A two-step nonlinear and linear inversion is carried out to map the lateral heterogeneity beneath North America using surface wave data. The lateral resolution for most areas of the model is of the order of several hundred kilometers. The most obvious feature in the tomographic images is the rapid transition between low velocities in the tectonically active region west of the Rocky Mountains and high velocities in the stable central and eastern shield of North America. The model also reveals smaller-scale heterogeneous velocity structures. A high-velocity anomaly is imaged beneath the state of Washington that could be explained as the subducting Juan de Fuca plate beneath the Cascades. A large low-velocity structure extends along the coast from the Mendocino to the Rivera triple junction and to the continental interior across the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Its shape changes notably with depth. This anomaly largely coincides with the part of the margin where no lithosphere is consumed since the subduction has been replaced by a transform fault. Evidence for a discontinuous subduction of the Cocos plate along the Middle American Trench is found. In central Mexico a transition is visible from low velocities across the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) to high velocities beneath the Yucatan Peninsula. Two elongated low-velocity anomalies beneath the Yellowstone Plateau and the eastern Snake River Plain volcanic system and beneath central Mexico and the TMVB seem to be associated with magmatism and partial melting. Another low-velocity feature is seen at depths of approximately 200 km beneath Florida and the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The inversion technique used is based on a linear surface wave scattering theory, which gives tomographic images of the relative phase velocity perturbations in four period bands ranging from 40 to 150 s. In order to find a smooth reference model a nonlinear inversion based on ray theory is first performed. After correcting for the crustal thickness the phase velocity perturbations obtained from the subsequent linear waveform inversion for the different period bands are converted to a three-layer model of S velocity perturbations (layer 1, 25–100 km; layer 2, 100–200 km; layer 3, 200–300 km). We have applied this method on 275 high-quality Rayleigh waves recorded by a variety of instruments in North America (IRIS/USGS, IRIS/IDA, TERRAscope, RSTN). Sensitivity tests indicate that the lateral resolution is especially good in the densely sampled western continental United States, Mexico, and the Gulf of Mexico.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB00809","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Alsina, D., Woodward, R., and Snieder, R., 1996, Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 7, p. 15969-15986, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00809.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"15969","endPage":"15986","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226716,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e58e4b08c986b3188a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alsina, D.","contributorId":21705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alsina","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, R.L.","contributorId":46237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snieder, R.K.","contributorId":10560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieder","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018140,"text":"70018140 - 1996 - Ferromanganese crusts as indicators for paleoceanographic events in the NE Atlantic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T16:43:15.931183","indexId":"70018140","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1795,"text":"Geologische Rundschau","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ferromanganese crusts as indicators for paleoceanographic events in the NE Atlantic","docAbstract":"Hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts reflect the chemical conditions of the sewater from which they formed. Fine-scale geochemical analysis of crust layers in combination with age determinations can therefore be used to investigate paleoceanographic changes which are recorded in geochemical gradients in the crusts. At Tropic seamount (off northwest Africa), uniform crust growth influenced by terrigenous input from the African continent occurred during approximately the past 12 Ma. Phosphatization of these crusts is minor. In contrast, crusts from Lion seamount, located between Madeira and the Portuguese coast, display a much more variable growth history. A pronounced increase in Ni, Cu, and Zn is observed in some intervals of the crusts, which probably reflects increased surface productivity. A thick older phosphatized generation occurs in many samples. Hydrographic profiles indicate that Mediterranean outflow water (MOW) may play an important role in the composition of these crusts.10Be dating of one sample confirms that the interruption of the MOW during the Messinian salinity crisis (6.2–5 Ma ago) resulted in changes in element composition. Sr-isotope dating of the apatite phase of the old crust generation has been carried out to obtain a minimum age for the older generation of Atlantic crusts and to determine whether crust phosphatization in the Atlantic can be related to phosphatization episodes recorded in Pacific crusts. The preliminary data show that the old phosphatized crust generation might be as old as approximately 30–40 Ma.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02369011","usgsCitation":"Koschinsky, A., Halbach, P., Hein, J., and Mangini, A., 1996, Ferromanganese crusts as indicators for paleoceanographic events in the NE Atlantic: Geologische Rundschau, v. 85, no. 3, p. 567-576, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02369011.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"567","endPage":"576","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227054,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Northeast Atlantic","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -30.25,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -30.25,\n 18\n ],\n [\n -1,\n 18\n ],\n [\n -1,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -30.25,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f86e4b0c8380cd5392e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koschinsky, A.","contributorId":42724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koschinsky","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halbach, P.","contributorId":101396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halbach","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mangini, A.","contributorId":22101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangini","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018139,"text":"70018139 - 1996 - Tectonic model explaining divergent contraction directions along the Cascadia subduction margin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-20T01:33:25.151527","indexId":"70018139","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic model explaining divergent contraction directions along the Cascadia subduction margin, Washington","docAbstract":"Differential motion across the central Cascadia subduction boundary in Washington results in a complex pattern of folds and faults within the shelf and onshore parts of the accretionary margin. Faults and folds above a coastal, north-northwest–trending thrust system provide evidence of ongoing subduction-related contraction. South of this coastal thrust system many fold axes and thrust faults trend east-northeast, in the direction of convergence. These structures are not consistent with a simple subduction system undergoing northeastward convergence. This deformation, adjacent to the boundary between the subduction complex and the Siletz terrane, may be driven by relative convergence between the northward-translating Siletz terrane and the subduction complex. The regional pattern of modern uplift rates is consistent with ongoing north-south contraction across this boundary and the north-south compressional stress field in the area.
We find that foreshocks provide clear evidence for an extended nucleation process before some earthquakes. In this study, we examine in detail the evolution of six California foreshock sequences, the 1986 Mount Lewis (ML = 5.5), the 1986 Chalfant (ML = 6.4), the 1986 Stone Canyon (ML = 4.7), the 1990 Upland (ML = 5.2), the 1992 Joshua Tree (MW = 6.1), and the 1992 Landers (MW = 7.3) sequence. Typically, uncertainties in hypocentral parameters are too large to establish the geometry of foreshock sequences and hence to understand their evolution. However, the similarity of location and focal mechanisms for the events in these sequences leads to similar foreshock waveforms that we cross correlate to obtain extremely accurate relative locations. We use these results to identify small-scale fault zone structures that could influence nucleation and to determine the stress evolution leading up to the mainshock. In general, these foreshock sequences are not compatible with a cascading failure nucleation model in which the foreshocks all occur on a single fault plane and trigger the mainshock by static stress transfer. Instead, the foreshocks seem to concentrate near structural discontinuities in the fault and may themselves be a product of an aseismic nucleation process. Fault zone heterogeneity may also be important in controlling the number of foreshocks, i.e., the stronger the heterogeneity, the greater the number of foreshocks. The size of the nucleation region, as measured by the extent of the foreshock sequence, appears to scale with mainshock moment in the same manner as determined independently by measurements of the seismic nucleation phase. We also find evidence for slip localization as predicted by some models of earthquake nucleation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB02269","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Dodge, D., Beroza, G., and Ellsworth, W., 1996, Detailed observations of California foreshock sequences: Implications for the earthquake initiation process: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. B10, p. 22371-22392, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB02269.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"22371","endPage":"22392","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227671,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff53e4b0c8380cd4f11c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodge, D.A.","contributorId":68324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodge","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beroza, G. C.","contributorId":95626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beroza","given":"G. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.L.","contributorId":48541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018419,"text":"70018419 - 1996 - Speciation of trihalomethane mixtures for the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018419","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Speciation of trihalomethane mixtures for the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers","docAbstract":"Trihalomethane formation potentials were determined for the chlorination of water samples from the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers. Samples were collected during the summer and fall of 1991 and the spring of 1992 at 12 locations on the Mississippi from New Orleans, LA, to Minneapolis, MN, and on the Missouri and Ohio 1.6 km upstream from their confluences with the Mississippi. Formation potentials were determined as a function of pH and initial free-chlorine concentration. Chloroform concentrations decreased with distance downstream and approximately paralleled the decrease of the dissolved organic-carbon concentration. Bromide concentrations were 3.7-5.7 times higher for the Missouri and 1.4-1.6 times higher for the Ohio than for the Mississippi above their confluences, resulting in an overall increase of the bromide concentration with distance downstream. Variations of the concentrations of the brominated trihalomethanes with distance downstream approximately paralleled the variation of the bromide concentration. Concentrations of all four trihalomethanes increased as the pH increased. Concentrations of chloroform and bromodichloromethane increased slightly and the concentration of bromoform decreased as the initial free-chlorine concentration increased; the chlorodibromomethane concentration had little dependence on the free-chlorine concentration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(95)04938-X","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., 1996, Speciation of trihalomethane mixtures for the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers: Science of the Total Environment, v. 180, no. 2, p. 125-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04938-X.","startPage":"125","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205860,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04938-X"},{"id":227158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"180","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94ede4b08c986b31acc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014920,"text":"1014920 - 1996 - Seasonal habitat use by brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), in a second-order stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-30T15:59:31.860329","indexId":"1014920","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1659,"text":"Fisheries Management and Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Seasonal habitat use by brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), in a second-order stream","title":"Seasonal habitat use by brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), in a second-order stream","docAbstract":"Seasonal habitat use by over-yearling and under-yearling brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), was examined in a second-order stream in north-central Pennsylvania, USA. The habitat occupied by brook trout and available habitat were determined in a 0.5-km stream reach during the spring, summer and autumn of 1989 and the spring and summer of 1990. Cover, depth, substrate and velocity were quantified from over 2000 observations of individual brook trout. Habitat used by under-yearling brook trout was more uniform between seasons and years than that used by over-yearling brook trout. Over-yearling brook trout occupied areas with more cover and greater depth than did under-yearling brook trout, suggesting ontogenetic shifts in these variables. Differences for velocity and substrate were not as great as those for cover and depth. The selection of areas with low water velocities governed trout habitat use in spring, whereas cover and depth were the most important habitat variables in summer and autumn. Principal component analysis showed that available habitat and trout habitat centroids diverged most in spring, indicating that habitat selection by brook trout may be greatest at this time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2400.1996.tb00125.x","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.H., and Dropkin, D.S., 1996, Seasonal habitat use by brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), in a second-order stream: Fisheries Management and Ecology, v. 3, p. 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.1996.tb00125.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130771,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-11-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc3b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J. H.","contributorId":54914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dropkin, D. S.","contributorId":87084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dropkin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014919,"text":"1014919 - 1996 - Feeding ecology of larval and juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in a small pond","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-29T15:45:18.155704","indexId":"1014919","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Feeding ecology of larval and juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in a small pond","title":"Feeding ecology of larval and juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in a small pond","docAbstract":"Release ponds are used as part of a multifacet effort to restore American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in the upper Susquehanna River basin. Little information exists, however, on the feeding ecology of young shad in small ponds. Consequently, we examined feeding ecology and prey selection of 299 larval and 299 juvenile American shad in a small pond during spring and summer. Larval shad mainly consumed copepods (37.7%) and cladocerans (37.4%) whereas juvenile shad ate chironomids (43.1%) and ostracods (28.4%). Larval and juvenile shad exhibited diel variation in diet composition and feeding periodicity. Food consumption by shad was minimal at night; feeding activity was highest during the day, peaking at 2000 h for both larvae and juveniles. Electivity values of shad larvae for prey taxa were highest for cladocerans (+0.27) and lowest for ostracods (−0.07). Electivity values of juvenile shad were highest for chironomids (+ 0.21) and ostracods (+ 0.09), and lowest for copepods (− 0.08) and baetids (− 0.14). Our data indicate differences in diet composition, prey preference and, to a lesser extent, feeding patterns between larval and juvenile American shad in small pond environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.1996.tb00052.x","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.H., and Dropkin, D.S., 1996, Feeding ecology of larval and juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in a small pond: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 12, no. 1, p. 9-13, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1996.tb00052.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130770,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5d98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J. H.","contributorId":54914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dropkin, D. S.","contributorId":87084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dropkin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018748,"text":"70018748 - 1996 - Denitrification and nitrogen transport in a coastal aquifer receiving wastewater discharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018748","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Denitrification and nitrogen transport in a coastal aquifer receiving wastewater discharge","docAbstract":"Denitrification and nitrogen transport were quantified in a sandy glacial aquifer receiving wastewater from a septage-treatment facility on Cape Cod, MA. The resulting groundwater plume contained high concentrations of NO3- (32 mg of NL-1), total dissolved nitrogen (40.5 mg of N L-1), and dissolved organic carbon (1.9 mg of C L-1) and developed a central anoxic zone after 17 months of effluent discharge. Denitrifying activity was measured using four approaches throughout the major biogeochemical zones of the plume. Three approaches that maintained the structure of aquifer materials yielded comparable rates: acetylene block in intact sediment cores, 9.6 ng of N cm-3 d-1 (n = 61); in situ N2 production, 3.0 ng of N cm-3 d-1 (n = 11); and in situ NO3- depletion, 7.1 ng of N cm-3 d-1 (n = 3). In contrast, the mixing of aquifer materials using a standard slurry method yielded rates that were more than 15-fold higher (150 ng of N cm-3 d-1, n = 16) than other methods. Concentrations and ??15N of groundwater and effluent N2, NO3-, and NH4+ were consistent with the lower rates of denitrification determined by the intact-core or in situ methods. These methods and a plumewide survey of excess N2 indicate that 2-9% of the total mass of fixed nitrogen recharged to the anoxic zone of the plume was denitrified during the 34-month study period. Denitrification was limited by organic carbon (not NO3-) concentrations, as evidenced by a nitrate and carbon addition experiment, the correlation of denitrifying activity with in situ concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, and the assessments of available organic carbon in plume sediments. Carbon limitation is consistent with the observed conservative transport of 85-96% of the nitrate in the anoxic zone. Although denitrifying activity removed a significant amount (46250 kg) of fixed nitrogen during transport, the effects of aquifer denitrification on the nitrogen load to receiving ecosystems are likely to be small (<10%).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es950366p","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"DeSimone, L., and Howes, B., 1996, Denitrification and nitrogen transport in a coastal aquifer receiving wastewater discharge: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 4, p. 1152-1162, https://doi.org/10.1021/es950366p.","startPage":"1152","endPage":"1162","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205962,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es950366p"},{"id":227664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-03-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe98e4b0c8380cd4edf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeSimone, L.A.","contributorId":79132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howes, B.L.","contributorId":41854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howes","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018747,"text":"70018747 - 1996 - Bacterial dissimilatory reduction of arsenic(V) to arsenic(III) in anoxic sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-17T18:22:31.733039","indexId":"70018747","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bacterial dissimilatory reduction of arsenic(V) to arsenic(III) in anoxic sediments","docAbstract":"Incubation of anoxic salt marsh sediment slurries with 10 mM As(V) resulted in the disappearance over time of the As(V) in conjunction with its recovery as As(III). No As(V) reduction to As(III) occurred in heat- sterilized or formalin-killed controls or in live sediments incubated in air. The rate of As(V) reduction in slurries was enhanced by addition of the electron donor lactate, H2, or glucose, whereas the respiratory inhibitor/uncoupler dinitrophenol, rotenone, or 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide blocked As(V) reduction. As(V) reduction was also inhibited by tungstate but not by molybdate, sulfate, or phosphate. Nitrate inhibited As(V) reduction by its action as a preferred respiratory electron acceptor rather than as a structural analog of As(V). Nitrate-respiring sediments could reduce As(V) to As(III) once all the nitrate was removed. Chloramphenicol blocked the reduction of As(V) to As(III) in nitrate- respiring sediments, suggesting that nitrate and arsenate were reduced by separate enzyme systems. Oxidation of [2-14C]acetate to 14CO2 by salt marsh and freshwater sediments was coupled to As(V). Collectively, these results show that reduction of As(V) in sediments proceeds by a dissimilatory process. Bacterial sulfate reduction was completely inhibited by As(V) as well as by As(III).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.62.5.1664-1669.1996","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Dowdle, P., Laverman, A., and Oremland, R., 1996, Bacterial dissimilatory reduction of arsenic(V) to arsenic(III) in anoxic sediments: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 62, no. 5, p. 1664-1669, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.5.1664-1669.1996.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1664","endPage":"1669","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479063,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.5.1664-1669.1996","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227625,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","city":"Palo Alto","otherGeospatial":"Lahontan Reservoir, San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.18074022293001,\n 37.486952872013276\n ],\n [\n -122.12718187332061,\n 37.45098427129997\n ],\n [\n -122.08289323806696,\n 37.413634924164086\n ],\n [\n -122.03860460281297,\n 37.42372381099733\n ],\n [\n -122.04890428543015,\n 37.46542828886591\n ],\n [\n -122.08289323806696,\n 37.50356887782067\n ],\n [\n -122.0942228889459,\n 37.518547352838866\n ],\n [\n -122.10383592605513,\n 37.533250567381344\n ],\n [\n -122.18074022293001,\n 37.486952872013276\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.1345078593209,\n 39.32525855997096\n ],\n [\n -119.09021922406694,\n 39.34384676341648\n ],\n [\n -119.08472606000439,\n 39.36349177591711\n ],\n [\n -119.11013194379368,\n 39.36561523018946\n ],\n [\n -119.1726166850044,\n 39.39003031367665\n ],\n [\n -119.16437693891072,\n 39.39878581707654\n ],\n [\n -119.10086222943792,\n 39.39507149528393\n ],\n [\n -119.08369609174261,\n 39.408070756315965\n ],\n [\n -119.08438273725056,\n 39.41815014789276\n ],\n [\n -119.06447001752414,\n 39.43247098706226\n ],\n [\n -119.05485698041457,\n 39.431940638090424\n ],\n [\n -119.03975077924278,\n 39.4401605934836\n ],\n [\n -119.06755992230907,\n 39.46879028124664\n ],\n [\n -119.08026286420355,\n 39.46269420482139\n ],\n [\n -119.08781596478963,\n 39.45076555431987\n ],\n [\n -119.09742900189886,\n 39.44069087987978\n ],\n [\n -119.11768504437941,\n 39.41443685737025\n ],\n [\n -119.14961406049272,\n 39.41761968992745\n ],\n [\n -119.18497630414507,\n 39.427697700988375\n ],\n [\n -119.2090088969185,\n 39.41815014789276\n ],\n [\n -119.21003886518025,\n 39.40992759583173\n ],\n [\n -119.19939585980926,\n 39.40249994110201\n ],\n [\n -119.19973918256308,\n 39.39719398909571\n ],\n [\n -119.21690532025838,\n 39.3879076019268\n ],\n [\n -119.196305955024,\n 39.374108401648016\n ],\n [\n -119.18016978559046,\n 39.35924467368929\n ],\n [\n -119.16437693891072,\n 39.365349801935935\n ],\n [\n -119.15442057904733,\n 39.364022645537716\n ],\n [\n -119.14171763715285,\n 39.3542009043891\n ],\n [\n -119.14824076947716,\n 39.34278471349546\n ],\n [\n -119.1345078593209,\n 39.32525855997096\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ef9ee4b0c8380cd4a362","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dowdle, P.R.","contributorId":77678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowdle","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laverman, A.M.","contributorId":8238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laverman","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018121,"text":"70018121 - 1996 - Covalent binding of aniline to humic substances. 2. 15N NMR studies of nucleophilic addition reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018121","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Covalent binding of aniline to humic substances. 2. 15N NMR studies of nucleophilic addition reactions","docAbstract":"Aromatic amines are known to undergo covalent binding with humic substances in the environment. Although previous studies have examined reaction conditions and proposed mechanisms, there has been no direct spectroscopic evidence for the covalent binding of the amines to the functional groups in humic substances. In order to further elucidate the reaction mechanisms, the Suwannee River and IHSS soil fulvic and humic acids were reacted with 15N-labeled aniline at pH 6 and analyzed using 15N NMR spectrometry. Aniline underwent nucleophilic addition reactions with the quinone and other carbonyl groups in the samples and became incorporated in the form of anilinohydroquinone, anilinoquinone, anilide, imine, and heterocyclic nitrogen, the latter comprising 50% or more of the bound amine. The anilide and anilinohydroquinone nitrogens were determined to be susceptible to chemical exchange by ammonia. In the case of Suwannee River fulvic acid, reaction under anoxic conditions and pretreatment with sodium borohydride or hydroxylamine prior to reaction under oxic conditions resulted in a decrease in the proportion of anilinohydroquinone nitrogen incorporated. The relative decrease in the incorporation of anilinohydroquinone nitrogen with respect to anilinoquinone nitrogen under anoxic conditions suggested that inter- or intramolecular redox reactions accompanied the nucleophilic addition reactions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es9509339","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Thorn, K.A., Pettigrew, P., Goldenberg, W., and Weber, E., 1996, Covalent binding of aniline to humic substances. 2. 15N NMR studies of nucleophilic addition reactions: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 9, p. 2764-2775, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9509339.","startPage":"2764","endPage":"2775","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205899,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9509339"},{"id":227362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-08-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc90e4b0c8380cd4e307","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorn, K. A.","contributorId":33294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pettigrew, P.J.","contributorId":10564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettigrew","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldenberg, W.S.","contributorId":43923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldenberg","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weber, E.J.","contributorId":78100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"E.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1014740,"text":"1014740 - 1996 - Epizootiological study of bacterial cold-water disease in Pacific salmon and further characterization of the etiologic agent, Flexibacterin psychrophila","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T11:58:58.609701","indexId":"1014740","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Epizootiological study of bacterial cold-water disease in Pacific salmon and further characterization of the etiologic agent, Flexibacterin psychrophila","docAbstract":"Isolates of Flexibacter psychrophila were obtained from chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and coho salmon O. kisutch that had previously sustained epizootics of coldwater disease. The pathogen was readily isolated from kidney and mucus of convalescent fish. The organisms were relatively inert in most standard microbiological media but were structurally and serologically homogenous by examination of whole cell protein lysates by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In contrast to the homogeneity observed in phenotypic and serologic assays, the isolates studied elaborated varied ribotypes. All isolates produced a single rDNA spacer amplification product of about 240 base pairs.
In an effort to understand sources of nitrate (NO3−) in surface waters of high-elevation catchments, nitrogen (N) transformations in and under seasonal snow were investigated from 1993 to 1995 on Niwot Ridge, an alpine ecosystem at 3,500 m located in the Colorado Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. Ammonium (NH4+) and NO3− labeled with 15N applied as nonconservative tracers to the snow showed no evidence of nitrification in the snowpack. Furthermore, NH4+ movement through the amended snowpack was highly correlated with a conservative chloride tracer (r2 = 0.99). In an unamended snowpack NH4+ concentrations in meltwater before contact with the ground were highly correlated with NO3− concentrations (r2 = 0.98), which is consistent with no nitrification in the snowpack. The isotopically labeled 15NH+4applied to the snowpack was found in underlying soils, showing that NH4+ released from snow can be rapidly immobilized. Resin bag (mixed-bed ion-exchange resins) measurements (n = 22) showed that 80% of the mobile inorganic N in unamended subnivial soils was NO3−. Measurements of KCl-extractable inorganic N from surface soils showed that highest values were prior to the initiation of snowmelt and lowest values were during the growing season. The natural δ15N abundance of unamended soils was negative and ranged from −12 to −2, suggesting that atmospheric deposition of δ15N-depleted N is an important component of N cycling in these alpine soils. These results suggest that soil mineralization under seasonal snow, rather than snowmelt release of NO3−, may control NO3− concentrations in surface waters of high-elevation catchments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR02240","usgsCitation":"Williams, M.W., Brooks, P.D., Mosier, A., and Tonnessen, K.A., 1996, Mineral nitrogen transformations in and under seasonal snow in a high-elevation catchment in the Rocky Mountains, United States: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 10, p. 3161-3171, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR02240.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"3161","endPage":"3171","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5799e4b0c8380cd6dd9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Mark W.","contributorId":43046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, Paul D.","contributorId":139471,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brooks","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12566,"text":"Department of Geology and Geophysics, Unviersity of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":378608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mosier, Arvin","contributorId":70314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mosier","given":"Arvin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tonnessen, Kathy A.","contributorId":9588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tonnessen","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1012812,"text":"1012812 - 1996 - Breeding populations of northern pintails have similar mitochondrial DNA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T00:20:05.464142","indexId":"1012812","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding populations of northern pintails have similar mitochondrial DNA","docAbstract":"Northern pintails (Anas acuta) are highly nomadic, which may result in\r\nhigh levels of gene flow among nesting areas. To assess the extent of genetic \r\ndifferentiation among nesting areas, we analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) \r\nvariation in northern pintail females from three regions: Alaska, California, \r\nand midcontinent prairies and parklands. Abundant mtDNA variation was evident \r\n(20 genotypes among 289 birds), but there was no significant genetic \r\ndifferentiation of nesting areas within or among regions. Results indicate that\r\npintails have had historically large breeding population sizes and a high rate \r\nof gene flow among North American nesting areas. Specific nesting areas are not\r\nindependent units, but part of a larger continental population. High rates of \r\ngene flow suggest that over time, localized reductions in recruitment or \r\nsurvival may be compensated for by immigration.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/z96-112","usgsCitation":"Cronin, M.A., Grand, J., Esler, D., Derksen, D., and Scribner, K., 1996, Breeding populations of northern pintails have similar mitochondrial DNA: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 74, no. 6, p. 992-999, https://doi.org/10.1139/z96-112.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"992","endPage":"999","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128567,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb42f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, M. A.","contributorId":80216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grand, J.B.","contributorId":11150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Derksen, D.V.","contributorId":23483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"D.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scribner, K.T.","contributorId":97033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1012938,"text":"1012938 - 1996 - Alternative models of climatic effects on sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, productivity in Bristol Bay, Alaska, and the Fraser River, British Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-30T16:07:15.947962","indexId":"1012938","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1660,"text":"Fisheries Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alternative models of climatic effects on sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, productivity in Bristol Bay, Alaska, and the Fraser River, British Columbia","docAbstract":"We compare alternative models of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, productivity (returns per spawner) using more than 30 years of catch and escapement data for Bristol Bay, Alaska, and the Fraser River, British Columbia. The models examined include several alternative forms of models that incorporate climatic influences as well as models not based on climate. For most stocks, a stationary stock-recruitment relationship explains very little of the interannual variation in productivity. In Bristol Bay, productivity covaries among stocks and appears to be strongly related to fluctuations in climate. The best model for Bristol Bay sockeye involved a change in the 1970s in the parameters of the Ricker stock-recruitment curve; the stocks generally became more productive. In contrast, none of the models of Fraser River stocks that we examined explained much of the variability in their productivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2419.1996.tb00113.x","usgsCitation":"Adkison, M., Peterman, R.M., Lapointe, M., Gillis, D., and Korman, J., 1996, Alternative models of climatic effects on sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, productivity in Bristol Bay, Alaska, and the Fraser River, British Columbia: Fisheries Oceanography, v. 5, no. 3/4, p. 137-152, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.1996.tb00113.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128559,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, British Columbia","otherGeospatial":"Bristol Bay, Fraser River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.08917539537347,\n 55.15894913740004\n ],\n [\n -159.65903895213302,\n 56.408726159786596\n ],\n [\n -158.17602722665475,\n 57.19195944055994\n ],\n [\n -157.29830935612335,\n 58.461147445772866\n ],\n [\n -156.79322102173407,\n 58.98280117370635\n ],\n [\n -157.9752794853864,\n 58.67730764289078\n ],\n [\n -158.49435227082103,\n 59.03661320736964\n ],\n [\n -158.9397596571492,\n 58.78915096520106\n ],\n [\n -158.89146570029132,\n 58.45509417523837\n ],\n [\n -159.69378831026978,\n 58.95507370498541\n ],\n [\n -159.850653950805,\n 58.80741292095564\n ],\n [\n -160.26784459821604,\n 59.08231392297492\n ],\n [\n -161.40189839361852,\n 58.72873938867144\n ],\n [\n -161.8147953272906,\n 58.612906621674114\n ],\n [\n -163.08917539537347,\n 55.15894913740004\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.7945920621268,\n 49.010316102691206\n ],\n [\n -121.63777796020763,\n 49.12024062648641\n ],\n [\n -121.27485556025441,\n 50.671610154564746\n ],\n [\n -118.41467539731029,\n 52.3631466622673\n ],\n [\n -120.2757998657401,\n 53.76177210227928\n ],\n [\n -124.82180432645121,\n 57.37084369674125\n ],\n [\n -126.55279133598167,\n 54.95493524366967\n ],\n [\n -125.28609801102313,\n 52.79760540626222\n ],\n [\n -122.7945920621268,\n 49.010316102691206\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"3/4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-10-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db687440","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adkison, M.","contributorId":77086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adkison","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterman, R. M.","contributorId":83871,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lapointe, M.","contributorId":95006,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lapointe","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gillis, D.","contributorId":37682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gillis","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Korman, J.","contributorId":99925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korman","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1012814,"text":"1012814 - 1996 - An image-processing program for automated counting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-20T21:06:49","indexId":"1012814","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An image-processing program for automated counting","docAbstract":"An image-processing program developed by the National Institute of\r\nHealth, IMAGE, was modified in a cooperative project between remote sensing\r\nspecialists at the Ohio State University Center for Mapping and scientists at\r\nthe Alaska Science Center to facilitate estimating numbers of black brant\r\n(Branta bernicla nigricans) in flocks at Izembek National Wildlife Refuge. The\r\nmodified program, DUCK HUNT, runs on Apple computers. Modifications provide\r\nusers with a pull down menu that optimizes image quality; identifies objects of\r\ninterest (e.g., brant) by spectral, morphometric, and spatial parameters defined\r\ninteractively by users; counts and labels objects of interest; and produces\r\nsummary tables. Images from digitized photography, videography, and high-\r\nresolution digital photography have been used with this program to count various\r\nspecies of waterfowl.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, D., Anderson, W., and Anthony, R., 1996, An image-processing program for automated counting: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 24, no. 2, p. 345-346.","productDescription":"pp. 345-346","startPage":"345","endPage":"346","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab790","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, D.J.","contributorId":25522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, W.H.","contributorId":93420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anthony, R.M.","contributorId":181902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014733,"text":"1014733 - 1996 - Amelioration of surface waters affected by acidic deposition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T14:50:30.413136","indexId":"1014733","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Amelioration of surface waters affected by acidic deposition","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1526-100X.1996.tb00173.x","usgsCitation":"Schreiber, R., 1996, Amelioration of surface waters affected by acidic deposition: Restoration Ecology, v. 4, no. 3, p. 203-205, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1996.tb00173.x.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129240,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-04-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68691b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schreiber, R.K.","contributorId":92988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiber","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018451,"text":"70018451 - 1996 - Origin and depositional environment of clastic deposits in the Hilo drill hole, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-15T10:42:16","indexId":"70018451","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin and depositional environment of clastic deposits in the Hilo drill hole, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Volcaniclastic units cored at depths of about 87, 164, 178, 226, and 246 m below sea level and carbonate units located between depths of 27 and 53 m below sea level in the Hilo drill core were found to be deposited at or near sea level. Four of these units are hydroclastic deposits, formed when subaerially erupted Mauna Loa lava flows entered the ocean and fragmented to produce quenched, glassy fragments during hydrovolcanic explosions. Ash units 24 and 26, at 178 m depth, accumulated at sea level in a freshwater bog. They contain pyroxenes crystallized from tholeiitic magma that we infer erupted explosively at the summit of Kilauea volcano. Two carbon‐rich layers from these ashes have a weighted average radiocarbon age of 38.6 ± 0.9 ka; the ashes probably correlate with the oldest and thickest part of the Pahala ash. Ash unit 44, at the transition from Mauna Kea to Mauna Loa lava flows, was probably nearly 3.2 m thick and is inferred to be equivalent to the lower thick part of the composite Homelani ash mapped in Hilo and on the flanks of Mauna Kea. The age of this part of Homelani ash is between 128 ± 33 and 200 ± 10 ka; it may have erupted subglacially during the Pohakuloa glacial maxima on Mauna Kea. Beach sand units 12 and 22 were derived from nearby Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea lava flows. The middle of beach sand unit 38 was derived mainly from lava erupted near the distal end of the subaerial east rift zone of Kilauea volcano; these sands were transported about 33 km northwest to Hilo Bay by prevailing longshore currents. Combined age, depth, and sea level markers in the core allow us to determine that lava flow recurrence intervals averaged one flow every 4 kyr during the past 86 kyr and one flow every 16 kyr between 86 and 200 ka at the drill site and that major explosive eruptions that deposit thick ash in Hilo have occurred only twice in the last 400 kyr. These recurrence intervals support the moderate lava flow hazard zonation (zone 3) for coastal Hilo previously determined from surficial mapping.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/95JB03703","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Beeson, M., Clague, D., and Lockwood, J.P., 1996, Origin and depositional environment of clastic deposits in the Hilo drill hole, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 5, p. 11617-11629, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03703.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"11617","endPage":"11629","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a709de4b0c8380cd76125","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeson, M.H.","contributorId":83118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeson","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lockwood, J. P.","contributorId":104473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockwood","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018622,"text":"70018622 - 1996 - Beach-ridge development in Lake Michigan: Shoreline behavior in response to quasi-periodic lake-level events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-17T11:03:55.579916","indexId":"70018622","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beach-ridge development in Lake Michigan: Shoreline behavior in response to quasi-periodic lake-level events","docAbstract":"Strandplains of arcuate beach ridges are common in coastal embayments in parts of the Great Lakes. Similarities in beach-ridge development and geomorphology are recognizable in many of the embayments in the Lake Michigan basin despite differences in size and shape, available sediment type and supply, predepositional slope and topography, and hydrographic regime between the embayments. These similarities are primarily a product of three scales of quasiperiodic lake-level variation ranging in time from 30 to 600 years and in water level change from 0.5 to 3.7 m. The interaction of these three lake-level variations can be represented on a Curray (1964) diagram (rate of water level change versus rate of sediment supply). The position of any shoreline on the diagram and the type of behavior the shoreline is experiencing is a product of the interaction of the three variations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(95)00110-7","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Thompson, T., and Baedke, S., 1996, Beach-ridge development in Lake Michigan: Shoreline behavior in response to quasi-periodic lake-level events: Marine Geology, v. 129, no. 1-2, p. 163-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(95)00110-7.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227127,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f032e4b0c8380cd4a649","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, T.A.","contributorId":73226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baedke, S.J.","contributorId":14585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedke","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1012951,"text":"1012951 - 1996 - Demographic characteristics of molting black brant near Teshekpuk Lake, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:32","indexId":"1012951","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demographic characteristics of molting black brant near Teshekpuk Lake, Alaska","docAbstract":"Molting Brant in the Teshekpuk Lake Special Area (TLSA) on the Arctic \r\n Coastal Plain of Alaska were studied from 1987 to 1992 using \r\n capture-mark-recapture techniques to determine origin, age and sex \r\n composition, return rates and site fidelity. Brant originated from 10 \r\n nesting colonies in Canada and Alaska. The captured birds were 76% \r\n adults and 57% males. Ninety-one percent of known-age recaptures were","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bollinger, K., and Derksen, D., 1996, Demographic characteristics of molting black brant near Teshekpuk Lake, Alaska: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 67, p. 141-158.","productDescription":"pp. 141-158","startPage":"141","endPage":"158","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66eeb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bollinger, K.S.","contributorId":85542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollinger","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Derksen, D.V.","contributorId":23483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"D.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018424,"text":"70018424 - 1996 - Improving the quality of parameter estimates obtained from slug tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T12:25:54.495134","indexId":"70018424","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving the quality of parameter estimates obtained from slug tests","docAbstract":"The slug test is one of the most commonly used field methods for obtaining in situ estimates of hydraulic conductivity. Despite its prevalence, this method has received criticism from many quarters in the ground-water community. This criticism emphasizes the poor quality of the estimated parameters, a condition that is primarily a product of the somewhat casual approach that is often employed in slug tests. Recently, the Kansas Geological Survey (KGS) has pursued research directed at improving methods for the performance and analysis of slug tests. Based on extensive theoretical and field research, a series of guidelines have been proposed that should enable the quality of parameter estimates to be improved. The most significant of these guidelines are: (1) three or more slug tests should be performed at each well during a given test period; (2) two or more different initial displacements (H0) should be used at each well during a test period; (3) the method used to initiate a test should enable the slug to be introduced in a near-instantaneous manner and should allow a good estimate of Ho to be obtained; (4) data-acquisition equipment that enables a large quantity of high quality data to be collected should be employed; (5) if an estimate of the storage parameter is needed, an observation well other than the test well should be employed; (6) the method chosen for analysis of the slug-test data should be appropriate for site conditions; (7) use of pre-and post-analysis plots should be an integral component of the analysis procedure, and (8) appropriate well construction parameters should be employed. Data from slug tests performed at a number of KGS field sites demonstrate the importance of these guidelines.
The Anacacho Limestone was deposited during the Campanian and represents two depositional intervals, one of early Campanian and one of middle Campanian age. These two intervals correspond to periods of major eustatic sea level rise. This study focuses on the molluscan paleontology of the middle Campanian interval in the eastern part of the Anacacho exposure belt in Medina County, Texas. Molluscan assemblages in this area are indicative of inner to mid-shelf environments. No significant reef components are present. These eastern Anacacho deposits are interpreted to represent more offshore, deeper water environments than those to the southwest, where reef and lagoonal deposits have been reported.
","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontological Society","doi":"10.1017/S0022336000023337","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Elder, W., 1996, Bivalves and gastropods from the middle Campanian Anacacho limestone, South Central Texas: Journal of Paleontology, v. 70, no. 2, p. 247-270, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022336000023337.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227303,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1d3e4b0c8380cd4ae4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elder, W.P.","contributorId":65467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018552,"text":"70018552 - 1996 - Grazing trails formed by soldier fly larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) and their paleoenvironmental and paleoecological implications for the fossil record","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T15:43:32","indexId":"70018552","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1965,"text":"Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces","onlineIssn":"1563-5236","printIssn":"1042-0940","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Grazing trails formed by soldier fly larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) and their paleoenvironmental and paleoecological implications for the fossil record","docAbstract":"Recent trails formed by soldier fly larvae (Díptera: Stratiomyidae) were examined in a shallow pond in the floodplain of a braided river in Jujuy Province, northwestern Argentina. Collected specimens were identified as Stratiomys convexa van der Wulp. Simple, irregularly meandering trails were produced across the surface of a muddy‐silty substrate. Since soldier fly larvae extend their caudal respiratory tube to the water‐air interface, they are restricted to extremely shallow water. The presence of benthic algal remains within the mouthparts of the larvae suggests a feeding habit of algal grazing. If preserved, these trails would be included in the ichno‐genus Helminthopsis, a common element in ancient freshwater ichno‐faunas. Helminthopsis preserved in pond and lacustrine margin deposits younger than Late Jurassic is regarded as one possible trace fossil analogue of the trails documented herein. Additionally, it is suggested that larvae of many aquatic Diptera with similar ecologic restrictions are potential tracemakers of Helminthopsis and other simple trails in these environments, particularly in post‐Paleozoic deposits. Studies of modern shallow aquatic habitats and reex‐amination of the ichnologic record stress the importance of fly larvae as tracemakers in lake margin and pond ecosystems. Ecologic requirements of soldier fly larvae make them inappropriate analogues of Helminthopsis tracemakers in deeper water, lacustrine settings.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10420949609380124","usgsCitation":"Mángano, M., Buatois, L.A., and Claps, G.L., 1996, Grazing trails formed by soldier fly larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) and their paleoenvironmental and paleoecological implications for the fossil record: Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces, v. 4, no. 3, p. 163-167, https://doi.org/10.1080/10420949609380124.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"167","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a50e4b0c8380cd5b087","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mángano, M. Gabriela","contributorId":57619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mángano","given":"M. Gabriela","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":380020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buatois, Luis A. 0000-0001-9523-750X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-750X","contributorId":195823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buatois","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":380021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Claps, Guillermo L.","contributorId":92444,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Claps","given":"Guillermo","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}