errors of estimate ranged from 42 to 70 percent for the eastern river basins and from 32 to 68 percent for the western river basins. The defined estimating relations do not apply to streams where the flood flows are significantly affected by regulation where the usable man-made storage is over 4.5 million cubic feet per square mile, or by diversions or urbanization, or where the basin indices are outside a specified range. Also, these equations should not be used for basins in eastern Plymouth County, or Barnstable, Dukes, or Nantucket Counties where the available data are insufficient to determine the influence of high infiltration and storage capacities of drainage basins on flood flows. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri7739","usgsCitation":"Wandle, S.W., 1977, Estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods on natural-flow streams in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-39, 26 p., 1 plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7739.","productDescription":"26 p., 1 plate","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc68a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wandle, S. William Jr.","contributorId":99562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandle","given":"S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197791,"text":"70197791 - 1977 - Significance of Mesozoic radiolarians from the pre-Nevadan rocks of the southern Klamath Mountains, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-20T11:06:04","indexId":"70197791","displayToPublicDate":"1977-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significance of Mesozoic radiolarians from the pre-Nevadan rocks of the southern Klamath Mountains, California","docAbstract":"Ribbon cherts and siliceous tuffs of the North Fork and Rattlesnake Creek terranes of the Klamath Mountains yield Mesozoic radiolarians. Rocks of the North Fork terrane were previously considered to be of Paleozoic age and those of the Rattlesnake Creek to be of Paleozoic and Triassic age, on the basis of fossiliferous limestone bodies that are now considered to be exotic blocks. In both terranes, however, red cherts that are closely associated with ophiolitic rocks contain Late Triassic radiolarians; overlying cherts and siliceous tuffs contain Early or Middle Jurassic radiolarians. The Jurassic radiolarian fauna from the North Fork terrane is similar to a fauna contained in Franciscan chert near Santa Barbara in southern California.
The change in age assignment of the dominant rocks of these terranes, based on this new radiolarian data, indicates that the suture between the North Fork terrane and the Devonian rocks of the central metamorphic belt on the east probably formed during Middle or Late Jurassic time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<557:SOMRFT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Irwin, W., Jones, D.L., and Pessagno, E., 1977, Significance of Mesozoic radiolarians from the pre-Nevadan rocks of the southern Klamath Mountains, California: Geology, v. 5, no. 9, p. 557-562, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<557:SOMRFT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"557","endPage":"562","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355203,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Mountains","volume":"5","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irwin, W. P.","contributorId":82347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, D. L.","contributorId":65045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pessagno, E.A. Jr.","contributorId":69389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pessagno","given":"E.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207347,"text":"70207347 - 1977 - Deposition of the Tapeats Sandstone (Cambrian) in central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T14:07:40.755617","indexId":"70207347","displayToPublicDate":"1977-12-17T13:34:28","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deposition of the Tapeats Sandstone (Cambrian) in central Arizona","docAbstract":"Grain size, bedding thickness, dispersion of cross-stratification azimuths, and assemblages of sedimentary structures and trace fossils vary across central Arizona; they form the basis for recognizing six facies (A through F) in the Tapeats Sandstone. Five of these (A through E), present in western central Arizona, are marine deposits containing the trace fossil Corophioides; several intertidal environments are represented. The association of large-scale cross-bedding (50 to 300 cm) that is characterized by compound cross-stratification, numerous reactivation surfaces, and herringbone patterns is typical of facies A and generally typical of the finer-grained, thinner-bedded facies B. The sedimentary structures and polymodal distribution of foreset azimuths common to facies A and B probably formed on intertidal sand bars during emergence and late-stage tidal runoff. Facies C consists of well-sorted sandstone, gently cross stratified or with continuous parallel stratification, and foresets tangential to the lower bedding surface. This facies generally occurs where the gradient of the depositional surface increases; it apparently was deposited on a beach by shoaling waves. Facies D and, to a lesser extent, the coarser-grained facies E are sandstones with trough cross-stratification, fining-upward cycles, abundant intercalated thin shale and sandstone, rare flaser bedding, and local bipolar distribution of foreset azimuths. Both facies are tidal flat deposits; facies D was probably produced by meandering tidal channels, whereas facies E was likely produced by migration of braided tidal channels. The sixth facies (F), present in eastern central Arizona, is an arkosic small-pebble conglomerate that lacks trace fossils; low dispersion of foreset azimuths and large-scale (1 to 11-m wide) cut-and-fill structure are typical. Facies F was deposited by bedload streams that transported coarse, poorly sorted sand and gravel westward to the intertidal flats.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<199:DOTTSC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., 1977, Deposition of the Tapeats Sandstone (Cambrian) in central Arizona: GSA Bulletin, v. 88, no. 2, p. 199-211, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<199:DOTTSC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"211","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370370,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Tapeats Sandstone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.35693359375,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -111.181640625,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -111.181640625,\n 35.33529320309328\n ],\n [\n -113.35693359375,\n 35.33529320309328\n ],\n [\n -113.35693359375,\n 34.08906131584994\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"88","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70233489,"text":"70233489 - 1977 - Lower Tertiary biostratigraphy of the northern Santa Lucia Range, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-21T16:35:52.73664","indexId":"70233489","displayToPublicDate":"1977-11-01T11:29:56","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lower Tertiary biostratigraphy of the northern Santa Lucia Range, California","docAbstract":"Lower Tertiary strata in .the northern Santa Lucia Range of California are correlated by means of planktonic and benthonic foraminifers. Benthonic foraminiferal assemblages from eight stratigraphic sections range in age from Ynezian to possible basal Refugian. The Paleocene mudstone contains a Ynezian benthonic foraminiferal assemblage. The Ulatisian benthonic assemblage of the Lucia Mudstone and the Penutian to Ulatisian benthonic assemblages of the Eocene sandstone and rnudstone unit are associated with planktonic foraminifers referable to Zones P 7-P 8 and P 9. The Church Creek Formation is characterized by a Narizian to possibly Refugian benthonic assemblage. Two questionable associations of early Eocene planktonic foraminifers with Narizian benthonic foraminifers occur near Arroyo Seco Creek. No -age-diagnostic foraminifers were found in The Rocks Sandstone. Data from previous studies, along with our data, suggest a Ulatisian to Narizian age for this unit. Paleoenvironments interpreted from foraminiferal assemblages suggest a general shoaling from lower bathyal or deeper water depths in the middle Paleocene and early Eocene to bathyal water depths during the middle Eocene. In addition, the Ulatisian water depths deepen across the Santa Lucia Range from east to west.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Poore, R., Sliter, W., and Link, M.H., 1977, Lower Tertiary biostratigraphy of the northern Santa Lucia Range, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 6, p. 735-745.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"735","endPage":"745","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404254,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404249,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue6/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"northern Santa Lucia Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 36\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poore, Richard Z.","contributorId":203460,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poore","given":"Richard Z.","affiliations":[{"id":36625,"text":"Emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":847229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sliter, William V.","contributorId":21414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sliter","given":"William V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Link, M. H.","contributorId":293523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Link","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70233484,"text":"70233484 - 1977 - Age and tectonic setting of lower Paleozoic alkalic and mafic rocks, carbonatites, and thorium veins in South-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-21T16:04:59.305879","indexId":"70233484","displayToPublicDate":"1977-11-01T10:56:46","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and tectonic setting of lower Paleozoic alkalic and mafic rocks, carbonatites, and thorium veins in South-central Colorado","docAbstract":"Alkalic igneous rocks were emplaced into heterogeneous terrane of Precambrian X and Precambrian Y rocks about 570 m.y. ago (Cambrian or upper Precambrian) in the Powderhorn area in Gunnison County and about 520 m.y. ago (Cambrian) in the McClure Mountain, Gem Park, and Democrat Creek areas in the northern Wet Mountains, Fremont and Custer Counties. The radiometric ages are based upon studies by K-Ar, Rb-Sr, and fission-track methods. Associated with these alkalic rock complexes are numerous thorium-bearing veins and red syenite dikes; some, if not all, in the northern Wet Mountains were formed about 495 m.y. ago. Diabase, gabbro, and other mafic dikes appear to be slightly younger than the thorium veins in the Powderhorn area and both older and younger in the Wet Mountains region. In the Powderhorn district, an older group of syenites also intruded Precambrian rocks as plugs or small stocks about 1350-1400 m.y. ago. The various dike rocks and the thorium veins were formed in extensive, deep fractures, indicating a condition of tension or shear in this part of the crust during Cambrian or very late Precambrian to Ordovician time. The localized alkalic magmatisin may reflect melting spots in the mantle. In the two principal areas, 135 km apart, the episodes of alkalic magmatism differ in age by about 50 m.y., the younger toward the east. The age relations might be explained by migration of the sites of localized melting or volatile enrichment in the mantle or westward movement of the continent above a single site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Olson, J.C., Marvin, R.F., Parker, R.L., and Mehnert, H.H., 1977, Age and tectonic setting of lower Paleozoic alkalic and mafic rocks, carbonatites, and thorium veins in South-central Colorado: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 6, p. 673-687.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"673","endPage":"687","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404235,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404233,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue6/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.90771484375,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -104.39208984375,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -104.39208984375,\n 39.01064750994083\n ],\n [\n -107.90771484375,\n 39.01064750994083\n ],\n [\n -107.90771484375,\n 37.23032838760387\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Jerry C.","contributorId":89202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marvin, Richard F.","contributorId":23125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, Raymond Laurence","contributorId":29385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"Laurence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mehnert, Harald H.","contributorId":56221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehnert","given":"Harald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70233517,"text":"70233517 - 1977 - Geology of the gabbroic complex along the northern border of the Josephine Peridotite, Vulcan Peak area, southwestern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-22T13:52:45.748385","indexId":"70233517","displayToPublicDate":"1977-11-01T08:34:32","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the gabbroic complex along the northern border of the Josephine Peridotite, Vulcan Peak area, southwestern Oregon","docAbstract":"The terrane bordering the alpine-type Josephine Peridotite on the north in the Vulcan Peak area, southwestern Oregon, is composed of intrusive hornblende gabbro (Middle Jurassic) and scattered remnants of clinopyroxene-bearing ultramafic rocks and amphibolite. The amphibolite, which preliminary analyses suggest is of andesitic composition, has undergone regional metamorphism to the amphibolite facies and three episodes of plastic folding. The ultramafic rocks overlie the amphibolite with a possible magmatic sedimentary contact, although the contact is not entirely clear and a fault cannot be ruled out. The ultramafic rocks are partially recrystallized owing to the gabbro intrusion and later partially serpentinized; they have undergone two episodes of plastic folding, the second of which correlates with the third in the amphibolite. The intrusion of the gabbro began as early as the second folding episode in the amphibolite and probably continued at least intermittently throughout the third episode of folding and possibly later. After the high-temperature deformation, the Josephine Peridotite was thrust northward over the gabbroic complex along an east-striking south-dipping thrust fault, after which both of these terranes were thrust westward over the Upper Jurassic Dothan Formation along a major north-striking east-dipping thrust fault. The nature of the ultramaflc rocks, their association with an extensive gabbro terrane, and the proximity of a large alpine-type peridotite suggest that the gabbroic and ultramafic complexes are part of an ophiolite sequence. However, if the ultramaflc rocks are cumulates and were deposited on the amphibolite terrane, then the gabbroic complex is somewhat different from the ideal ophiolite model.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Loney, R.A., and Himmelberg, G.R., 1977, Geology of the gabbroic complex along the northern border of the Josephine Peridotite, Vulcan Peak area, southwestern Oregon: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 6, p. 761-781.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"761","endPage":"781","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404325,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404318,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue6/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Vulcan Peak area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.1015625,\n 42.15118709351198\n ],\n [\n -123.89007568359374,\n 42.15118709351198\n ],\n [\n -123.89007568359374,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -124.1015625,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -124.1015625,\n 42.15118709351198\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loney, R. A.","contributorId":90757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loney","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Himmelberg, Glen R.","contributorId":57921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelberg","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156484,"text":"70156484 - 1977 - A Galerkin, finite-element analysis of steady-state flow and heat transport in the shallow hydrothermal system in the East Mesa area, Imperial Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T17:30:46","indexId":"70156484","displayToPublicDate":"1977-08-31T18:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Galerkin, finite-element analysis of steady-state flow and heat transport in the shallow hydrothermal system in the East Mesa area, Imperial Valley, California","docAbstract":"A steady-state simulation model was applied to the shallow hydrothermal system in the East Mesa area of Imperial Valley, Calif. The steady-state equations of flow and heat transport were solved by use of a Galerkin, finite-element method. A solution was obtained by iterating between the temperature and pressure equations, using updated densities and viscosities. Temperature and pressure were obtained for each node, and corresponding head values were calculated. The simulated temperature and pressure patterns correlated well with the observed patterns. Additional data, mainly from test drilling, would be required for construction of a similar model of the deep hydrothermal system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Miller, R., 1977, A Galerkin, finite-element analysis of steady-state flow and heat transport in the shallow hydrothermal system in the East Mesa area, Imperial Valley, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 4, p. 497-509.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"497","endPage":"509","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307190,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307189,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue4/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.42 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Imperial Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.5,\n 32.5\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 33.7\n ],\n [\n -115.5,\n 33.7\n ],\n [\n -115.5,\n 32.5\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 32.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d84baae4b0518e3546efc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R.E.","contributorId":86754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}