The Hanford Brook Formation (emended) is a thin (up to 42+ m), upper Lower Cambrian depositional sequence that is unconformably bounded by the lower Lower Cambrian (Random Formation) and the middle Middle Cambrian (Fossil Brook Member of the Chamberlain's Brook Formation). These stratigraphic relationships of the trilobite-bearing Hanford Brook Formation indicate deposition on the Avalonian marginal platform in the Saint John, New Brunswick, region and provide more evidence for a uniform, latest Precambrian–Cambrian epeirogenic history and cover sequence in Avalon. The Hanford Brook Formation is a deepening–shoaling sequence with (i) lower, transgressive sandstone deposited in episodically high-energy environments (St. Martins Member, new); (ii) highstand–regressive, dysaerobic mudstone – fine-grained sandstone with volcanic ashes (Somerset Street Member, new); and (iii) upper, regressive, planar and hummocky cross-stratified sandstone (Long Island Member, new). Trilobites are common in the distal Somerset Street Member, and ostracodes and brachiopods dominate the St. Martins and Long Island members. Condensation of the St. Martins Member and absence of the Long Island Member where the Random Formation and Fossil Brook Member are thinnest suggest onlap of the Hanford Brook and pronounced, sub-Middle Cambrian erosion across epeirogenically active blocks in southern New Brunswick.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e96-030","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Landing, E., and Westrop, S.R., 1996, Upper Lower Cambrian depositional sequence in Avalonian New Brunswick: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 33, no. 3, p. 404-417, https://doi.org/10.1139/e96-030.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"404","endPage":"417","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227161,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"New Brunswick","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.22579066198111,\n 45.319095956001604\n ],\n [\n -66.22579066198111,\n 45.20114164692981\n ],\n [\n -65.95871772379098,\n 45.20114164692981\n ],\n [\n -65.95871772379098,\n 45.319095956001604\n ],\n [\n -66.22579066198111,\n 45.319095956001604\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd3fe4b08c986b328f30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landing, E.","contributorId":53964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landing","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westrop, S. R.","contributorId":69727,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Westrop","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018483,"text":"70018483 - 1996 - Rupture distribution of the 1977 western Argentina earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-22T15:40:26","indexId":"70018483","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rupture distribution of the 1977 western Argentina earthquake","docAbstract":"Teleseismic P and SH body waves are used in a finite-fault, waveform inversion for the rupture history of the 23 November 1977 western Argentina earthquake. This double event consists of a smaller foreshock (M0 = 5.3 ?? 1026 dyn-cm) followed about 20 s later by a larger main shock (M0 = 1.5 ?? 1027 dyn-cm). Our analysis indicates that these two events occurred on different fault segments: with the foreshock having a strike, dip, and average rake of 345??, 45??E, and 50??, and the main shock 10??, 45??E, and 80??, respectively. The foreshock initiated at a depth of 17 km and propagated updip and to the north. The main shock initiated at the southern end of the foreshock zone at a depth of 25 to 30 km, and propagated updip and unilaterally to the south. The north-south separation of the centroids of the moment release for the foreshock and main shock is about 60 km. The apparent triggering of the main shock by the foreshock is similar to other earthquakes that have involved the failure of multiple fault segments, such as the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake. Such occurrences argue against the use of individual, mapped, surface fault or fault-segment lengths in the determination of the size and frequency of future earthquakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(95)03080-8","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Langer, C., and Hartzell, S., 1996, Rupture distribution of the 1977 western Argentina earthquake: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 94, no. 1-2, p. 121-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(95)03080-8.","startPage":"121","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266263,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(95)03080-8"}],"volume":"94","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaecde4b0c8380cd8721c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langer, C.J.","contributorId":31395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartzell, S.","contributorId":12603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018394,"text":"70018394 - 1996 - Taxonomic reassessment of the ichnogenus Beaconichnus and additional examples from the Carboniferous of Kansas, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T09:10:25","indexId":"70018394","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1965,"text":"Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces","onlineIssn":"1563-5236","printIssn":"1042-0940","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Taxonomic reassessment of the ichnogenus Beaconichnus and additional examples from the Carboniferous of Kansas, U.S.A.","title":"Taxonomic reassessment of the ichnogenus Beaconichnus and additional examples from the Carboniferous of Kansas, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The ichnogenus Beaconichnus (Gevers 1973), an arthropod trace fossil, includes very different forms that comprise five ichnospecies, namely B. darwi‐nunt (Gevers 1971), B. gouldi (Gevers 1971), B. ahtarcticum(Gevers 1971), B. giganteum Gevers and Twomey 1982, and B. wrrighti Gevers and Twomey 1982. The original diagnosis of Beaconichnus is rather vague and potentially may accommodate virtually every arthropod trackway described from the fossil record. In view of these problems, the validity of Beaconichnus is reassessed and each of its ichnospecies is reviewed. We conclude that B. darwinum is a junior synonym of Diplopodichnus biformis Brady 1947; B. antarcticum should be regarded as Palmich‐niunt antarcticum; and B. wrighti is a nomen nudum. Additionally, we agree with previous proposals in considering B. gouldi as the senior synonym of B. giganteum, and including it in Diplichnites Dawson 1873. Therefore, we suggest that the ichnogenus Beaconichnus is best disregarded. Additionally, we describe specimens collected from the Late Carboniferous Tonganoxie Sandstone Member (Stranger Formation) of eastern Kansas, ascribed herein to Diplopodichnus biformis and Diplichnites gouldi, which include examples of intergradations between both ichnotaxa, and provide synonymy lists for both ichnospecies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10420949809386427","usgsCitation":"Buatois, L.A., Mángano, M., Maples, C.G., and Lanier, W.P., 1996, Taxonomic reassessment of the ichnogenus Beaconichnus and additional examples from the Carboniferous of Kansas, U.S.A.: Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces, v. 5, no. 4, p. 287-302, https://doi.org/10.1080/10420949809386427.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"302","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-99.541116,36.999573],[-99.648652,36.999604],[-99.657658,37.000197],[-99.875409,37.001659],[-99.995201,37.001631],[-100.115722,37.002206],[-100.193754,37.002133],[-100.552683,37.000735],[-100.734517,36.999059],[-100.756894,36.999357],[-100.855634,36.998626],[-100.904274,36.998745],[-100.945469,36.998153],[-101.012641,36.998176],[-101.359674,36.996232],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-102.041749,37.034397],[-102.041809,37.111973],[-102.042092,37.125021],[-102.041963,37.258164],[-102.041664,37.29765],[-102.042089,37.352819],[-102.041524,37.375018],[-102.042016,37.535261],[-102.041574,37.680436],[-102.042158,37.760164],[-102.042953,37.803535],[-102.044644,38.045532],[-102.044255,38.113011],[-102.044589,38.125013],[-102.044251,38.141778],[-102.044944,38.384419],[-102.044442,38.415802],[-102.044936,38.41968],[-102.045324,38.453647],[-102.045074,38.669617],[-102.045334,38.799463],[-102.046571,39.047038],[-102.04937,39.41821],[-102.049554,39.538932],[-102.050422,39.646048],[-102.050099,39.653812],[-102.050594,39.675594],[-102.051569,39.849805],[-102.051744,40.003078],[-101.904176,40.003162],[-101.841025,40.002784],[-101.409953,40.002354],[-101.324036,40.002696],[-100.937427,40.002145],[-100.75883,40.002302],[-100.66023,40.002162],[-100.645445,40.001883],[-100.196959,40.001494],[-99.990926,40.001503],[-99.948167,40.001813],[-99.930433,40.001516],[-99.813401,40.0014],[-99.772121,40.001804],[-99.756835,40.001342],[-99.746628,40.00182],[-99.49766,40.001912],[-99.423565,40.00227],[-99.412645,40.001868],[-99.282967,40.001879],[-99.018701,40.002333],[-98.710404,40.00218],[-98.690287,40.002548],[-98.652494,40.002245],[-98.64071,40.002493],[-98.560578,40.002274],[-98.274017,40.002516],[-98.250008,40.002307],[-98.193483,40.002614],[-98.099659,40.002227],[-97.838379,40.00191],[-97.777155,40.002167],[-97.510264,40.001835],[-97.369199,40.00206],[-97.20231,40.001442],[-97.142448,40.001495],[-97.137866,40.001814],[-97.049663,40.001323],[-96.916093,40.001506],[-96.622401,40.001158],[-96.610349,40.000881],[-96.467536,40.001035],[-96.125937,40.000432],[-96.02409,40.000719],[-95.30829,39.999998],[-95.308404,39.993758],[-95.30778,39.990618],[-95.307111,39.989114],[-95.302507,39.984357],[-95.289715,39.977706],[-95.274757,39.972115],[-95.269886,39.969396],[-95.261854,39.960618],[-95.257652,39.954886],[-95.250254,39.948644],[-95.241383,39.944949],[-95.236761,39.943931],[-95.231114,39.943784],[-95.220212,39.944433],[-95.21644,39.943953],[-95.213737,39.943206],[-95.204428,39.938949],[-95.201277,39.934194],[-95.20069,39.928155],[-95.20201,39.922438],[-95.205745,39.915169],[-95.206326,39.912121],[-95.206196,39.909557],[-95.205733,39.908275],[-95.201935,39.904053],[-95.199347,39.902709],[-95.193816,39.90069],[-95.189565,39.899959],[-95.179453,39.900062],[-95.172296,39.902026],[-95.159834,39.906984],[-95.156024,39.907243],[-95.149657,39.905948],[-95.146055,39.904183],[-95.143802,39.901918],[-95.142563,39.897992],[-95.142445,39.89542],[-95.143403,39.889356],[-95.142718,39.885889],[-95.140601,39.881688],[-95.137092,39.878351],[-95.134747,39.876852],[-95.128166,39.874165],[-95.105912,39.869164],[-95.090158,39.86314],[-95.085003,39.861883],[-95.081534,39.861718],[-95.052535,39.864374],[-95.042142,39.864805],[-95.037767,39.865542],[-95.032053,39.868337],[-95.027931,39.871522],[-95.025422,39.876711],[-95.025119,39.878833],[-95.025947,39.886747],[-95.02524,39.8897],[-95.024389,39.891202],[-95.018743,39.897372],[-95.013152,39.899953],[-95.00844,39.900596],[-95.003819,39.900401],[-94.990284,39.89701],[-94.986975,39.89667],[-94.977749,39.897472],[-94.963345,39.901136],[-94.959276,39.901671],[-94.95154,39.900533],[-94.943867,39.89813],[-94.934493,39.893366],[-94.929574,39.888754],[-94.927897,39.886112],[-94.927359,39.883966],[-94.927252,39.880258],[-94.928466,39.876344],[-94.931463,39.872602],[-94.938791,39.866954],[-94.940743,39.86441],[-94.942407,39.861066],[-94.942567,39.856602],[-94.939767,39.85193],[-94.937655,39.849786],[-94.92615,39.841322],[-94.916918,39.836138],[-94.909942,39.834426],[-94.903157,39.83385],[-94.892677,39.834378],[-94.889493,39.834026],[-94.886933,39.833098],[-94.881013,39.828922],[-94.878677,39.826522],[-94.877044,39.823754],[-94.876544,39.820594],[-94.875944,39.813294],[-94.876344,39.806894],[-94.880932,39.797338],[-94.884084,39.794234],[-94.890292,39.791626],[-94.892965,39.791098],[-94.925605,39.789754],[-94.929654,39.788282],[-94.932726,39.786282],[-94.935206,39.78313],[-94.935782,39.778906],[-94.935302,39.77561],[-94.934262,39.773642],[-94.929653,39.769098],[-94.926229,39.76649],[-94.916789,39.760938],[-94.912293,39.759338],[-94.906244,39.759418],[-94.899156,39.761258],[-94.895268,39.76321],[-94.883924,39.770186],[-94.88146,39.771258],[-94.871144,39.772994],[-94.869644,39.772894],[-94.867143,39.771694],[-94.865243,39.770094],[-94.863143,39.767294],[-94.860743,39.763094],[-94.859443,39.753694],[-94.860371,39.74953],[-94.862943,39.742994],[-94.870143,39.734594],[-94.875643,39.730494],[-94.884143,39.726794],[-94.891744,39.724894],[-94.899316,39.724042],[-94.902612,39.724202],[-94.910068,39.725786],[-94.918324,39.728794],[-94.930005,39.73537],[-94.939221,39.741578],[-94.944741,39.744377],[-94.948726,39.745593],[-94.95263,39.745961],[-94.955286,39.745689],[-94.960086,39.743065],[-94.965318,39.739065],[-94.970422,39.732121],[-94.971206,39.729305],[-94.971078,39.723146],[-94.968453,39.707402],[-94.968981,39.692954],[-94.969909,39.68905],[-94.971317,39.68641],[-94.976325,39.68137],[-94.981557,39.678634],[-94.984149,39.67785],[-94.993557,39.67657],[-95.001379,39.676479],[-95.009023,39.675765],[-95.01531,39.674262],[-95.018318,39.672869],[-95.024595,39.668485],[-95.027644,39.665454],[-95.037464,39.652905],[-95.039049,39.649639],[-95.044554,39.64437],[-95.049518,39.637876],[-95.053367,39.630347],[-95.054925,39.624995],[-95.055152,39.621657],[-95.053012,39.613965],[-95.047911,39.606288],[-95.046445,39.601606],[-95.046361,39.599557],[-95.047165,39.595117],[-95.049277,39.589583],[-95.054804,39.582488],[-95.056897,39.580567],[-95.059519,39.579132],[-95.064519,39.577115],[-95.069315,39.576218],[-95.07216,39.576122],[-95.076688,39.576764],[-95.089515,39.581028],[-95.095736,39.580618],[-95.099095,39.579691],[-95.103228,39.577783],[-95.106406,39.575252],[-95.107454,39.573843],[-95.113077,39.559133],[-95.113557,39.553941],[-95.109304,39.542285],[-95.106596,39.537657],[-95.102888,39.533347],[-95.092704,39.524241],[-95.082714,39.516712],[-95.077441,39.513552],[-95.059461,39.506143],[-95.05638,39.503972],[-95.052177,39.499996],[-95.050552,39.497514],[-95.049845,39.494415],[-95.04837,39.48042],[-95.047133,39.474971],[-95.045716,39.472459],[-95.04078,39.466387],[-95.0375,39.463689],[-95.033408,39.460876],[-95.028498,39.458287],[-95.015825,39.452809],[-94.995768,39.448174],[-94.990172,39.446192],[-94.982144,39.440552],[-94.978798,39.436241],[-94.976606,39.426701],[-94.972952,39.421705],[-94.966066,39.417288],[-94.954817,39.413844],[-94.951209,39.411707],[-94.947864,39.408604],[-94.946293,39.405646],[-94.946662,39.399717],[-94.946227,39.395648],[-94.945577,39.393851],[-94.942039,39.389499],[-94.937158,39.386531],[-94.933652,39.385546],[-94.92311,39.384492],[-94.919225,39.385174],[-94.915859,39.386348],[-94.909581,39.388865],[-94.901823,39.392798],[-94.894979,39.393565],[-94.891845,39.393313],[-94.888972,39.392432],[-94.885026,39.389801],[-94.880979,39.383899],[-94.879281,39.37978],[-94.879088,39.375703],[-94.88136,39.370383],[-94.885216,39.366911],[-94.890928,39.364031],[-94.896832,39.363135],[-94.899024,39.362431],[-94.902497,39.360383],[-94.907297,39.356735],[-94.909409,39.354255],[-94.910017,39.352543],[-94.910641,39.348335],[-94.908065,39.323663],[-94.905329,39.311952],[-94.903137,39.306272],[-94.900049,39.300192],[-94.895217,39.294208],[-94.887056,39.28648],[-94.882576,39.283328],[-94.87832,39.281136],[-94.867568,39.277841],[-94.857072,39.273825],[-94.84632,39.268481],[-94.837855,39.262417],[-94.831471,39.256273],[-94.827487,39.249889],[-94.825663,39.241729],[-94.826111,39.238289],[-94.827791,39.234001],[-94.834896,39.223842],[-94.835056,39.220658],[-94.833552,39.217794],[-94.831679,39.215938],[-94.823791,39.209874],[-94.820687,39.208626],[-94.811663,39.206594],[-94.799663,39.206018],[-94.787343,39.207666],[-94.783838,39.207154],[-94.781518,39.206146],[-94.777838,39.203522],[-94.775543,39.200609],[-94.770338,39.190002],[-94.763138,39.179903],[-94.752338,39.173203],[-94.741938,39.170203],[-94.736537,39.169203],[-94.723637,39.169003],[-94.714137,39.170403],[-94.696332,39.178563],[-94.687236,39.183503],[-94.680336,39.184303],[-94.669135,39.182003],[-94.663835,39.179103],[-94.660315,39.168051],[-94.662435,39.157603],[-94.650735,39.154103],[-94.640035,39.153103],[-94.623934,39.156603],[-94.615834,39.160003],[-94.608834,39.160503],[-94.601733,39.159603],[-94.596033,39.157703],[-94.591933,39.155003],[-94.589933,39.140403],[-94.592533,39.135903],[-94.600434,39.128503],[-94.605734,39.122204],[-94.607034,39.119404],[-94.607354,39.113444],[-94.607234,39.065704],[-94.608334,38.981806],[-94.608134,38.940006],[-94.607866,38.937398],[-94.608033,38.847207],[-94.607625,38.82756],[-94.611602,38.635384],[-94.611465,38.625011],[-94.611858,38.620485],[-94.611887,38.580139],[-94.612176,38.576546],[-94.612157,38.549817],[-94.613365,38.403422],[-94.613312,38.364407],[-94.612673,38.314832],[-94.612658,38.217649],[-94.613856,38.149769],[-94.614212,37.992462],[-94.614465,37.987799],[-94.614612,37.944362],[-94.617721,37.77297],[-94.617975,37.722176],[-94.617651,37.687671],[-94.617885,37.682214],[-94.616789,37.52151],[-94.618505,37.181184],[-94.617875,37.056798],[-94.61808,36.998135],[-94.625224,36.998672],[-94.83128,36.998812],[-95.049499,36.99958],[-95.80798,36.999124],[-95.91018,36.999336],[-96.00081,36.99886],[-96.394272,36.999221],[-96.500288,36.998643],[-96.73659,36.999286],[-96.749838,36.998988],[-96.79206,36.99918],[-96.795199,36.99886],[-96.822791,36.999182],[-96.87629,36.999233],[-97.46228,36.998685],[-97.606549,36.998682],[-97.637137,36.99909],[-98.219499,36.997824],[-98.354073,36.997961],[-98.408991,36.998513],[-98.544872,36.998997],[-98.714512,36.99906],[-98.761597,36.999425],[-98.880009,36.999263],[-99.029337,36.999595],[-99.049695,36.999221],[-99.277506,36.999579],[-99.375391,37.000177],[-99.407015,36.999579],[-99.541116,36.999573]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kansas\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba3ebe4b08c986b31ffa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buatois, Luis A. 0000-0001-9523-750X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-750X","contributorId":195823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buatois","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mángano, M. Gabriela","contributorId":57619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mángano","given":"M. Gabriela","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maples, Christopher G.","contributorId":87396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maples","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanier, William P.","contributorId":73672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanier","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018445,"text":"70018445 - 1996 - Uranium-series disequilibrium, sedimentation, diatom frustules, and paleoclimate change in Lake Baikal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-09T00:46:15.253825","indexId":"70018445","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium-series disequilibrium, sedimentation, diatom frustules, and paleoclimate change in Lake Baikal","docAbstract":"The large volume of water, approximately one-fifth of the total surface fresh water on the planet, contained in Lake Baikal in southeastern Siberia is distinguished by having a relatively high concentration of uranium (ca. 2 nM), and, together with the surface sediments, an unusually high234U238U alpha activity ratio of 1.95. About 80% of the input of uranium to the lake, with a234U238U ratio of 2.0, comes from the Selenga River. Profiles of uranium, as well as the extent of isotopic disequilibrium in a 9 m sediment core collected on Academic Ridge, generally show high values during interglacial periods corresponding to high diatom frustule numbers (DiFr) and biogenic silica (BSi) data that have been reported elsewhere. During glacial periods (low DiFr and BSi), uranium progeny (234U and230Th) were in secular equilibrium with low concentrations of their parent238U. Radionuclide distributions were interpreted in terms of a quantitative model allowing for adsorption of riverine inputs of uranium onto two classes of sedimenting particles with differing238U232Th ratios and uranium progeny in secular equilibrium. If the234U238U activity ratio of adsorbed uranium has remained constant, mean sedimentation rates can be independently estimated as 3.6 ± 0.6 and 3.7 ± 0.9 cm · kyr−1 for the decay of234U and in-growth of230Th, respectively. These rates are consistent with a mean rate of 3.76 cm · kyr−1, calculated by optimization of the correspondence between adsorbed238U and δ18O in dated oceanic sediments. The adsorbed uranium apparently tracks variable river flow during interglacials and is drastically reduced during periods of glaciation. Evidently, uranium has not been significantly redistributed within Baikal sediments over at least the past 250 kyr and is a unique, biologically non-essential, tracer for climate-sensitive processes, which provide their own internal geochronometers, potentially useful for ages up to 1 Myr BP.
Petrological, geochemical, geomagnetic, and volcanological characterization of the recovered core from a 1056-m-deep well into the flank of the Mauna Kea volcano in Hilo, Hawaii, and downhole logging and fluid sampling have provided a unique view of the evolution and internal structure of a major oceanic volcano unavailable from surface exposures. Core recovery was ~90%, yielding a time series of fresh, subaerial lavas extending back to ~400 ka. Results of this 1993 project provide a basis for a more ambitious project to core drill a well 4.5 km deep in a nearby location with the goal of recovering an extended, high-density stratigraphic sequence of lavas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","usgsCitation":"DePaolo, D., Stolper, E., Thomas, D., Albarede, F., Chadwick, O., Clague, D., Feigenson, M., Frey, F., Garcia, M., Hofmann, A., Ingram, B., Kennedy, B.M., Kirschvink, J., Kurz, M., Laj, C., Lockwood, J., Ludwig, K., McEvilly, T., Moberly, R., Moore, G., Moore, J., Morin, R., Paillet, F., Renne, P., Rhodes, M., Tatsumoto, M., Taylor, H., Walker, G., and Wilkins, R., 1996, Hawaii scientific drilling protect: Summary of preliminary results: GSA Today, v. 6, no. 8, p. 1-9.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227630,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351664,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/6/8/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-155.778234,20.245743],[-155.772734,20.245409],[-155.746893,20.232325],[-155.737004,20.222773],[-155.735822,20.212417],[-155.732704,20.205392],[-155.653966,20.16736],[-155.630382,20.146916],[-155.624565,20.145911],[-155.607797,20.137987],[-155.600909,20.126573],[-155.598033,20.124539],[-155.590923,20.122497],[-155.58168,20.123617],[-155.568368,20.130545],[-155.558933,20.13157],[-155.523661,20.120028],[-155.516795,20.11523],[-155.502561,20.114155],[-155.468211,20.104296],[-155.443957,20.095318],[-155.405459,20.078772],[-155.4024,20.075541],[-155.387578,20.067119],[-155.33021,20.038517],[-155.29548,20.024438],[-155.282629,20.021969],[-155.270316,20.014525],[-155.240933,19.990173],[-155.204486,19.969438],[-155.194593,19.958368],[-155.179939,19.949372],[-155.149215,19.922872],[-155.144394,19.920523],[-155.131235,19.906801],[-155.124618,19.897288],[-155.12175,19.886099],[-155.107541,19.872467],[-155.098716,19.867811],[-155.095032,19.867882],[-155.086341,19.855399],[-155.084357,19.849736],[-155.085674,19.838584],[-155.088979,19.826656],[-155.094414,19.81491],[-155.09207,19.799409],[-155.091216,19.776368],[-155.093517,19.771832],[-155.093387,19.737751],[-155.087118,19.728013],[-155.079426,19.726193],[-155.063972,19.728917],[-155.045382,19.739824],[-155.006423,19.739286],[-154.997278,19.72858],[-154.987168,19.708524],[-154.981102,19.690687],[-154.984718,19.672161],[-154.983778,19.641647],[-154.974342,19.633201],[-154.963933,19.627605],[-154.950359,19.626461],[-154.947874,19.62425],[-154.947718,19.621947],[-154.951014,19.613614],[-154.947106,19.604856],[-154.93394,19.597505],[-154.928205,19.592702],[-154.924422,19.586553],[-154.903542,19.570622],[-154.875,19.556797],[-154.852618,19.549172],[-154.837384,19.538354],[-154.826732,19.537626],[-154.814417,19.53009],[-154.809561,19.522377],[-154.809379,19.519086],[-154.822968,19.48129],[-154.838545,19.463642],[-154.86854,19.438126],[-154.887817,19.426425],[-154.928772,19.397646],[-154.944185,19.381852],[-154.964619,19.365646],[-154.980861,19.349291],[-155.020537,19.331317],[-155.061729,19.316636],[-155.113272,19.290613],[-155.1337,19.276099],[-155.159635,19.268375],[-155.172413,19.26906],[-155.187427,19.266156],[-155.19626,19.261295],[-155.205892,19.260907],[-155.243961,19.271313],[-155.264619,19.274213],[-155.296761,19.266289],[-155.303808,19.261835],[-155.31337,19.250698],[-155.341268,19.234039],[-155.349148,19.217756],[-155.360631,19.20893],[-155.378638,19.202435],[-155.390701,19.201171],[-155.417369,19.187858],[-155.427093,19.179546],[-155.432519,19.170623],[-155.453516,19.151952],[-155.465663,19.146964],[-155.505281,19.137908],[-155.51474,19.132501],[-155.51214,19.128174],[-155.512137,19.124296],[-155.519652,19.117025],[-155.526136,19.115889],[-155.528902,19.11371],[-155.544806,19.091059],[-155.551129,19.08878],[-155.557817,19.08213],[-155.555326,19.069377],[-155.555177,19.053932],[-155.557371,19.046565],[-155.566446,19.032531],[-155.576599,19.027412],[-155.581903,19.02224],[-155.596032,18.998833],[-155.596521,18.980654],[-155.601866,18.971572],[-155.613966,18.970399],[-155.625256,18.961951],[-155.625,18.959934],[-155.638054,18.941723],[-155.658486,18.924835],[-155.672005,18.917466],[-155.681825,18.918694],[-155.687716,18.923358],[-155.690171,18.932195],[-155.693117,18.940542],[-155.726043,18.969437],[-155.763598,18.981837],[-155.806109,19.013967],[-155.853943,19.023762],[-155.88155,19.036644],[-155.884077,19.039266],[-155.886278,19.05576],[-155.903693,19.080777],[-155.908355,19.081138],[-155.921389,19.121183],[-155.917292,19.155963],[-155.903339,19.217792],[-155.90491,19.230147],[-155.902565,19.258427],[-155.895435,19.274639],[-155.890842,19.298905],[-155.887356,19.337101],[-155.888701,19.348031],[-155.898792,19.377984],[-155.913849,19.401107],[-155.909087,19.415455],[-155.921707,19.43055],[-155.924269,19.438794],[-155.925166,19.468081],[-155.922609,19.478611],[-155.924124,19.481406],[-155.930523,19.484921],[-155.935641,19.485628],[-155.936403,19.481905],[-155.939145,19.481577],[-155.95149,19.486649],[-155.952897,19.488805],[-155.953663,19.510003],[-155.960457,19.546612],[-155.962264,19.551779],[-155.965211,19.554745],[-155.96935,19.555963],[-155.970969,19.586328],[-155.978206,19.608159],[-155.997728,19.642816],[-156.028982,19.650098],[-156.032928,19.653905],[-156.034994,19.65936],[-156.033326,19.66923],[-156.027427,19.672154],[-156.029281,19.678908],[-156.036079,19.690252],[-156.04796,19.698938],[-156.051652,19.703649],[-156.052485,19.718667],[-156.064364,19.730766],[-156.05722,19.742536],[-156.052315,19.756836],[-156.049651,19.780452],[-156.021732,19.8022],[-156.006267,19.81758],[-155.982821,19.845651],[-155.976651,19.85053],[-155.964817,19.855183],[-155.949251,19.857034],[-155.945297,19.853443],[-155.940311,19.852305],[-155.925843,19.858928],[-155.926938,19.870221],[-155.92549,19.875],[-155.915662,19.887126],[-155.901987,19.912081],[-155.894099,19.923135],[-155.894474,19.926927],[-155.892533,19.932162],[-155.866919,19.954172],[-155.856588,19.968885],[-155.840708,19.976952],[-155.838692,19.975527],[-155.835312,19.976078],[-155.831948,19.982775],[-155.828965,19.995542],[-155.825473,20.025944],[-155.828182,20.035424],[-155.850385,20.062506],[-155.866931,20.078652],[-155.88419,20.10675],[-155.899149,20.145728],[-155.906035,20.205157],[-155.901452,20.235787],[-155.890663,20.25524],[-155.882631,20.263026],[-155.873921,20.267744],[-155.853293,20.271548],[-155.811459,20.26032],[-155.783242,20.246395],[-155.778234,20.245743]]],[[[-157.789581,21.438396],[-157.789734,21.437679],[-157.789276,21.435833],[-157.790543,21.434313],[-157.791718,21.434881],[-157.793045,21.43391],[-157.793167,21.43574],[-157.791565,21.43651],[-157.791779,21.437752],[-157.793289,21.437658],[-157.791779,21.438435],[-157.791092,21.438442],[-157.790741,21.43874],[-157.789581,21.438396]]],[[[-160.125,21.95909],[-160.122262,21.962881],[-160.112746,21.995245],[-160.09645,22.001489],[-160.072123,22.003334],[-160.058543,21.99638],[-160.051992,21.983681],[-160.052729,21.980321],[-160.056336,21.977939],[-160.060549,21.976729],[-160.063349,21.978354],[-160.065811,21.976562],[-160.078393,21.955153],[-160.085787,21.927295],[-160.080012,21.910808],[-160.079065,21.89608],[-160.098897,21.884711],[-160.124283,21.876789],[-160.147609,21.872814],[-160.16162,21.864746],[-160.174796,21.846923],[-160.189782,21.82245],[-160.205211,21.789053],[-160.200427,21.786479],[-160.205851,21.779518],[-160.218044,21.783755],[-160.23478,21.795418],[-160.24961,21.815145],[-160.244943,21.848943],[-160.231028,21.886263],[-160.228965,21.889117],[-160.21383,21.899193],[-160.205528,21.907507],[-160.202716,21.912422],[-160.190158,21.923592],[-160.167471,21.932863],[-160.13705,21.948632],[-160.127302,21.955508],[-160.125,21.95909]]],[[[-159.431707,22.220015],[-159.40732,22.230555],[-159.388119,22.223252],[-159.385977,22.220009],[-159.367563,22.214906],[-159.359842,22.214831],[-159.357227,22.217744],[-159.353795,22.217669],[-159.339964,22.208519],[-159.315613,22.186817],[-159.308855,22.155555],[-159.297808,22.149748],[-159.295875,22.144547],[-159.295271,22.13039],[-159.297143,22.113815],[-159.317451,22.080944],[-159.321667,22.063411],[-159.324775,22.05867],[-159.333267,22.054639],[-159.337996,22.046575],[-159.341401,22.028978],[-159.333224,21.973005],[-159.333109,21.964176],[-159.334714,21.961099],[-159.350828,21.950817],[-159.356613,21.939546],[-159.382349,21.924479],[-159.408284,21.897781],[-159.425862,21.884527],[-159.446599,21.871647],[-159.471962,21.88292],[-159.490914,21.888898],[-159.517973,21.890996],[-159.555415,21.891355],[-159.574991,21.896585],[-159.577784,21.900486],[-159.584272,21.899038],[-159.610241,21.898356],[-159.637849,21.917166],[-159.648132,21.93297],[-159.671872,21.957038],[-159.681493,21.960054],[-159.705255,21.963427],[-159.72014,21.970789],[-159.758218,21.980694],[-159.765735,21.986593],[-159.788139,22.018411],[-159.790932,22.031177],[-159.786543,22.06369],[-159.780096,22.072567],[-159.748159,22.100388],[-159.741223,22.115666],[-159.733457,22.142756],[-159.726043,22.152171],[-159.699978,22.165252],[-159.66984,22.170782],[-159.608794,22.207878],[-159.591596,22.219456],[-159.583965,22.22668],[-159.559643,22.229185],[-159.554166,22.228212],[-159.548594,22.226263],[-159.54115,22.216764],[-159.534594,22.219403],[-159.523769,22.217602],[-159.51941,22.215646],[-159.518348,22.211182],[-159.515574,22.208008],[-159.507811,22.205987],[-159.501055,22.211064],[-159.500821,22.225538],[-159.488558,22.23317],[-159.480158,22.232715],[-159.467007,22.226529],[-159.45619,22.228811],[-159.441809,22.226321],[-159.431707,22.220015]]],[[[-157.014553,21.185503],[-156.999108,21.182221],[-156.991318,21.18551],[-156.987768,21.18935],[-156.982343,21.207798],[-156.984464,21.210063],[-156.984032,21.212198],[-156.974002,21.218503],[-156.969064,21.217018],[-156.962847,21.212131],[-156.951654,21.191662],[-156.950808,21.182636],[-156.946159,21.175963],[-156.918248,21.168279],[-156.903466,21.16421],[-156.898174,21.16594],[-156.89613,21.169561],[-156.896537,21.172208],[-156.867944,21.16452],[-156.841592,21.167926],[-156.821944,21.174693],[-156.771495,21.180053],[-156.742231,21.176214],[-156.738341,21.17202],[-156.736648,21.16188],[-156.719386,21.163911],[-156.712696,21.161547],[-156.714158,21.152238],[-156.726033,21.13236],[-156.748932,21.1086],[-156.775995,21.089751],[-156.790815,21.081686],[-156.794136,21.075796],[-156.835351,21.06336],[-156.865795,21.057801],[-156.877137,21.0493],[-156.891946,21.051831],[-156.89517,21.055771],[-156.953719,21.067761],[-157.00295,21.083282],[-157.02617,21.089015],[-157.032045,21.091094],[-157.037667,21.097864],[-157.079696,21.105835],[-157.095373,21.10636],[-157.125,21.1026],[-157.143483,21.096632],[-157.254061,21.090601],[-157.298054,21.096917],[-157.313343,21.105755],[-157.299187,21.132488],[-157.299471,21.135972],[-157.293774,21.146127],[-157.284346,21.157755],[-157.276474,21.163175],[-157.274504,21.162762],[-157.259911,21.174875],[-157.254709,21.181376],[-157.251007,21.190952],[-157.25026,21.207739],[-157.256935,21.215665],[-157.261457,21.217661],[-157.263163,21.220873],[-157.26069,21.225684],[-157.257085,21.227268],[-157.241534,21.220969],[-157.226445,21.220185],[-157.212082,21.221848],[-157.202125,21.219298],[-157.192439,21.207644],[-157.185553,21.205602],[-157.157103,21.200706],[-157.148125,21.200745],[-157.144627,21.202555],[-157.128207,21.201488],[-157.113438,21.197375],[-157.097971,21.198012],[-157.064264,21.189076],[-157.053053,21.188754],[-157.047757,21.190739],[-157.039987,21.190909],[-157.014553,21.185503]]],[[[-156.544169,20.522802],[-156.550016,20.520273],[-156.559994,20.521892],[-156.586238,20.511711],[-156.603844,20.524372],[-156.631143,20.514943],[-156.642347,20.508285],[-156.647464,20.512017],[-156.668809,20.504738],[-156.682939,20.506775],[-156.703673,20.527237],[-156.702265,20.532451],[-156.696662,20.541646],[-156.6801,20.557021],[-156.651567,20.565574],[-156.614598,20.587109],[-156.610734,20.59377],[-156.576871,20.60657],[-156.56714,20.604895],[-156.553604,20.594729],[-156.543034,20.580115],[-156.542808,20.573674],[-156.548909,20.56859],[-156.556021,20.542657],[-156.553018,20.539382],[-156.540189,20.534741],[-156.539643,20.527644],[-156.544169,20.522802]]],[[[-156.612012,21.02477],[-156.612065,21.027273],[-156.606238,21.034371],[-156.592256,21.03288],[-156.580448,21.020172],[-156.562773,21.016167],[-156.549813,21.004939],[-156.546291,21.005082],[-156.528246,20.967757],[-156.518707,20.954662],[-156.512226,20.95128],[-156.510391,20.940358],[-156.507913,20.937886],[-156.49948,20.934577],[-156.495883,20.928005],[-156.493263,20.916011],[-156.481055,20.898199],[-156.474796,20.894546],[-156.422668,20.911631],[-156.386045,20.919563],[-156.374297,20.927616],[-156.370729,20.932669],[-156.352649,20.941414],[-156.345655,20.941596],[-156.342365,20.938737],[-156.332817,20.94645],[-156.324578,20.950184],[-156.307198,20.942739],[-156.286332,20.947701],[-156.275116,20.937361],[-156.263107,20.940888],[-156.242555,20.937838],[-156.230159,20.931936],[-156.230089,20.917864],[-156.226757,20.916677],[-156.222062,20.918309],[-156.217953,20.916573],[-156.216341,20.907035],[-156.173103,20.876926],[-156.170458,20.874605],[-156.166746,20.865646],[-156.132669,20.861369],[-156.129381,20.847513],[-156.115735,20.827301],[-156.100123,20.828502],[-156.090291,20.831872],[-156.059788,20.81054],[-156.033287,20.808246],[-156.003532,20.795545],[-156.002947,20.789418],[-155.987944,20.776552],[-155.984587,20.767496],[-155.986851,20.758577],[-155.985413,20.744245],[-155.987216,20.722717],[-155.991534,20.713654],[-156.00187,20.698064],[-156.01415,20.685681],[-156.020044,20.686857],[-156.030702,20.682452],[-156.040341,20.672719],[-156.043786,20.664902],[-156.053385,20.65432],[-156.059753,20.652044],[-156.081472,20.654387],[-156.089365,20.648519],[-156.120985,20.633685],[-156.129898,20.627523],[-156.142665,20.623605],[-156.144588,20.624032],[-156.148085,20.629067],[-156.156772,20.629639],[-156.169732,20.627358],[-156.173393,20.6241],[-156.184556,20.629719],[-156.192938,20.631769],[-156.210258,20.628518],[-156.225338,20.62294],[-156.236145,20.61595],[-156.265921,20.601629],[-156.284391,20.596488],[-156.288037,20.59203],[-156.293454,20.588783],[-156.302692,20.586199],[-156.322944,20.588273],[-156.351716,20.58697],[-156.359634,20.581977],[-156.370725,20.57876],[-156.377633,20.578427],[-156.415313,20.586099],[-156.417523,20.589728],[-156.415746,20.594044],[-156.417799,20.598682],[-156.423141,20.602079],[-156.427708,20.598873],[-156.431872,20.598143],[-156.438385,20.601337],[-156.444242,20.607941],[-156.442884,20.613842],[-156.450651,20.642212],[-156.445894,20.64927],[-156.443673,20.656018],[-156.448656,20.704739],[-156.451038,20.725469],[-156.452895,20.731287],[-156.458438,20.736676],[-156.462242,20.753952],[-156.462058,20.772571],[-156.464043,20.781667],[-156.473562,20.790756],[-156.489496,20.798339],[-156.501688,20.799933],[-156.506026,20.799463],[-156.515994,20.794234],[-156.525215,20.780821],[-156.537752,20.778408],[-156.631794,20.82124],[-156.678634,20.870541],[-156.688969,20.888673],[-156.687804,20.89072],[-156.688132,20.906325],[-156.691334,20.91244],[-156.697418,20.916368],[-156.69989,20.920629],[-156.69411,20.952708],[-156.680905,20.980262],[-156.665514,21.007054],[-156.652419,21.008994],[-156.645966,21.014416],[-156.642592,21.019936],[-156.644167,21.022312],[-156.642809,21.027583],[-156.619581,21.027793],[-156.612012,21.02477]]],[[[-157.010001,20.929757],[-156.989813,20.932127],[-156.971604,20.926254],[-156.937529,20.925274],[-156.91845,20.922546],[-156.897169,20.915395],[-156.837047,20.863575],[-156.825237,20.850731],[-156.809576,20.826036],[-156.808469,20.820396],[-156.809463,20.809169],[-156.817427,20.794606],[-156.838321,20.764575],[-156.846413,20.760201],[-156.851481,20.760069],[-156.869753,20.754701],[-156.890295,20.744855],[-156.909081,20.739533],[-156.949009,20.738997],[-156.96789,20.73508],[-156.984747,20.756677],[-156.994001,20.786671],[-156.988933,20.815496],[-156.991834,20.826603],[-157.006243,20.849603],[-157.010911,20.854476],[-157.054552,20.877219],[-157.059663,20.884634],[-157.061128,20.890635],[-157.062511,20.904385],[-157.05913,20.913407],[-157.035789,20.927078],[-157.025626,20.929528],[-157.010001,20.929757]]],[[[-158.044485,21.306011],[-158.0883,21.2988],[-158.1033,21.2979],[-158.1127,21.3019],[-158.1211,21.3169],[-158.1225,21.3224],[-158.111949,21.326622],[-158.114196,21.331123],[-158.119427,21.334594],[-158.125459,21.330264],[-158.13324,21.359207],[-158.1403,21.3738],[-158.149719,21.385208],[-158.161743,21.396282],[-158.1792,21.4043],[-158.181274,21.409626],[-158.181,21.420868],[-158.182648,21.430073],[-158.192352,21.44804],[-158.205383,21.459793],[-158.219446,21.46978],[-158.233,21.4876],[-158.231171,21.523857],[-158.23175,21.533035],[-158.234314,21.540058],[-158.250671,21.557373],[-158.27951,21.575794],[-158.277679,21.578789],[-158.254425,21.582684],[-158.190704,21.585892],[-158.17,21.5823],[-158.12561,21.586739],[-158.10672,21.596577],[-158.106689,21.603024],[-158.1095,21.6057],[-158.108185,21.607487],[-158.079895,21.628101],[-158.0668,21.6437],[-158.066711,21.65234],[-158.0639,21.6584],[-158.0372,21.6843],[-158.018127,21.699955],[-157.9923,21.708],[-157.98703,21.712494],[-157.968628,21.712704],[-157.947174,21.689568],[-157.939,21.669],[-157.9301,21.6552],[-157.924591,21.651183],[-157.9228,21.6361],[-157.9238,21.6293],[-157.910797,21.611183],[-157.900574,21.605885],[-157.87735,21.575277],[-157.878601,21.560181],[-157.872528,21.557568],[-157.8669,21.5637],[-157.85614,21.560661],[-157.85257,21.557514],[-157.836945,21.529945],[-157.837372,21.512085],[-157.849579,21.509598],[-157.852625,21.499971],[-157.84549,21.466747],[-157.84099,21.459483],[-157.82489,21.455379],[-157.8163,21.4502],[-157.8139,21.4403],[-157.8059,21.4301],[-157.786513,21.415633],[-157.779846,21.417309],[-157.774455,21.421352],[-157.772209,21.431236],[-157.774905,21.453698],[-157.772209,21.457741],[-157.764572,21.461335],[-157.754239,21.461335],[-157.737617,21.459089],[-157.731777,21.455944],[-157.731328,21.444713],[-157.73582,21.438424],[-157.740762,21.424048],[-157.741211,21.414614],[-157.7386,21.4043],[-157.730191,21.401871],[-157.728221,21.402104],[-157.726421,21.402845],[-157.724324,21.403311],[-157.723794,21.40329],[-157.723286,21.403227],[-157.722735,21.403121],[-157.722544,21.403036],[-157.721845,21.401596],[-157.721083,21.399541],[-157.7189,21.3961],[-157.7089,21.3833],[-157.7087,21.3793],[-157.7126,21.3689],[-157.7106,21.3585],[-157.7088,21.3534],[-157.6971,21.3364],[-157.6938,21.3329],[-157.6619,21.3131],[-157.6518,21.3139],[-157.652629,21.308709],[-157.6537,21.302],[-157.6946,21.2739],[-157.6944,21.2665],[-157.7001,21.264],[-157.7097,21.2621],[-157.7139,21.2638],[-157.7142,21.2665],[-157.7114,21.272],[-157.7122,21.2814],[-157.7143,21.2845],[-157.7213,21.2869],[-157.7572,21.278],[-157.765,21.2789],[-157.7782,21.2735],[-157.7931,21.2604],[-157.8096,21.2577],[-157.8211,21.2606],[-157.8241,21.2646],[-157.8253,21.2714],[-157.8319,21.2795],[-157.8457,21.29],[-157.89,21.3065],[-157.894518,21.319632],[-157.898969,21.327391],[-157.90482,21.329172],[-157.918939,21.318615],[-157.917921,21.313781],[-157.913469,21.310983],[-157.910925,21.305768],[-157.952263,21.306531],[-157.950736,21.312509],[-157.951881,21.318742],[-157.967971,21.327986],[-157.973334,21.327426],[-157.989424,21.317984],[-158.0245,21.3093],[-158.044485,21.306011]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Hawaii\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"6","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f91e4b0c8380cd5cedb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DePaolo, D.","contributorId":77802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DePaolo","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stolper, E.","contributorId":54350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolper","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, D.","contributorId":56514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Albarede, F.","contributorId":12750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albarede","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chadwick, O.","contributorId":8595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chadwick","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Clague, D.","contributorId":9398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Feigenson, M.","contributorId":105974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feigenson","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Frey, F.","contributorId":86645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Garcia, M.","contributorId":45187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hofmann, A.","contributorId":101150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofmann","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ingram, B.L.","contributorId":51731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingram","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Kennedy, B. M.","contributorId":97638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Kirschvink, J.","contributorId":52836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschvink","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Kurz, M.","contributorId":77803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurz","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Laj, Carlo","contributorId":6649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laj","given":"Carlo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Lockwood, J.","contributorId":13493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockwood","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Ludwig, K.","contributorId":108065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"McEvilly, T.","contributorId":62890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEvilly","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Moberly, R.","contributorId":41583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moberly","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Moore, G.","contributorId":36016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Moore, Jeff","contributorId":49059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":378629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Morin, R.","contributorId":6210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Paillet, F.","contributorId":73372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Renne, P.","contributorId":48744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renne","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Rhodes, M.","contributorId":6328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Taylor, H.","contributorId":195324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13711,"text":"Caltech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":378625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Walker, G.","contributorId":49755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Wilkins, R.","contributorId":74246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkins","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29}]}} ,{"id":70018134,"text":"70018134 - 1996 - Geologic control of severe expansive clay damage to a subdivision in the Pierre Shale, southwest Denver metropolitan area, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-27T17:57:49","indexId":"70018134","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic control of severe expansive clay damage to a subdivision in the Pierre Shale, southwest Denver metropolitan area, Colorado","docAbstract":"Shortly after construction of a subdivision in the southwest Denver metropolitan area in 1986, a portion of the subdivision built directly on steeply-dipping strata of the Pierre Shale began experiencing damaging differential movements, causing house foundations to fail and pavements to warp and crack. This formation is a Late Cretaceous marine clay-shale composed predominantly of fluvial mixed-layer illite/smectite and quartz. During deposition of the shale, periodic and explosive volcanism generated thin beds of bentonite, consisting initially of volcanic ash and subsequently altered to nearly pure smectite. Some of these bentonite beds were exposed in a trench adjacent to the subdivision and perpendicular to the strike of the steeply-dipping strata. The thickest bentonite beds correlated well with linear heave features that these beds parallel the bedrock strike throughout the subdivision were mapped via severely deformed pavements. Mineralogical data show the bentonite bed that correlates with the worst damage within the subdivision consists of about 62% smectite by weight with mixed-layer illite/smectite expandability of 92%. By comparison, a sample of the typical silty claystone, which is fluvial mixed-layer illite/smectite mixed with detrital quartz from the adjacent strata, had about 23% smectite by weight with 70% to 90% illite/smectite expandability. Geotechnical tests for swell potential show that samples of 2 bentonite beds swelled 39% to 43% compared to 2% to 8% for samples of the typical silty claystone. It is proposed that differential swell resulting from stratigraphically-controlled differences in clay mineralogy and grain-size is the primary factor controlling extreme damage for this geologic setting.","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1996.0440412","usgsCitation":"Gill, J., West, M., Noe, D., Olsen, H.W., and McCarty, D., 1996, Geologic control of severe expansive clay damage to a subdivision in the Pierre Shale, southwest Denver metropolitan area, Colorado: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 44, no. 4, p. 530-539, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1996.0440412.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"530","endPage":"539","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a193ee4b0c8380cd5590f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, J.D.","contributorId":51480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"West, M.W.","contributorId":99716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noe, D.C.","contributorId":95215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Olsen, H. W.","contributorId":10060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McCarty, D.K.","contributorId":105066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarty","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018436,"text":"70018436 - 1996 - Solid solution partitioning of Sr2+, Ba2+, and Cd2+ to calcite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:23","indexId":"70018436","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solid solution partitioning of Sr2+, Ba2+, and Cd2+ to calcite","docAbstract":"Although solid solutions play important roles in controlling the concentrations of minor metal ions in natural waters, uncertainties regarding their compositions, thermodynamics, and kinetics usually prevent them from being considered. A range of precipitation rates was used here to study the nonequilibrium and equilibrium partitioning behaviors of Sr2+, Ba2+, and Cd2+ to calcite (CaCO3(s)). The distribution coefficient of a divalent metal ion Me2+ for partitioning from an aqueous solution into calcite is given by DMe = (XMeCO3(s)/[Me2+])/(XCaCO3(s)/[Ca 2+]). The X values are solid-phase mole fractions; the bracketed values are the aqueous molal concentrations. In agreement with prior work, at intermediate to high precipitation rates R (nmol/mg-min), DSr, DBa, and DCd were found to depend strongly on R. At low R, the values of DSr, DBa, and DCd became constant with R. At 25??C, the equilibrium values for DSr, DBa, and DCd for dilute solid solutions were estimated to be 0.021 ?? 0.003, 0.012 ?? 0.005, and 1240 ?? 300, respectively. Calculations using these values were made to illustrate the likely importance of partitioning of these ions to calcite in groundwater systems. Due to its large equilibrium DMe value, movement of Cd2+ will be strongly retarded in aquifers containing calcite; Sr2+ and Ba2+ will not be retarded nearly as much.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(95)00449-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Tesoriero, A., and Pankow, J.F., 1996, Solid solution partitioning of Sr2+, Ba2+, and Cd2+ to calcite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 6, p. 1053-1063, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00449-1.","startPage":"1053","endPage":"1063","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205918,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00449-1"}],"volume":"60","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9239e4b08c986b319d83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tesoriero, A. J.","contributorId":99127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tesoriero","given":"A. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pankow, J. F.","contributorId":20917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pankow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81513,"text":"81513 - 1996 - Changes in landscape values and expectations: What do we want and how do we measure it?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-14T15:44:24.168337","indexId":"81513","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"2","title":"Changes in landscape values and expectations: What do we want and how do we measure it?","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"National parks and protected areas: Their role in environmental protection.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Halvorson, W.L., 1996, Changes in landscape values and expectations: What do we want and how do we measure it?, chap. 2 of National parks and protected areas: Their role in environmental protection., p. 15-30.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"30","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e5e77","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wright, G.","contributorId":111360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504185,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Halvorson, W. L.","contributorId":26246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halvorson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81514,"text":"81514 - 1996 - Resource issues addressed by case studies of sustained research in national parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-14T17:00:39.729209","indexId":"81514","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"15","title":"Resource issues addressed by case studies of sustained research in national parks","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science and ecosystem management in the national parks","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Arizona Press","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","usgsCitation":"Davis, G.E., and Halvorson, W., 1996, Resource issues addressed by case studies of sustained research in national parks, chap. 15 of Science and ecosystem management in the national parks, p. 321-333.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"333","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e5e57","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Halvorson, W. L.","contributorId":26246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halvorson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504187,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, G.E.","contributorId":10361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504186,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Gary E.","contributorId":73235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halvorson, William L.","contributorId":97194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halvorson","given":"William L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018432,"text":"70018432 - 1996 - Using thermal-infrared imagery to delineate ground-water discharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T12:21:19.87407","indexId":"70018432","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using thermal-infrared imagery to delineate ground-water discharge","docAbstract":"On March 8 and 9, 1992, a thermal-infrared-multispectral scanner (TIMS) was flown over two military ordnance disposal facilities at the Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. The data, collected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, in cooperation with the U.S. Army and the U.S. Geological Survey, were used to locate ground-water discharge zones in surface water. The images from the flight show areas where ground-water discharge is concentrated, as well as areas of diffuse discharge. Concentrated discharge is predominant in isolated or nearly isolated ponds and creeks in the study area. Diffuse discharge is found near parts of the shoreline where the study area meets the surrounding estuaries of the Chesapeake Bay and the Gunpowder River. The average temperature for surface water, measured directly in the field, and the average temperature, calculated from atmospherically corrected TIMS images, was 10.6° C (Celsius) at the first of two sites.
Potentiometric surface maps of both field sites show discharge toward the nontidal marshes, the estuaries which surround the field sites, and creeks which drain into the estuaries. The average measured temperature of ground water at both sites was 10.7° C. The calculated temperature from the TIMS imagery at both sites where ground-water discharge is concentrated within a surface-water body is 10.4° C. In the estuaries which surround the field sites, field measurements of temperature were made resulting in an average temperature of 9.0° C. The average calculated TIMS temperature from the estuaries was 9.3° C. Along the shoreline at the first site and within 40 to 80 meters of the western and southern shores of the second site, water was 1° to 2° C warmer than water more than 80 meters away. This pattern of warmer water grading to cooler water in an offshore direction could result from diffuse ground-water discharge. Tonal differences in the TIMS imagery could indicate changes in surface-water temperatures. These tonal differences can be interpreted to delineate the location and extent of ground-water discharge to bodies of surface water.
The OCEAN experiment is an integrated geophysical study of a region of the Cape Verde abyssal plain that formed at 140 Ma. Deep seismic reflection and ocean bottom hydrophone (OBH) refraction data were acquired along lines parallel and perpendicular to the paleoridge axis trend identified from a detailed magnetic anomaly survey. The igneous basement is overlain by about 1.3 km of sediment which enables improved imaging of intracrustal structure beyond that possible near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis. We describe the results of a 150-km long profile oriented parallel to magnetic anomalies M15 and M16, along which deep seismic reflection data collected by the British Institutions Reflection Profiling Syndicate are complemented by refraction data constrained by four OBHs. The line spans an entire spreading segment between two fracture zones; the northern of which has an offset of 40 km and the other (central) has an offset of only 10 km. Away from the fracture zones, the mean igneous crustal thickness is 7.2 km; near both fracture zones, thinning of up to 4 km is observed, giving a mean igneous crustal thickness over the whole segment of approximately 6.5 km. Differences are seen between the two fracture zones in their seismic velocity structure, in the associated basement topography, and in the presence of a strong reflection extending into the mantle beneath the northern fracture zone. The boundary between oceanic layers 2 and 3 correlates with variably coherent normal incidence reflections and a change in the character of the reflectivity. A number of planar reflections up to 10 km in length are present within the middle and lower crust, dipping outward from beneath low-amplitude basement highs at ∼15°; these appear to be present only within layer 3. The Moho has several expressions in the reflection data, including isolated reflection events, a local increase in reflected amplitudes, and a downward decrease in coherent reflections. At the center of the segment there is a zone at the base of the crust within which both high- and low-velocity materials are present. This zone shows an enhanced level of discontinuous normal incidence reflectivity and may represent an initial fractionation event as melt was emplaced at the spreading ridge.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB00092","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Henstock, T., White, R.S., and McBride, J., 1996, Along-axis variability in crustal accretion at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Results from the OCEAN study: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 6, p. 13673-13688, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00092.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"13673","endPage":"13688","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227297,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-06-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e973e4b0c8380cd482b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henstock, T.J.","contributorId":99713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henstock","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Robert S.","contributorId":94800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McBride, J.H.","contributorId":99712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178243,"text":"70178243 - 1996 - Dead and dying Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) from Texas: Rabies and pesticide exposure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-08T13:03:16","indexId":"70178243","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dead and dying Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) from Texas: Rabies and pesticide exposure","docAbstract":"Twenty-three dead and dying Brazilian free-tailed bats from roosts in downtown Mineral Wells, Palo Pinto County, Texas, were tested for rabies and for anticholinesterase (antiChE) effects of or- ganophosphorus (OP) and carbamate pesticides. Seventeen of the 23 bats tested positive for rabies. The cause of death or dying in five of the nonrabid bats is unknown; however, one of the six nonrabid bats had a ChE activity level equivalent to only 27% of the control mean and may have been exposed to a pes- ticide. Three bats (including the bat with depressed ChE) contained sufficient ingesta to analyze for an- tiChE compounds, but no antiChE compounds could be identified in the samples. Exposure may be dermal and pulmonary as well as dietary. It is feasible that other bat deaths not explained by rabies were attributable to a pesticide but missed due to postmortem reactivation of the ChE enzyme. The largest group of rabid bats was young males (13 of 17, 76.5%), and the largest group of nonrabid bats was older females (3 of 6, 50%). All older females were nonrabid, perhaps survivors of the disease in previous years. Rabid bats had a lower mean fat index and weighed less than nonrabid bats. Four bats (not includ- ing the low ChE bat) showed external bleeding, and none was rabid; thus the incidence of bleeding was greater among nonrabid bats than among rabid bats. The four affected bats came from roosts in three different buildings, making a roost-treatment with an anticoagulant chemical seem unlikely.
","language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.R., Lollar, A., and Cowman, D., 1996, Dead and dying Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) from Texas: Rabies and pesticide exposure: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 41, no. 3, p. 275-278.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330867,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5822f23ce4b0ef3123a9703c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Donald R. Jr.","contributorId":95938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Donald","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lollar, Amanda","contributorId":8606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lollar","given":"Amanda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cowman, Deborah","contributorId":141221,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cowman","given":"Deborah","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13715,"text":"Brazos Natural History Museum; U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":653345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1002870,"text":"1002870 - 1996 - Acute toxicity of firefighting chemical formulations to four life stages of fathead minnow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-17T10:56:36","indexId":"1002870","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1480,"text":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicity of firefighting chemical formulations to four life stages of fathead minnow","docAbstract":"Laboratory studies were conducted with four early life stages of fathead minnow,Pimephales promelas,to determine the acute toxicity of five firefighting chemical formulations in standardized soft and hard water. Egg, fry, 30-day posthatch, and 60-day posthatch life stages were tested with three fire retardants (Fire-Trol GTS-R, Fire-Trol LCG-R, and Phos-Chek D75-F) and two fire-suppressant foams (Phos-Chek WD-881 and Ansul Silv-Ex). Fry were generally the most sensitive life stage tested, whereas the eggs were the least sensitive life stage. Formulation toxicity was greater in hard water than in soft water for all life stages tested. Fire-suppressant foams were more toxic than the fire retardants. The 96-hr LC50s derived for fathead minnows were rank ordered from the most toxic to the least toxic formulation as follows: Phos-Chek WD-881 (13a??32 mg/liter) > Silv-Ex (19a??32 mg/liter) > Fire-Trol GTS-R (135a??787 mg/liter) > Phos-Chek D75-F (168a??2250 mg/liter) > Fire-Trol LCG-R (519a??6705 mg/liter) (ranges are the lowest and highest 96-hr LC50for each formulation). (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/eesa.1996.0070","usgsCitation":"Gaikowski, M.P., Hamilton, S.J., Buhl, K.J., McDonald, S.F., and Summers, C.H., 1996, Acute toxicity of firefighting chemical formulations to four life stages of fathead minnow: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 34, no. 3, p. 252-263, https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1996.0070.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"252","endPage":"263","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699be2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaikowski, Mark P. 0000-0002-6507-9341 mgaikowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6507-9341","contributorId":796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaikowski","given":"Mark","email":"mgaikowski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":312216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, Steve J.","contributorId":76701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buhl, Kevin J. 0000-0002-9963-2352 kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-2352","contributorId":1396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"Kevin","email":"kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McDonald, Susan F.","contributorId":33285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Summers, Cliff H.","contributorId":66218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Summers","given":"Cliff","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018179,"text":"70018179 - 1996 - Unrealistic parameter estimates in inverse modelling: A problem or a benefit for model calibration?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70018179","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1934,"text":"IAHS-AISH Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unrealistic parameter estimates in inverse modelling: A problem or a benefit for model calibration?","docAbstract":"Estimation of unrealistic parameter values by inverse modelling is useful for constructed model discrimination. This utility is demonstrated using the three-dimensional, groundwater flow inverse model MODFLOWP to estimate parameters in a simple synthetic model where the true conditions and character of the errors are completely known. When a poorly constructed model is used, unreasonable parameter values are obtained even when using error free observations and true initial parameter values. This apparent problem is actually a benefit because it differentiates accurately and inaccurately constructed models. The problems seem obvious for a synthetic problem in which the truth is known, but are obscure when working with field data. Situations in which unrealistic parameter estimates indicate constructed model problems are illustrated in applications of inverse modelling to three field sites and to complex synthetic test cases in which it is shown that prediction accuracy also suffers when constructed models are inaccurate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Poeter, E.P., and Hill, M.C., 1996, Unrealistic parameter estimates in inverse modelling: A problem or a benefit for model calibration?: IAHS-AISH Publication, v. 237, p. 277-285.","startPage":"277","endPage":"285","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"237","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbce1e4b08c986b328e53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poeter, E. P.","contributorId":63851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poeter","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1002898,"text":"1002898 - 1996 - Nest initiation and clutch size of great blue herons on the Mississippi River in relation to the 1993 flood","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-22T21:59:20.567743","indexId":"1002898","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest initiation and clutch size of great blue herons on the Mississippi River in relation to the 1993 flood","docAbstract":"Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) eggs were collected from ten colonies between Clinton, Iowa and Royalton, Minnesota on the Mississippi River in 1993, a year of record floods in the midwestern United States. In the live southernmost colonies where record flooding occurred, Great Blue Herons initiated nesting two weeks later than herons nesting in the five northernmost colonies that were less affected by flooding. The southern nests had a-smaller average clutch size than the northern nests, but egg size was similar between south and north. Weather patterns in 1993 were similar between northern and southern colonies. We suspect that flooding of the available feeding habitat influenced nest initiation and clutch size. Data from 1995, a year without record flooding on the Mississippi River, support this hypothesis. In 1995, timing of nesting and number of eggs per clutch were similar between sites that had record flooding and sites that were less affected by flooding in 1993.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1369135","usgsCitation":"Custer, T., Hines, R.K., and Custer, C.M., 1996, Nest initiation and clutch size of great blue herons on the Mississippi River in relation to the 1993 flood: Condor, v. 98, no. 2, p. 181-188, https://doi.org/10.2307/1369135.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503055,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol98/iss2/1","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133744,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697d28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, R. K.","contributorId":27819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Custer, Christine M. 0000-0003-0500-1582","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-1582","contributorId":31330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018433,"text":"70018433 - 1996 - Calculation of earthquake rupture histories using a hybrid global search algorithm: Application to the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-22T15:39:21","indexId":"70018433","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calculation of earthquake rupture histories using a hybrid global search algorithm: Application to the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"A method is presented for the simultaneous calculation of slip amplitudes and rupture times for a finite fault using a hybrid global search algorithm. The method we use combines simulated annealing with the downhill simplex method to produce a more efficient search algorithm then either of the two constituent parts. This formulation has advantages over traditional iterative or linearized approaches to the problem because it is able to escape local minima in its search through model space for the global optimum. We apply this global search method to the calculation of the rupture history for the Landers, California, earthquake. The rupture is modeled using three separate finite-fault planes to represent the three main fault segments that failed during this earthquake. Both the slip amplitude and the time of slip are calculated for a grid work of subfaults. The data used consist of digital, teleseismic P and SH body waves. Long-period, broadband, and short-period records are utilized to obtain a wideband characterization of the source. The results of the global search inversion are compared with a more traditional linear-least-squares inversion for only slip amplitudes. We use a multi-time-window linear analysis to relax the constraints on rupture time and rise time in the least-squares inversion. Both inversions produce similar slip distributions, although the linear-least-squares solution has a 10% larger moment (7.3 ?? 1026 dyne-cm compared with 6.6 ?? 1026 dyne-cm). Both inversions fit the data equally well and point out the importance of (1) using a parameterization with sufficient spatial and temporal flexibility to encompass likely complexities in the rupture process, (2) including suitable physically based constraints on the inversion to reduce instabilities in the solution, and (3) focusing on those robust rupture characteristics that rise above the details of the parameterization and data set.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(95)03108-1","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Hartzell, S., and Liu, P., 1996, Calculation of earthquake rupture histories using a hybrid global search algorithm: Application to the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 95, no. 1-2, p. 79-99, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(95)03108-1.","startPage":"79","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266262,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(95)03108-1"}],"volume":"95","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f302e4b0c8380cd4b547","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartzell, S.","contributorId":12603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, P.","contributorId":98443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1002877,"text":"1002877 - 1996 - An evaluation of fluorescent elastomer for marking bluegills in experimental studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T15:21:30.30579","indexId":"1002877","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of fluorescent elastomer for marking bluegills in experimental studies","docAbstract":"We evaluated subdermal injection of a fluorescent elastomer for marking bluegills Lepomis macrochirus in laboratory and pond studies. Marking did not affect the growth or survival of adult or juvenile bluegills. Marks were visible for at least 6 months. This technique is a reliable, relatively inexpensive marking method for the identification of individual fish in experimental studies. Costs of application range from US$0.01 to $0.03 per mark.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1996)058%3C0219:AEOFEF%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dewey, M.R., and Zigler, S.J., 1996, An evaluation of fluorescent elastomer for marking bluegills in experimental studies: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 58, no. 3, p. 219-220, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1996)058%3C0219:AEOFEF%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"220","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130444,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6848dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dewey, Michael R.","contributorId":9994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zigler, Steven J. 0000-0002-4153-0652 szigler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4153-0652","contributorId":2410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zigler","given":"Steven","email":"szigler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1002369,"text":"1002369 - 1996 - Interaction of flooding and salinity stress on baldcypress (Taxodium distichum)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-12T17:02:01","indexId":"1002369","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3649,"text":"Tree Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interaction of flooding and salinity stress on baldcypress (Taxodium distichum)","docAbstract":"Coastal wetlands of the southeastern United States are threatened by increases in flooding and salinity as a result of both natural processes and man-induced hydrologic alterations. Furthermore, global climate change scenarios suggest that, as a consequence of rising sea levels, much larger areas of coastal wetlands may be affected by flooding and salinity in the next 50 to 100 years. In this paper, we review studies designed to improve our ability to predict and ameliorate the impacts of increased flooding and salinity stress on baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.), which is a dominant species of many coastal forested wetlands. Specifically, we review studies on species-level responses to flooding and salinity stress, alone and in combination, we summarize two studies on intraspecific variation in response to flooding and salinity stress, we analyze the physiological mechanisms thought to be responsible for the interaction between flooding and salinity stress, and we discuss the implications for coastal wetland loss and the prospects for developing salt-tolerant lines of baldcypress.
","language":"English","publisher":"Heron Publishing","publisherLocation":"Victoria, Canada","doi":"10.1093/treephys/16.1-2.307","usgsCitation":"Allen, J.A., Pezeshki, S.R., and Chambers, J.L., 1996, Interaction of flooding and salinity stress on baldcypress (Taxodium distichum): Tree Physiology, v. 16, no. 1-2, p. 307-313, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/16.1-2.307.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"313","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479077,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/16.1-2.307","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":134351,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Louisiana Gulf Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.74633789062499,\n 30.259067203213018\n ],\n [\n -93.702392578125,\n 30.12612436422458\n ],\n [\n -93.812255859375,\n 29.973970240516614\n ],\n [\n -93.93310546875,\n 29.81205076752506\n ],\n [\n -93.900146484375,\n 29.735762444449076\n ],\n [\n -93.790283203125,\n 29.649868677972304\n ],\n [\n -93.636474609375,\n 29.69759650228319\n ],\n [\n -93.438720703125,\n 29.69759650228319\n ],\n [\n -93.09814453125,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -92.94433593749999,\n 29.66896252599253\n ],\n [\n -92.735595703125,\n 29.52567042617583\n ],\n [\n -92.43896484375,\n 29.516110386062277\n ],\n [\n -92.186279296875,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -92.076416015625,\n 29.52567042617583\n ],\n [\n -91.91162109375,\n 29.44916482692468\n ],\n [\n -91.7138671875,\n 29.477861195816843\n ],\n [\n -91.58203125,\n 29.46829664171322\n ],\n [\n -91.40625,\n 29.391747742992806\n ],\n [\n -91.38427734374999,\n 29.257648503615542\n ],\n [\n -91.219482421875,\n 29.161755515328824\n ],\n [\n -91.043701171875,\n 29.113775395114416\n ],\n [\n -90.65917968749999,\n 29.132970130878636\n ],\n [\n -90.450439453125,\n 29.209713225868185\n ],\n [\n -90.450439453125,\n 29.084976575985888\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n -89.97802734375,\n 29.132970130878636\n ],\n [\n -89.769287109375,\n 29.180941290001776\n ],\n [\n -89.49462890625,\n 29.1233732108192\n ],\n [\n -89.373779296875,\n 29.056169702743396\n ],\n [\n -89.18701171875,\n 28.98892237190413\n ],\n [\n -89.088134765625,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -89.241943359375,\n 29.315141193187305\n ],\n [\n -89.40673828125,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n -89.50561523437499,\n 29.52567042617583\n ],\n [\n -89.53857421875,\n 29.60211821164736\n ],\n [\n -89.50561523437499,\n 29.79298413547051\n ],\n [\n -89.58251953125,\n 30.088107753367257\n ],\n [\n -89.703369140625,\n 30.467614102257855\n ],\n [\n -89.813232421875,\n 30.552800413453546\n ],\n [\n -90.120849609375,\n 30.619004797647808\n ],\n [\n -90.450439453125,\n 30.619004797647808\n ],\n [\n -90.81298828125,\n 30.496017831341284\n ],\n [\n -90.867919921875,\n 30.259067203213018\n ],\n [\n -90.802001953125,\n 29.983486718474694\n ],\n [\n -90.889892578125,\n 29.70713934813417\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 29.69759650228319\n ],\n [\n -91.58203125,\n 29.869228848968312\n ],\n [\n -91.93359375,\n 30.116621582819377\n ],\n [\n -93.27392578125,\n 30.135626231134612\n ],\n [\n -93.58154296875,\n 30.230594564932193\n ],\n [\n -93.74633789062499,\n 30.259067203213018\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db6485e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, J. A.","contributorId":82644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pezeshki, S. R.","contributorId":38524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pezeshki","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chambers, J. L.","contributorId":100787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1002325,"text":"1002325 - 1996 - Marsh vertical accretion in a Southern California Estuary, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-29T12:25:11","indexId":"1002325","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marsh vertical accretion in a Southern California Estuary, U.S.A","docAbstract":"Vertical accretion was measured between October 1992 and March 1994 in low and high saltmarsh zones in the north arm of Tijuana estuary from feldspar market horizons and soil corings. Accretion in the Spartina foliosa low marsh (2-8.5 cm) was related almost entirely to episodic storm-induced river flows between January and March 1993, with daily tidal flooding contributing little or no sediment during the subsequent 12 month period of no river flow. Accretion in the Salicornia subterminalis high marsh was low (~1-2 mm) throughout the 17-month measuring period. High water levels in the salt marsh associated with the storm flows were enhanced in early January 1993 by the monthly extreme high sea level, when the low and high marshes were flooded about 0.5 m above normal high tide levels. Storm flows in January-March 1993 mobilized about 5 million tons of sediment, of which the low salt marsh trapped an estimated 31,941 tonnes, including 971 tonnes of carbon and 77 tonnes of nitrogen. Sediment trapping by the salt marsh during episodic winter floods plays an important role in the long-term maintenance of productivity of Tijuana estuary through nutrient retention and maintenance of marsh surface elevation. The potential exists, however, for predicted accelerated rates of sea-level rise to out-pace marsh surface elevation gain during extended periods of drought (i.e. low sediment inputs) which are not uncommon for this arid region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/ecss.1996.0055","usgsCitation":"Cahoon, D.R., Lynch, J., and Powell, A., 1996, Marsh vertical accretion in a Southern California Estuary, U.S.A: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 43, no. 1, p. 19-32, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1996.0055.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Tijuana River","volume":"43","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6358a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":65424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":312068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lynch, J.C.","contributorId":25104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, A.N.","contributorId":66194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1002900,"text":"1002900 - 1996 - Exposure of wild waterfowl to Mycoplasma anatis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-21T11:17:53","indexId":"1002900","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exposure of wild waterfowl to Mycoplasma anatis","docAbstract":"We developed an ELISA procedure to assess the presence of M. Anatis-specific serum antibody in ducks. Sera from exposed and unexposed Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were used to standardize tile ELISA and to establish reference ranges to classify ELISA results as exposed or not exposed. We conducted serological surveys of female waterfowl in the central and eastern United States between 1988 and 1992 to assess the frequency of exposure in wild waterfowl. Adult breeding mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), wintering mallards, and black ducks (Anas rubripes) had high prevalences of exposure to M. Anatis (25% to >80%). In comparison, none of the breeding adult canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) had serum antibody levels indicating exposure. Approximately 50% of the juvenile mallards and black ducks were exposed to M. Anatis by 8 months of age, indicating high transmission rates among wild birds.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-32.2.331","issn":"00903558","usgsCitation":"Samuel, M., Goldberg, D., Thomas, C.B., Sharp, P., Robb, J., Krapu, G., Nersessian, B., Kenow, K., Korschgen, C.E., Chipley, W., and Conroy, M., 1996, Exposure of wild waterfowl to Mycoplasma anatis: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 32, no. 2, p. 331-337, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-32.2.331.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"337","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487063,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-32.2.331","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":198540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9af5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Samuel, M.D.","contributorId":13910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldberg, Diana R. 0000-0001-8540-8512","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8540-8512","contributorId":82252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"Diana R.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":312289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, C. B.","contributorId":87888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sharp, P.","contributorId":88685,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sharp","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robb, J.R.","contributorId":11551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robb","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Krapu, Gary L.","contributorId":56994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nersessian, B.N.","contributorId":35035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nersessian","given":"B.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kenow, K.P.","contributorId":18302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenow","given":"K.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Korschgen, C. E.","contributorId":9197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korschgen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Chipley, W.H.","contributorId":14783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chipley","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":1001833,"text":"1001833 - 1996 - Food habits of diving ducks in the Great Lakes after the zebra mussel invasion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-15T09:51:45","indexId":"1001833","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Food habits of diving ducks in the Great Lakes after the zebra mussel invasion","docAbstract":"Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) invaded the Great Lakes in the mid-1980s and quickly reached high densities. The objective of this study was to determine current consumption of zebra mussels by waterfowl in the Great Lakes region. Feeding Lesser Scaups (Aythya affinis), Greater Scaups (A. marila), Canvasbacks (A. valisineria), Redheads (A. americana), Buffleheads (Bucephala albeola) and Common Goldeneyes (B. clangula) were collected in western Lake Erie and in Lake St. Clair between fall and spring, 1992-1993 to determine food habits. All 10 Redheads, 97% of Lesser Scaups, 83% of Goldeneyes, 60% of Buffleheads and 9% of Canvasbacks contained one or more zebra mussels in their upper gastrointestinal tracts. The aggregate percent of zebra mussels in the diet of Lesser Scaups was higher in Lake Erie (98.6%) than in Lake St. Clair (54.4%). Zebra mussels (aggregate percent) dominated the diet of Common Goldeneyes (79.2%) but not in Buffleheads (23.5%), Redheads (21%) or Canvasbacks (9%). Lesser Scaups from Lake Erie fed on larger zebra mussels (
= 10.7 i?? 0.66 mm SE) than did Lesser Scaups from Lake St. Clair ( = 4.4 i?? 0.22 mm). Lesser Scaups, Buffleheads and Common Goldeneyes from Lake Erie consumed zebra mussels of similar size.","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Field Ornithologists","usgsCitation":"Custer, C.M., and Custer, T., 1996, Food habits of diving ducks in the Great Lakes after the zebra mussel invasion: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 67, no. 1, p. 86-99.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"99","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11094,"rank":200,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sora.unm.edu/node/52039"}],"volume":"67","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b6e4b07f02db53433e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, Christine M. 0000-0003-0500-1582","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-1582","contributorId":31330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017773,"text":"70017773 - 1996 - Late Quaternary transgressive large dunes on the sediment-starved Adriatic shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T01:42:51.576231","indexId":"70017773","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary transgressive large dunes on the sediment-starved Adriatic shelf","docAbstract":"The Adriatic epicontinental basin is a low-gradient shelf where the late-Quaternary transgressive systems tract (TST) is composed of thin parasequences of backbarrier, shoreface and offshore deposits. The facies and internal architecture of the late-Quaternary TST in the Adriatic epicontinental basin changed consistently from early transgression to late transgression reflecting: (1) fluctuations in the balance between sediment supply and accommodation increase, and (2) a progressive intensification of the oceanographic regime, driven by the transgressive widening of the basin to as much as seven times its lowstand extent. One of the consequences of this trend is that high-energy marine bedforms such as sand ridges and sand waves characterize only areas that were flooded close to the end of the late-Quaternary sea-level rise, when the wind fetch was maximum and bigger waves and stronger storm currents could form. We studied the morphology, sediment composition and sequence-stratigraphical setting of a field of asymmetric bedforms (typically 3 m high and 600 m in wavelength) in 20-24 m water depth offshore the Venice Lagoon in the sediment-starved North Adriatic shelf. The sand that forms these large dunes derived from a drowned transgressive coastal deposit reworked by marine processes. Early cementation took place over most of the dune crests limiting their activity and preventing their destruction. Both the formation and deactivation of this field of sand dunes occurred over a short time interval close to the turn-around point that separates the late-Quaternary sea-level rise and the following highstand and reflect rapid changes in the oceanographic regime of the basin.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society, London","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.117.01.09","issn":"03058719","usgsCitation":"Correggiari, A., Field, M., and Trincardi, F., 1996, Late Quaternary transgressive large dunes on the sediment-starved Adriatic shelf: Geological Society Special Publication, v. 117, p. 155-169, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.117.01.09.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"169","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228724,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a453be4b0c8380cd67143","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Correggiari, A.","contributorId":88110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Correggiari","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trincardi, F.","contributorId":94794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trincardi","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}