The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with State, Federal, and other local governmental agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of Maine each year. These data, accumulated during the many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State.
Water-resources data for the 1995 water year for Maine consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; and water levels of ground-water wells. This report contains discharge records for 46 gaging stations, water-quality data for 12 gaging stations; and water levels for 31 ground-water wells. Additional water data were collected at other sites, not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrME951","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, J., Higgins, W., and Lippert, R.G., 1996, Water resources data, Maine, water year 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report ME-95-1, xv, 199 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrME951.","productDescription":"xv, 199 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180811,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1995/me-95-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":495324,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1995/me-95-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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Colorado River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:07","indexId":"wdrCO962","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CO-96-2","title":"Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1996--Volume 2. Colorado River Basin","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for Colorado for the 1996 water year consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of wells and springs. This report (Volumes 1 and 2) contains discharge records for 321 gaging stations, stage and contents of 26 lakes and reservoirs, 1 partial-record low-flow station, peak-flow information for 30 crest-stage partial-record stations; water quality for 135 gaging stations and for 11 lakes and reservoirs, supplemental water quality for 175 gaged sites; water quality for 34 miscellaneous sites and 14 observation wells; water levels for 2 observation wells, and meteorological data for 30 sites. Nine pertinent stations operated by bordering States also are included in this report. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of W.F. Horak, District Chief. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrCO962","usgsCitation":"Crowfoot, R., Paillet, A., Ritz, G., Smith, M., Jenkins, R., and O’Neill, G.B., 1996, Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1996--Volume 2. Colorado River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CO-96-2, 551 p.; 5 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCO962.","productDescription":"551 p.; 5 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5610,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdrCO962","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":181171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbe16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowfoot, R.M.","contributorId":6116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowfoot","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillet, A.V.","contributorId":89217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ritz, G.F.","contributorId":69581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritz","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, M.E.","contributorId":104525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jenkins, R.A.","contributorId":48192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Neill, G. B.","contributorId":72450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":54438,"text":"wdrCA953 - 1996 - Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1995. Volume 3. Southern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Walker River to Truckee River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-01T01:01:51","indexId":"wdrCA953","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-95-3","title":"Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1995. Volume 3. Southern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Walker River to Truckee River","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1995 water year for California consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents in lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells. Volume 3 contains discharge records for 167 streamflow-gaging stations, 1 crest-stage partial-record streamflow station; stage and contents records for 42lakes and reservoirs; water-quality records for 76 streamflow-gaging stations and 6 partialrecord stations; and precipitation records for 2 gaging stations. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey with other agencies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA953","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and with other agencies.","usgsCitation":"Hayes, P., Rockwell, G., and Anderson, S., 1996, Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1995. Volume 3. Southern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Walker River to Truckee River (Legacy Report): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-95-3, xvii, 508 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA953.","productDescription":"xvii, 508 p.","numberOfPages":"532","costCenters":[{"id":631,"text":"Water Resources Division-California District","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wdr_CA_95_3.jpg"},{"id":260093,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1995/ca-95/WRD-1995-vol3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin;Southern Central Valley Basins;Truckee River;Walker River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123,34.833333333333336 ], [ -123,38.583333333333336 ], [ -120,38.583333333333336 ], [ -120,34.833333333333336 ], [ -123,34.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Legacy Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc0e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, P.D.","contributorId":52644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rockwell, G.L.","contributorId":47408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockwell","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, S.W.","contributorId":25628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54439,"text":"wdrCA954 - 1996 - Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1995. Volume 4. Northern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Honey Lake Basin to Oregon State Line","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-01T01:01:51","indexId":"wdrCA954","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-95-4","title":"Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1995. Volume 4. Northern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Honey Lake Basin to Oregon State Line","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 1995 water year for California consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams, stage and contents in lakes and reservoirs, and water levels and water quality in wells. Volume 4 contains discharge records for 181 gaging stations, stage and contents for 47 lakes and reservoirs, precipitation data for 3 stations, and water quality for 6 stations. Also included is one low-flow partial-record station. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in California.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA954","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and with other agencies.","usgsCitation":"Markham, K., Anderson, S., Rockwell, G., and Friebel, M., 1996, Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1995. Volume 4. 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14.
The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with State, County, and other Federal agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of Florida each water year. These data, accumulated during many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. To make these data readily available to interested parties outside the Geological Survey, the data are published annually in this report series entitled \"Water Resources Data - Florida, Volume 2A: South Florida Surface Water and Volume 2B: South Florida Ground Water.\"
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,{"id":27571,"text":"wri964100 - 1996 - Using a geographic information system and scanning technology to create high-resolution land-use data sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-11T16:38:06.387214","indexId":"wri964100","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4100","title":"Using a geographic information system and scanning technology to create high-resolution land-use data sets","docAbstract":"A geographic information system (GIS) procedure was developed to compile low-altitude aerial photography, digitized data, and land-use data from U.S. Department of Agriculture Consolidated Farm Service Agency (CFSA) offices into a high-resolution (approximately 5 meters) land-use GIS data set. The aerial photography consisted of 35-mm slides which were scanned into tagged information file format (TIFF) images. These TIFF images were then imported into the GIS where they were registered into a geographically referenced coordinate system. Boundaries between land use were delineated from these GIS data sets using on-screen digitizing techniques. Crop types were determined using information obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture CFSA offices. Crop information not supplied by the CFSA was attributed by manual classification procedures. Automated methods to provide delineation of the field boundaries and land-use classification were investigated. It was determined that using these data sources, automated methods were less efficient and accurate than manual methods of delineating field boundaries and classifying land use.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri964100","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Harvey, C.A., Kolpin, D.W., and Battaglin, W.A., 1996, Using a geographic information system and scanning technology to create high-resolution land-use data sets: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4100, iv, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964100.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95643,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4100/report.pdf","size":"4831","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4100/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603c82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Craig A.","contributorId":103325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Battaglin, William A. 0000-0001-7287-7096 wbattagl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-7096","contributorId":1527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"William","email":"wbattagl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53941,"text":"itr8 - 1996 - Wetland use by waterbirds that winter in coastal Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T12:59:39","indexId":"itr8","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"8","title":"Wetland use by waterbirds that winter in coastal Texas","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Anderson, J.T., Tacha, T., Muehl, G., and Lobpries, D., 1996, Wetland use by waterbirds that winter in coastal Texas: Information and Technology Report 8, iv, 40 p.","productDescription":"iv, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"44","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Coastal Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -99.26,25.84 ], [ -99.26,30.25 ], [ -93.51,30.25 ], [ -93.51,25.84 ], [ -99.26,25.84 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e49a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, James Thomas","contributorId":33378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tacha, T.C.","contributorId":99620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tacha","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muehl, G.T.","contributorId":12550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muehl","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lobpries, D.","contributorId":102132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lobpries","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24746,"text":"ofr96477 - 1996 - U.S. Geological Survey Nitrogen-Cycling Workshop: Denver, Colorado October 30 - November 2, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T09:44:58","indexId":"ofr96477","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-477","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Nitrogen-Cycling Workshop: Denver, Colorado October 30 - November 2, 1995","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":" U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96477","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Triska, F.J., 1996, U.S. Geological Survey Nitrogen-Cycling Workshop: Denver, Colorado October 30 - November 2, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-477, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96477.","productDescription":"88 p.","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272566,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0477/report.pdf"},{"id":158186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0477/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2be4b07f02db6130e4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Puckett, Larry J. lpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":31739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Larry J.","email":"lpuckett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":749341,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Triska, Frank J.","contributorId":88781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21850,"text":"ofr96460 - 1996 - \"The Great Cataract\" - Effects of Late Holocene Debris Flows on Lava Falls Rapid, Grand Canyon National National Park, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:42","indexId":"ofr96460","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-460","title":"\"The Great Cataract\" - Effects of Late Holocene Debris Flows on Lava Falls Rapid, Grand Canyon National National Park, Arizona","docAbstract":"Lava Falls Rapid is the most formidable reach of whitewater on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon and is one of the most famous rapids in the world. Although the rapid was once thought to be controlled by the remnants of lava dams of Pleistocene age, Lava Falls was created and is maintained by frequent debris flows from Prospect Canyon. We used 232 historical photographs, of which 121 were replicated, and 14C and 3He dating methods to reconstruct the ages and, in some cases, the magnitudes of late Holocene debris flows. We quantified the interaction between Prospect Canyon debris flows and the Colorado River using image processing of the historical photographs.\r\n\r\nThe highest and oldest debris-flow deposits on the debris fan yielded a 3He date of 2.9?0.6 ka (950 BC), which indicates predominately late Holocene aggradation of one of the largest debris fans in Grand Canyon. The deposit, which has a 25-m escarpment caused by river reworking, crossed the Colorado River and raised its base level by 30 m for an indeterminate, although probably short, period. We mapped depositional surfaces of 6 debris flows that occurred after 950 BC. The most recent prehistoric debris flow occurred no more than 500 years ago (AD 1434).\r\n\r\nFrom April 1872 to July 1939, no debris flows occurred in Prospect Canyon. Debris flows in 1939, 1954, 1955, 1963, 1966, and 1995 constricted the Colorado River between 35 and 80 percent and completely changed the pattern of flow through the rapid. The debris flows had discharges estimated between about 290 and 1,000 m3/s and transported boulders as heavy as 30 Mg. The recurrence interval of these debris flows, calculated from the volume of the aggraded debris fan, ranged from 35 to 200 yrs. The 1939 debris flow in Prospect Canyon appears to have been the largest debris flow in Grand Canyon during the last 125 years.\r\n\r\nDebris flows in Prospect Canyon are initiated by streamflow pouring over a 325-m waterfall onto unconsolidated colluvium, a process called the firehose effect. Floods in Prospect Valley above the waterfall are generated during regional winter storms, localized summer thunderstorms, and occasional tropical cyclones. Winter precipitation has increased in the Grand Canyon region since the early 1960s, and the most recent debris flows have occurred during winter storms. Summer rainfall has declined in the same period, decreasing the potential for debris flows in the summer months.\r\n\r\nThe history of river reworking of the Prospect Canyon debris fan illustrates the interrelation between tributary debris fans and mainstem floods in bedrock canyons. Lava Falls Rapid did not change despite Colorado River floods of 8,500 m3/s in 1884 and 6,230 m3/s in 1921. Floods up to 3,540 m3/s that occurred after the historical, pre-dam debris flows removed most of the deposits within 3 years. Releases in 1965 from Glen Canyon Dam that were above powerplant capacity but less than 1,640 m3/s removed most of the debris fan deposited in 1963, and the combination of dam releases and a 1973 flood on the Little Colorado River removed the 1966 aggradation. About 4,800 m3 of the 1995 deposit was reworked on the day of the 1995 debris flow, dam releases of less than 570 m3/s had not reworked the remainder of the aggraded debris fan.\r\n\r\nLava Falls Rapid has been the most unstable reach of whitewater in Grand Canyon during the late Holocene and particularly during the last 120 years. Rapids in bedrock canyons controlled by tributary deposition in the main channel are aggradational features that reflect the net effect of tributary-mainstem interactions. Boulders that form the core of rapids in Grand Canyon are essentially immobile by both regulated and unregulated Colorado River flows. Historical operation of Glen Canyon Dam, which was completed in 1963, has reduced the potential for reworking of debris fans, and has accelerated the rate of net aggradation at the mouths of tributary canyons. Because debris fans that formed after 196","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96460","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Webb, R., Melis, T., Wise, T.W., and Elliott, J.G., 1996, \"The Great Cataract\" - Effects of Late Holocene Debris Flows on Lava Falls Rapid, Grand Canyon National National Park, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-460, 96 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96460.","productDescription":"96 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm.","numberOfPages":"96","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1243,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96460","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4901e4b0b290850eecd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":185965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melis, Theodore S. 0000-0003-0473-3968 tmelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0473-3968","contributorId":1829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melis","given":"Theodore S.","email":"tmelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wise, Thomas W.","contributorId":89162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wise","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elliott, John G. jelliott@usgs.gov","contributorId":832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"John","email":"jelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":185964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":29381,"text":"wri944245 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: Environmental setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-12T20:36:15.133638","indexId":"wri944245","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4245","title":"Water-quality assessment of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: Environmental setting","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944245","usgsCitation":"Risser, D.W., and Siwiec, S.F., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: Environmental setting: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4245, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944245.","productDescription":"70 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406557,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48112.htm"},{"id":58226,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4245/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4245/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"lower Susquehanna River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.8814,\n 39.5578\n ],\n [\n -75.8167,\n 39.5578\n ],\n [\n -75.8167,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -78.8814,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -78.8814,\n 39.5578\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risser, Dennis W. 0000-0001-9597-5406 dwrisser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9597-5406","contributorId":898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"Dennis","email":"dwrisser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Siwiec, Steven F.","contributorId":9293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siwiec","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23810,"text":"ofr96117 - 1996 - Geohydrology and potential water-supply development on Bumkin, Gallops, Georges, Grape, Lovell, and Peddocks Islands, eastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T10:41:23","indexId":"ofr96117","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-117","title":"Geohydrology and potential water-supply development on Bumkin, Gallops, Georges, Grape, Lovell, and Peddocks Islands, eastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"An investigation of the geohydrology and of the potential for water-supply development on several of the Boston Harbor Islands, eastern Massachusetts, was conducted to evaluate the possibility of developing a permanent small-capacity water supply to support recreational activities, such as camping, hiking, and swimming. The Boston Harbor Islands, including Bumkin, Gallops, Georges, Grape, Lovell, and Peddocks Islands are part of a larger group of glacially deposited drumlins, which are composed of thick, dense, homogeneous till in their core that are overlain by a thin layer of stratified-beach deposits. The surficial materials over-lie a weathered zone of the metasedimentary Cambridge Argillite in the Boston Harbor area and were deposited by continental ice sheets that covered New England twice during the late Pleistocene Epoch, and by near-shore processes in the Holocene Epoch. The thickness of these materials range from less than 1 to about 300 feet where present.
The till was deposited by glacial ice and is characterized as an unsorted matrix of sand, silt, and clay with variable amounts of stones and large boulders. The stratified deposits primarily consist of sorted and layered sand and gravel that accumulated and formed the beaches and tombolos of the harbor islands. These deposits overlie the till at altitudes generally less than 10 feet above sea level.
A cross-sectional, ground-water-flow model was developed to estimate depth to the water table for a hypothetical drumlin-island flow system, which was assumed to be representative of the drumlin islands in Boston Harbor. Areas were identified in each island flow system with the greatest potential for small-capacity water-supply development based on the model-calculated depth to water and surficial geology of the islands. Model-calculated depth to water estimates were used because of the lack of available hydrologic data for the islands. Model results indicate that the simulated depth to water is less than 20 feet within 240 feet from the shore of the hypothetical drumlin-island flow system. This area on the topographic maps of the six Boston Harbor Islands roughly coincides with the high transmissivity zones of stratified-beach deposits and weathered till on the lower slopes of the drumlins where ground-water discharge and surface and subsurface runoff occurs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96117","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J., Stone, B.D., and Rendigs, R., 1996, Geohydrology and potential water-supply development on Bumkin, Gallops, Georges, Grape, Lovell, and Peddocks Islands, eastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-117, iii, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96117.","productDescription":"iii, 22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53024,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0117/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0117/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Bumkin Island, Gallops Island, Georges Island, Grape Island, Lovells Island, Peddocks Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": 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-70.91897964477539,\n 42.2684490759395\n ],\n [\n -70.91816425323485,\n 42.26894131407298\n ],\n [\n -70.91711282730103,\n 42.26875077073535\n ],\n [\n -70.91636180877686,\n 42.27054503100655\n ],\n [\n -70.91797113418579,\n 42.27202168477405\n ],\n [\n -70.91973066329956,\n 42.27157710448389\n ],\n [\n -70.92185497283936,\n 42.27052915282104\n ],\n [\n -70.92556715011597,\n 42.269798751964686\n ],\n [\n -70.92618942260742,\n 42.26883016386268\n ],\n [\n -70.92554569244385,\n 42.26762337753574\n ],\n [\n -70.92329263687134,\n 42.26728991934532\n ],\n [\n -70.92041730880737,\n 42.267512225001596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":102516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Byron D. 0000-0001-6092-0798 bdstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":1702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Byron","email":"bdstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rendigs, R.R.","contributorId":50506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rendigs","given":"R.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54316,"text":"wdrIL951 - 1996 - Water Resources Data, Illinois, Water Year 1995, Vol. 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:56","indexId":"wdrIL951","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IL-95-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Illinois, Water Year 1995, Vol. 1","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrIL951","usgsCitation":"LaTour, J., Maurer, J., and Wicker, T., 1996, Water Resources Data, Illinois, Water Year 1995, Vol. 1: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report IL-95-1, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrIL951.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb900","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaTour, J.K.","contributorId":30257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaTour","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maurer, J.C.","contributorId":70467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wicker, T.L.","contributorId":83994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicker","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54163,"text":"wdrCO961 - 1996 - Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1996--Volume 1. Missouri River Basin, Arkansas River Basin, and Rio Grande Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:07","indexId":"wdrCO961","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CO-96-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1996--Volume 1. Missouri River Basin, Arkansas River Basin, and Rio Grande Basin","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for Colorado for the 1996 water year consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of wells and springs. This report (Volumes 1 and 2) contains discharge records for 321 gaging stations, stage and contents of 26 lakes and reservoirs, 1 partial-record low-flow station, peak-flow information for 30 crest-stage partial-record stations; water quality for 135 gaging stations and for 11 lakes and reservoirs, supplemental water quality for 175 gaged sites; water quality for 34 miscellaneous sites and 14 observation wells; water levels for 2 observation wells, and meteorological data for 30 sites. Nine pertinent stations operated by bordering States also are included in this report. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of W.F. Horak, District Chief. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrCO961","usgsCitation":"Crowfoot, R., Paillet, A., Ritz, G., Smith, M., Steger, R., and O’Neill, G.B., 1996, Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1996--Volume 1. Missouri River Basin, Arkansas River Basin, and Rio Grande Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CO-96-1, 512 p.; 5 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCO961.","productDescription":"512 p.; 5 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5609,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdrCO961","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":181072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbe00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowfoot, R.M.","contributorId":6116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowfoot","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillet, A.V.","contributorId":89217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ritz, G.F.","contributorId":69581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritz","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, M.E.","contributorId":104525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Steger, R.D.","contributorId":78008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steger","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Neill, G. B.","contributorId":72450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":24383,"text":"ofr96139 - 1996 - Ground-Water Quality in the Caguas-Juncos Valley, Puerto Rico, April to October 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:07","indexId":"ofr96139","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-139","title":"Ground-Water Quality in the Caguas-Juncos Valley, Puerto Rico, April to October 1990","docAbstract":"Ground water from 48 wells and 1 spring in the Caguas-Juncos Valley was sampled and analyzed for major ions, nutrients, trace metals, and volatile synthetic organic chemicals from April to October 1990. This report presents the results of physical and chemical analyses made on these water samples.\r\n\r\nDissolved-solids concentrations exceeded 500 milligrams per liter in 28 percent of the samples. Concentrations of trace metals were below the maximum contaminant levels set by Federal and Commonwealth agencies. Volatile synthetic organic chemicals were detected in water from five wells, four of which were located in urban and industrial areas. Concentrations of benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene detected in samples from one observation well exceeded the maximum contaminant levels set be Federal and Commonwealth agencies.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr96139","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, J.M., and Puig, J., 1996, Ground-Water Quality in the Caguas-Juncos Valley, Puerto Rico, April to October 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-139, 21 p. **PUBLICATION PAGES ARE IN INCORRECT ORDER**, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96139.","productDescription":"21 p. **PUBLICATION PAGES ARE IN INCORRECT ORDER**","temporalStart":"1990-04-01","temporalEnd":"1990-10-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0139/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53480,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0139/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -66.25,18 ], [ -66.25,18.5 ], [ -65.75,18.5 ], [ -65.75,18 ], [ -66.25,18 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d4f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, Jose M. 0000-0002-4430-9929 jmrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4430-9929","contributorId":1318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Jose","email":"jmrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Puig, Juan C.","contributorId":88394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puig","given":"Juan C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44310,"text":"ofr96739 - 1996 - City of Flagstaff Project: Ground Water Resource Evaluation, Remote Sensing Component","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:05","indexId":"ofr96739","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-739","title":"City of Flagstaff Project: Ground Water Resource Evaluation, Remote Sensing Component","docAbstract":"Many regions, cities, and towns in the Western United States need new or expanded water resources because of both population growth and increased development. Any tools or data that can help in the evaluation of an area's potential water resources must be considered for this increasingly critical need. Remotely sensed satellite images and subsequent digital image processing have been under-utilized in ground water resource evaluation and exploration. Satellite images can be helpful in detecting and mapping an area's regional structural patterns, including major fracture and fault systems, two important geologic settings for an area's surface to ground water relations. Within the United States Geological Survey's (USGS) Flagstaff Field Center, expertise and capabilities in remote sensing and digital image processing have been developed over the past 25 years through various programs. For the City of Flagstaff project, this expertise and these capabilities were combined with traditional geologic field mapping to help evaluate ground water resources in the Flagstaff area. Various enhancement and manipulation procedures were applied to the digital satellite images; the results, in both digital and hardcopy format, were used for field mapping and analyzing the regional structure. \r\n\r\nRelative to surface sampling, remotely sensed satellite and airborne images have improved spatial coverage that can help study, map, and monitor the earth surface at local and/or regional scales. Advantages offered by remotely sensed satellite image data include: \r\n1. a synoptic/regional view compared to both aerial photographs and ground sampling, \r\n2. cost effectiveness, \r\n3. high spatial resolution and coverage compared to ground sampling, and \r\n4. relatively high temporal coverage on a long term basis.\r\n\r\nRemotely sensed images contain both spectral and spatial information. The spectral information provides various properties and characteristics about the surface cover at a given location or pixel (that is, vegetation and/or soil type). The spatial information gives the distribution, variation, and topographic relief of the cover types from pixel to pixel. Therefore, the main characteristics that determine a pixel's brightness/reflectance and, consequently, the digital number (DN) assigned to the pixel, are the physical properties of the surface and near surface, the cover type, and the topographic slope. In this application, the ability to detect and map lineaments, especially those related to fractures and faults, is critical. Therefore, the extraction of spatial information from the digital images was of prime interest in this project. The spatial information varies among the different spectral bands available; in particular, a near infrared spectral band is better than a visible band when extracting spatial information in highly vegetated areas. In this study, both visible and near infrared bands were analyzed and used to extract the desired spatial information from the images. \r\n\r\nThe wide swath coverage of remotely sensed satellite digital images makes them ideal for regional analysis and mapping. Since locating and mapping highly fractured and faulted areas is a major requirement for ground water resource evaluation and exploration this aspect of satellite images was considered critical; it allowed us to stand back (actually up about 440 miles), look at, and map the regional structural setting of the area. The main focus of the remote sensing and digital image processing component of this project was to use both remotely sensed digital satellite images and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to extract spatial information related to the structural and topographic patterns in the area. The data types used were digital satellite images collected by the United States' Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and French Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de laTerre (SPOT) imaging systems, along with a DEM of the Flagstaff region. The USGS Mini Image Processing Sy","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr96739","usgsCitation":"Chavez, P.S., Velasco, M.G., Bowell, J., Sides, S., Gonzalez, R.R., and Soltesz, D.L., 1996, City of Flagstaff Project: Ground Water Resource Evaluation, Remote Sensing Component: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-739, Images, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96739.","productDescription":"Images","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":273,"text":"Flagstaff Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672c1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chavez, Pat S. Jr.","contributorId":39870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"Pat","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Velasco, Miguel G. 0000-0003-2559-7934 mvelasco@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-7934","contributorId":2103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velasco","given":"Miguel","email":"mvelasco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":229531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowell, Jo-Ann","contributorId":103722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowell","given":"Jo-Ann","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sides, Stuart C. ssides@usgs.gov","contributorId":5055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sides","given":"Stuart C.","email":"ssides@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":229532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gonzalez, Rosendo R.","contributorId":64093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Rosendo","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Soltesz, Deborah L.","contributorId":59680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soltesz","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":4880,"text":"ds6 - 1996 - Stratigraphic nomenclature databases for the United States, its possessions and territories","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:50","indexId":"ds6","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6","title":"Stratigraphic nomenclature databases for the United States, its possessions and territories","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"The Survey ;USGS Distribution Branch],","doi":"10.3133/ds6","issn":"1088-1018","usgsCitation":"Mac Lachlan, M.E., Murdock, C.R., Hubert, M.L., Bryant, W., Judkins, T., Williams, O., Koozmin, E., Orndorff, R.C., Starratt, S., and Le Compte, J., 1996, Stratigraphic nomenclature databases for the United States, its possessions and territories (Release 3): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 6, 1 computer laser optical disc :col. ;4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds6.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc :col. ;4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Release 3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aebf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mac Lachlan, M. E. (compiler)","contributorId":97373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac Lachlan","given":"M.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murdock, Cynthia R.","contributorId":31754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdock","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hubert, Marilyn L.","contributorId":48168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bryant, W. A.","contributorId":56255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"W. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Judkins, T.W.","contributorId":54064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Judkins","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Williams, O.B.","contributorId":96282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"O.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Koozmin, E.D.","contributorId":14691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koozmin","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Orndorff, R. C.","contributorId":17613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orndorff","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Starratt, S. W.","contributorId":89145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starratt","given":"S. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Le Compte, J. R.","contributorId":41816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Le Compte","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":44309,"text":"ofr96151 - 1996 - The Modular Modeling System (MMS): User's Manual","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-20T08:18:45","indexId":"ofr96151","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-151","title":"The Modular Modeling System (MMS): User's Manual","docAbstract":"The Modular Modeling System (MMS) is an integrated system of computer software that has been developed to provide the research and operational framework needed to support development, testing, and evaluation of physical-process algorithms and to facilitate integration of user-selected sets of algorithms into operational physical-process models. MMS uses a module library that contains modules for simulating a variety of water, energy, and biogeochemical processes. A model is created by selectively coupling the most appropriate modules from the library to create a 'suitable' model for the desired application. Where existing modules do not provide appropriate process algorithms, new modules can be developed. The MMS user's manual provides installation instructions and a detailed discussion of system concepts, module development, and model development and application using the MMS graphical user interface.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr96151","usgsCitation":"Leavesley, G., Restrepo, P.J., Markstrom, S., Dixon, M., and Stannard, L., 1996, The Modular Modeling System (MMS): User's Manual (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-151, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96151.","productDescription":"142 p.","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0151/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":81647,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0151/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b757","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Restrepo, Pedro J.","contributorId":73263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Restrepo","given":"Pedro","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markstrom, S.L.","contributorId":76807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markstrom","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dixon, M.","contributorId":33369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stannard, L.G.","contributorId":16891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":23660,"text":"ofr96322 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas - Nutrients in streams draining an agricultural and an urban area, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-02T15:26:31.993775","indexId":"ofr96322","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-322","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas - Nutrients in streams draining an agricultural and an urban area, 1993-95","docAbstract":"Water samples collected from streams draining an agricultural area in the west-central part of the Trinity River Basin upstream from the Richland-Chambers Reservoir and from streams draining an urban area in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area during March 1993 - September 1995 were analyzed for nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus compounds). A comparison of the data for agricultural and urban streams shows the maximum concentration of total nitrogen is from an urban stream and the maximum concentration of total phosphorus is from an agricultural stream. One-half of the samples have total nitrogen concentrations equal to or less than 1.1 and 1.0 milligrams per liter in the agricultural and urban streams, respectively; and one-half of the samples have total phosphorous concentrations equal to or less than 0.04 and 0.05 milligram per liter in the agricultural and urban streams, respectively. The highest concentrations of total nitrogen in both types of streams are in the spring. The minimum concentrations of total nitrogen are during the summer in the agricultural streams and during the winter in the urban streams. Concentrations of total phosphorus in agricultural streams show negligible seasonal variability. The highest concentrations of total phosphorus are in spring and possibly late summer in the urban streams. In the midrange of streamflow in the urban streams and throughout the range of streamflow in the agricultural streams, concentrations of total nitrogen increase. Concentrations of total phosphorus increase with streamflow in the middle and upper ranges of streamflow in both agricultural and urban streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96322","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Land, L.F., and Shipp, A.A., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas - Nutrients in streams draining an agricultural and an urban area, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-322, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96322.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":52919,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0322/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":11557,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://tx.usgs.gov/projects/trin/pubs/pdf/ofr-96-322.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0322/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Trinity River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.54736328125,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -94.8779296875,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -94.8779296875,\n 33.55970664841198\n ],\n [\n -98.54736328125,\n 33.55970664841198\n ],\n [\n -98.54736328125,\n 31.353636941500987\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fcffc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, Larry F.","contributorId":60612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shipp, Allison A. 0000-0003-2927-8893 aashipp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2927-8893","contributorId":338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shipp","given":"Allison","email":"aashipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23657,"text":"ofr95754 - 1996 - Bridge-Scour Data Management System user's manual","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-13T14:33:28","indexId":"ofr95754","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-754","title":"Bridge-Scour Data Management System user's manual","docAbstract":"The Bridge-Scour Data Management System (BSDMS) supports preparation, compilation, and analysis of bridge-scour data. The BSDMS provides interactive storage, retrieval, selection, editing, and display of bridge-scour data sets. Bridge-scour data sets include more than 200 site and measurement attributes of the channel geometry, flow hydraulics, hydrology, sediment, geomorphic-setting, location, and bridge specifications.
\nThis user's manual provides a general overview of the structure and organization of BSDMS data sets and detailed instructions to operate the program. Attributes stored by the BSDMS are described along with an illustration of the input screen where the attribute can be entered or edited. Measured scour depths can be compared with scour depths predicted by selected published equations using the BSDMS. The selected published equations available in the computational portion of the BSDMS are described. This manual is written for BSDMS, version 2.0. The data base will facilitate: (1) developing improved estimators of scour for specific regions or conditions; (2) describing scour processes; and (3) reducing risk from scour at bridges.
\nBSDMS is available in DOS and UNIX versions. The program was written to be portable and, therefore, can be used on multiple computer platforms. Installation procedures depend on the computer platform, and specific installation instructions are distributed with the software. Sample data files and data sets of 384 pier-scour measurements from 56 bridges in 14 States are also distributed with the software.
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