{"pageNumber":"3800","pageRowStart":"94975","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185244,"records":[{"id":70018952,"text":"70018952 - 1996 - Atrazine concentrations in near-surface aquifers: A censored regression approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T10:10:48","indexId":"70018952","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atrazine concentrations in near-surface aquifers: A censored regression approach","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a study to investigate the occurrence of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6- isopropylamino-s-triazine) and other agricultural chemicals in near-surface aquifers in the midcontinental USA. Because about 83% of the atrazine concentrations from the USGS study were censored, standard statistical estimation procedures could not be used. To determine factors that affect atrazine concentrations in groundwater while accommodating the high degree of data censoring. Tobit models were used (normal homoscedastic, normal heteroscedastic, lognormal homoscedastic, and lognormal heteroscedastic). Empirical results suggest that the lognormal heteroscedastic Tobit model is the model of choice for this type of study. This model determined the following factors to have the strongest effect on atrazine concentrations in groundwater: percent of pasture within 3.2 km, percent of forest within 3.2 km (2 mi), mean open interval of the well, primary water use of a well, aquifer class (unconsolidated or bedrock), aquifer type (unconfined or confined), existence of a stream within 30 m (100 ft), existence of a stream within 30 m to 0.4 km (0.25 mi), and existence of a stream within 0.4 to 3.2 km. Examining the elasticities of the continuous explanatory factors provides further insight into their effects on atrazine concentrations in groundwater. This study documents a viable statistical method that can be used to accommodate the complicating presence of censured data, a feature that commonly occurs in environmental data.","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500050010x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., Yen, S., and Kolpin, D., 1996, Atrazine concentrations in near-surface aquifers: A censored regression approach: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 25, no. 5, p. 992-999, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500050010x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"992","endPage":"999","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eecbe4b0c8380cd49f84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yen, S.T.","contributorId":106659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yen","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018978,"text":"70018978 - 1996 - Inferring shallow groundwater flow in saprolite and fractured rock using environmental tracers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T13:01:37","indexId":"70018978","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inferring shallow groundwater flow in saprolite and fractured rock using environmental tracers","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Ridge and Valley Province of eastern Tennessee is characterized by (1) substantial topographic relief, (2) folded and highly fractured rocks of various lithologies that have low primary permeability and porosity, and (3) a shallow residuum of medium permeability and high total porosity. Conceptual models of shallow groundwater flow and solute transport in this system have been developed but are difficult to evaluate using physical characterization or short‐term tracer methods due to extreme spatial variability in hydraulic properties. In this paper we describe how chlorofluorocarbon 12,&nbsp;</span><sup>3</sup><span>H, and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>He were used to infer groundwater flow and solute transport in saprolite and fractured rock near Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In the shallow residuum, fracture spacings are &lt;0.05 m, suggesting that concentrations of these tracers in fractures and in the matrix have time to diffusionally equilibrate. The relatively smooth nature of tracer concentrations with depth in the residuum is consistent with this model and quantitatively suggests recharge fluxes of 0.2 to 0.4 m yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. In contrast, groundwater flow within the unweathered rock appears to be controlled by fractures with spacings of the order of 2 to 5 m, and diffusional equilibration of fractures and matrix has not occurred. For this reason, vertical fluid fluxes in the unweathered rock cannot be estimated from the tracer data.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR00354","usgsCitation":"Cook, P., Solomon, D.K., Sanford, W., Busenberg, E., Plummer, N., and Poreda, R., 1996, Inferring shallow groundwater flow in saprolite and fractured rock using environmental tracers: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 6, p. 1501-1509, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00354.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1501","endPage":"1509","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3aebe4b0c8380cd620a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, P.G.","contributorId":103807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solomon, D. K.","contributorId":98324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solomon","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanford, W. E. 0000-0002-6624-0280","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":102112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Poreda, R.J.","contributorId":97138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poreda","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70019005,"text":"70019005 - 1996 - Thermodynamic properties of scapolites at temperatures ranging from 10 K to 1000 K","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019005","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2208,"text":"Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermodynamic properties of scapolites at temperatures ranging from 10 K to 1000 K","docAbstract":"The heat capacities of five mineral samples from the scapolite solid-solution series, Na4Al3Si9O24Cl (marialite) to Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 (meionite), were measured by the adiabatic method from T=8 K to T=350 K and by the differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) method from T = 300 K to T = 1000 K. The meionite (Me) content in per cent {Me=100 Ca*/(Ca* + Na*)} (where the asterisk indicates that possible substituents are included) and molar heat capacity (Cp,m/R) at T=298.15 K for each sample is: Me28, 82.07; Me44, 82.09; Me55, 83.95; Me69, 85.80; Me88, 84.54. The standard molar entropies, {S,om(298.15 K)-Som(0 K)} R-1 (R=8.31451 J??K-1??mol-1), at T=298.15 K for the respective compositions are: 85.05??0.26, 83.78??0.50, 85.22??0.24, 85.76??0.21, and 84.17??0.59. The calculated standard molar entropies (as above) at T=298.15 K for the end-members marialite and meionite, and for an intermediate composition (mizzonite=Me75) are 84.85, 83.94 and 86.15, respectively. Values of the coefficients in the equation Cp,m/R = a + bT+ cT2 + dT-1/2 + eT-2 (valid from T = 300 K to T =1000 K) are: (Mex, a, b/K, c/K2, d/K-1/2, e/K-2 Me88), 315.580, -0.0795676, 1.52825.10-5, -3954.83, 1808460; Me69, 261.285, -0.0415017, 8.73053.10-7, -3028.28, 1083666; Me55, 232.236, -0.0352222, 6.49875.10-6, 2505.99, 601750; Me44, 276.696, -0.0756614, 2.39722.10-5, -3210.40, 1044363; Me28, 149.917, 0.0229399, -1.23180.10-5, 1208.87, -318470. Smoothed thermodynamic functions for the five samples are also presented. The enthalpies of solution for five natural scapolites were measured in 2PbO??B2O3 melts at T= 973 K by Calvet-type calorimetry. The values of ??solHom/R??K are: Me11, 32.14??0.7; Me28, 32.34??0.4; Me44, 33.66??0.8; Me69, 35.29??0.8; Me88, 32.87??0.3. The calculated enthalpies of formation for stoichiometric scapolites ??fHom/103??R??K at T= 298.15 K are: Me0, -1467.4??1.3; Me11, -1491.2??1.2; Me28, -1527.6??0.9; Me44, -1564.1??1.1; Me55, -1587.4??1.1; Me69, -1619.7??1.1; Me75, -1633.1??1.1; Me88, -1649.1??1.0; Me100, -1664??1.6. The heat capacity, the entropy, and the enthalpy of solution have maximal values near Me75 which may account in part for the relatively common occurrence of that composition in natural assemblages. Earlier measurements on leucite have been extended by the Komada/Westrum phonon dispersion model and corrected to end-member composition. ?? 1996 Academic Press Limited.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jcht.1996.0083","issn":"00219614","usgsCitation":"Komada, N., Moecher, D., Westrum, E., Hemingway, B.S., Zolotov, M., Semenov, Y., and Khodakovsky, I., 1996, Thermodynamic properties of scapolites at temperatures ranging from 10 K to 1000 K: Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, v. 28, no. 9, p. 941-973, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcht.1996.0083.","startPage":"941","endPage":"973","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205710,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcht.1996.0083"},{"id":226355,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb278e4b08c986b325810","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Komada, N.","contributorId":42722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komada","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moecher, D.P.","contributorId":106269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moecher","given":"D.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Westrum, E.F. Jr.","contributorId":96416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westrum","given":"E.F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zolotov, M. Yu","contributorId":64817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zolotov","given":"M. Yu","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Semenov, Y.V.","contributorId":22914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Semenov","given":"Y.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Khodakovsky, I.L.","contributorId":96023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khodakovsky","given":"I.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70019006,"text":"70019006 - 1996 - Evaluating the reliability of the stream tracer approach to characterize stream-subsurface water exchange","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T08:38:17","indexId":"70019006","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the reliability of the stream tracer approach to characterize stream-subsurface water exchange","docAbstract":"<p><span>Stream water was locally recharged into shallow groundwater flow paths that returned to the stream (hyporheic exchange) in St. Kevin Gulch, a Rocky Mountain stream in Colorado contaminated by acid mine drainage. Two approaches were used to characterize hyporheic exchange: sub-reach-scale measurement of hydraulic heads and hydraulic conductivity to compute streambed fluxes (hydrometric approach) and reachscale modeling of in-stream solute tracer injections to determine characteristic length and timescales of exchange with storage zones (stream tracer approach). Subsurface data were the standard of comparison used to evaluate the reliability of the stream tracer approach to characterize hyporheic exchange. The reach-averaged hyporheic exchange flux (1.5 mL s</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>m</span><sup>−1</sup><span>), determined by hydrometric methods, was largest when stream base flow was low (10<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>L</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>); hyporheic exchange persisted when base flow was 10-fold higher, decreasing by approximately 30%. Reliability of the stream tracer approach to detect hyporheic exchange was assessed using first-order uncertainty analysis that considered model parameter sensitivity. The stream tracer approach did not reliably characterize hyporheic exchange at high base flow: the model was apparently more sensitive to exchange with surface water storage zones than with the hyporheic zone. At low base flow the stream tracer approach reliably characterized exchange between the stream and gravel streambed (timescale of hours) but was relatively insensitive to slower exchange with deeper alluvium (timescale of tens of hours) that was detected by subsurface measurements. The stream tracer approach was therefore not equally sensitive to all timescales of hyporheic exchange. We conclude that while the stream tracer approach is an efficient means to characterize surface-subsurface exchange, future studies will need to more routinely consider decreasing sensitivities of tracer methods at higher base flow and a potential bias toward characterizing only a fast component of hyporheic exchange. Stream tracer models with multiple rate constants to consider both fast exchange with streambed gravel and slower exchange with deeper alluvium appear to be warranted.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR01268","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J.W., Wagner, B.J., and Bencala, K.E., 1996, Evaluating the reliability of the stream tracer approach to characterize stream-subsurface water exchange: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 8, p. 2441-2451, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR01268.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2441","endPage":"2451","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bfee4b0c8380cd529b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagner, Brian J. bjwagner@usgs.gov","contributorId":427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Brian","email":"bjwagner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":381374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":381376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019007,"text":"70019007 - 1996 - The atomic arrangement of iimoriite-(Y), Y2(SiO4)(CO3)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019007","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The atomic arrangement of iimoriite-(Y), Y2(SiO4)(CO3)","docAbstract":"Iimoriite-(Y) from Bokan Mountain, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska has been studied using single-crystal X-ray-diffraction techniques. The mineral, ideally Y2(SiO4)(CO3), crystallizes in space group P1, with a 6.5495(13), b 6.6291(14), c 6.4395(11)A??, ?? 116.364(15), ?? 92.556(15) and ?? 95.506(17)??. The atomic arrangement has been solved and refined to an R value of 0.019. The arrangement of atoms consists of alternating (011) slabs of orthosilicate groups and carbonate groups, with no sharing of oxygen atoms between anionic complexes in adjacent slabs. Y1 atoms separate adjacent tetrahedra along [100] within the orthosilicate slab, and Y2 atoms separate adjacent carbonate groups along [100] within the carbonate slab. Adjacent orthosilicate and carbonate slabs are linked in (100) by bonding Y atoms from each slab to oxygen atoms of adjacent slabs, in the form of YO8 polyhedra. The Y1 atoms exist in Y12O14 dimers in the orthosilicate slab, and the Y2 atoms exist in continuous [011] ribbons of edge-sharing Y2O8 polyhedra in the carbonate slab.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Hughes, J., Foord, E., Jai-Nhuknan, J., and Bell, J., 1996, The atomic arrangement of iimoriite-(Y), Y2(SiO4)(CO3): Canadian Mineralogist, v. 34, no. 4, p. 817-820.","startPage":"817","endPage":"820","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226399,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9dbe4b08c986b322567","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, J.M.","contributorId":18911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jai-Nhuknan, J.","contributorId":90049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jai-Nhuknan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bell, J.M.","contributorId":58032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018979,"text":"70018979 - 1996 - Global distribution of beryllium isotopes in deep ocean water as derived from Fe-Mn crusts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-09T00:40:16.997231","indexId":"70018979","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global distribution of beryllium isotopes in deep ocean water as derived from Fe-Mn crusts","docAbstract":"<p>The direct measurement of the ratio of cosmogenic<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>10</sup>Be (<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>T</mtext><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext><mtext>= 1.5 Ma</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">T12= 1.5 Ma</span></span></span>) to stable terrigenously sourced<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>9</sup>Be in deep seawater or marine deposits can be used to trace water mass movements and to quantify the incorporation of trace metals into the deep sea. In this study a SIMS-based technique has been used to determine the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>10</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>9</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">10Be9Be</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios of the outermost millimetre of hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts from the worlds oceans.<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>10</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>9</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">10Be9Be</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios, time-corrected for radioactive decay of cosmogenic<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>10</sup>Be using<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>234</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>238</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">234U238U</span></span></span>, are in good agreement with AMS measurements of modern deep seawater. Ratios are relatively low in the North and equatorial Atlantic samples (0.4–0.5 × 10<sup>−7</sup>). In the Southwest Atlantic ratios increase up to 1 × 10<sup>−7</sup>, they vary between 0.7 and 1.0 × 10<sup>−7</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in Indian Ocean samples, and have a near constant value of 1.1 ± 0.2 × 10<sup>−7</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>for all Pacific samples.</p><p>If the residence time of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>10</sup>Be (<i>τ</i>10<sub>Be</sub>) in deep water is constant globally, then the observed variations in<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-5-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>10</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>9</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">10Be9Be</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios could be caused by accumulation of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>10</sup>Be in deep water as it flows and ages along the conveyor, following a transient depletion upon its formation in the Northern Atlantic. In this view both<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>10</sup>Be and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>9</sup>Be reach local steady-state concentration in Pacific deep water and the global<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-6-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x3C4;10</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn><mtext>Be</mtext></mn></msub><mtext>&amp;#x224C; 600</mtext><mtext>a</mtext></math>\">≌<span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">τ10Be≌ 600a</span></span></span>. An alternative possibility is that the Be isotope abundances are controlled by local scavenging. For this scenario<span>&nbsp;</span><i>τ</i>10<sub>Be</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>would vary according to local particle concentration and would ≌ 600 a in the central Pacific, but<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-7-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x3C4;10</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn><mtext>Be</mtext></mn></msub><mtext>&amp;#x224C; 230</mtext><mtext>a</mtext></math>\">≌<span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">τ10Be≌ 230a</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>in the Atlantic.</p><p>Mass balance considerations indicate that hydrothermal additions of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>9</sup>Be to the oceans are negligible and that the dissolved riverine source is also small. Furthermore, aeolian dust input of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>9</sup>Be appears insufficient to provide the dissolved<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>9</sup>Be inventory. The dissolution of only a small proportion (2%) of river-derived particulates could in principle supply the observed seawater<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>9</sup>Be content. If true, ocean margins would be the sites for<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>9</sup>Be addition. Due to the particle-reactive nature of Be, these would also be the primary sites of Be removal. A possible net result of horizontal water masses passing through these marginal areas might be a decrease in seawater<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-8-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>10</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>9</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">10Be9Be</span></span></span>, and establishment of a relatively constant<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>9</sup>Be concentration.</p><p>As<span>&nbsp;</span><i>τ</i>10<sub>Be</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(∼ 600 a) is less than the apparent age of deep water in the Pacific (∼ 1500 a), the Pacific record of<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-9-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>10</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>9</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">10Be9Be</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>is not expected to show secular variations due to changes in deep-water flow, despite the large variations in<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-10-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>10</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>9</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">10Be9Be</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>between different water masses. Because of this insensitivity to deep-water flow, however, it is suggested that the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-11-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>10</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>9</mn></msup><mtext>Be</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">10Be9Be</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio, determined in the authigenic phase of marine sediments or hydrogenetic precipitates, should be a suitable tool for monitoring changes in continental input or cosmic ray intensity on longer time scales.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(96)00059-3","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Von Blanckenburg, F., O’Nions, R.K., Belshaw, N., Gibb, A., and Hein, J., 1996, Global distribution of beryllium isotopes in deep ocean water as derived from Fe-Mn crusts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 141, no. 1-4, p. 213-226, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(96)00059-3.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226572,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2943e4b0c8380cd5a7e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Von Blanckenburg, F.","contributorId":6199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Von Blanckenburg","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Nions, R. K.","contributorId":29138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Nions","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belshaw, N.S.","contributorId":24504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belshaw","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gibb, A.","contributorId":62763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibb","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018173,"text":"70018173 - 1996 - Integrated high-precision analyses of Holocene relative sea-level changes: Lessons from the coast of Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T14:55:18.267869","indexId":"70018173","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrated high-precision analyses of Holocene relative sea-level changes: Lessons from the coast of Maine","docAbstract":"<p>A suite of salt-marsh peat samples from four sites along the coast of Maine (Wells, Phippsburg, Gouldsboro, and Machiasport) has been analyzed using high-precision techniques to determine local relative sea-level trends and to evaluate proposed along-coast warping. A spatially variable set of relative sea-level records in Maine would have important implications for geophysical models that predict the response of the lithosphere during deglaciation and postglacial isostatic relaxation. These models are often at odds with observed relative sea-level indicators near the margins of former glaciation, including those from Maine.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1073:IHPAOH>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Gehrels, W., Belknap, D.F., and Kelley, J.T., 1996, Integrated high-precision analyses of Holocene relative sea-level changes: Lessons from the coast of Maine: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 9, p. 1073-1088, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1073:IHPAOH>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1073","endPage":"1088","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227672,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.32570134415494,\n              43.96496369051931\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.2378107191551,\n              43.23301434452003\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.75441228165504,\n              42.71858349902169\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.1391779066552,\n              42.97633686321791\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.07374821915515,\n              43.86999708456139\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.49171696915519,\n              44.688004201877135\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.19484196915484,\n              45.49462025836914\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.32570134415494,\n              43.96496369051931\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c64e4b0c8380cd62cce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gehrels, W.R.","contributorId":51035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gehrels","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belknap, D. F.","contributorId":96739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belknap","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelley, J. T.","contributorId":34197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019009,"text":"70019009 - 1996 - Residence time of water discharging from the Hanging Gardens of Zion Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:48:08","indexId":"70019009","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Residence time of water discharging from the Hanging Gardens of Zion Park","docAbstract":"The Hanging Gardens are a unique feature of Zion National Park. Knowledge of the source and residence time of water discharging from the Hanging Gardens is necessary to help preserve these features. Ground-water chemical and isotopic data distinguish the discharge from seeps and springs into two groups, one of low and one of high conductivity. Water with low conductivity likely originates as recharge near the steps and springs, and it only interacts with the Navajo Sandstone. High conductivity water, on the other hand, originates as recharge on the tops of plateaus to the east, where it interacts with marine rocks of the Carmel Formation. Carbon dating of these ground waters indicates that the low conductivity water is essentially modern recharge, while the high conductivity water was recharged 1,000 to 4,000 years ago.The Hanging Gardens are a unique feature of Zion National Park. Knowledge of the source and residence time of water discharging from the Hanging Gardens is necessary to help preserve these features. Ground-water chemical and isotopic data distinguish the discharge from seeps and springs into two groups, one of low and one of high conductivity. Water with low conductivity likely originates as recharge near the seeps and springs, and it only interacts with the Navajo Sandstone. High conductivity water, on the other hand, originates as recharge on the tops of plateaus to the cast, where it interacts with marine rocks of the Carmel Formation. Carbon dating of these ground waters indicates that the low conductivity water is essentially modern recharge, while the high conductivity water was recharged 1,000 to 4,000 years ago.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Assoc","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb04051.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Kimball, B.A., and Christensen, P., 1996, Residence time of water discharging from the Hanging Gardens of Zion Park: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 32, no. 3, p. 531-540, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb04051.x.","startPage":"531","endPage":"540","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267677,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb04051.x"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa971e4b0c8380cd85dd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, P.K.","contributorId":82354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019010,"text":"70019010 - 1996 - Block and shear-zone architecture of the Minnesota River Valley subprovince: Implications for late Archean accretionary tectonics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-20T22:48:51.103836","indexId":"70019010","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Block and shear-zone architecture of the Minnesota River Valley subprovince: Implications for late Archean accretionary tectonics","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Minnesota River Valley subprovince of the Superior Province is an Archean gneiss terrane composed internally of four crustal blocks bounded by three zones of east-northeast-trending linear geophysical anomalies. Two of the block-bounding zones are verified regional-scale shears. The geological nature of the third boundary has not been established. Potential-field geophysical models portray the boundary zones as moderately north-dipping surfaces or thin slabs similar in strike and dip to the Morris fault segment of the Great Lakes tectonic zone at the north margin of the subprovince. The central two blocks of the subprovince (Morton and Montevideo) are predominantly high-grade quartzofeldspathic gneiss, some as old as 3.6 Ga, and late-tectonic granite. The northern and southern blocks (Benson and Jeffers, respectively) are judged to contain less gneiss than the central blocks and a larger diversity of syntectonic and late-tectonic plutons. A belt of moderately metamorphosed mafic and ultramafic rocks having some attributes of a dismembered ophiolite is partly within the boundary zone between the Morton and Montevideo blocks. This and the other block boundaries are interpreted as late Archean structures that were reactivated in the Early Proterozoic. The Minnesota River Valley subprovince is interpreted as a late accretionary addition to the Superior Province. Because it was continental crust, it was not subductible when it impinged on the convergent southern margin of the Superior Craton in late Archean time, and it may have accommodated to convergent-margin stresses by dividing into blocks and shear zones capable of independent movement.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e96-063","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Southwick, D.L., and Chandler, V., 1996, Block and shear-zone architecture of the Minnesota River Valley subprovince: Implications for late Archean accretionary tectonics: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 33, no. 6, p. 831-847, https://doi.org/10.1139/e96-063.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"831","endPage":"847","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226446,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Minnesota River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.47336690467654,\n              44.36060852552464\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.68344329123784,\n              44.3646474709829\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.19409742352096,\n              44.84971139973905\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.17065285942994,\n              45.40213054537952\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.63990286918619,\n              45.93976710130059\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.65774415021184,\n              45.95419579719382\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.68853769260923,\n              45.85212515112906\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.95581738866386,\n              45.65297851683809\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.79812197640285,\n              45.42817614134398\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.62734634620364,\n              45.38071717096511\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.5393067574096,\n              45.298111216645594\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.47336690467654,\n              44.36060852552464\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1e3e4b0c8380cd4aea5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Southwick, D. L.","contributorId":57130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southwick","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chandler, V.W.","contributorId":97643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chandler","given":"V.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018983,"text":"70018983 - 1996 - The EDOP radar system on the high-altitude NASA ER-2 aircraft","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T10:47:10","indexId":"70018983","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2186,"text":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The EDOP radar system on the high-altitude NASA ER-2 aircraft","docAbstract":"The NASA ER-2 high-altitude (20 km) aircraft that emulates a satellite view of precipitation systems carries a variety of passive and active (lidar) remote sensing instruments. A new Doppler weather radar system at X band (9.6 GHz) called the ER-2 Doppler radar (EDOP) has been developed and flown on the ER-2 aircraft. EDOP is a fully coherent Doppler weather radar with fixed nadir and forward pointing (33?? off nadir) beams that map out Doppler winds and reflectivities in the vertical plane along the aircraft motion vector. Doppler winds from the two beams can be used to derive vertical and along-track air motions. In addition, the forward beam provides linear depolarization measurements that are useful in discriminating microphysical characteristics of the precipitation. This paper deals with a general description of the EDOP instrument including the measurement concept, the system configuration and hardware, and recently obtained data examples from the instrument. The combined remote sensing package on the ER-2, along with EDOP, provides a unique platform for simulating spaceborne remote sensing of precipitation.","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013<0795:TERSOT>2.0.CO;2","issn":"07390572","usgsCitation":"Heymsfield, G., Bidwell, S., Caylor, I., Ameen, S., Nicholson, S., Boncyk, W., Miller, L., Vandemark, D., Racette, P., and Dod, L., 1996, The EDOP radar system on the high-altitude NASA ER-2 aircraft: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, v. 13, no. 4, p. 795-809, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013<0795:TERSOT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"795","endPage":"809","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480180,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013<0795:tersot>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba70ce4b08c986b321336","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heymsfield, G.M.","contributorId":42371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heymsfield","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bidwell, S.W.","contributorId":12210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bidwell","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caylor, I.J.","contributorId":79247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caylor","given":"I.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ameen, S.","contributorId":58033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ameen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nicholson, S.","contributorId":46235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Boncyk, W.","contributorId":59190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boncyk","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Miller, L.","contributorId":97221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vandemark, D.","contributorId":63547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vandemark","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Racette, P.E.","contributorId":21294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Racette","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Dod, L.R.","contributorId":77309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dod","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":1008417,"text":"1008417 - 1996 - An introduced population of the South American callichthyid catfish Hoplosternum littorale in the Indian River Lagoon system, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:38","indexId":"1008417","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1672,"text":"Florida Scientist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An introduced population of the South American callichthyid catfish Hoplosternum littorale in the Indian River Lagoon system, Florida","docAbstract":"Abstract not supplied at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Florida Scientist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Nico, L., Walsh, S., and Robins, R., 1996, An introduced population of the South American callichthyid catfish Hoplosternum littorale in the Indian River Lagoon system, Florida: Florida Scientist, v. 59, p. 189-200.","productDescription":"p. 189-200","startPage":"189","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684394","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nico, L.G. 0000-0002-4488-7737","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4488-7737","contributorId":83052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nico","given":"L.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walsh, S. J. 0000-0002-1009-8537","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-8537","contributorId":62171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robins, R.H.","contributorId":89850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robins","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018621,"text":"70018621 - 1996 - Inelastic models of lithospheric stress - I. Theory and application to outer-rise plate deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T12:04:11.780804","indexId":"70018621","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inelastic models of lithospheric stress - I. Theory and application to outer-rise plate deformation","docAbstract":"<div class=\"u-mb-1\"><div>Outer-rise stress distributions determined in the manner that mechanical engineers evaluate inelastic stress distributions within conventional materials are contrasted with those predicted using simple elastic-plate models that are frequently encountered in studies of outer-rise seismicity. This comparison indicates that the latter are inherently inappropriate for studies of intraplate earthquakes, which are a direct manifestation of lithospheric inelasticity. We demonstrate that the common practice of truncating elastically superimposed stress profiles so that they are not permitted to exceed laboratory-based estimates of lithospheric yield strength will result in an accurate characterization of lithospheric stress only under relatively restrictive circumstances. In contrast to elastic-plate models, which predict that lithospheric stress distributions depend exclusively upon the current load, inelastic plate models predict that stress distributions are also significantly influenced by the plate-loading history, and, in many cases, this influence is the dominant factor in determining the style of potential seismicity (e.g. thrust versus normal faulting). Numerous ‘intuitive’ interpretations of outer-rise earthquakes have been founded upon the implicit assumption that a unique relationship exists between a specified combination of plate curvature and in-plane force, and the resulting lithospheric stress distribution. We demonstrate that the profound influence of deformation history often invalidates such interpretations. Finally, we examine the reliability of ‘yield envelope’ representations of lithospheric strength that are constructed on the basis of empirically determined frictional sliding relationships and silicate plastic-flow laws. Although representations of this nature underestimate the strength of some major interplate faults, such as the San Andreas, they appear to represent a reliable characterization of the strength of intraplate oceanic lithosphere.</div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb06533.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Mueller, S., Choy, G.L., and Spence, W., 1996, Inelastic models of lithospheric stress - I. Theory and application to outer-rise plate deformation: Geophysical Journal International, v. 125, no. 1, p. 39-53, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb06533.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"53","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479054,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1996.tb06533.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227082,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"125","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ac3e4b0c8380cd61f5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, S.","contributorId":68899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spence, W.","contributorId":7721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018888,"text":"70018888 - 1996 - The cyclic and fractal seismic series preceding an mb 4.8 earthquake on 1980 February 14 near the Virgin Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T12:02:43.260107","indexId":"70018888","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The cyclic and fractal seismic series preceding an mb 4.8 earthquake on 1980 February 14 near the Virgin Islands","docAbstract":"<div class=\"u-mb-1\"><div>Seismic activity in the 10 months preceding the 1980 February 14, m b 4.8 earthquake in the Virgin Islands, reported on by Frankel in 1982, consisted of four principal cycles. Each cycle began with a relatively large event or series of closely spaced events, and the duration of the cycles progressively shortened by a factor of about 3/4. Had this regular shortening of the cycles been recognized prior to the earthquake, the time of the next episode of seismicity (the main shock) might have been closely estimated 41 days in advance. That this event could be much larger than the previous events is indicated from time-to-failure analysis of the accelerating rise in released seismic energy, using a non-linear time- and slip-predictable foreshock model. Examination of the timing of all events in the sequence shows an even higher degree of order. Rates of seismicity, measured by consecutive interevent times, when plotted on an iteration diagram of a rate versus the succeeding rate, form a triangular circulating trajectory. The trajectory becomes an ascending helix if extended in a third dimension, time. This construction reveals additional and precise relations among the time intervals between times of relatively high or relatively low rates of seismic activity, including period halving and doubling. The set of 666 time intervals between all possible pairs of the 37 recorded events appears to be a fractal; the set of time points that define the intervals has a finite, non-integer correlation dimension of 0.70. In contrast, the average correlation dimension of 50 random sequences of 37 events is significantly higher, close to 1.0. In a similar analysis, the set of distances between pairs of epicentres has a fractal correlation dimension of 1.52. Well-defined cycles, numerous precise ratios among time intervals, and a non-random temporal fractal dimension suggest that the seismic series is not a random process, but rather the product of a deterministic dynamic system.</div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb06359.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Varnes, D.J., and Bufe, C., 1996, The cyclic and fractal seismic series preceding an mb 4.8 earthquake on 1980 February 14 near the Virgin Islands: Geophysical Journal International, v. 124, no. 1, p. 149-158, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb06359.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"158","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479055,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1996.tb06359.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226665,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"124","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa7be4b08c986b322856","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varnes, D. J.","contributorId":85201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varnes","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bufe, C. G.","contributorId":79443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bufe","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018573,"text":"70018573 - 1996 - Impact of dia- and catagenesis on sulphur and oxygen sequestration of biomarkers as revealed by artificial maturation of an immature sedimentary rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70018573","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Impact of dia- and catagenesis on sulphur and oxygen sequestration of biomarkers as revealed by artificial maturation of an immature sedimentary rock","docAbstract":"Hydrous pyrolysis of an immature (R(a)??? 0.25%) sulphur-rich marl from the Gessoso-solfifera Formation (Messinian) in the Vena del Gesso Basin was carried out at 160C ??? T ???330 C for 72 h, to study the effect of progressive diagenesis and early catagenesis on the abundance and distribution of sulphur-containing and sulphur- and oxygen-linked carbon skeletons in low-molecular-weight and highmolecular-weight fractions (e.g. kerogen). To this end, compounds in the saturated hydrocarbon fraction, monoaromatic hydrocarbon fraction, polyaromatic hydrocarbon fraction, alkylsulphide fraction and ketone fraction were quantified, as well as compounds released after desulphurisation of the polar fraction and HI/LiAIH4 treatment of the desulphurised polar fraction. Sulphur-bound phytane and (20R)-5??,14??,17??(H) and (20R)-5??,14??,17??(H) C27 C29 steranes in the polar fraction become less abundant with increasing maturation temperature, whereas the amount of their corresponding hydrocarbons increases in the saturated hydrocarbon fraction. Carbon skeletons that are bound in the kerogen by multiple bonds (e.g. C38 n-alkane and isorenieratane) are first released into the polar fraction, and then as free hydrocarbons. These changes occur at relatively low levels of thermal maturity (R(a) <0.6%), as evidenced by the 'immature' values of biomarker maturity parameters such as the ????/(????+ ???? + ????) C35 hopane ratio and the 22S/(22S + 22R)-17??,21??(H) C35 hopane ratio. Sulphur- and oxygen-bound moieties, present in the polar fraction, are not stable with increasing thermal maturation. However, alkylthiophenes, ketones. 1,2-di-n-alkylbenzenes and free n-alkanes seem to be stable thermal degradation products of these sulphur- and oxygen-bound moieties. Thus, apart from free n-alkanes, which are abundantly present in more mature sedimentary rocks and crude oils, alkylthiophenes, 1,2-di-n-alkylbenzenes and ketones can also be expected to occur. The positions of the thiophene moiety and the carbonyl group coincide with the original positions of the functional groups of their precursors. Thus, important information about palaeobiochemicals is retained throughout the sequestration/degradation process.","largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00144-1","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Koopmans, M., De Leeuw, J.W., Lewan, M.D., and Sinninghe, D.J., 1996, Impact of dia- and catagenesis on sulphur and oxygen sequestration of biomarkers as revealed by artificial maturation of an immature sedimentary rock, <i>in</i> Organic Geochemistry, v. 25, no. 5-7, p. 391-426, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00144-1.","startPage":"391","endPage":"426","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205828,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00144-1"},{"id":226995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38b8e4b0c8380cd6167d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koopmans, M.P.","contributorId":38298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koopmans","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"De Leeuw, J. W.","contributorId":64406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Leeuw","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewan, M. D.","contributorId":46540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sinninghe, Damste J.S.","contributorId":35484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinninghe","given":"Damste","email":"","middleInitial":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017853,"text":"70017853 - 1996 - Inelastic models of lithospheric stress - II. Implications for outer-rise seismicity and dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T12:08:05.077229","indexId":"70017853","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inelastic models of lithospheric stress - II. Implications for outer-rise seismicity and dynamics","docAbstract":"<div class=\"u-mb-1\"><div>Outer-rise seismicity and dynamics are examined using inelastic models of lithospheric deformation, which allow a more realistic characterization of stress distributions and failure behaviour. We conclude that thrust- and normal-faulting outer-rise earthquakes represent substantially different states of stress within the oceanic lithosphere. Specifically, the normal-faulting events occur in response to downward plate bending, which establishes the ‘standard’, bending-dominated state of outer-rise stress, and the thrust-faulting events occur in response to an elevated level of in-plane compression, which develops only in response to exceptional circumstances. This interpretation accounts for the observation that normal-faulting outer-rise earthquakes occur more frequently and are more widely distributed than their thrust-faulting counterparts, an observation for which the simple bending model offers no explanation. In addition, attributing both thrust- and normal-faulting outer-rise earthquakes to plate bending implies that both classes of events should occur within relatively close lateral proximity to one another because both are allegedly a manifestation of the same bendingdominated stress distribution, whereas, in reality, this is not observed. We propose that the tendency for thrust-faulting outer-rise earthquakes to exhibit greater source depths than their normal-faulting counterparts (an observation that is frequently cited in support of the bending interpretation of the former) is merely a consequence of the fact that bending-induced tension is confined to the upper lithosphere. Our model predicts that outer-rise in-plane-force variations may promote thrust-faulting outerrise activity prior to an underthrusting interplate subduction earthquake and normalfaulting outer-rise activity following such an earthquake, but that both forms of outerrise activity are unlikely to be associated with the same subduction earthquake. A corollary implication of our model is t...</div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb06534.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Mueller, S., Spence, W., and Choy, G.L., 1996, Inelastic models of lithospheric stress - II. Implications for outer-rise seismicity and dynamics: Geophysical Journal International, v. 125, no. 1, p. 54-72, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb06534.x.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"54","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228400,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"125","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ac4e4b0c8380cd61f65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, S.","contributorId":68899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spence, W.","contributorId":7721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":31663,"text":"ofr96677 - 1996 - Rockslide-debris avalanche of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-03T21:42:04.199874","indexId":"ofr96677","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-677","title":"Rockslide-debris avalanche of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides a detailed picture of the rockslide-debris avalanche of the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens volcano. It provides a characterization of the deposit, a reinterpretation of the details of the first minutes of the eruption of May 18, and insight into the transport mechanism of the mass movement.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Details of the rockslide event, as revealed by eyewitness photographs, are correlated with features of the deposit. The photographs show three slide blocks in the rockslide movement. Slide block I was triggered by a magnitude 5.1 earthquake at 8:32 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time (P.D.T.). An exploding cryptodome burst through slide block II to produce the 'blast surge.' Slide block III consisted of many discrete failures that were carried out in continuing pyroclastic currents generated from the exploding cryptodome. The cryptodome continued to depressurize after slide block III, producing a blast deposit that rests on top of the debris-avalanche deposit. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>The hummocky 2.5 cubic kilometer debris-avalanche deposit consists of block facies (pieces of the pre-eruption Mount St. Helens transported relatively intact) and matrix facies (a mixture of rocks from the old mountain and cryptodome dacite). Block facies is divided into five lithologic units. Matrix facies was derived from the explosively generated current of slide block III as well as from disaggregation and mixing of debris-avalanche blocks. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>The mean density of the old cone was measured to be abut 20 percent greater than the mean density of the avalanche deposit. Density in the deposit does not decrease with distance which suggests that debris-avalanche blocks were dilated at the mountain, rather than during transport. Various grain-size parameters that show that clast size converges about a mean with distance suggest mixing during transport. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>The debris-avalanche flow can be considered a grain flow, where particles -- either debris-avalanche blocks or the clasts within the blocks -- collided and created dispersive stress normal to the movement of material. The dispersive stress preserved the dilation of the material and allowed it to flow.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96677","usgsCitation":"Glicken, H., 1996, Rockslide-debris avalanche of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-677, Report: viii, 90 p.; 7 Plates: 39.58 x 26.39 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96677.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 90 p.; 7 Plates: 39.58 x 26.39 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"98","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159892,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96677.jpg"},{"id":279211,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/pdf/of1996-0677_plate3.pdf"},{"id":279210,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/pdf/of1996-0677_plate2.pdf"},{"id":279208,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/pdf/of1996-0677text.pdf"},{"id":2971,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":279209,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/pdf/of1996-0677_plate1.pdf"},{"id":415130,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13199.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":279215,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/pdf/of1996-0677_plate5b.pdf","text":"Plate 5B"},{"id":279214,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/pdf/of1996-0677_plate5a.pdf","text":"Plate 5A"},{"id":279213,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/pdf/of1996-0677_plate4b.pdf","text":"Plate 4B"},{"id":279212,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/pdf/of1996-0677_plate4a.pdf","text":"Plate 4A"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.102,\n              46.171\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.102,\n              46.338\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.428,\n              46.338\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.428,\n              46.171\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.102,\n              46.171\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cd1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glicken, Harry","contributorId":77452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glicken","given":"Harry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019043,"text":"70019043 - 1996 - The 1992 M=7 Cape Mendocino, California, earthquake: Coseismic deformation at the south end of the Cascadia megathrust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-12T17:46:55.966205","indexId":"70019043","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1992 M=7 Cape Mendocino, California, earthquake: Coseismic deformation at the south end of the Cascadia megathrust","docAbstract":"<p><span>We invert geodetic measurements of coseismic surface displacements to determine a dislocation model for the April 25, 1992,&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;= 7 Cape Mendocino, California, earthquake. The orientation of the model slip vector, which nearly parallels North America-Juan de Fuca relative plate convergence, and the location and orientation of the model fault relative to the offshore Cascadia megathrust, suggest that the 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquake is the first well-recorded event to relieve strain associated with the Cascadia subduction zone. We use data from three geodetic techniques: (1) the horizontal and vertical displacements of 13 monuments surveyed with the Global Positioning System, corrected for observed horizontal interseismic strain accumulation, (2) 88 section-elevation differences between leveling monuments, and (3) the uplift of 12 coastal sites observed from the die-off of intertidal marine organisms. Maximum observed displacements are 0.4 m of horizontal movement and 1.5 m of uplift along the coast. We use Monte Carlo techniques to estimate an optimal uniform slip rectangular fault geometry and its uncertainties. The optimal model using all the data resolves 4.9 m of slip on a 14 by 15 km fault that dips 28° SE. The fault extends from 1.5 to 8.7 km in depth and the main-shock hypocenter is close to the downdip projection of the fault. The shallowly dipping fault plane is consistent with the observed aftershock locations, and the estimated geodetic moment is 3.1 × 10</span><sup>19</sup><span>&nbsp;N m, 70% of the seismic moment. Other models that exclude leveling data collected in 1935 and 1942 are more consistent with seismological estimates of the fault geometry. If the earthquake is characteristic for this segment, the estimated horizontal slip vector compared with plate convergence rates suggests a recurrence interval of 140 years, with a 95% confidence range of 100–670 years. The coseismic uplift occurred in a region that also has high Quaternary uplift rates determined from marine terrace studies. If repeated ruptures of this southernmost segment of the Cascadia megathrust are responsible for the Quaternary uplift, a comparison of the coseismic uplift with coastal uplift rates suggests a recurrence interval of 200–400 years. Thus comparing horizontal and vertical coseismic to long-term deformation suggests a recurrence interval of about 100–300 years for&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;= 7 events at the south end of the Cascadia megathrust.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB02623","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Murray, M., Marshall, G., Lisowski, M., and Stein, R., 1996, The 1992 M=7 Cape Mendocino, California, earthquake: Coseismic deformation at the south end of the Cascadia megathrust: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 8, p. 17707-17725, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB02623.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"17707","endPage":"17725","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226313,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba632e4b08c986b320f61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, M.H.","contributorId":50171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marshall, G.A.","contributorId":42615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018457,"text":"70018457 - 1996 - Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-18T15:47:47.035364","indexId":"70018457","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater","docAbstract":"<p>In order to evaluate details of the partitioning behaviours of Y, rare earth elements (REEs), and Ti between inorganic metal oxide surfaces and seawater, we studied the distribution of these elements in hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts from the Central Pacific Ocean. Nonphosphatized Fe-Mn crusts display shale-normalized rare earths and yttrium (REY<sub>SN</sub>) patterns (Y inserted between Dy and Ho) that are depleted in light REEs (LREEs) and which show negative anomalies for Y<sub>sn</sub>, and positive anomalies for La<sub>SN</sub>, Eu<sub>SN</sub>, Gd<sub>SN</sub>, and in most cases, Ce<sub>sn</sub>. They show considerably smaller Y/ Ho ratios than seawater or common igneous and clastic rocks, indicating that Y and Ho are fractionated in the marine environment. Compared to P-poor crusts, REY<sub>SN</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>patterns of phosphatized Fe-Mn crusts are similar, but yield pronounced positive Y<sub>sn</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>anomalies, stronger positive La<sub>SN</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>anomalies, and enrichment of the HREEs relative to the MREEs. The data suggest modification of REY during phosphatization and indicate that studies requiring primary REY distributions or isotopic ratios should be restricted to non-phosphatized (layers of) Fe-Mn crusts.</p><p>Apparent bulk coefficients,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>d</sub><sup>m</sup>, describing trace metal partitioning between nonphosphatized hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts and seawater, are similar for Pr to Eu and decrease for Eu to Yb. Exceptionally high values of K<sub>D</sub><sup>Ce</sup>, which are similar to those of Ti, result from oxidative scavenging of Ce and support previous suggestions that Ce (IV) is a hydroxide-dominated element in seawater. Yttrium and Gd show lower K<sub>D</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values than their respective neighbours in the REY series. Results of modelling the exchange equilibrium between REY dissolved in seawater and REY sorbed on hydrous Fe-Mn oxides corroborate previous studies that suggested the surface complexation of REY can be approximated by their first hydroxide binding constant. Negative “anomalies” occur for stabilities of bulk surface complexes of Gd, La, and particularly Y. The differences in inorganic surface complex stability between Y and Ho and between Gd and its REE neighbours are similar to those shown by the stabilities of complexes with aminocarboxylic acids and are significantly larger than those shown by stabilities of complexes with carboxylic acids. Hence, sorption of Y and REEs onto hydrous Fe-Mn oxides may contribute significantly to the positive Y<sub>SN</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and Gd<sub>SN</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>anomalies in seawater.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(96)00063-4","usgsCitation":"Bau, M., Koschinsky, A., Dulski, P., and Hein, J.R., 1996, Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 10, p. 1709-1725, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00063-4.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1709","endPage":"1725","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227115,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8afe4b0c8380cd4d218","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bau, Michael","contributorId":103174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bau","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koschinsky, Andrea 0000-0002-9224-0663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9224-0663","contributorId":242599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koschinsky","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48477,"text":"Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dulski, Peter","contributorId":187708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dulski","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":140835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70006570,"text":"70006570 - 1996 - Mortality of passerines adjacent to a North Carolina corn field treated with granular carbofuran","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-09T11:18:16.374168","indexId":"70006570","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality of passerines adjacent to a North Carolina corn field treated with granular carbofuran","docAbstract":"<div id=\"9832810\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Red-winged blackbirds (<i>Agelaius phoeniceus</i>) were collected during an epizootic in southeastern North Carolina (USA). Activity of brain cholinesterase (ChE) was inhibited by 14 to 48% in three of five specimens, and returned to normal levels after incubation. Gastrointestinal tracts were analyzed for 30 anti-ChE agents. Carbofuran, the only compound detected, was present in all specimens at levels from 5.44 to 72.7 μg/g wet weight. Application of granular carbofuran in an adjacent corn field, results of necropsy examinations, and chemical analyses are consistent with a diagnosis of carbofuran poisoning in these specimens.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-32.1.113","usgsCitation":"Augspurger, T., Smith, M.R., Meteyer, C.U., and Converse, K.A., 1996, Mortality of passerines adjacent to a North Carolina corn field treated with granular carbofuran: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 32, no. 1, p. 113-116, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-32.1.113.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479046,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-32.1.113","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263363,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.8214111328125,\n              34.11180455556899\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.5302734375,\n              33.84760762988741\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.969970703125,\n              33.84076406581977\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.92739868164062,\n              33.93424531117312\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.94181823730469,\n              33.96813542827284\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.93563842773436,\n              34.129994745824746\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.96035766601562,\n              34.203852139669834\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.97958374023438,\n              34.29579932143427\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.55087280273438,\n              34.20725938207231\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.8214111328125,\n              34.11180455556899\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50b49db1e4b0b3fb1a229171","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Augspurger, Tom","contributorId":63921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Augspurger","given":"Tom","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Milton R.","contributorId":14272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Milton","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meteyer, Carol U. 0000-0002-4007-3410 cmeteyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-3410","contributorId":111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meteyer","given":"Carol","email":"cmeteyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":354779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Converse, Kathryn A. kathy_converse@usgs.gov","contributorId":16802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"Kathryn","email":"kathy_converse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70180835,"text":"70180835 - 1996 - Overview of fire history in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T12:25:51","indexId":"70180835","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Overview of fire history in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"New Mexico Geological Society Fall Field Conference Guidebook - 47: Jemez Mountains Region","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"New Mexico Geological Society, Forty-seventh Annual Field Conference","conferenceDate":"September 25-28, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Socorro, NM","language":"English","publisher":"New Mexico Geological Society","usgsCitation":"Allen, C.D., Touchan, R., and Swetnam, T., 1996, Overview of fire history in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, <i>in</i> New Mexico Geological Society Fall Field Conference Guidebook - 47: Jemez Mountains Region, Socorro, NM, September 25-28, 1996, p. 35-36.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"36","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334719,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350510,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/47/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Jemez Mountains","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5895a4c1e4b0fa1e59bc1e17","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Goff, Fraser","contributorId":45340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"Fraser","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725586,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kues, Barry S.","contributorId":114103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kues","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725587,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rogers, Margaret Anne","contributorId":173094,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rogers","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"Anne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725588,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McFadden, Les D.","contributorId":139980,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McFadden","given":"Les","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725589,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gardner, Jamie N.","contributorId":806,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"Jamie","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725590,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Touchan, R.","contributorId":49196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Touchan","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swetnam, Thomas W.","contributorId":90455,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swetnam","given":"Thomas W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":2002269,"text":"2002269 - 1996 - Evolution and management of the North-American grasslands herpetofauna","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:58","indexId":"2002269","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":71,"text":"Research Memorandum","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"RM-285","title":"Evolution and management of the North-American grasslands herpetofauna","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Scott, N., 1996, Evolution and management of the North-American grasslands herpetofauna: Research Memorandum RM-285.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f97e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, N.J. Jr.","contributorId":8407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"N.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70187657,"text":"70187657 - 1996 - Compression of the Global Land 1-km AVHRR dataset","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T16:14:29","indexId":"70187657","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compression of the Global Land 1-km AVHRR dataset","docAbstract":"<p><span>Large datasets, such as the Global Land 1-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Data Set (Eidenshink and Faundeen 1994), require compression methods that provide efficient storage and quick access to portions of the data. A method of lossless compression is described that provides multiresolution decompression within geographic subwindows of multi-spectral, global, 1-km, AVHRR images. The compression algorithm segments each image into blocks and compresses each block in a hierarchical format. Users can access the data by specifying either a geographic subwindow or the whole image and a resolution (1,2,4, 8, or 16 km). The Global Land 1-km AVHRR data are presented in the Interrupted Goode's Homolosine map projection. These images contain masked regions for non-land areas which comprise 80 per cent of the image. A quadtree algorithm is used to compress the masked regions. The compressed region data are stored separately from the compressed land data. Results show that the masked regions compress to 0·143 per cent of the bytes they occupy in the test image and the land areas are compressed to 33·2 per cent of their original size. The entire image is compressed hierarchically to 6·72 per cent of the original image size, reducing the data from 9·05 gigabytes to 623 megabytes. These results are compared to the first order entropy of the residual image produced with lossless Joint Photographic Experts Group predictors. Compression results are also given for Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) and LZ77, the algorithms used by UNIX </span><i>compress</i><span> and GZIP respectively. In addition to providing multiresolution decompression of geographic subwindows of the data, the hierarchical approach and the use of quadtrees for storing the masked regions gives a marked improvement over these popular methods.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431169608949121","usgsCitation":"Kess, B.L., Steinwand, D., and Reichenbach, S., 1996, Compression of the Global Land 1-km AVHRR dataset: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 17, no. 15, p. 2955-2969, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169608949121.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2955","endPage":"2969","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341199,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9bde4b044b359e486cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kess, B. L.","contributorId":191985,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kess","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinwand, D.R.","contributorId":84806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinwand","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reichenbach, S.E.","contributorId":113015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichenbach","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70187659,"text":"70187659 - 1996 - A digital system for surface reconstruction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T11:14:24","indexId":"70187659","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A digital system for surface reconstruction","docAbstract":"<p>A digital photogrammetric system, STEREO, was developed to determine three dimensional coordinates of points of interest (POIs) defined with a grid on a textureless and smooth-surfaced specimen. Two CCD cameras were set up with unknown orientation and recorded digital images of a reference model and a specimen. Points on the model were selected as control or check points for calibrating or assessing the system. A new algorithm for edge-detection called local maximum convolution (LMC) helped extract the POIs from the stereo image pairs. The system then matched the extracted POIs and used a least squares “bundle” adjustment procedure to solve for the camera orientation parameters and the coordinates of the POIs. An experiment with STEREO found that the standard deviation of the residuals at the check points was approximately 24%, 49% and 56% of the pixel size in the X, Y and Z directions, respectively. The average of the absolute values of the residuals at the check points was approximately 19%, 36% and 49% of the pixel size in the X, Y and Z directions, respectively. With the graphical user interface, STEREO demonstrated a high degree of automation and its operation does not require special knowledge of photogrammetry, computers or image processing.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Zhou, W., Brock, R.H., and Hopkins, P.F., 1996, A digital system for surface reconstruction: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 62, no. 6, p. 719-726.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"726","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341200,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9bde4b044b359e486ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhou, Weiyang","contributorId":191986,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhou","given":"Weiyang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brock, Robert H.","contributorId":191987,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brock","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hopkins, Paul F.","contributorId":191988,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hopkins","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1016199,"text":"1016199 - 1996 - Can shrub cover increase predation risk for a desert rodent?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T00:18:12.820969","indexId":"1016199","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Can shrub cover increase predation risk for a desert rodent?","docAbstract":"Previous research indicates that predation risk may influence activity patterns, habitat partitioning, and community structure of nocturnal desert rodents. Shrub microhabitat is typically considered safer than open microhabitat for these small mammals. We investigated predation risk for Townsend's ground squirrels (Spermophilus townsendii), which are diurnal desert rodents that detect predators visually and use burrows for refuge. Our results suggested that shrub cover may increase risk for these squirrels by decreasing their ability to escape from predators. Our field experiment indicated that running speeds of juvenile squirrels were lower in shrub (Ceratoides lanata) habitat than in open areas. Shrub cover was also associated with shorter predator-detection distances (mammalian and avian) and fewer refuges (burrow entrances per hectare) than in open areas in one year but not in another. Our study demonstrated that the visual and locomotive obstruction of vegetative cover may increase predation risk for diurnal desert rodents and that elements of habitat-dependent risk may be temporally dynamic.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","usgsCitation":"Schooley, R.L., and Sharpe, P., 1996, Can shrub cover increase predation risk for a desert rodent?: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 74, no. 1, p. 157-163.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"163","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134335,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e70d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schooley, Robert L.","contributorId":85934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schooley","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharpe, Peter B.","contributorId":93451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"Peter B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2002256,"text":"2002256 - 1996 - Mourning dove nest success varied in the Sacramento Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:00","indexId":"2002256","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":35,"text":"Information Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"9","title":"Mourning dove nest success varied in the Sacramento Valley, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.R., and Stemler, C., 1996, Mourning dove nest success varied in the Sacramento Valley, California: Information Bulletin 9.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698d02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M. R.","contributorId":19104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stemler, C.L.","contributorId":88679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stemler","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}