Efflorescent crusts at the Eagle Borax spring in Death Valley, California, contain an array of rare Mg and K borate minerals, several of which are only known from one or two other localities. The Mg- and/or K-bearing borates include aristarainite, hydroboracite, kaliborite, mcallisterite, pinnoite, rivadavite, and santite. Ulexite and probertite also occur in the area, although their distribution is different from that of the Mg and K borates. Other evaporite minerals in the spring vicinity include halite, thenardite, eugsterite, gypsum-anhydrite, hexahydrite, and bloedite. Whereas the first five of these minerals are found throughout Death Valley, the last two Mg sulfates are more restricted in occurrence and are indicative of Mg-enriched ground water.Mineral associations observed at the Eagle Borax spring, and at many other borate deposits worldwide, can be explained by the chemical fractionation of borate-precipitating waters during the course of evaporative concentration. The Mg sulfate and Mg borate minerals in the Eagle Borax efflorescent crusts point to the fractionation of Ca by the operation of a chemical divide involving Ca carbonate and Na-Ca borate precipitation in the subsurface sediments. At many other borate mining localities, the occurrence of ulexite in both Na borate (borax-kernite) and Ca borate (ulexite-colemanite) deposits similarly reflects ulexite's coprecipitation with Ca carbonate at an early concentration stage. Such ulexite may perhaps be converted to colemanite by later reaction with the coexisting Ca carbonate--the latter providing the additional Ca (super 2+) ions needed for the conversion. Mg and Ca-Mg borates are the expected late-stage concentration products of waters forming ulexite-colemanite deposits and are therefore most likely to occur in the marginal zones or nearby mud facies of ulexite-colemanite orebodies. Under some circumstances, Mg and Ca-Mg borates might provide a useful prospecting guide for ulexite-colemanite deposits, although the high solubility of Mg borate minerals may prevent their formation in lacustrine settings and certainly inhibits their geologic preservation. The occurrence of Mg borates in borax-kernite deposits is also related to fractionation processes and points to the operation of an Mg borate chemical divide, characterized by Mg borate precipitation ahead of Mg carbonate. All of these considerations imply that Mg is a significant chemical component of many borate-depositing ground waters, even though Mg borate minerals may not be strongly evident in borate orebodies.The Eagle Borax spring borates and other evaporite minerals were studied using spectroscopic and X-ray powder diffraction methods, which were found to be highly complementary. Spectral reflectance measurements provide a sensitive means for detecting borates present in mixtures with other evaporites and can be used to screen samples rapidly for X-ray diffraction analysis. The apparently limited occurrence of Mg and K borate minerals compared to Ca and Na borates may stem partly from the inefficiency of X-ray diffraction methods for delineating the mineralogy of large and complex deposits. Spectral reflectance measurements can be made in the laboratory, in the field, on the mine face, and even remotely. Reflectance data should have an important role in studies of existing deposit mineralogy and related chemical fractionation processes, and perhaps in the discovery of new borate mineral resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.91.3.622","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Crowley, J., 1996, Mg- and K-bearing borates and associated evaporites at Eagle Borax spring, Death Valley, California: A spectroscopic exploration: Economic Geology, v. 91, no. 3, p. 622-635, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.3.622.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"622","endPage":"635","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227003,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5627e4b0c8380cd6d3ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, J.K.","contributorId":103690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018767,"text":"70018767 - 1996 - The volcanic and tectonic history of Enceladus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018767","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The volcanic and tectonic history of Enceladus","docAbstract":"Enceladus has a protracted history of impact cratering, cryo-volcanism, and extensional, compressional, and probable strike-slip faulting. It is unique in having some of the outer Solar System's least and most heavily cratered surfaces. Enceladus' cratering record, tectonic features, and relief elements have been analyzed more comprehensively than done previously. Like few other icy satellites, Enceladus seems to have experienced major lateral lithospheric motions; it may be the only icy satellite with global features indicating probable lithospheric convergence and folding. Ridged plains, 500 km across, consist of a central labyrinthine ridge complex atop a broad dome surrounded by smooth plains and peripheral sinuous ridge belts. The ridged plains have few if any signs of extension, almost no craters, and an average age of just 107 to 108 years. Ridge belts have local relief ranging from 500 to 2000 m and tend to occur near the bottoms of broad regional troughs between swells. Our reanalysis of Peter Thomas' (Dermott, S. F., and P. C. Thomas, 1994, The determination of the mass and mean density of Enceladus from its observed shape, Icarus, 109, 241-257) limb profiles indicates that high peaks, probably ridge belts, also occur in unmapped areas. Sinuous ridges appear foldlike and are similar to terrestrial fold belts such as the Appalachians. If they are indeed folds, it may require that the ridged plains are mechanically (perhaps volcanically) layered. Regional topography suggests that folding may have occurred along zones of convective downwelling. The cratered plains, in contrast to the ridged plains, are heavily cratered and exhibit extensional structures but no obvious signs of compression. Cratered plains contain a possible strike-slip fault (Isbanir Fossa), along which two pairs of fractures seem to have 15 km of right-lateral offset. The oldest cratered plains might date from shortly after the formation of the saturnian system or the impact disruption and reaccretion of Enceladus. Another area of cratered plains has modified craters (e.g., Ali Baba and Aladdin), which some workers have explained by anomalous heat flow and viscous relaxation; lateral shear and shield-building volcanism also may have been important. A young rift-like structure (northern Samarkand Sulci) has few craters and a concentration of cracks or grabens and flattened, flooded, and rifted craters. Pit chains and cratered domes suggest explosive volcanism. Smooth plains may have formed by cryovolcanic equivalents of flood-basalt volcanism. Pure H2O would be difficult to extrude through an icy crust and is cosmochemically improbable as a cryovolcanic agent. Density relations rule out eutectic brine lavas on Enceladus, but NH3-H2O volcanism is possible. Current steady-state tidal dissipation may cause melting of ammonia hydrate at a depth of ???25 km if the crust is made of ammonia hydrate or ???100 km if it is made of water ice. ?? 1996 Academic Press, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1996.0026","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Kargel, J., and Pozio, S., 1996, The volcanic and tectonic history of Enceladus: Icarus, v. 119, no. 2, p. 385-404, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1996.0026.","startPage":"385","endPage":"404","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205871,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1996.0026"},{"id":227227,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1bfe4b08c986b3253cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kargel, J.S.","contributorId":88096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kargel","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pozio, S.","contributorId":60795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pozio","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018716,"text":"70018716 - 1996 - Electron probe microanalysis of geologic materials for boron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018716","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3280,"text":"Reviews in Mineralogy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electron probe microanalysis of geologic materials for boron","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews in Mineralogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02750279","usgsCitation":"McGee, J.J., and Anovitz, L.M., 1996, Electron probe microanalysis of geologic materials for boron: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 33, p. 770-788.","startPage":"770","endPage":"788","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08a9e4b0c8380cd51bfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, J. J.","contributorId":92271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anovitz, Lawrence M.","contributorId":23174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anovitz","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018114,"text":"70018114 - 1996 - Spatial uncertainty analysis: Propagation of interpolation errors in spatially distributed models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018114","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial uncertainty analysis: Propagation of interpolation errors in spatially distributed models","docAbstract":"In simulation modelling, it is desirable to quantify model uncertainties and provide not only point estimates for output variables but confidence intervals as well. Spatially distributed physical and ecological process models are becoming widely used, with runs being made over a grid of points that represent the landscape. This requires input values at each grid point, which often have to be interpolated from irregularly scattered measurement sites, e.g., weather stations. Interpolation introduces spatially varying errors which propagate through the model We extended established uncertainty analysis methods to a spatial domain for quantifying spatial patterns of input variable interpolation errors and how they propagate through a model to affect the uncertainty of the model output. We applied this to a model of potential evapotranspiration (PET) as a demonstration. We modelled PET for three time periods in 1990 as a function of temperature, humidity, and wind on a 10-km grid across the U.S. portion of the Columbia River Basin. Temperature, humidity, and wind speed were interpolated using kriging from 700- 1000 supporting data points. Kriging standard deviations (SD) were used to quantify the spatially varying interpolation uncertainties. For each of 5693 grid points, 100 Monte Carlo simulations were done, using the kriged values of temperature, humidity, and wind, plus random error terms determined by the kriging SDs and the correlations of interpolation errors among the three variables. For the spring season example, kriging SDs averaged 2.6??C for temperature, 8.7% for relative humidity, and 0.38 m s-1 for wind. The resultant PET estimates had coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 14% to 27% for the 10-km grid cells. Maps of PET means and CVs showed the spatial patterns of PET with a measure of its uncertainty due to interpolation of the input variables. This methodology should be applicable to a variety of spatially distributed models using interpolated inputs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0304-3800(95)00191-3","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Phillips, D., and Marks, D., 1996, Spatial uncertainty analysis: Propagation of interpolation errors in spatially distributed models: Ecological Modelling, v. 91, no. 1-3, p. 213-229, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00191-3.","startPage":"213","endPage":"229","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205872,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00191-3"},{"id":227229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94ade4b08c986b31abe3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, D.L.","contributorId":10178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marks, D.G.","contributorId":79251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marks","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019027,"text":"70019027 - 1996 - Calibration of GOES-VISSR, visible-band satellite data and its application to the analysis of a dust storm at Owens Lake, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T21:56:25.859664","indexId":"70019027","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calibration of GOES-VISSR, visible-band satellite data and its application to the analysis of a dust storm at Owens Lake, California","docAbstract":"As part of a joint Russian/American dust-storm experiment, GOES-VISSR (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, Visible-Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer), data from a visible-band satellite image of a large dust storm emanating from Owens Lake, California were acquired on March 10 and 11, 1993. The satellite data were calibrated to targets of known ground reflectance factors and processed with radiative transfer techniques to yield aerosol (dust) optical depth at those stages of the dust storm when concurrent ground-based measurements of optical depth were made. Calibration of the satellite data is crucial for comparing surficial changes in remotely sensed data acquired over a period of time from the same area and for determining accurate concentrations of atmospheric aerosols using radiative transfer techniques.
The calibration procedure forces the distribution of visible-band, DN (digital number) values, acquired on July 1, 1992, at 1731 GMT from the GOES-VISSR sensor over a large test area, to match the distribution of visible-band, DN values concurrently acquired from a Landsat MSS (Multispectral Scanner) sensor over the same test area; the Landsat MSS DN values were directly associated with reflectance factors measured from ground targets. The calibrated GOES-VISSR data for July 1, 1992, were then used to calibrate other GOES-VISSR data acquired on March 10 and 11, 1993, during the dust storm. Uncertainties in location of ground targets, bi-directional reflectance and atmospheric attenuation contribute an error of approximately ±0.02 in the satellite-inferred ground reflectance factors.
On March 11 at 1031 PST the satellite-received radiances during the peak of the storm were 3 times larger than predicted by our radiative transfer model for a pure clay dust plume of infinite optical depth. This result supported ground-based measurements that the plume at that time was composed primarily of large salt grains, probably sodium sulfate, which could not be properly characterized in our radiative transfer model. Further, the satellite data showed that the salt fell out of the plume within 35 km from the source. Finer-grained, clay dust was observed to extend beyond the salt-laden plume and was the major component of the dust plume after 1131 PST, when erosion of the salt crust on Owens Lake ceased. By 1331 and 1401 PST satellite-inferred, optical depths compared favorably with measurements concurrently acquired at the ground. Uncertainties in bi-directional reflectance, atmospheric attenuation, and locating ground points in the satellite data manifest errors between the inferred and measured optical depths in the range of 20 to 50%; these errors would be much greater without the calibration of the GOES-VISSR data.
Changes in satellite-inferred reflectance factors over the lake bed during the course of the storm showed that 76 km2 of the surface was disrupted during the March 11 storm, suggesting as much as 76 × 103 m3 of crustal material were displaced for each millimeter of several estimated to have been moved during the storm; an unknown fraction of the displaced material was suspended. The satellite data also showed dust fallout on mountain snowfields. Whereas fallout may have removed most of the salt, satellite data acquired at 1631 PST, when the plume had a large brightness contrast with the ground, showed that it covered over 2500 km2 and contained at least 1.6 × 109 g of sediment. For such a small source area, the dust represents a substantial contribution to the regional and global load of aerosols.
Intensely altered wall rock was collected from high-temperature (640 °C) and low-temperature (375 °C) vents at Augustine volcano in July 1989. The high-temperature altered rock exhibits distinct mineral zoning differentiated by color bands. In order of decreasing temperature, the color bands and their mineral assemblages are: (a) white to grey (tridymite-anhydrite); (b) pink to red (tridymite-hematite-Fe hydroxide-molysite (FeCl3) with minor amounts of anhydrite and halite); and (c) dark green to green (anhydrite-halite-sylvite-tridymite with minor amounts of molysite, soda and potash alum, and other sodium and potassium sulfates). The alteration products around the low-temperature vents are dominantly cristobalite and amorphous silica with minor potash and soda alum, aphthitalite, alunogen and anhydrite.
Compared to fresh 1986 Augustine lava, the altered rocks exhibit enrichments in silica, base metals, halogens and sulfur and show very strong depletions in Al in all alteration zones and in iron, alkali and alkaline earth elements in some of the alteration zones.
To help understand the origins of the mineral assemblages in altered Augustine rocks, we applied the thermochemical modeling program, GASWORKS, in calculations of: (a) reaction of the 1987 and 1989 gases with wall rock at 640 and 375 °C; (b) cooling of the 1987 gas from 870 to 100 °C with and without mineral fractionation; (c) cooling of the 1989 gas from 757 to 100 °C with and without mineral fractionation; and (d) mixing of the 1987 and 1989 gases with air. The 640 °C gas-rock reaction produces an assemblage consisting of silicates (tridymite, albite, diopside, sanidine and andalusite), oxides (magnetite and hercynite) and sulfides (bornite, chalcocite, molybdenite and sphalerite). The 375 °C gas-rock reaction produces dominantly silicates (quartz, albite, andalusite, microcline, cordierite, anorthite and tremolite) and subordinate amounts of sulfides (pyrite, chalcocite and wurtzite), oxides (magnetite), sulfates (anhydrite) and halides (halite). The cooling calculations produce: (a) anhydrite, halite, sylvite; (b) Cu, Mo, Fe and Zn sulfides; (c) Mg fluoride at high temperature (> 370 °C); (d) chlorides, fluorides and sulfates of Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu and Al at intermediate temperature (170–370 °C); and (e) hydrated sulfates, liquid sulfur, crystalline sulfur, hydrated sulfuric acid and water at low temperature (< 170°C). The volcanic gas-air mixing calculation produces major amounts of Na and K sulfates, minor amounts of hematite and trace amounts (< 1%) of anhydrite at log gas/air (Ig/a) ratios > 0.41 (> 628°C). This is followed by precipitation of sulfates of Fe, Cu. Pb. Zn and Al at Ig/a ratios between 0.31 and -0.4 (>628-178°C). At a lg/r ratio of ≤ -0.4 (178°C). anhydrous sulfates are replaced by their hydrated forms and hygroscopic sulfuric acid forms. At these low g/a ratios. hydrated sulfuric acid becomes the dominant phase in the system.
Comparison of the thermochemical modeling results with the natural samples suggests that the alteration assemblages include: (1) minerals that precipitate from direct cooling of the volcanic gas; (2) phases that form by volcanic gases mixing with air: and (3) phases that form by volcanic gas-air-rock reaction. A complex interplay of the three processes produces the observed mineral zoning. Another implication of the numerical simulation results is that most of the observed incrustation and sublimate minerals apparently formed below 700°C.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(95)00071-2","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Getahun, A., Reed, M., and Symonds, R., 1996, Mount St. Augustine volcano fumarole wall rock alteration: Mineralogy, zoning, composition and numerical models of its formation process: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 71, no. 2-4, p. 73-107, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(95)00071-2.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"107","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ea2e4b0c8380cd70b89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Getahun, A.","contributorId":13385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Getahun","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, M.H.","contributorId":91606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Symonds, R.","contributorId":64401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symonds","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018453,"text":"70018453 - 1996 - Neotype designations and synonyms of some Texas caddisflies (Trichoptera)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:14","indexId":"70018453","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2556,"text":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neotype designations and synonyms of some Texas caddisflies (Trichoptera)","docAbstract":"The uncertain taxonomic status of five species of caddisflies previously recorded from Texas is resolved. Neotypes are designated for Cheumatopsyche comis Edwards and Arnold, Polyplectropus proditus (Edwards), and Protoptila arca Edwards and Arnold. Polyplectropus proditus and C. flinti Gordon are reduced to junior synonym status with P. santiago Ross and C. comis, respectively.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00228567","usgsCitation":"Moulton, S., 1996, Neotype designations and synonyms of some Texas caddisflies (Trichoptera): Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, v. 69, no. 3, p. 272-273.","startPage":"272","endPage":"273","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6471e4b0c8380cd729b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moulton, S.R. II","contributorId":26460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moulton","given":"S.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018488,"text":"70018488 - 1996 - A quantitative look at the demise of a basaltic vent: The death of Kupaianaha, Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T12:58:13","indexId":"70018488","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A quantitative look at the demise of a basaltic vent: The death of Kupaianaha, Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"The Kupaianaha vent, the source of the 48th episode of the 1983-to-present Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption, erupted nearly continuously from July 1986 until February 1992. This investigation documents the geophysical and geologic monitoring of the final 10 months of activity at the Kupaianaha vent. Detailed very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic profiles across the single lava tube transporting lava from the vent were used to determine the cross-sectional area of the molten lava within the tube. Combined with measurements of lava velocity, these data provide an estimate of the lava output of Kupaianaha. In addition, lava temperatures (calculated from analysis of quenched glass) and bulk-rock chemistry were obtained for samples taken from the tube at the same site. The combined data set shows the lava flux from Kupaianaha vent declining linearly from 250000 m3/day in April 1991 to 54000 m3/day by November 1991. During that time surface breakouts of lava from weak points along the tube occurred progressively closer to the vent, consistent with declining efficiency in lava transport. There were no significant changes in lava temperature or in bulk MgO content during this period. Another eruptive episode (the 49th) began uprift of Kupaianaha on 8 November 1991 and erupted lava concurrently with Kupaianaha for 18 days. Lava flux from Kupaianaha decreased in response to this new episode, but the response was delayed by approximately 1 day. After 14 November 1991, lava velocities were no longer measurable in the tube because the lava stream beneath the skylight had crusted over; however, the VLF-derived electrical conductances documented the decreasing flux of molten lava through the tube. Kupaianaha remained active, but output continued to decrease until early February 1992 when the last active surface flows were seen. In November 1991 we used the linearly decreasing effusion rate to accurately predict the date for the death of the Kupaianaha vent. The linear nature of the decline in lava tube conductance and the delayed and slow response of the Waha'ula tube conductances to the 49th eruptive episode led us to speculate that (a) the Kupaianaha vent shut down because of a decrease in driving pressure and not because of a freeze-up of the vent, and (b) that Pu'u 'O'o, episode 49, and Kupaianaha were fed nearly vertically from a source deep within the rift zone.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s004450050117","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J., Mangan, M., Heliker, C., and Mattox, T., 1996, A quantitative look at the demise of a basaltic vent: The death of Kupaianaha, Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, no. 8, p. 641-648, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050117.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"641","endPage":"648","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e525e4b0c8380cd46b6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangan, M.","contributorId":20091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heliker, C.","contributorId":80314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heliker","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mattox, T.","contributorId":75966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattox","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018582,"text":"70018582 - 1996 - Reactive transport modeling of acidic metal-contaminated ground water at a site with sparse spatial information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T10:59:38","indexId":"70018582","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3280,"text":"Reviews in Mineralogy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reactive transport modeling of acidic metal-contaminated ground water at a site with sparse spatial information","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews in Mineralogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02750279","usgsCitation":"Glynn, P., and Brown, J., 1996, Reactive transport modeling of acidic metal-contaminated ground water at a site with sparse spatial information: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 34, p. 377-438.","productDescription":"62 p.","startPage":"377","endPage":"438","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a958ae4b0c8380cd81aa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glynn, P.","contributorId":56394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, J.","contributorId":57801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178204,"text":"70178204 - 1996 - Comparison of the uptake of dioxin-like compounds by caged channel catfish and semipermeable membrane devices in the Saginaw River, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T14:41:08","indexId":"70178204","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the uptake of dioxin-like compounds by caged channel catfish and semipermeable membrane devices in the Saginaw River, Michigan","docAbstract":"Elevated concentrations of planar, halogenated hydrocarbons have been linked to reproductive problems in a variety of fish-eating birds and mammals in the Great Lakes and in particular Saginaw Bay. Currently, there are no accurate procedures to assess bioavailability of these contaminants. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and mono- and non-ortho-chloro-substituted biphenyls in water at the femtogram to picogram per liter range were passively concentrated in semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), and these data were compared to the bioconcentration in co-exposed (caged) channel catfish. Sediment-derived water concentration estimates, calculated from a steady-state partitioning model, did not correlate well to those derived from either fish or SPMDs. The use of SPMDs demonstrated the utility of in-situ passive sampling over inference of water concentrations from accumulation in biota or partitioning with sediment. Residues ac cumulated by SPMDs have been shown to be proportional to analyte water concentration, whereas this does not appear to be the case for fish tissues. The greater amounts of 3,3‘,4,4‘-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran accumulated in SPMDs than in exposed channel catfish indicated those non-passive aspects of bioconcentration in organisms, such as biotransformation and elimination, introduced 50−500% error in the assumed degree of exposure.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es960263m","usgsCitation":"Gale, R.W., Huckins, J.N., Petty, J.D., Peterman, P.H., Williams, L.L., Morse, D., Schwartz, T.R., and Tillitt, D.E., 1996, Comparison of the uptake of dioxin-like compounds by caged channel catfish and semipermeable membrane devices in the Saginaw River, Michigan: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 1, p. 178-187, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960263m.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"187","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330840,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-12-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5821a0dee4b02f1a881de982","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gale, Robert W. 0000-0002-8533-141X rgale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8533-141X","contributorId":2808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"Robert","email":"rgale@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huckins, James N.","contributorId":83454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huckins","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":653236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petty, Jimmie D.","contributorId":175402,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petty","given":"Jimmie","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterman, Paul H. ppeterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Paul","email":"ppeterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, Lisa L.","contributorId":172543,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morse, Douglas","contributorId":176716,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morse","given":"Douglas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schwartz, Ted R.","contributorId":36510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Ted","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70177772,"text":"70177772 - 1996 - Assessment of sediment quality in dredged and undredged areas of the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River, Michigan USA, using the sediment quality triad","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-20T14:53:28","indexId":"70177772","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of sediment quality in dredged and undredged areas of the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River, Michigan USA, using the sediment quality triad","docAbstract":"The “sediment quality triad” approach was used to assess the effects of dredging on the sediment quality of a new marina in the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River, and to evaluate spatial and temporal variation in sediment quality in the Trenton Channel. Samples were collected in November of 1993 (10 months after dredging) and characterized by chemical analysis, sediment bioassays, and assessment of benthic invertebrate communities. The three study components indicated little difference in sediment quality at dredged sites in the marina relative to nearby areas in the Trenton Channel, and little change in sediment quality of Trenton Channel sites relative to conditions reported in the mid-1980s. These results suggest that improvement in sediment quality in the Trenton Channel, due to dredging or natural processes, will depend on elimination of sediment “hot spots” and other upstream contaminant sources. Concentrations of chemical contaminants, especially metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, exceeded concentrations associated with effects on biota and were significantly correlated with results of sediment bioassays and characteristics of benthic communities. Laboratory sediment bioassays with Hyalella azteca andChironomus tentans produced better discrimination among sites with differing degrees of contamination than did characterization of benthic communities, which were dominated by oligochaetes at all sites in the marina and the Trenton Channel.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70989-9","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Giesy, J.P., Kubitz, J.A., Verbrugge, D.A., Coon, T.G., and Braselton, W.E., 1996, Assessment of sediment quality in dredged and undredged areas of the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River, Michigan USA, using the sediment quality triad: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 683-696, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70989-9.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"696","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330269,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5809d7c7e4b0f497e78fcab5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giesy, John P.","contributorId":57426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kubitz, Jody A.","contributorId":175430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kubitz","given":"Jody","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Verbrugge, David A.","contributorId":172542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Verbrugge","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coon, Thomas G.","contributorId":46889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Braselton, W. Emmett","contributorId":176143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Braselton","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Emmett","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70177768,"text":"70177768 - 1996 - Assessing contamination in Great Lakes sediments using benthic invertebrate communities and the sediment quality triad approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-20T14:31:05","indexId":"70177768","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing contamination in Great Lakes sediments using benthic invertebrate communities and the sediment quality triad approach","docAbstract":"Sediments in many Great Lakes harbors and tributary rivers are contaminated. As part of the USEPA's Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediment (ARCS) program, a number of studies were conducted to determine the nature and extent of sediment contamination in Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOC). This paper describes the composition of benthic invertebrate communities in contaminated sediments and is one in a series of papers describing studies conducted to evaluate sediment toxicity from three AOC's (Buffalo River, NY; Indiana Harbor, IN; Saginaw River, MI), as part of the ARCS Program. Oligochaeta (worms) and Chironomidae (midge) comprised over 90% of the benthic invertebrate numbers in samples collected from depositional areas. Worms and midge consisted of taxa identified as primarily contaminant tolerant organisms. Structural deformities of mouthparts in midge larvae were pronounced in many of the samples. Good concurrence was evident between measures of laboratory toxicity, sediment contaminant concentration, and benthic invertebrate community composition in extremely contaminated samples. However, in moderately contaminated samples, less concordance was observed between the benthos community composition and either laboratory toxicity test results or sediment contaminant concentration. Laboratory sediment toxicity tests may better identify chemical contamination in sediments than many commonly used measures of benthic invertebrate community composition. Benthic measures may also reflect other factors such as habitat alteration. Evaluation of non-contaminant factors are needed to better interpret the response of benthic invertebrates to sediment contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70981-4","usgsCitation":"Canfield, T., Dwyer, F.J., Fairchild, J.F., Haverland, P.S., Ingersoll, C.G., Kemble, N.E., Mount, D.R., La Point, T.W., Burton, G.A., and Swift, M.C., 1996, Assessing contamination in Great Lakes sediments using benthic invertebrate communities and the sediment quality triad approach: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 565-583, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70981-4.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"565","endPage":"583","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330263,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5809d7c7e4b0f497e78fcabc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Canfield, Timothy J.","contributorId":175397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Canfield","given":"Timothy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwyer, F. James","contributorId":176136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":651710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fairchild, James F. jfairchild@usgs.gov","contributorId":492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"James","email":"jfairchild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":651711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haverland, Pamela S.","contributorId":176137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haverland","given":"Pamela","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kemble, Nile E. 0000-0002-3608-0538 nkemble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-0538","contributorId":2626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"Nile","email":"nkemble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mount, David R.","contributorId":150725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mount","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":18078,"text":"U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":651715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"La Point, Thomas W.","contributorId":114142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Point","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Swift, M. C.","contributorId":176138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swift","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70017857,"text":"70017857 - 1996 - Combustion properties of Illinois coal-char blends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017857","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":611,"text":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combustion properties of Illinois coal-char blends","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"05693772","usgsCitation":"DeBarr, J., Rostam-Abadi, M., and Benson, S., 1996, Combustion properties of Illinois coal-char blends: ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, v. 41, no. 3, p. 1104-1108.","startPage":"1104","endPage":"1108","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7e2e4b0c8380cd4cd57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeBarr, J.A.","contributorId":20078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeBarr","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rostam-Abadi, M.","contributorId":37061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostam-Abadi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benson, S.A.","contributorId":68054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017856,"text":"70017856 - 1996 - Overview of the limnology of crater lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70017856","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview of the limnology of crater lake","docAbstract":"Crater Lake occupies the collapsed caldera of volcanic Mount Mazama in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. It is the deepest lake (589 m) in the United States and the 7th deepest lake in the world. The water column mixes to a depth of about 200 m in winter and spring from wind energy and cooling. The deep lake is mixed in winter and early spring each year when relatively cold water near the surface sinks and exchanges positions with water in the deep basins of the lake. The lake becomes thermally stratified in summer and early fall. The metalimnion extends to a depth of about 100 m; thus most of the water column is a cold hypolimnion. Secchi disk clarity measurements typically are in the upper-20-m range to the low-30-m range in summer and early fall. Concentrations of nutrients are low, although conductivity is relatively high owing to the inflow of hydrothermal fluids. Total chlorophyll is low in concentration, but typically maximal at a depth of 120 m during periods of thermal stratification. Primary production also is low, with the maximum levels occurring between the depth of 40 and 80 m. Phytoplankton taxa are spatially segregated from each other within the water column to a depth of 200 m in summer and early fall. The same generalization applies to the Zooplankton taxa. Water level, clarity, concentrations of total chlorophyll, primary production, and abundances of zooplankton and introduced kokanee salmon exhibit long-term fluctuations. Based primarily on a recent 10-year study of the lake, the lake is considered to be pristine, except for the consequences of fish introductions. ?? 1996 by the Northwest Scientific Association. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0029344X","usgsCitation":"Larson, G., 1996, Overview of the limnology of crater lake: Northwest Science, v. 70, no. 2 SPEC. ISS., p. 39-47.","startPage":"39","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"2 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7245e4b0c8380cd769d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, G.L.","contributorId":103021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178209,"text":"70178209 - 1996 - Congener-specific polychlorinated biphenyl patterns in eggs of aquatic birds from the lower Laguna Madre, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T13:51:52","indexId":"70178209","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Congener-specific polychlorinated biphenyl patterns in eggs of aquatic birds from the lower Laguna Madre, Texas","docAbstract":"Eggs from four aquatic bird species nesting in the Lower Laguna Madre, Texas, were collected to determine differences and similarities in the accumulation of congener-specific polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and to evaluate PCB impacts on reproduction. Because of the different toxicities of PCB congeners, it is important to know which congeners contribute most to total PCBs. The predominant PCB congeners were 153, 138, 180, 110, 118, 187, and 92. Collectively, congeners 153, 138, and 180 accounted for 26 to 42% of total PCBs. Congener 153 was the most abundant in Caspian terns (Sterna caspia) and great blue herons (Ardea herodias) and congener 138 was the most abundant in snowy egrets (Egretta thula) and tricolored herons (Egretta tricolor). Principal component analysis indicated a predominance of higher chlorinated biphenyls in Caspian terns and great blue herons and lower chlorinated biphenyls in tricolored herons. Snowy egrets had a predominance of pentachlorobiphenyls. These results suggest that there are differences in PCB congener patterns in closely related species and that these differences are more likely associated with the species' diet rather than metabolism. Total PCBs were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in Caspian terns than in the other species. Overall, PCBs in eggs of birds from the Lower Laguna Madre were below concentrations known to affect bird reproduction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620150624","usgsCitation":"Mora, M.A., 1996, Congener-specific polychlorinated biphenyl patterns in eggs of aquatic birds from the lower Laguna Madre, Texas: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 15, no. 6, p. 100.-1010, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150624.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"100.","endPage":"1010","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330845,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5821a0dee4b02f1a881de980","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mora, Miguel A. 0000-0002-8393-0216","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8393-0216","contributorId":46643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mora","given":"Miguel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178351,"text":"70178351 - 1996 - Discharge of oilfield-produced water in Nueces Bay, Texas: A case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-14T15:11:05","indexId":"70178351","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discharge of oilfield-produced water in Nueces Bay, Texas: A case study","docAbstract":"During oil and gas production, water is often extracted from geological formations along with the hydrocarbons. These “produced waters” have been discharged to Nueces Bay since the turn of the century. These effluents were found to be highly toxic, and sediments in the vicinity of the discharges were also toxic. We developed a map of wells and produced-water discharge sites in the vicinity of Nueces Bay and identified numerous unplugged wells suitable for conversion to produced water disposal wells. An economic analysis of conversion to subterranean injection of produced water indicates that most of the wells currently in production could pay out the cost of conversion to injection in one to three years. The use of one injection well for two or more water-producing wells could yield greater savings. Wells that could not support the cost of injection are small producers, and their loss would not constitute a major loss of jobs or dollars to the area. This study could serve as a useful model for evaluating the economic feasibility of conversion to injection in other areas of Texas and Louisiana.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/PL00006697","usgsCitation":"D’Unger, C., Chapman, D., and Carr, R.S., 1996, Discharge of oilfield-produced water in Nueces Bay, Texas: A case study: Environmental Management, v. 20, no. 1, p. 143-150, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00006697.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"150","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330986,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"582adb47e4b0c253bdfff0c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Unger, Claude","contributorId":176842,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"D’Unger","given":"Claude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapman, Duane 0000-0002-1086-8853 dchapman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-8853","contributorId":1291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Duane","email":"dchapman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carr, R. Scott","contributorId":14025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178246,"text":"70178246 - 1996 - Deformities, PCBs, and TCDD-equivalents in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) of the Upper Great Lakes 1986–1991: Testing a cause-effect hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-08T13:31:58","indexId":"70178246","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformities, PCBs, and TCDD-equivalents in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) of the Upper Great Lakes 1986–1991: Testing a cause-effect hypothesis","docAbstract":"Deformities have been reported in many species of colonial waterbirds from several localities on the Laurentian Great Lakes. The hypothesis that deformities were caused by either polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or contaminants measured as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQs) is tested in this review of available data on concentrations of contaminants in eggs and observed deformities in embryos and chicks of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) between 1986 and 1991. Hatched chicks, live and dead eggs retrieved from 37 colonies in the upper Great Lakes were assessed for gross anatomical deformities. Rates of embryo death from seven regions of the upper Great Lakes were measured annually between 1986–1991. Half the embryos found dead in eggs were deformed. Nineteen types of abnormalities or deformities were observed. Subcutaneous edema in cormorants and gastroschisis in terns were the most common abnormalities in live or dead eggs. One of ten crossed-billed cormorant embryos survived to hatch. No bill-deformed terns hatched, although tern embryos had a greater rate of crossed-bills than cormorants. The suite of deformities and abnormalities found was similar to that produced in chickens by exposure to planar polychlorinated biphenyl (pPCB) and dioxin congeners. Hatching and deformity rates were correlated with concentrations ofpPCBs and TCDD-EQs. Planar PCB congeners that contributed most of the TCDD-EQs were present at concentrations sufficient to cause the observed effects. TCDD-EQs measured by H4IIE rat hepatoma cell 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) bioassay were highly correlated with deformity rates observed in cormorant chicks, live and dead eggs, and egg death rates. Similar correlations of TCDD-EQs with deformity rates were found in hatched tern chicks, dead eggs, and egg death rates, but not in live eggs. TCDD-EQs were more highly correlated to deformity and embryo death rates than total PCBs. The weight of evidence and these data are sufficient to reject the null hypothesis that there is no causal relationship between the incidence of deformities in cormorants and terns and exposure to planar halogenated compounds measured as TCDD-EQs or total PCBs in the Great Lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70948-6","usgsCitation":"Ludwig, J.P., Kurita-Matsuba, H., Auman, H.J., Ludwig, M.E., Summer, C.L., Giesy, J.P., Tillitt, D.E., and Jones, P.D., 1996, Deformities, PCBs, and TCDD-equivalents in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) of the Upper Great Lakes 1986–1991: Testing a cause-effect hypothesis: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 2, p. 172-197, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70948-6.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"172","endPage":"197","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330870,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5822f23ce4b0ef3123a97036","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludwig, James P.","contributorId":175390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ludwig","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kurita-Matsuba, Hiroko","contributorId":176738,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kurita-Matsuba","given":"Hiroko","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Auman, Heidi J.","contributorId":175393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Auman","given":"Heidi","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ludwig, Matthew E.","contributorId":176656,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ludwig","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Summer, Cheryl L.","contributorId":175391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Summer","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Giesy, John P.","contributorId":57426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jones, Paul D.","contributorId":175332,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70017721,"text":"70017721 - 1996 - Natural hazard zonation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017721","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Natural hazard zonation","docAbstract":"This paper presents the basic scientific principles underpinning the professional practice of zonation for natural hazards such as floods, severe storms, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, wildfires, tsunamis, and droughts. Zonation is the scientific process of identifying those parts of a geographic area which are best and least suited for community development in terms of their exposure to the physical effects of recurring, rapid onset, natural hazards.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction","conferenceDate":"3 December 1996 through 5 December 1996","conferenceLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Hays, W., 1996, Natural hazard zonation, in Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction, Washington, DC, USA, 3 December 1996 through 5 December 1996, p. 361-362.","startPage":"361","endPage":"362","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a630de4b0c8380cd7228a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Housner G.W.Chung R.M.","contributorId":128376,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Housner G.W.Chung R.M.","id":536376,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Hays, Walter W.","contributorId":66669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"Walter W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017788,"text":"70017788 - 1996 - Sediment distribution on a storm-dominated insular shelf, Luquillo, Puerto Rico, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T13:25:21","indexId":"70017788","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment distribution on a storm-dominated insular shelf, Luquillo, Puerto Rico, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"A sea-floor mapping investigation designed to assess the sediment distribution, the movement of the nearshore sand supply, and the fate of sediment eroded from the shoreline was conducted using high-resolution sidescan-sonar, seismic reflection, and sediment sampling techniques on the northern insular shelf of Puerto Rico, off the town of Luquillo. Sea-floor structures and the distribution of sediment texture and composition suggest that regional oceanographic processes result in a net offshore direction for cross-shelf sediment transport on the middle and outer shelf during storms. If these same processes are active on the inner shelf, mapping results indicate that this sediment is not transported seaward of a series of east-west trending Pleistocene-age eolianite ridges that outcrop on the middle shelf. The eolianite ridges may act as natural dams, preventing the removal of sediment from the nearshore area. Sand deposits behind the \"dams\" are up to 20 m thick on the shoreward flank of the ridges.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Schwab, W.C., Rodriguez, R.W., Danforth, W., and Gowen, M.H., 1996, Sediment distribution on a storm-dominated insular shelf, Luquillo, Puerto Rico, U.S.A.: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 12, no. 1, p. 147-159.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"159","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345914,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4298469"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","city":"Luquillo","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.14044189453124,\n 18.307595803753852\n ],\n [\n -65.53482055664062,\n 18.307595803753852\n ],\n [\n -65.53482055664062,\n 18.60460138845525\n ],\n [\n -66.14044189453124,\n 18.60460138845525\n ],\n [\n -66.14044189453124,\n 18.307595803753852\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8987e4b08c986b316e0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, R. W.","contributorId":61054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danforth, W.W.","contributorId":31543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gowen, M. H.","contributorId":76765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gowen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017764,"text":"70017764 - 1996 - Selected elements in major minerals from bituminous coal as determined by INAA: Implications for removing environmentally sensitive elements from coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017764","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selected elements in major minerals from bituminous coal as determined by INAA: Implications for removing environmentally sensitive elements from coal","docAbstract":"The four most abundant minerals generally found in Euramerican bituminous coals are quartz, kaolinite, illite and pyrite. These four minerals were isolated by density separation and handpicking from bituminous coal samples collected in the Ruhr Basin, Germany and the Appalachian basin, U.S.A. Trace-element concentrations of relatively pure (??? 99+%) separates of major minerals from these coals were determined directly by using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). As expected, quartz contributes little to the trace-element mass balance. Illite generally has higher trace-element concentrations than kaolinite, but, for the concentrates analyzed in this study, Hf, Ta, W, Th and U are in lower concentrations in illite than in kaolinite. Pyrite has higher concentrations of chalcophile elements (e.g., As and Se) and is considerably lower in lithophile elements as compared to kaolinite and illite. Our study provides a direct and sensitive method of determining trace-element relationships with minerals in coal. Mass-balance calculations suggest that the trace-element content of coal can be explained mainly by three major minerals: pyrite, kaolinite and illite. This conclusion indicates that the size and textural relationships of these major coal minerals may be a more important consideration as to whether coal cleaning can effectively remove the most environmentally sensitive trace elements in coal than what trace minerals are present.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00035-3","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Palmer, C., and Lyons, P., 1996, Selected elements in major minerals from bituminous coal as determined by INAA: Implications for removing environmentally sensitive elements from coal: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 32, no. 1-4, p. 151-166, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00035-3.","startPage":"151","endPage":"166","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206128,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00035-3"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8c20e4b08c986b317ce9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palmer, C.A.","contributorId":81894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyons, P.C.","contributorId":87285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017760,"text":"70017760 - 1996 - The osteology of Camarasaurus lewisi (Jensen, 1988)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-13T12:47:52.903321","indexId":"70017760","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1077,"text":"Brigham Young University Geology Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The osteology of Camarasaurus lewisi (Jensen, 1988)","docAbstract":"Preparation of an approximately two-thirds complete, well-preserved Camarasaurus skeleton has recently been finished. Its detailed osteological description presented here provides a number of interesting characters, some not previously reported for the genus. This specimen (BYU 9047) was earlier named Cathetosaurus lewisi, n. gen. et sp., based on seven characters cited by Jensen (1988). Of these characters, four appear to be age related (this skeleton represents a very old individual) and not of taxonomic significance. Nevertheless, they are useful in advancing our understanding of the ligamentation associated with the sacral and posterior dorsal regions, not only of Camarasaurus but of the sauropods in general. These characters also contribute to a greater knowledge of the ontogenetic development and fusion of the sacral elements. Camarasaurus lewisi (Jensen, 1988) is a valid species whose diagnostic characters include (1) a deep but narrow cleft in the neural spines of presacral vertebrae, which most significantly persists to the sacrum rather than ending in the mid-dorsal region, as in all other species of Camarasaurus; (2) a forward rotation of the ilium with respect to the long axis of the sacrum, a hitherto unreported major character of the genus Camarasaurus; and (3) a steep angle that the posterior chevron articulating facets make with the horizontal plane.","language":"English","publisher":"Brigham Young University","issn":"00681016","usgsCitation":"Mcintosh, J., Miller, W., Stadtman, K., and Gillette, D., 1996, The osteology of Camarasaurus lewisi (Jensen, 1988): Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 41, p. 73-95.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228528,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae73e4b08c986b3240e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mcintosh, J.S.","contributorId":51931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mcintosh","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, W.E.","contributorId":24118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stadtman, K.L.","contributorId":22516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stadtman","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gillette, D.D.","contributorId":34283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillette","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017784,"text":"70017784 - 1996 - Toward A.D. 2000 in the IDNDR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017784","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Toward A.D. 2000 in the IDNDR","docAbstract":"This paper reviews the progress in the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) with a principal focus on changes in public policies and programs for natural disaster reduction in the United States, especially with respect to earthquakes.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction","conferenceDate":"3 December 1996 through 5 December 1996","conferenceLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Hays, W., 1996, Toward A.D. 2000 in the IDNDR, in Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction, Washington, DC, USA, 3 December 1996 through 5 December 1996, p. 285-286.","startPage":"285","endPage":"286","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb5abe4b08c986b3267fd","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Housner G.W.Chung R.M.","contributorId":128376,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Housner G.W.Chung R.M.","id":536378,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Hays, Walter W.","contributorId":66669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"Walter W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017786,"text":"70017786 - 1996 - Effects of acid mine effluent on sediment and water geochemistry, Ruttan Cu-Zn mine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017786","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1126,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of acid mine effluent on sediment and water geochemistry, Ruttan Cu-Zn mine","docAbstract":"Waters were collected from the surface and bottom of four lakes as well as from the Churchill River and approximately 20 small ponds beside the Leaf Rapids-Ruttan mine-South Indian Lake road to determine geochemical variations related to tailings and waste rock disposal from the Ruttan Cu-Zn VHMS deposit. Using sonar profiling as a guide, grab samples and cores of sediments were also collected in Ruttan, Brehaut, Rusty, and Alto lakes to investigate the geochemical and sedimentological effects of liming the acid (pH 2.5) outflow from Ruttan Lake. Preliminary results indicate that metals anthropogenically enriched in Ruttan Lake (Zn, Cd, and Hg in particular) are scavenged and precipitated at the inflow end of Brehaut Lake as a result of adding lime solutions to the Vermilion River, midway through the 500 m reach that connects Ruttan Lake and Brehaut Lake. Zn in Ruttan Lake water (up to 17 ppm) is precipitated in the limey sediment. Zn is not enriched in waters of Rusty Lake, the next lake downstream from Brehaut Lake. Rusty Lake has Zn concentrations comparable to background water from Alto Lake (<10 ppb Zn). At present, liming appears to be controlling metal migration effectively, but a body of Zn-Cd-Hg-rich carbonate precipitate occupies the south end of Brehaut Lake which, without liming, would be receiving water of pH 2.5 from Ruttan Lake, resulting in a remobilization of metals. The related study also showed that Zn concentrations are elevated in water in contact with waste rock used to upgrade sections of the Leaf Rapids-South Indian Lake and Brehaut Lake roads.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00687626","usgsCitation":"Shilts, W., 1996, Effects of acid mine effluent on sediment and water geochemistry, Ruttan Cu-Zn mine: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada, no. 426, p. 77-103.","startPage":"77","endPage":"103","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"426","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0678e4b0c8380cd51269","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shilts, W.W.","contributorId":54357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shilts","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}