The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with State, Federal, and other local governmental agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of Arkansas each year. These data, accumulated during many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State.
Water resources data reported for the 1995 water year for Arkansas consist of records of discharge and water quality (physical measurements and chemical concentrations) of streams; water quality of lakes; and ground-water levels and ground-water quality. Data from selected sites in Missouri and Oklahoma are also included. This report contains daily discharge records for 49surface-water gaging stations and four daily sediment stations; water quality for 146 surface-water stations, 110 ground-water quality wells and springs, 8 ground-water-level observation wells, and one precipitation-quality station. Also included are data for 102 peak-discharge partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Information System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with State and Federal agencies in Arkansas.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs24595","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, National atlas maps: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 245-95, 1 sheet ; 28 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/fs24595.","productDescription":"1 sheet ; 28 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_245_95.jpg"},{"id":154,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/factsheets/t01.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69844f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5597,"text":"fs19596 - 1996 - Technology transfer opportunities: new development: computerized field manual provides valuable resource for hydrologic investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-11T07:20:28","indexId":"fs19596","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"195-96","title":"Technology transfer opportunities: new development: computerized field manual provides valuable resource for hydrologic investigations","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is known throughout the world for conducting quality scientific investigation is hydrologic environments. Proper and consistent field techniques have been an integral part of this good research. Over the past few decades, the USGS has developed and published detailed, standard protocols for conducting studies in most aspects of the hydrologic environment. These protocols have been published in a number of diverse documents. The wealth of information contained in these diverse documents can benefit other scientists in industry, government, and academia that are involved in conducting hydrologic studies. \nScientists at the USGS have brought together many of the most important of the field protocols in a user-friendly, graphical-interfaced field manual that will be useful in both the field and in the office. This electronic field manual can assist hydrologists and other scientists in conducting and documenting their field activities in a manner that is recognized standard throughout the hydrologic community.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs19596","usgsCitation":"Chapel, P., 1996, Technology transfer opportunities: new development: computerized field manual provides valuable resource for hydrologic investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 195-96, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs19596.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/19596/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":286235,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/19596/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapel, Paul","contributorId":87454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapel","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5538,"text":"fs10196 - 1996 - NAPP and NHAP Photographic Enlargements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:37","indexId":"fs10196","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"101-96","title":"NAPP and NHAP Photographic Enlargements","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs10196","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, NAPP and NHAP Photographic Enlargements (Superseded by FS 041-00): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 101-96, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs10196.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139379,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0101/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32093,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Superseded by FS 041-00","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698a3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5397,"text":"fs13696 - 1996 - Technology transfer opportunities: partnership opportunities available at the USGS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-10T09:44:50","indexId":"fs13696","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"136-96","title":"Technology transfer opportunities: partnership opportunities available at the USGS","docAbstract":"The following are USGS research projects offering an opportunity for Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) partnerships. A CRADA is an agreement between one or more Federal agencies and one or more non-Federal agencies to work together in research or developmental activities. CRADAs permit both partners to share information in a protected environment and offer incentives to the non-Federal partner(s) to commercialize the resulting product of the effort.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs13696","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, Technology transfer opportunities: partnership opportunities available at the USGS: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 136-96, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs13696.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":580,"text":"Technology Transfer Office","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0136-96/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":286127,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0136-96/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db68598d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5582,"text":"fs20796 - 1996 - Land characteristics data on CD-ROM","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-15T17:28:14","indexId":"fs20796","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"207-96","title":"Land characteristics data on CD-ROM","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) publishes land characteristics data on CD-ROM. The following lists the types of products and their contents and specifications. The discs cost $32 each, plus a $5.00 handling fee per order mailed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20796","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, Land characteristics data on CD-ROM: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 207-96, 1 sheet ; 28 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20796.","productDescription":"1 sheet ; 28 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0207/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32105,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0207/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b419b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49809,"text":"ofr96311 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 46 (BRIDTH00050046) on Town Highway 05, crossing North Branch Ottauquechee River, Bridgewater, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-10T15:55:53","indexId":"ofr96311","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-311","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 46 (BRIDTH00050046) on Town Highway 05, crossing North Branch Ottauquechee River, Bridgewater, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nBRIDTH00050046 on town highway 5 crossing the North Branch Ottauquechee River, \nBridgewater, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the \nsite, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of \nTransportation, 1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I \nstudy provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on \nthe bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files was compiled \nprior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and can be found in Appendix D.
\nThe site is in the Green Mountain physiographic province of central Vermont in the town of \nBridgewater. The 5.61-mi2\n drainage area is a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the \nvicinity of the study site, the banks are forested. Town highway 5 parallels the upstream left \nbank.
\nIn the study area, the North Branch Ottauquechee River has a sinuous channel with a slope \nof approximately 0.015 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 48 ft and an average channel \ndepth of 6 ft. The predominant channel bed materials are gravel and cobble with a median \ngrain size (D50) of 66.2 mm (0.217 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level \nI and Level II site visit on November 2 and 3, 1994, indicated that the reach was stable.
\nThe town highway 5 crossing of North Branch Ottauquechee Riveris a 40-ft-long, one-lane\nbridge consisting of a 34-ft steel-beam span, supported by vertical abutments with no \nwingwalls (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, August 25, 1994). \nThe left abutment is stone; the right abutment is log cribwork with type-2 stone fill (less \nthan 36 inches diameter) along its base. Type-2 stone fill has also been placed on the \nupstream and downstream sides of the road embankments, except the upstream left which \nhas type-3 (less than 48 inches diameter). The channel is skewed approximately 60 degrees; \nthe opening-skew-to-roadway is 30 degrees. Additional details describing conditions at the \nsite are included in the Level II Summary, Appendix D, and Appendix E.
\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993).
\nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \ndegradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow \narea at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of these computed results \nfollow.
\nContraction scour for all modelled flows was 0.0 ft. Abutment scour ranged from 5.7 ft to \n7.7 ft. with the worst-case abutment scour occurring at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated depths, are presented in \ntables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the computed scour at the bridge is presented in figure 8. \nScour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution.
\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1993, p. 22). Many factors, \nincluding historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic assessment, scour \nprotection, and the results of the hydraulic analyses, must be considered to properly assess \nthe validity of abutment scour results. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may \ndiffer from the computed values documented herein, based on the consideration of \nadditional contributing factors and experienced engineering judgement.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96311","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., and Song, D.L., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 46 (BRIDTH00050046) on Town Highway 05, crossing North Branch Ottauquechee River, Bridgewater, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-311, iv, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96311.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96311.GIF"},{"id":279366,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0311/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Bridgewater","otherGeospatial":"North Branch Ottauquechee River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,43.625 ], [ -72.75,43.75 ], [ -72.625,43.75 ], [ -72.625,43.625 ], [ -72.75,43.625 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a60ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Song, Donald L.","contributorId":107335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49810,"text":"ofr96312 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (CRAFTH00220025) on Town Highway 22, crossing the Wild Branch Lamoille River, Craftsbury, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-10T15:56:24","indexId":"ofr96312","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-312","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (CRAFTH00220025) on Town Highway 22, crossing the Wild Branch Lamoille River, Craftsbury, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nCRAFTH00220025 on town highway 22 crossing the Wild Branch Lamoille River, \nCraftsbury, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the \nsite, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of \nTransportation, 1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I \nstudy provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on \nthe bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled \nprior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and can be found in Appendix D.
\nThe site is in the New England Upland physiographic province of north-central Vermont in \nthe town of Bridgewater. The 9.52-mi2\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural basin with \nsome pasture on the valley bottom. In the vicinity of the study site, the banks have less than \n25% woody vegetation coverage.
\nIn the study area, the Wild Branch Lamoille River has a meandering channel in a low relief \nvalley setting with wide flood plains and a slope of approximately 0.0044 ft/ft, an average \nchannel top width of 35 ft and an average channel depth of 4 ft. The predominant channel \nbed material is gravel (D50 is 38.6 mm or 0.127 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time \nof the Level I and Level II site visit on November 9, 1994, indicated that the reach was \nlaterally unstable.
\nThe town highway 22 crossing of the Wild Branch Lamoille Riveris a 31-ft-long, two-lane\nbridge consisting of one 29-foot span concrete slab superstructure (Vermont Agency of \nTransportation, written commun., August 4, 1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, \nconcrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 20 degrees to the \nopening and the opening-skew-to-roadway is 20 degrees.
\nA scour hole 1.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the left bank \nside of the channel upstream during the Level I assessment. There are tall, steep stone fill \nembankments (artificial levees) that make up both banks between 50 feet upstream and the \nupstream face of the bridge, which straighten and constrict the channel. Type-2 stone fill \n(less than 36 inches diameter) is reported on the banks upstream, the upstream wingwalls,\nthe abutments, the downstream left wingwall, and the downstream left bank. Additional \ndetails describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and \nAppendices D and E.
\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). Total scour at a \nhighway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; \n2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) \nand; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is \nthe sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction \nand local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 2.5 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the incipient overtopping discharge, which was less than the \n100-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 4.7 to 8.6 ft. The worst-case abutment \nscour also occurred at the incipient overtopping discharge. Additional information on scour \ndepths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. \nA cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths \nwere calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Many factors, \nincluding historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic assessment, scour \nprotection, and the results of the hydraulic analyses, must be considered to properly assess \nthe validity of abutment scour results. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may \ndiffer from the computed values documented herein, based on the consideration of \nadditional contributing factors and experienced engineering judgement.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96312","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E.M., and Ivanoff, M.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (CRAFTH00220025) on Town Highway 22, crossing the Wild Branch Lamoille River, Craftsbury, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-312, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96312.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"55","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96312.GIF"},{"id":279364,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0312/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Craftsbury","otherGeospatial":"Wild Branch Lamoille River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a808e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49769,"text":"ofr96154 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (IRASTH00080020) on Town Highway 8, crossing the Black River, Irasburg, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-09T11:51:56","indexId":"ofr96154","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-154","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (IRASTH00080020) on Town Highway 8, crossing the Black River, Irasburg, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nIRASTH00080020 on town highway 8 crossing the Black River, Irasburg, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I study provides \na qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, \navailable from VTAOT files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II \nanalyses and can be found in Appendix D.
\nThe site is in the New England Upland physiographic province of north-central Vermont in \nthe town of Irasburg. The 110-mi2\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural basin. In the \nvicinity of the study site, the left bank surface cover is pasture and row crops and the right \nbank is covered by shrub and brush and is adjacent to woods.
\nIn the study area, the Black River has a sinuous channel with a slope of approximately \n0.002 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 90 ft and an average channel depth of 5 ft. The \npredominant channel bed material is gravel and cobbles (D50 is 49.7 mm or 0.163 ft). The \ngeomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on October 4, 1994, \nindicated that the reach was laterally unstable.
\nThe town highway 8 crossing of the Black River is a 88-ft-long, one-lane covered bridge \nconsisting of one 80-foot span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written commun., \nAugust 2, 1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls on \nthe upstream and downstream sides of the right abutment. The right abutment has stone fill \nprotection. The channel is skewed approximately 25 degrees to the opening while the \nopening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees. Additional details describing conditions at the \nsite are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.
\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Scour depths were \ncalculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size \ndistribution. The scour analysis results are presented in tables 1 and 2 and a graph of the \nscour depths is presented in figure 8.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96154","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (IRASTH00080020) on Town Highway 8, crossing the Black River, Irasburg, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-154, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96154.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96154.PNG"},{"id":279427,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0154/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Irasburg","otherGeospatial":"Black River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.375,44.75 ], [ -72.375,44.875 ], [ -72.25,44.875 ], [ -72.25,44.75 ], [ -72.375,44.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8023","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49836,"text":"ofr96570 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 10 (HANCTH00010010) on Town Highway 1, crossing the White River, Hancock, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-10T10:25:52","indexId":"ofr96570","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-570","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 10 (HANCTH00010010) on Town Highway 1, crossing the White River, Hancock, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure HANCTH00010010 on town highway 1 crossing the White River, Hancock, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in Appendix D.
\nThe site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province of central Vermont. The 59.8-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is primarily grass with trees and brush on the immediate channel banks.
\nIn the study area, the White River has a sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.005 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 104 ft and an average channel depth of 6 ft. The predominant channel bed materials are gravel and cobble with a median grain size (D50) of 98.9 mm (0.325 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on November 15, 1994, indicated that the reach was stable.
\nThe town highway 1 crossing of the White River is a 91-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of one 89-foot steel-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, August 26, 1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 15 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 0 degrees. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.
\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
\nContraction scour for all modelled flows was 0.0 feet. Abutment scour ranged from 13.1 to 17.1 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96570","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., and Ivanoff, M.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 10 (HANCTH00010010) on Town Highway 1, crossing the White River, Hancock, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-570, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96570.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96570.PNG"},{"id":279291,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0570/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Hancock","otherGeospatial":"White River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.875,43.875 ], [ -72.875,44.0 ], [ -72.75,44.0 ], [ -72.75,43.875 ], [ -72.875,43.875 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8456","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49826,"text":"ofr96409 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (BRNATH00470032) on Town Highway 47, crossing Locust Creek, Barnard, Vermont","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":49826,"text":"ofr96409 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (BRNATH00470032) on Town Highway 47, crossing Locust Creek, Barnard, Vermont","indexId":"ofr96409","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (BRNATH00470032) on Town Highway 47, crossing Locust Creek, Barnard, Vermont"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":50492,"text":"ofr2002150 - 2002 - Revised Protocols for Sampling Algal, Invertebrate, and Fish Communities as Part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","indexId":"ofr2002150","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Revised Protocols for Sampling Algal, Invertebrate, and Fish Communities as Part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":50492,"text":"ofr2002150 - 2002 - Revised Protocols for Sampling Algal, Invertebrate, and Fish Communities as Part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","indexId":"ofr2002150","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Revised Protocols for Sampling Algal, Invertebrate, and Fish Communities as Part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program"},"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-10T13:49:00","indexId":"ofr96409","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-409","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (BRNATH00470032) on Town Highway 47, crossing Locust Creek, Barnard, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nBRNATH00470032 on town highway 47 crossing Locust Creek, Barnard, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.
\nThe site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province of \ncentral Vermont in the town of Barnard. The 6.26-mi2\n drainage area is in a predominantly \nrural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the banks have dense woody \nvegetation coverage except for the upstream right bank, which is grass and brush covered.
\nIn the study area, Locust Creek has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.029 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 44 ft., and an average channel \ndepth of 5 ft. The predominant channel bed material is gravel and cobbles (D50 is 91.7 mm \nor 0.301 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on \nOctober 12, 1994, indicated that the reach was stable.
\nThe town highway 47 crossing of Locust Creek is a 28-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting \nof one 25-foot span concrete slab superstructure (Vermont Agency of Transportation, \nwritten commun., August 23, 1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete\nabutments with concrete wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the \nopening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 35 degrees.
\nThe scour protection measures at the site were type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches \ndiameter) on the banks upstream, the upstream wingwalls, the downstream right wingwall, \nand the downstream right bank. The downstream left wingwall and left bank are protected \nwith type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter). Additional details describing \nconditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.
\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993).\nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \nstreambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction \nin flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of these computed results \nfollow.
\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 1.4 to 2.2 feet. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 10.3 to \n15.0 feet. The worst-case abutment scour also occurred at the 500-year discharge. \nAdditional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section \ntitled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated depths, are \npresented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented \nin figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and \na homogeneous particle-size distribution.
\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1993, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96409","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Adminitration","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E.M., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (BRNATH00470032) on Town Highway 47, crossing Locust Creek, Barnard, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-409, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96409.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96409.PNG"},{"id":279339,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0409/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Barnard","otherGeospatial":"Locust Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,43.625 ], [ -72.75,43.75 ], [ 72.625,43.75 ], [ 72.625,43.625 ], [ -72.75,43.625 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6486bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49816,"text":"ofr96388 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (BRNAVT00120025) on State Highway 12, crossing Locust Creek, Barnard, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-10T13:29:17","indexId":"ofr96388","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-388","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (BRNAVT00120025) on State Highway 12, crossing Locust Creek, Barnard, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nBRNAVT00120025 on State Highway 12 crossing Locust Creek, Barnard, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I study provides \na qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge \navailable from VTAOT files was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II \nanalyses and can be found in Appendix D.
\nThe site is in the Green Mountain physiographic division of central Vermont in the town of \nBarnard. The 11.6-mi2\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the \nvicinity of the study site, the banks have woody vegetation coverage.
\nIn the study area, Locust Creek has a sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.023 \nft/ft, an average channel top width of 49 ft and an average channel depth of 4 ft. The \npredominant channel bed material is cobble (D50 is 109 mm or 0.359 ft). The geomorphic \nassessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visits on September 23 and December \n16, 1994, indicated that the reach was stable.
\nThe State Highway 12 crossing of Locust Creek is a 41-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting \nof one 39-foot concrete slab type superstructure (Vermont Agency of Transportation, \nwritten communication, August 23, 1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete\nabutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 30 degrees to the opening \nwhile the opening-skew-to-roadway is 45 degrees.
\nA scour hole 1 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along a bedrock outcrop \nnear the upstream left wingwall during the Level I assessment. The scour protection \nmeasures in place at the site are type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the left \nabutment, upstream right bank, and both downstream banks; type-2 stone fill (less than 36 \ninches diameter) at the downstream side of the right road approach and upstream left bank; \ntype-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) at the upstream end of the upstream right \nwingwall and downstream end of downstream left wingwall; type-5 (wall/ artificial levee) \nat the upstream end of the upstream left wingwall. Additional details describing conditions \nat the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.
\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Total scour at a \nhighway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; \n2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) \nand; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is \nthe sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction \nand local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 1.4 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the 100-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 8.5 to \n20.9 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented \nin tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure \n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution.
\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1993, p. 48). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96388","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M.A., and Weber, M.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (BRNAVT00120025) on State Highway 12, crossing Locust Creek, Barnard, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-388, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96388.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96388.GIF"},{"id":279352,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0388/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Barnard","otherGeospatial":"Locust Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,43.75 ], [ -72.75,43.875 ], [ -72.625,43.875 ], [ -72.625,43.75 ], [ -72.75,43.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8084","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Matthew A.","contributorId":41483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49817,"text":"ofr96389 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 14 (CLARTH00010014) on Town Highway 1, crossing Cold River, Clarendon, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-10T14:39:54","indexId":"ofr96389","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-389","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 14 (CLARTH00010014) on Town Highway 1, crossing Cold River, Clarendon, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nCLARTH00010014 on town highway 1 crossing the Cold River, Clarendon, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I study provides \na qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge \navailable from VTAOT files was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II \nanalyses and can be found in Appendix D.
\nThe site is in the Taconic Section of the New England physiographic province in westcentral Vermont in the town of Clarendon. The 36.2-mi2\n drainage area is in a predominantly \nrural basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is primarily pasture, except for \nthe right bank upstream which is forested.
\nIn the study area, the Cold River has a sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.02 \nft/ft, an average channel top width of 104 ft and an average channel depth of 3 ft. The \npredominant channel bed material is cobble with a median grain size (D50) of 103 mm \n(0.339 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on \nApril 27, 1995, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable. This assessment was due to \nthe cut-banks and the local anabranching occurring upstream of the bridge.
\nThe town highway 1 crossing of the Cold River is a 80-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting \nof one 77-foot span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March \n13, 1995). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The left \nabutment and upstream wingwalls are protected by type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches \ndiameter). The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the opening while the \nopening-skew-to-roadway is 15 degrees. Additional details describing conditions at the site \nare included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.
\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Total scour at a \nhighway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; \n2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) \nand; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is \nthe sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction \nand local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
\nContraction scour for modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 0.6 ft. Abutment scour ranged \nfrom 17.4 to 23.3 ft. The worst-case contraction and abutment scour occurred at the 500-\nyear discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included \nin the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated \nscour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the \nbridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of \nerosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1993, p. 48). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96389","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 14 (CLARTH00010014) on Town Highway 1, crossing Cold River, Clarendon, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-389, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96389.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96389.PNG"},{"id":279351,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0389/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Clarendon","otherGeospatial":"Cold River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.0,43.5 ], [ -73.0,43.625 ], [ -72.875,43.625 ], [ -72.875,43.5 ], [ -73.0,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a82c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49818,"text":"ofr96390 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 12 (BRAITH00230012) on Town Highway 23, crossing Ayers Brook, Braintree, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-10T14:35:08","indexId":"ofr96390","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-390","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 12 (BRAITH00230012) on Town Highway 23, crossing Ayers Brook, Braintree, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nBRAITH00230012 on town highway 23 crossing Ayers Brook, Braintree, Vermont (figures \n1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative \nanalysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). A Level \nI study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I study provides a qualitative \ngeomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge available from \nVTAOT files was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and can be \nfound in Appendix D.
\nThe site is in the Green Mountain physiographic province of central Vermont in the town of \nBraintree. The 18.8-mi2\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural watershed. In the vicinity \nof the study site, the surface cover of the left and right banks is pasture.
\nIn the study area, Ayers Brook has a meandering channel with a slope of approximately \n0.003 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 46 ft and an average channel depth of 5 ft. The \npredominant channel bed material is sand and gravel (D50 is 6.15 mm or 0.0202 ft). The \ngeomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on November 16, \n1994, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable. Also at the time of the site visit, there \nwas considerable backwater at the bridge site due to a beaver dam downstream. The beaver \ndam was ignored in the analyses.
\nThe town highway 23 crossing of Ayers Brook is a 28-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of \none 23-foot span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, August 24, \n1994). The bridge is supported by vertical timber cribwork abutments with wingwalls on \nthe upstream and downstream sides of the right abutment. The lower half of the right \nabutment and wingwalls are constructed of laid-up stone. The right abutment and wingwalls \nare also protected by stone fill. The channel is skewed approximately 45 degrees to the \nopening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is only 5 degrees. Additional details \ndescribing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices\nD and E.
\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Total scour at a \nhighway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; \n2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) \nand; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is \nthe sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction \nand local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 4.2 to 9.4 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the incipient-overtopping discharge which was less than the \n100-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 4.3 to 17.5 ft. The worst-case abutment \nscour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and \ndepths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed \nelevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were \ncalculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size \ndistribution.
\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1993, p. 48). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96390","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 12 (BRAITH00230012) on Town Highway 23, crossing Ayers Brook, Braintree, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-390, iv, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96390.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96390.PNG"},{"id":279350,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0390/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Braintree","otherGeospatial":"Ayers Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,43.875 ], [ -72.75,44.0 ], [ -72.625,44.0 ], [ -72.625,43.875 ], [ -72.75,43.875 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a83e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}