{"pageNumber":"3820","pageRowStart":"95475","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185192,"records":[{"id":5401,"text":"fs15096 - 1996 - Technology transfer opportunities: patent licenses: portable seismic exploration probe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-10T10:07:08","indexId":"fs15096","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"150-96","title":"Technology transfer opportunities: patent licenses: portable seismic exploration probe","docAbstract":"A new seismic source generator has been\ninvented at the U. S. Geological Survey.\nUsing kinetic energy stored by a flywheel,\nthe truck-mounted source transfers this\nenergy, by impulses, into the ground.\nBoth longitudinal (P) and shear (S) waves\ncan be generated, the latter in 12 directions,\nwithout moving the vehicle.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs15096","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, Technology transfer opportunities: patent licenses: portable seismic exploration probe (Revised June 1996): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 150-96, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs15096.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":580,"text":"Technology Transfer Office","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286145,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0150-96/report.pdf"},{"id":286147,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0150-96/report-thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Revised June 1996","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db6859a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28588,"text":"wri924164 - 1996 - Geohydrology of tertiary rocks in the Green River structural basin in Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri924164","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4164","title":"Geohydrology of tertiary rocks in the Green River structural basin in Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924164","usgsCitation":"Martin, L.J., 1996, Geohydrology of tertiary rocks in the Green River structural basin in Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4164, v, 43 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924164.","productDescription":"v, 43 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4164/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57416,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4164/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8a28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Lawrence J.","contributorId":103327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":44309,"text":"ofr96151 - 1996 - The Modular Modeling System (MMS): User's Manual","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-20T08:18:45","indexId":"ofr96151","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-151","title":"The Modular Modeling System (MMS): User's Manual","docAbstract":"The Modular Modeling System (MMS) is an integrated system of computer software that has been developed to provide the research and operational framework needed to support development, testing, and evaluation of physical-process algorithms and to facilitate integration of user-selected sets of algorithms into operational physical-process models. MMS uses a module library that contains modules for simulating a variety of water, energy, and biogeochemical processes. A model is created by selectively coupling the most appropriate modules from the library to create a 'suitable' model for the desired application. Where existing modules do not provide appropriate process algorithms, new modules can be developed. The MMS user's manual provides installation instructions and a detailed discussion of system concepts, module development, and model development and application using the MMS graphical user interface.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr96151","usgsCitation":"Leavesley, G., Restrepo, P.J., Markstrom, S., Dixon, M., and Stannard, L., 1996, The Modular Modeling System (MMS): User's Manual (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-151, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96151.","productDescription":"142 p.","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0151/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":81647,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0151/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b757","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Restrepo, Pedro J.","contributorId":73263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Restrepo","given":"Pedro","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markstrom, S.L.","contributorId":76807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markstrom","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dixon, M.","contributorId":33369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stannard, L.G.","contributorId":16891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":44310,"text":"ofr96739 - 1996 - City of Flagstaff Project: Ground Water Resource Evaluation, Remote Sensing Component","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:05","indexId":"ofr96739","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-739","title":"City of Flagstaff Project: Ground Water Resource Evaluation, Remote Sensing Component","docAbstract":"Many regions, cities, and towns in the Western United States need new or expanded water resources because of both population growth and increased development. Any tools or data that can help in the evaluation of an area's potential water resources must be considered for this increasingly critical need. Remotely sensed satellite images and subsequent digital image processing have been under-utilized in ground water resource evaluation and exploration. Satellite images can be helpful in detecting and mapping an area's regional structural patterns, including major fracture and fault systems, two important geologic settings for an area's surface to ground water relations. Within the United States Geological Survey's (USGS) Flagstaff Field Center, expertise and capabilities in remote sensing and digital image processing have been developed over the past 25 years through various programs. For the City of Flagstaff project, this expertise and these capabilities were combined with traditional geologic field mapping to help evaluate ground water resources in the Flagstaff area. Various enhancement and manipulation procedures were applied to the digital satellite images; the results, in both digital and hardcopy format, were used for field mapping and analyzing the regional structure. \r\n\r\nRelative to surface sampling, remotely sensed satellite and airborne images have improved spatial coverage that can help study, map, and monitor the earth surface at local and/or regional scales. Advantages offered by remotely sensed satellite image data include: \r\n1. a synoptic/regional view compared to both aerial photographs and ground sampling, \r\n2. cost effectiveness, \r\n3. high spatial resolution and coverage compared to ground sampling, and \r\n4. relatively high temporal coverage on a long term basis.\r\n\r\nRemotely sensed images contain both spectral and spatial information. The spectral information provides various properties and characteristics about the surface cover at a given location or pixel (that is, vegetation and/or soil type). The spatial information gives the distribution, variation, and topographic relief of the cover types from pixel to pixel. Therefore, the main characteristics that determine a pixel's brightness/reflectance and, consequently, the digital number (DN) assigned to the pixel, are the physical properties of the surface and near surface, the cover type, and the topographic slope. In this application, the ability to detect and map lineaments, especially those related to fractures and faults, is critical. Therefore, the extraction of spatial information from the digital images was of prime interest in this project. The spatial information varies among the different spectral bands available; in particular, a near infrared spectral band is better than a visible band when extracting spatial information in highly vegetated areas. In this study, both visible and near infrared bands were analyzed and used to extract the desired spatial information from the images. \r\n\r\nThe wide swath coverage of remotely sensed satellite digital images makes them ideal for regional analysis and mapping. Since locating and mapping highly fractured and faulted areas is a major requirement for ground water resource evaluation and exploration this aspect of satellite images was considered critical; it allowed us to stand back (actually up about 440 miles), look at, and map the regional structural setting of the area. The main focus of the remote sensing and digital image processing component of this project was to use both remotely sensed digital satellite images and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to extract spatial information related to the structural and topographic patterns in the area. The data types used were digital satellite images collected by the United States' Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and French Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de laTerre (SPOT) imaging systems, along with a DEM of the Flagstaff region. The USGS Mini Image Processing Sy","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr96739","usgsCitation":"Chavez, P.S., Velasco, M.G., Bowell, J., Sides, S., Gonzalez, R.R., and Soltesz, D.L., 1996, City of Flagstaff Project: Ground Water Resource Evaluation, Remote Sensing Component: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-739, Images, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96739.","productDescription":"Images","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":273,"text":"Flagstaff Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672c1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chavez, Pat S. Jr.","contributorId":39870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"Pat","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Velasco, Miguel G. 0000-0003-2559-7934 mvelasco@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-7934","contributorId":2103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velasco","given":"Miguel","email":"mvelasco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":229531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowell, Jo-Ann","contributorId":103722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowell","given":"Jo-Ann","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sides, Stuart C. ssides@usgs.gov","contributorId":5055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sides","given":"Stuart C.","email":"ssides@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":229532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gonzalez, Rosendo R.","contributorId":64093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Rosendo","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Soltesz, Deborah L.","contributorId":59680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soltesz","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":28622,"text":"wri964088 - 1996 - Subsurface flow to Eagle Valley from Vicee, Ash, and Kings Canyons, Carson City, Nevada, estimated from Darcy's law and the chloride-balance method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri964088","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4088","title":"Subsurface flow to Eagle Valley from Vicee, Ash, and Kings Canyons, Carson City, Nevada, estimated from Darcy's law and the chloride-balance method","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964088","usgsCitation":"Maurer, D.K., Berger, D.L., and Prudic, D.E., 1996, Subsurface flow to Eagle Valley from Vicee, Ash, and Kings Canyons, Carson City, Nevada, estimated from Darcy's law and the chloride-balance method: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4088, v, 74 p. :ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964088.","productDescription":"v, 74 p. :ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4088/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57453,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4088/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699a94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berger, David L. dlberger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"David","email":"dlberger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":200130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":49771,"text":"ofr96156 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 2 (CRAFTH00590002) on Town Highway 59, crossing Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-12T11:57:06","indexId":"ofr96156","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-156","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 2 (CRAFTH00590002) on Town Highway 59, crossing Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nCRAFTH00590002 on town highway 59 crossing the Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I study provides \na qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, \navailable from VTAOT files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II \nanalyses and can be found in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the New England Upland physiographic province of north-central Vermont in \nthe town of Craftsbury. The 35.5-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested\nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site, the banks have no woody vegetation coverage except \nfor the upstream right bank, which has dense brush cover.\nIn the study area, the Black River is not incised, has a sinuous channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.0004 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 49 ft, and an average channel \ndepth of 5 ft. The predominant channel bed material is sand (D<sub>50</sub> is 0.371 mm or 0.00122\nft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on June 8, \n1995, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable.\nThe town highway 59 crossing of the Black Riveris a 32-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting \nof one 29-foot clear-span timber and steel beam type structure with a timber deck (Vermont \nAgency of Transportation, written commun., August 3, 1994). The bridge is supported by \nlog-crib abutments with no wingwalls. The channel is not skewed and the opening-skew-toroadway is 5 degrees. \nA scour hole 8 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed 50 ft downstream of the \nbridge during the Level I assessment. There is little to no protection at the site. Additional \ndetails describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and \nAppendices D and E.\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Scour depths were \ncalculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size \ndistribution. The scour analysis results are presented in tables 1 and 2 and a graph of the \nscour depths is presented in figure 8.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, New Hampshire","doi":"10.3133/ofr96156","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Ayotte, J., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 2 (CRAFTH00590002) on Town Highway 59, crossing Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-156, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96156.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96156.PNG"},{"id":279425,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0156/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Craftsbury","otherGeospatial":"Black River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.5,44.625 ], [ -77.5,44.75 ], [ -72.375,44.75 ], [ -72.375,44.625 ], [ -77.5,44.625 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a81ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":1802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph D.","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":49768,"text":"ofr96153 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 43 (BRIDTH00040043) on Town Highway 004, crossing Dailey Hollow Branch, Bridgewater, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-12T12:48:03","indexId":"ofr96153","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-153","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 43 (BRIDTH00040043) on Town Highway 004, crossing Dailey Hollow Branch, Bridgewater, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nBRIDTH00040043 on town highway 4 crossing Dailey Hollow Branch, Bridgewater, \nVermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including \na quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I study provides \na qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge \navailable from VTAOT files was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II \nanalyses and can be found in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the Green Mountain physiographic province of central Vermont. The 9.80-mi<sup>2</sup>\ndrainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, \nthe left and right banks are forested. Upstream of bridge 43, Town Highway 4 runs parallel \nto the left bank and DS of the bridge, parallel to the right bank.\nIn the study area, Dailey Hollow Branch has an incised channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.02 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 63 ft and an average channel \ndepth of 5 ft. The predominant channel bed materials are gravel and cobble (D<sub>50</sub> is 77.0 mm \nor 0.253 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on \nNovember 1, 1994, indicated that the reach was stable.\nThe town highway 4 crossing of Dailey Hollow Branch is a 38-ft-long, one-lane bridge \nconsisting of one 34-foot steel beam span with a timber deck (Vermont Agency of \nTransportation, written commun., August 25, 1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, \nconcrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 34 degrees to the \nopening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 30 degrees. \nThe footings of both abutments are exposed and the left abutment has experienced some \nundermining. Abutments are not protected by stone fill. However, upstream and \ndownstream wingwalls are protected by type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches). Additional \ndetails describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and \nAppendices D and E.\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Scour depths were \ncalculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size \ndistribution. The scour analysis results are presented in tables 1 and 2 and a graph of the \nscour depths is presented in figure 8.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96153","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 43 (BRIDTH00040043) on Town Highway 004, crossing Dailey Hollow Branch, Bridgewater, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-153, iv, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96153.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96153.PNG"},{"id":279428,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0153/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Bridgewater","otherGeospatial":"Dailey Hollow","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a613e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23248,"text":"ofr96491 - 1996 - Initiation and frequency of debris flows in Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-01T22:02:28.399609","indexId":"ofr96491","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-491","displayTitle":"Initiation and Frequency of Debris Flows in Grand Canyon, Arizona","title":"Initiation and frequency of debris flows in Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>Debris flows occur in 600 tributaries of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona when intense precipitation causes slope failures in bedrock or colluvium. These slurries transport poorly sorted sediment, including very large boulders that form rapids at the mouths of tributaries and control the longitudinal profile of the Colorado River. Although the amount of rainfall on the days of historic debris flows typically is not unusual, the storm rainfall on consecutive days before the debris flows typically had recurrence intervals greater than 10 yrs. Four types of failure mechanisms initiate debris flows: bedrock failure (12 percent), failure of colluvial wedges by rainfall (21 percent), failure of colluvial wedges by runoff (the \"firehose effect;\" 36 percent), and combinations of these failure mechanisms (30 percent). Failure points are directly or indirectly associated with terrestrial shales, particularly the Permian Hermit Shale, shale units within the Permian Esplanade Sandstone of the Supai Group, and the Cambrian Bright Angel Shale. Shales either directly fail, produce colluvial wedges downslope that contain clay, or form benches that store poorly sorted colluvium in wedge-shaped deposits. Terrestrial shales provide the fine particles and clay minerals?particularly kaolinite and illite?essential to long-distance debris-flow transport, whereas marine shales mostly contain smectites, which inhibit debris-flow initiation. Using repeat photography, we determined whether or not a debris flow occurred in the last century in 164 of 600 tributaries in Grand Canyon. We used logistic regression to model the binomial frequency data using 21 morphometric and lithologic variables. The location of shale units, particularly the Hermit Shale, within the tributary is the most consistent variable related to debris-flow frequency in Grand Canyon. Other statistically significant variables vary with large scale changes in canyon morphology. Standard morphometric measures such as drainage-basin area, channel gradient, and aspect of the river corridor are the most significant variables in the narrow and deep eastern section of Grand Canyon. Measures of the location of source lithologies are more important in western Grand Canyon, which has broader and low-gradient drainages. Measures of geologic structure, and other standard hydrologic variates, were not significant. Our results show that the probability of debris-flow occurrence is highest in eastern Grand Canyon. Throughout Grand Canyon, the probability of debris-flow occurrence is highest in reaches of the Colorado River that trend south-southwest. This direction is significant because most summer storms originate from a southerly direction, and the maximum slope of the regional structure is to the southwest. The binomial frequency of debris flows is not random in Grand Canyon, and tributaries of similar debris-flow frequency are clustered in distinct reaches.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96491","usgsCitation":"Griffiths, P.G., Webb, R., and Melis, T., 1996, Initiation and frequency of debris flows in Grand Canyon, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-491, ii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96491.","productDescription":"ii, 35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1398,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-491","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.01611328125,\n              35.68407153314097\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.192626953125,\n              35.68407153314097\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.192626953125,\n              36.958671131530316\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.01611328125,\n              36.958671131530316\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.01611328125,\n              35.68407153314097\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5cf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffiths, Peter G. 0000-0002-8663-8907 pggriffi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-8907","contributorId":187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Peter","email":"pggriffi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":189729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melis, Theodore S. 0000-0003-0473-3968 tmelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0473-3968","contributorId":1829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melis","given":"Theodore S.","email":"tmelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":54997,"text":"wdrTN951 - 1996 - Water resources data, Tennessee, water year 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-11T19:41:15.521964","indexId":"wdrTN951","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"TN-95-1","title":"Water resources data, Tennessee, water year 1995","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrTN951","usgsCitation":"Flohr, D., Hamilton, J., Lewis, J., and Thomas, L., 1996, Water resources data, Tennessee, water year 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report TN-95-1, xi, 445 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrTN951.","productDescription":"xi, 445 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380432,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1995/tn-95-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":185181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1995/tn-95-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":54911,"text":"wdrOK952 - 1996 - Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1995. Volume 2. Red River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-24T21:43:41.259429","indexId":"wdrOK952","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"OK-95-2","title":"Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1995. Volume 2. Red River Basin","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrOK952","usgsCitation":"Blazs, R., Walters, D., Coffey, T., White, D., Boyle, D., and Kerestes, J., 1996, Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1995. Volume 2. 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,{"id":44859,"text":"wri954242 - 1996 - Depth to the water table in Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T12:46:06","indexId":"wri954242","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4242","title":"Depth to the water table in Mississippi","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954242","usgsCitation":"O'Hara, C., and Reed, T., 1996, Depth to the water table in Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4242, 1 Plate: 35.57 x 47.91 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954242.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 35.57 x 47.91 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R.","contributorId":39865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herbert","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Allen, D.V.","contributorId":6129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Canny, D.D.","contributorId":52267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Canny","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":44863,"text":"wri954287 - 1996 - Description, instructions, and verification for Basinsoft, a computer program to quantify drainage- basin characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T13:47:36","indexId":"wri954287","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4287","title":"Description, instructions, and verification for Basinsoft, a computer program to quantify drainage- basin characteristics","docAbstract":"<p>Basinsoft is a computer program developed to utilize digital cartographic data to quantify 27 selected morphometric characteristics and optional area-weighted characteristics for a drainage basin. The programs comprising Basinsoft were written in Arc Macro Language (AML), a post-processing language written to run in ARC/INFO, a proprietary geographic information system (GIS). Basinsoft requires the generation of four source-data layers, three coverages and one lattice, representing the drainage-divide, hydrography, hypsography, and a lattice elevation model of a drainage basin, and the attribution of the three source-data layer coverages. Preprocessing of these data layers is facilitated by specialized utility AML programs. Compared to manual methods of measurement, Basinsoft significantly decreases the amount of time and effort required to quantify selected characteristics for drainage basins, particularly when a large number of drainage basins need to be processed. The automaticity of Basinsoft and its utility programs facilitate implementation of Basinsoft without requiring extensive GIS experience. Basinsoft was developed entirely using AML to ensure portability between platforms running ARC/INFO version 7.0 or later.</p>\n<p>Statistical comparison tests indicate Basinsoft quantifications are not significantly different from manual topographic-map measurements for 9 of 10 basin characteristics tested. The results also indicate that elevation contours generated by ARC/INFO from l:250,000-scale digital elevation model (DEM) data are over-generalized when compared to elevation contours shown on l:250,000-scale topographic maps, and that quantification of basin-slope thus is underestimated using DEM data. A qualitative comparison test indicated that the Basinsoft module used to quantify basin slope is valid and that differences in the quantification of basin slope are due to sourcedata differences.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri954287","usgsCitation":"Harvey, C.A., and Eash, D.A., 1996, Description, instructions, and verification for Basinsoft, a computer program to quantify drainage- basin characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4287, vi, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954287.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":99333,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4287/report.pdf","size":"2690","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4287/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db66928b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Craig A.","contributorId":103325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eash, David A. 0000-0002-2749-8959 daeash@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2749-8959","contributorId":1887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"David","email":"daeash@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":58003,"text":"wri964204 - 1996 - Analysis of suspended-sediment concentrations and discharges at four long-term sediment stations in central and southern Illinois, 1975–92 water years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-01T14:52:13.749254","indexId":"wri964204","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4204","displayTitle":"Analysis of Suspended-Sediment Concentrations and Discharges at Four Long-Term Sediment Stations in Central and Southern Illinois, 1975–92 Water Years","title":"Analysis of suspended-sediment concentrations and discharges at four long-term sediment stations in central and southern Illinois, 1975–92 water years","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District, have jointly operated four sediment stations in central and southern Illinois since May 1975—Illinois River at Valley City, Kaskaskia River at Cooks Mills, Kaskaskia River near Venedy Station, and Big Muddy River at Murphysboro. A comprehensive analysis of the historical data from these sediment stations was done to determine changes in the concentrations or amounts of suspended sediment transported in the streams. </p><p>Generally, the highest suspended-sediment concentrations were found in the Illinois River at Valley City (the station with the largest drainage area), and the lowest concentrations were in the Kaskaskia River at Cooks Mills (the station with the smallest drainage area). Suspended-sediment concentrations were typically high in the spring and summer (March through August) and low in the fall or winter (September through February). The seasonal Kendall test for trends indicated a statistically significant downward trend in suspended-sediment concentrations at three of the sediment stations, including a downward trend of 5.50 milligrams per liter per year in the Illinois River at Valley City. </p><p>Median suspended-sediment discharges at the four sediment stations ranged from 47.1 to 3,260 tons per day and corresponded to the size of the drainage areas. The largest median suspended sediment yield, 0.12 tons per square mile per day, was in the Illinois River at Valley City. Suspended-sediment discharges during the spring were larger than during other seasons. The seasonal Kendall test for trends indicated a statistically significant downward trend in suspended sediment discharges at two of the sediment stations (Kaskaskia River at Cooks Mills and Big Muddy River at Murphysboro).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964204","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Terrio, P.J., 1996, Analysis of suspended-sediment concentrations and discharges at four long-term sediment stations in central and southern Illinois, 1975–92 water years: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4204, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964204.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":183835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4204/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":5952,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4204/wrir96_4204.pdf","text":"Report","size":"925 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 96–4204"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.47216796875,\n              40.07807142745009\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.703125,\n              39.16414104768742\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.19775390625,\n              38.84826438869913\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.1318359375,\n              38.75408327579141\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.340576171875,\n              38.25543637637947\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.36279296875,\n              37.49229399862877\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.802490234375,\n              37.19533058280065\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.253173828125,\n              37.50972584293751\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.989501953125,\n              38.229550455326134\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.56103515625,\n              38.659777730712534\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.62695312499999,\n              39.26628442213066\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.56103515625,\n              39.9434364619742\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.47216796875,\n              40.07807142745009\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director,&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/cm-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/cm-water\">Central Midwest Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>405 North Goodwin<br>Urbana, IL 61801</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Data-Base Compilation</li><li>Results of Data Analysis</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680009","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Terrio, Paul J. 0000-0002-1515-9570 pjterrio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1515-9570","contributorId":3313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrio","given":"Paul","email":"pjterrio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6797,"text":"fs18996 - 1996 - Lake levels, streamflow, and surface-water quality in the Devils Lake area, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T16:48:23","indexId":"fs18996","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"189-96","title":"Lake levels, streamflow, and surface-water quality in the Devils Lake area, North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>The Devils Lake Basin is a 3,810-square-mile (mi<sup>2</sup>) closed basin&nbsp;(fig. 1) in the Red River of the North Basin. About 3,320 mi<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of the total 3,810 mi<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>is tributary to Devils Lake; the remainder is tributary to Stump Lake.</p><p>Since glaciation, the lake level of Devils Lake has fluctuated from about 1,457 feet (ft) above sea level (asl), the natural spill elevation of the lake to the Sheyenne River, to 1,400 ft asl (Aronow, 1957). Although no documented records of lake levels are available before 1867, Upham (1895, p. 595), on the basis of tree-ring chronology, indicated that the lake level was 1,441 ft asl in 1830. Lake levels were recorded sporadically from 1867 to 1901 when the U.S. Geological Survey established a gaging station on Devils Lake. From 1867 to the present (1996), the lake level has fluctuated between a maximum of 1,438.4 ft asl in 1867 and a minimum of 1,400.9 ft asl in 1940<a href=\"https://nd.water.usgs.gov/pubs/fs/fs18996/#FIG2\" data-mce-href=\"https://nd.water.usgs.gov/pubs/fs/fs18996/#FIG2\"><span>&nbsp;</span>(fig. 2)</a>. On July 31, 1996, the lake level was 1,437.8 ft asl, about 15.2 ft higher than the level recorded in February 1993 and the highest level in about 120 years.</p><p>Since 1993, the lake level of Devils Lake (fig. 2) has risen rapidly in response to above-normal precipitation from the summer of 1993 to the present, and 30,000 acres of land around the lake have been flooded. The above-normal precipitation also has caused flooding elsewhere in the Devils Lake Basin. State highways near Devils Lake are being raised, and some local roads have been closed because of flooding.</p><p>In response to the flooding, the Devils Lake Basin Interagency Task Force, comprised of many State and Federal agencies, was formed in 1995 to find and propose intermediate (5 years or less) solutions to reduce the effects of high lake levels. In addition to various planning studies being conducted by Federal agencies, the North Dakota State Water Commission has implemented a project to store water on small tracts of land and in the chain of lakes (Sweetwater Lake, Morrison Lake, Dry Lake, Mikes Lake, Chain Lake, Lake Alice, and Lake Irvine). Most of the planning studies include options to store water in the Devils Lake Basin and to provide an outlet to the Sheyenne River via Devils Lake or the Stump Lakes. If an outlet is constructed, water-quantity and -quality issues will be considered in designing the operating plan. Therefore, current and accurate hydrologic information is needed to assess the viability of the various options to lower the level of Devils Lake.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs18996","usgsCitation":"Wiche, G.J., 1996, Lake levels, streamflow, and surface-water quality in the Devils Lake area, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 189-96, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs18996.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_189_96.bmp"},{"id":812,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nd.water.usgs.gov/pubs/fs/fs18996/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b430f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiche, Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":49854,"text":"ofr96644 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 31 (HARDTH00050031) on Town Highway 5, crossing the Lamoille River, Hardwick, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-20T14:42:57","indexId":"ofr96644","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-644","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 31 (HARDTH00050031) on Town Highway 5, crossing the Lamoille River, Hardwick, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96644","usgsCitation":"Olson, S., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 31 (HARDTH00050031) on Town Highway 5, crossing the Lamoille River, Hardwick, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-644, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96644.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279271,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0644/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7eb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, S.A.","contributorId":58681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5135,"text":"fs15496 - 1996 - Technology transfer opportunities : partnerships : a computer program for calculating mineral size distributions from X-ray diffraction data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:47","indexId":"fs15496","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"154-96","title":"Technology transfer opportunities : partnerships : a computer program for calculating mineral size distributions from X-ray diffraction data","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs15496","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, Technology transfer opportunities : partnerships : a computer program for calculating mineral size distributions from X-ray diffraction data (Rev.June 1996): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 154-96, [2] sheets ;  28 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/fs15496.","productDescription":"[2] sheets ;  28 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_154_96.jpg"},{"id":546,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.usgs.gov/tech-transfer/factsheets/5-mineral.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Rev.June 1996","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa183","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":49839,"text":"ofr96582 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (CONCTH00030032) on Town Highway 3, crossing the Moose River, Concord, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-05T16:07:22","indexId":"ofr96582","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-582","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (CONCTH00030032) on Town Highway 3, crossing the Moose River, Concord, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nCONCTH00030032 on Town Highway 3 crossing the Moose River, Concord, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.\nApproximately 85 percent of the drainage above the site is in the White Mountain section \nand 15 percent is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic \nprovince in northeastern Vermont. The 98.7-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural \nand forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is primarily grass with \nseveral houses and other buildings while the immediate channel banks have dense woody \nvegetation.\nIn the study area, the Moose River has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 83 ft and an average channel \ndepth of 3 ft. The predominant channel bed material is cobble with a median grain size \n(D<sub>50</sub>) of 86.2 mm (0.283 ft). There are bedrock exposures downstream of the bridge. The \ngeomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on August 17, 1995, \nindicated that the reach was stable.\nThe Town Highway 3 crossing of the Moose River is a 96-ft-long, two-lane bridge \nconsisting of two steel-beam spans (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommunication, March 24, 1995). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments \nwith wingwalls and a concrete pier. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the \nopening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 0 degrees. \nThe right upstream end of the pier is undermined by 1.3 feet. The footing of the right \nabutment is exposed by as much as 4.0 feet vertically. The footing of the downstream right \nwingwall is exposed 3.5 feet and the end of the wingwall has broken and fallen into the \nriver. Type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) has been placed at the end of the \nexisting wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the \nLevel II Summary and Appendices \nD and E.\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). Total scour at a \nhighway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; \n2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) \nand; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is \nthe sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction \nand local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 0.7 ft. Abutment scour ranged \nfrom 9.9 to 16.4 ft. Pier scour ranged from 14.4 to 16.2 ft. The worst-case contraction, \nabutment, and pier scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on \nscour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. \nScoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables \n1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour \ndepths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous \nparticle-size distribution. \nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96582","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (CONCTH00030032) on Town Highway 3, crossing the Moose River, Concord, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-582, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96582.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96582.PNG"},{"id":279287,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0582/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Concord","otherGeospatial":"Moose River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.933288,44.35054 ], [ -71.933288,44.505065 ], [ -71.738643,44.505065 ], [ -71.738643,44.35054 ], [ -71.933288,44.35054 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648627","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":49770,"text":"ofr96155 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 26 (CRAFTH00250026) on Town Highway 25, crossing Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-12T12:37:54","indexId":"ofr96155","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-155","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 26 (CRAFTH00250026) on Town Highway 25, crossing Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nCRAFTH00250026 on town highway 25 crossing the Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I study provides \na qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, \navailable from VTAOT files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II \nanalyses and can be found in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the New England Upland physiographic province of north-central Vermont in \nthe town of Craftsbury. The 37.8-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested\nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site, the flood plains are pasture and the banks have no \nwoody vegetation coverage.\nIn the study area, the Black River is not incised, has a sinuous channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.0004 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 32 ft, and an average channel \ndepth of 4 ft. The predominant channel bed material is sand (D<sub>50</sub> is 0.802 mm or 0.00263 \nft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on October \n6, 1994, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable.\nThe town highway 25 crossing of the Black Riveris a 42-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting \nof one 40-foot clear-span steel stringer type structure with a timber deck (Vermont Agency \nof Transportation, written commun., August 4, 1994). The bridge is supported by concrete capped, granite-block abutments with wingwalls (except for the downstream side of the left \nabutment). The channel is skewed to the opening by approximately 20 degrees and there is \nno opening-skew-to-roadway. \nA scour hole 5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed centered at 50 ft \nupstream of the bridge during the Level I assessment. There is sparse type-2 stone fill along \nthe right abutment and right wingwalls. Additional details describing conditions at the site \nare included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Scour depths were \ncalculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size \ndistribution. The scour analysis results are presented in tables 1 and 2 and a graph of the \nscour depths is presented in figure 8.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Ayotte, J., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 26 (CRAFTH00250026) on Town Highway 25, crossing Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-155, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96155.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96155.PNG"},{"id":279426,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0155/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Craftsbury","otherGeospatial":"Black River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.5,44.625 ], [ -77.5,44.75 ], [ -72.375,44.75 ], [ -72.375,44.625 ], [ -77.5,44.625 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8006","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":1802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph D.","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29381,"text":"wri944245 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: Environmental setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-12T20:36:15.133638","indexId":"wri944245","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4245","title":"Water-quality assessment of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: Environmental setting","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944245","usgsCitation":"Risser, D.W., and Siwiec, S.F., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: Environmental setting: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4245, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944245.","productDescription":"70 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406557,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48112.htm"},{"id":58226,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4245/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4245/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"lower Susquehanna River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.8814,\n              39.5578\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.8167,\n              39.5578\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.8167,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.8814,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.8814,\n              39.5578\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risser, Dennis W. 0000-0001-9597-5406 dwrisser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9597-5406","contributorId":898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"Dennis","email":"dwrisser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Siwiec, Steven F.","contributorId":9293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siwiec","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":49815,"text":"ofr96387 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 36 (BRIDTH00050036) on Town Highway 5, crossing Bridgewater Hollow Brook, Bridgewater, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-10T14:46:43","indexId":"ofr96387","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-387","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 36 (BRIDTH00050036) on Town Highway 5, crossing Bridgewater Hollow Brook, Bridgewater, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nBRIDTH00050036 on town highway 5 crossing Bridgewater Hollow Brook, Bridgewater, \nVermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including \na quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province of \ncentral Vermont. The 3.60-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is in a predominantly forested basin. In the \nvicinity of the study site, the banks have dense woody vegetation coverage.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In the study area, Bridgewater Hollow Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope \nof approximately 0.028 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 24 ft and an average channel \ndepth of 4 ft. The predominant channel bed material is cobble (D<sub>50</sub> is 196 mm or 0.644 ft). \nThe geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on November 2, \n1994, indicated that the reach was stable.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The town highway 5 crossing of Bridgewater Hollow Brook is a 30-ft-long, one-lane bridge \nconsisting of one 27-foot steel-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommunication, August 25, 1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments \nwith wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 30 degrees to the opening and the \nopening-skew-to-roadway is also 30 degrees. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>The scour protection measures at this site were sparse type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches \ndiameter) along both abutments, upstream wingwalls, and the downstream left wingwall \nand type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the downstream right wingwall.\nAdditional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary \nand Appendices D and E.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Scour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). Total scour at a \nhighway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; \n2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) \nand; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is \nthe sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction \nand local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>There was no contraction scour for all modelled flows. Abutment scour ranged from 4.9 to \n7.0 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented \nin tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure \n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96387","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., and Boehmler, E.M., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 36 (BRIDTH00050036) on Town Highway 5, crossing Bridgewater Hollow Brook, Bridgewater, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-387, iv, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96387.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96387.GIF"},{"id":279353,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0387/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Bridgewater","otherGeospatial":"Bridgewater Hollow Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,43.625 ], [ -72.75,43.75 ], [ -72.625,43.75 ], [ -72.625,43.625 ], [ -72.75,43.625 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6446","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":55027,"text":"wdrTX954 - 1996 - Water resources data Texas, water year 1995, volume 4. Ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-22T19:02:36.859111","indexId":"wdrTX954","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"TX-95-4","title":"Water resources data Texas, water year 1995, volume 4. Ground water","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrTX954","usgsCitation":"Gandara, S., and Jones, R.E., 1996, Water resources data Texas, water year 1995, volume 4. 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C.","contributorId":81116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gandara","given":"S. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, R. E.","contributorId":92997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":49825,"text":"ofr96408 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 1 (BLOOTH00020001) on Town Highway 2, crossing Mill Brook, Bloomfield, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-10T14:17:04","indexId":"ofr96408","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-408","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 1 (BLOOTH00020001) on Town Highway 2, crossing Mill Brook, Bloomfield, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nBLOOTH00020001 on town highway 2 crossing Mill Brook, Bloomfield, Vermont (figures \n1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative \nanalysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). Results of \na Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I \ninvestigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. \nInformation on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) \nfiles, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in \nAppendix D.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The site is in the White Mountain section of the New England Upland physiographic \nprovince of north-east Vermont in the town of Bloomfield. The 4.85-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is in \na predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the banks have \ndense woody vegetation coverage.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In the study area, Mill Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately \n0.03 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 28 ft and an average channel depth of 4 ft. The \npredominant channel bed materials are gravel and cobbles (D<sub>50</sub> is 57.3 mm or 0.188 ft). The \ngeomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on July 6, 1995,\nindicated that the reach was stable.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The town highway 2 crossing of Mill Brook is a 26-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of \none 24-foot concrete span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written commun., August 4, \n1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel \nis skewed approximately 30 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is \n10 degrees. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>No scour was observed along the channel or at the bridge during the Level I assessment. \nType-2 stone fill (less than 24 inches diameter) was noted as present along all wingwalls.\nAdditional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary \nand Appendices D and E.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Scour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). Total scour at a \nhighway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term aggradation or \ndegradation; 2) contraction scour (due to reduction in flow area caused by a bridge) and; 3) \nlocal scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum \nof the three components. Equations are available to compute scour depths for contraction \nand local scour and a summary of the results follows.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0 to 1.0 feet and the worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the incipient overtopping discharge. Abutment scour ranged \nfrom 7.3 to 10.1 feet and the worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. \nAdditional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section \ntitled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, \nare presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is \npresented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive \nmaterial and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96408","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Ayotte, J., and Medalie, L., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 1 (BLOOTH00020001) on Town Highway 2, crossing Mill Brook, Bloomfield, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-408, iv, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96408.","productDescription":"iv, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"58","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96408.PNG"},{"id":279340,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0408/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Bloomfield","otherGeospatial":"Mill Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.625,44.75 ], [ -71.625,44.875 ], [ -71.5,44.875 ], [ -71.5,44.75 ], [ -71.625,44.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8495","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":1802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph D.","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":49821,"text":"ofr96404 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (BARTTH00020008) on Town Highway 2, crossing Roaring Brook, Barton, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-10T14:25:48","indexId":"ofr96404","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-404","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (BARTTH00020008) on Town Highway 2, crossing Roaring Brook, Barton, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nBARTTH00020008 on town highway 2 crossing Roaring Brook, Barton, Vermont (figures \n1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative \nanalysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). Results of \na Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I \ninvestigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. \nInformation on the bridge, gleaned from VTAOT files, was compiled prior to conducting \nLevel I and Level II analyses and can be found in Appendix D.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province \nof North-central Vermont in the town of Barton. The 9.89-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is in a \npredominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the banks have \nwoody vegetation coverage except for the downstream left bank, which has a few trees and \ngrass and brush coverage.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In the study area, Roaring Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.019 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 35 ft and an average channel \ndepth of 3 ft. The predominant channel bed material is gravel/cobble (D<sub>50</sub> is 49.1 mm or \n0.161 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on \nOctober 18, 1994 indicated that the reach was laterally unstable. A cut-bank on the \ndownstream right bank and overall channel configuration in the valley are indications of the \nlateral instability at this site.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The town highway 2 crossing of Roaring Brook is a 30-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting \nof one 26-foot span concrete T-beam type superstructure (Vermont Agency of \nTransportation, written communication, August 4, 1994). The bridge is supported by \nvertical, concrete abutments. The channel is skewed approximately 15 degrees to the \nopening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>A scour hole 2.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed near mid-channel \ndownstream of the bridge during the Level I assessment. The only scour protection measure \nat the site was type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) on the left upstream and \ndownstream roadway embankments. Additional details describing conditions at the site are \nincluded in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Scour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995).\nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \naggradation or degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to reduction in flow area caused by a \nbridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total \nscour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute scour depths \nfor contraction and local scour and a summary of the results follows.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 1.4 to 2.8 feet and the worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 8.5 to \n16.5 feet and the worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented \nin tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure \n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96404","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E.M., and Ivanoff, M.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (BARTTH00020008) on Town Highway 2, crossing Roaring Brook, Barton, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-404, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96404.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96404.PNG"},{"id":279345,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0404/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Barton","otherGeospatial":"Roaring Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a563d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}