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This is the second Annual Report of the Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP). It describes concentrations of pollutants in water, sediment, and tissue samples of oysters, mussels, and clams at 15 to 24 sampling locations for three discrete sampling events - during the wet season in February, in April during a period of declining Delta outflows, and during the dry season in August. The sampling stations are located throughout the Estuary and at the major tributaries including the mouths of the Guadalupe River and Coyote Creek in the extreme southern portions of the Estuary to the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers (Figure 1). In 1994, water samples were also taken at two upstream locations at Rio Vista (Sacramento River) and Manteca (San Joaquin River) to determine river contaminant concentrations during a six-week period in spring.

","language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco Estuary Institute","publisherLocation":"San Francsisco, CA","usgsCitation":"Thompson, B.C., Davis, J., Johnston, M., Johnston, E., Lacy, J.R., Taylor, K.A., Hunt, J.W., and Anderson, B., 1995, 1994 Annual report: San Francisco Estuary regional monitoring program for trace substances, 352 p.","productDescription":"352 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"352","numberOfPages":"352","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1994-01-01","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325485,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325484,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.sfei.org/sites/default/files/biblio_files/1994_RMP_Annual_Report.pdf","text":"1994 Annual Report: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances","size":"3.66 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"1994 Annual Report: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.1182861328125,\n 38.28346905497185\n ],\n [\n -121.4154052734375,\n 38.37396220263095\n ],\n [\n -121.19018554687499,\n 37.62510898062146\n ],\n [\n -122.57720947265624,\n 37.21283151445594\n ],\n [\n -123.1182861328125,\n 38.28346905497185\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5790a174e4b030378fb47411","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Bruce Carlyle","contributorId":106967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"Carlyle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, Jay","contributorId":150405,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Jay","affiliations":[{"id":12703,"text":"San Francisco Estuary Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, Margaret","contributorId":173042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnston","given":"Margaret","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnston, E.","contributorId":8768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lacy, Jessica R. 0000-0002-2797-6172 jlacy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2797-6172","contributorId":3158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacy","given":"Jessica","email":"jlacy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taylor, Kimberly A. 0000-0002-0095-6403 ktaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0095-6403","contributorId":1601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Kimberly","email":"ktaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hunt, John W.","contributorId":50445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Anderson, Brian","contributorId":55573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70187792,"text":"70187792 - 1995 - Three-dimensional inverse modelling using heads and concentrations at a Danish landfill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-19T12:09:26","indexId":"70187792","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Three-dimensional inverse modelling using heads and concentrations at a Danish landfill","docAbstract":"

A three-dimensional inverse model using hydraulic heads and concentrations of non-reactive solutes is presented. Application to the Danish Grindsted Old Landfill is used to investigate how the concentration data affects estimates of horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity and longitudinal dispersivity as well as prediction uncertainty

","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Models for Assessing and Monitoring Groundwater Quality ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"language":"English","publisher":"IAHS Publications","usgsCitation":"Christiansen Barlebo, H., Hill, M.C., Rosbjerg, D., and Jensen, K., 1995, Three-dimensional inverse modelling using heads and concentrations at a Danish landfill, in Models for Assessing and Monitoring Groundwater Quality , v. 227, p. 167-167.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"167","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"175","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341507,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Denmark","city":"Grindsted","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 8.8494873046875,\n 55.89148608452775\n ],\n [\n 8.77532958984375,\n 55.845253201954556\n ],\n [\n 8.751983642578125,\n 55.79896526634484\n ],\n [\n 8.757476806640625,\n 55.752622242389236\n ],\n [\n 8.76708984375,\n 55.700033508434565\n ],\n [\n 8.773956298828125,\n 55.666742302380314\n ],\n [\n 8.8165283203125,\n 55.63884879609704\n ],\n [\n 8.865966796875,\n 55.630321816296\n ],\n [\n 8.94561767578125,\n 55.61869112567042\n ],\n [\n 8.999176025390625,\n 55.621017539900606\n ],\n [\n 9.051361083984375,\n 55.64194905593519\n ],\n [\n 9.07745361328125,\n 55.66906586432122\n ],\n [\n 9.11865234375,\n 55.70545032520288\n ],\n [\n 9.11865234375,\n 55.7487578359952\n ],\n [\n 9.124145507812498,\n 55.77502825125135\n ],\n [\n 9.12139892578125,\n 55.796649423788345\n ],\n [\n 9.0911865234375,\n 55.819801652442436\n ],\n [\n 9.04998779296875,\n 55.845253201954556\n ],\n [\n 9.01702880859375,\n 55.86991758812152\n ],\n [\n 9.004669189453125,\n 55.8845546603819\n ],\n [\n 8.9923095703125,\n 55.893796284148955\n ],\n [\n 8.94012451171875,\n 55.903035707281575\n ],\n [\n 8.8494873046875,\n 55.89148608452775\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"227","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5920044de4b0ac16dbdeb795","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christiansen Barlebo, Heidi","contributorId":191997,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christiansen Barlebo","given":"Heidi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosbjerg, Dan","contributorId":191998,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosbjerg","given":"Dan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jensen, Karsten H.","contributorId":187778,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jensen","given":"Karsten H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70174905,"text":"70174905 - 1995 - Modeling and predicting intertidal variations of the salinity field in the Bay/Delta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-10T18:39:32.706584","indexId":"70174905","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-06T07:30:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling and predicting intertidal variations of the salinity field in the Bay/Delta","docAbstract":"

San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta have challenged estuarine modelers for some years.  Accurate, broad-scale models of this estuary have been in demand by those concerned with its ecological health and the development of sound management policies.  A description and better understanding of the dynamics that govern the bay/delta are complicated by the system's complexity, requiring models that are sophisticated enough to capture the subtle physical processes involved.

\n

One approach to simulating daily to monthly variability in the bay is the development of intertidal model using tidally-averaged equations and a time step on the order of the day.  An intertidal numerical model of the bay's physics, capable of portraying seasonal and inter-annual variability, would have several uses.  Observations are limited in time and space, so simulation could help fill the gaps.  Also, the ability to simulate multi-year episodes (eg, an extended drought) could provide insight into the response of the ecosystem to such events.  Finally, such a model could be used in a forecast mode wherein predicted delta flow is used as model input, and predicted salinity distribution is output with estimates days and months in advance.  This note briefly introduces such a tidally-averaged model (Uncles and Peterson, in press) and a corresponding predictive scheme for baywide forecasting.

","language":"English","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","collaboration":"","usgsCitation":"Knowles, N., and Uncles, R.J., 1995, Modeling and predicting intertidal variations of the salinity field in the Bay/Delta: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, p. 8-10.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325490,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.1182861328125,\n 38.28346905497185\n ],\n [\n -121.4154052734375,\n 38.37396220263095\n ],\n [\n -121.19018554687499,\n 37.62510898062146\n ],\n [\n -122.57720947265624,\n 37.21283151445594\n ],\n [\n -123.1182861328125,\n 38.28346905497185\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5790a187e4b030378fb4744a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, Noah 0000-0001-5652-1049 nknowles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-1049","contributorId":1380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Noah","email":"nknowles@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Uncles, Reginald J.","contributorId":94919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uncles","given":"Reginald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175251,"text":"70175251 - 1995 - Pathway models could aid management of contaminants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-01T14:46:35.736058","indexId":"70175251","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-08T01:30:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pathway models could aid management of contaminants","docAbstract":"

Heavy metal and trace organic contaminants are often cited as factors that could affect the riclmess of the biological community of San Francisco Bay as well as the health of resident organisms. Silver (Ag), selenium (Se), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd) are among the trace elements of current regulatory interest. All these elements can be toxic to estuarine organisms in minute quantities. However, understanding their toxicity in nature has proven a difficult challenge. In general, it is difficult to prove how pollutants are affecting ecosystems. The undisturbed \"baseline\" condition in San Francisco Bay is not always well enough understood to identify whether certain processes are affected or unaffected by contamination. Sources of disturbance (flow diversions, drought, invasion of exotic species, etc.) occur in addition to chemical contamination. Responses to contamination in individual organisms, populations, and commumties are seldom pollutant-specific, and the complex responses to moderate levels of contamination are not well known.

","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S.N., 1995, Pathway models could aid management of contaminants: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, p. 6-8.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"8","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326025,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.76672363281249,\n 37.413800350662896\n ],\n [\n -121.86584472656251,\n 37.413800350662896\n ],\n [\n -121.86584472656251,\n 38.1777509666256\n ],\n [\n -122.76672363281249,\n 38.1777509666256\n ],\n [\n -122.76672363281249,\n 37.413800350662896\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a315cce4b006cb45558b3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":120222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70157436,"text":"70157436 - 1995 - Long-term simulation of PCB export from the Fox River to Green Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-23T10:14:30","indexId":"70157436","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-01T04:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term simulation of PCB export from the Fox River to Green Bay","docAbstract":"

A mass balance approach was used to model long-term PCB transport in the Fox River (Wisconsin) from Lake Winnebago to Green Bay. The objectives of this research were to (1) extend the modeling approach for the Fox River to permit realistic long-term simulations of contaminant transport and fate, (2) forecast long-term PCB export from the Fox River to Green Bay, and (3) develop a rational approach for evaluating sediment remediation alternatives. Field data collected as part of the Green Bay Mass Balance Study during 1988-90 and additional data collected by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the U.S. Geological Survey during 1992-93 were used to develop the model. A 10-year hindcast was conducted to confirm long-term model predictions. A series of 25-year forecasts were then conducted to explore the potential effects of hydrograph structure, extremely high flows, and sediment remediation on long-term PCB export from the Fox River to Green Bay. PCB export from the Fox River is forecast to decrease, and most (75%) of the PCB reservoir in Fox River sediment is expected to remain in place. However, extremely high flows in future years are forecast to cause significant PCB resuspension and export. Model forecasts suggest that long-term PCB export is only mildly sensitive to changes in hydrograph structure. Sediment remediation is forecast to reduce but not eliminate PCB export.

","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71047-4","usgsCitation":"Velleux, M., Endicott, D., Steuer, J., Patterson, D., and Jaeger, S., 1995, Long-term simulation of PCB export from the Fox River to Green Bay: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 21, no. 3, p. 359-372, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71047-4.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"372","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Fox River, Green Bay, Lake Winnebago","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.01422119140625,\n 44.630550504861795\n ],\n [\n -88.14743041992188,\n 44.44358514592121\n ],\n [\n -88.26553344726562,\n 44.38571009185821\n ],\n [\n -88.53607177734375,\n 44.26683800273895\n ],\n [\n -88.53744506835938,\n 44.190082025040525\n ],\n [\n -88.45230102539062,\n 44.12998516884592\n ],\n [\n -88.275146484375,\n 44.10533762552548\n ],\n [\n -88.22158813476562,\n 44.208788215176114\n ],\n [\n -88.1158447265625,\n 44.289452066459056\n ],\n [\n -88.01696777343749,\n 44.381784286142434\n ],\n [\n -87.95516967773438,\n 44.45142820106398\n ],\n [\n -87.90435791015625,\n 44.51315545869882\n ],\n [\n -87.86178588867188,\n 44.555249259710656\n ],\n [\n -88.01422119140625,\n 44.630550504861795\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5603cd4ee4b03bc34f544b23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Velleux, M.L.","contributorId":46852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velleux","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Endicott, Douglas","contributorId":147900,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Endicott","given":"Douglas","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steuer, Jeffrey","contributorId":97530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steuer","given":"Jeffrey","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Patterson, Dale","contributorId":147902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Patterson","given":"Dale","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jaeger, Steven","contributorId":147901,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaeger","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70157484,"text":"70157484 - 1995 - Changes in winter air temperatures near Lake Michigan, 1851-1993, as determined from regional lake-ice records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:34:08","indexId":"70157484","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in winter air temperatures near Lake Michigan, 1851-1993, as determined from regional lake-ice records","docAbstract":"

Records of freezeup and breakup dates for Grand Traverse Bay, Michigan, and Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, are among the longest ice records available near the Great Lakes, beginning in 185 1 and 1855, respectively. The timing of freezeup and breakup results from an integration of meteorological conditions (primarily air temperature) that occur before these events. Changes in the average timing of these ice-events are translated into changes in air temperature by the use of empirical and process-driven models. The timing of freezeup and breakup at the two locations represents an integration of air temperatures over slightly different seasons (months). Records from both locations indicate that the early winter period before about 1890 was - 15°C cooler than the early winter period after that time; the mean temperature has, however, remained relatively constant since about 1890. Changes in breakup dates demonstrate a similar 1.0-1 .5”C increase in late winter and early spring air temperatures about 1890. More recent average breakup dates at both locations have been earlier than during 1890-1940, indicating an additional warming of 1.2”C in March since about 1940 and a warming of 1 . 1°C in January-March since about 1980. Ice records at these sites will continue to provide an early indication of the anticipated climatic warming, not only because of the large response of ice cover to small changes in air temperature but also because these records integrate climatic conditions during the seasons (winter-spring) when most warming is forecast to occur. Future reductions in ice cover may strongly affect the winter ecology of the Great Lakes by reducing the stable environment required by various levels of the food chain. 

","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.","doi":"10.4319/lo.1995.40.1.0165","usgsCitation":"Assel, R., and Robertson, D.M., 1995, Changes in winter air temperatures near Lake Michigan, 1851-1993, as determined from regional lake-ice records: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 40, no. 1, p. 165-176, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.1.0165.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.1.0165","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":308516,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Mendota, Lake Michigan, Madison, Grand Traverse 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A.","affiliations":[{"id":16685,"text":"National Oceanic and Atmopheric Administration","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70157433,"text":"70157433 - 1995 - Long-term hydrologic and biogeochemical responses of a soft water seepage lake in north central Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T14:56:18","indexId":"70157433","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term hydrologic and biogeochemical responses of a soft water seepage lake in north central Wisconsin","docAbstract":"

Hydrologic and chemical budgets were determined for the period October 1980 through September 1988 for Vandercook Lake, a 43-ha soft water seepage lake located in predominantly sandy outwash in northern Wisconsin. The 1951–1980 mean annual precipitation for the lake, based on nearby National Weather Service (NWS) stations, was 825 mm; volume-weighted pH of bulk atmospheric deposition during the 8-year study averaged 4.7. From October 1980 through September 1983, annual precipitation was 108% of the 30-year NWS average, annual recharge was 144% of the 8-year study period average, and annual groundwater inflow to the lake ranged from 5 to 9% of the total inflow. From October 1986 through September 1988, annual precipitation was 90% of the NWS average, annual recharge was 30% of the study period average, and the lake received no groundwater inflow. During the study, the lake changed from a system whose buffering mechanism was significantly influenced by mineral weathering in inflowing groundwater to one dominated by in-lake sulfate reduction. The functional differences exhibited by this lake during the 8 years of study demonstrate the tenuousness with which conclusions based on shorter-term studies of similar systems must be considered.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR02230","usgsCitation":"Wentz, D.A., Rose, W., and Webster, K.E., 1995, Long-term hydrologic and biogeochemical responses of a soft water seepage lake in north central Wisconsin: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 1, p. 199-212, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR02230.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"212","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308420,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Vandercook Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.69607353210449,\n 45.97394108752912\n ],\n [\n -89.69607353210449,\n 45.99028307184292\n ],\n [\n -89.67410087585449,\n 45.99028307184292\n ],\n [\n -89.67410087585449,\n 45.97394108752912\n ],\n [\n -89.69607353210449,\n 45.97394108752912\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5603cd4ee4b03bc34f544b21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wentz, Dennis A. dawentz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentz","given":"Dennis","email":"dawentz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, William J. wjrose@usgs.gov","contributorId":2182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William J.","email":"wjrose@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webster, Katherine E.","contributorId":147903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webster","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70157437,"text":"70157437 - 1995 - Transient hydrogeological controls on the chemistry of a seepage lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T10:08:11","indexId":"70157437","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-05T08:15:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient hydrogeological controls on the chemistry of a seepage lake","docAbstract":"

A solute mass balance method was used to estimate groundwater inflow and outflow rates for Nevins Lake, Michigan, a seepage lake in the upper peninsula that historically has shown extremely variable water chemistry compared with most other seepage lakes. A 4-year study (1989–1992) of the hydrology and geochemistry of Nevins Lake and its contiguous groundwater system revealed that changes in the mass of dissolved solutes are the result of annual hydraulic gradient reversals. A pronounced acidification of Nevins Lake from 1986 to 1988 was likely caused by drought-induced diminished groundwater inflow rates. In this study, dissolved calcium (the major cation in water of Nevins Lake, groundwater, and precipitation) was used for estimating mass flow rates. During the 1989–1992 period, Nevins Lake showed a reproducible annual cycle in calcium mass. Immediately following spring snowmelt and the resulting hydraulic gradient reversal, the mass of dissolved calcium in the lake increases rapidly, and then it decreases steadily throughout the summer and early fall, at which time the lake becomes hydraulically mounded and receives no groundwater inflow. Groundwater flow rates estimated by the solute mass balance method are sensitive to assumed solute concentrations in discharging groundwater. Pore water samples from the lake bed are shown to be more representative of water discharging to the lake than are samples from piezometers near the lake shore, but spatial and temporal variability in pore water chemistry must be considered. Stable isotope analyses (18O and 2H) of lake water, groundwater, and pore water samples show that water discharging to Nevins Lake in the spring is entirely recycled lake water, and no groundwater derived from terrestrial recharge reaches the lake. The conceptual model formulated during this study linking lake chemistry and the contiguous groundwater system and general groundwater flow patterns surrounding highly transient lake systems are likely transferable to other similar systems.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR01582","usgsCitation":"Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Webster, K.E., 1995, Transient hydrogeological controls on the chemistry of a seepage lake: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 9, p. 2295-2305, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR01582.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2295","endPage":"2305","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308427,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Nevins Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.26439094543457,\n 46.50678149590053\n ],\n [\n -86.26439094543457,\n 46.52308363415361\n ],\n [\n -86.22465133666992,\n 46.52308363415361\n ],\n [\n -86.22465133666992,\n 46.50678149590053\n ],\n [\n -86.26439094543457,\n 46.50678149590053\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5603cd5ce4b03bc34f544b44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webster, Katherine E.","contributorId":147903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webster","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":93741,"text":"93741 - 1995 - Spatial controls on patterns of land-use induced stream disturbance at the drainage-basin scale: an example from gravel-bed streams of the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T11:45:58","indexId":"93741","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"89","title":"Spatial controls on patterns of land-use induced stream disturbance at the drainage-basin scale: an example from gravel-bed streams of the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural and anthropogenic influences in fluvial geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/GM089p0219","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., 1995, Spatial controls on patterns of land-use induced stream disturbance at the drainage-basin scale: an example from gravel-bed streams of the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri, chap. of Natural and anthropogenic influences in fluvial geomorphology, p. 219-239, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM089p0219.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"239","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128442,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area Projection","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Ozarks Plateaus","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.0,35.0 ], [ -96.0,40.0 ], [ -88.0,40.0 ], [ -88.0,35.0 ], [ -96.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6982ad","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Costa, John E.","contributorId":105743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505151,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Andrew J.","contributorId":7559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505149,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Potter, Kenneth W.","contributorId":113396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505152,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilcock, Peter R.","contributorId":52049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcock","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505150,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70045787,"text":"70045787 - 1995 - Construction aggregates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-05T17:58:25","indexId":"70045787","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Construction aggregates","docAbstract":"Part of the 1994 Industrial Minerals Review. The production, consumption, and applications of construction aggregates are reviewed. In 1994, the production of construction aggregates, which includes crushed stone and construction sand and gravel combined, increased 7.7 percent to 2.14 Gt compared with the previous year. These record production levels are mostly a result of funding for highway construction work provided by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. Demand is expected to increase for construction aggregates in 1995.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Tepordei, V., 1995, Construction aggregates: Mining Engineering, v. 47, p. 542-543.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"542","endPage":"543","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271845,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51877f65e4b078fc9c244b82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tepordei, V.V.","contributorId":34406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tepordei","given":"V.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70045629,"text":"70045629 - 1995 - Fluorspar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-27T15:45:47","indexId":"70045629","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluorspar","docAbstract":"The production, consumption, and applications of fluorspar are reviewed. In 1994, the U.S. exported about 45 kt of fluorspar, but, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, 493 kt were imported during the same period. Consumption, according to preliminary figures from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, was about 473 kt. China continued to be the main supplier of imports to the U.S. with 61 percent of the total imports. Of the 3 major fluorspar markets, hydrofluoric acid (HF), aluminum, and steel, the HF market was the only one to record an increase in consumption in 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Miller, M., 1995, Fluorspar: Mining Engineering, v. 47, no. 6, p. 544-545.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"544","endPage":"545","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271532,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"517cf36ae4b0d8907b2881cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M.","contributorId":13178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70045812,"text":"70045812 - 1995 - Strontium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-06T13:14:37","indexId":"70045812","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium","docAbstract":"Part of the 1994 Industrial Minerals Review. The production, consumption, and applications of strontium are reviewed. Consumption for the year is estimated to have been about 35 kt for strontium contained in celestite, strontium carbonate, and strontium nitrate. Exports of strontium totaled only about 1.1 kt for the year. U.S. strontium imports and consumption increased about 30 percent in 1994 due to increased domestic production of color television picture tube glass. The average customs value of celestite coming into the U.S. was about $75/t, strontium carbonate was valued at $661/t, and strontium nitrate was valued at about $1,069/t.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Ober, J., 1995, Strontium: Mining Engineering, v. 47, p. 558-558.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"558","endPage":"558","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271891,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5188d4e9e4b023d2d75b9abd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ober, J.A.","contributorId":76351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ober","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018864,"text":"70018864 - 1995 - Applications of mineral surface chemistry to environmental problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T15:32:07.899653","indexId":"70018864","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of mineral surface chemistry to environmental problems","docAbstract":"

Environmental surface chemistry involves processes that occur at the interface between the regolith, hydrosphere and atmosphere. The more limited scope of the present review addresses natural and anthropogenically-induced inorganic geochemical reactions between solutes in surface and ground waters and soil and aquifer substrates. Important surficial reactions include sorption, ion exchange, dissolution, precipitation and heterogeneous oxidation/reduction processes occurring at the solid/aqueous interface. Recent research advances in this field have addressed, both directly and indirectly, societal issues related to water quality, pollution, biogeochemical cycling, nutrient budgets and chemical weathering related to long term global climate change. This review will include recent advances in the fundamental and theoretical understanding of these surficial processes, breakthroughs in experimental and instrumental surface characterization, and development of methodologies for field applications.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95RG00878","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"White, A.F., 1995, Applications of mineral surface chemistry to environmental problems: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, no. S1, p. 111-115, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00878.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"115","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226348,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecc9e4b0c8380cd494ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, A. F.","contributorId":36546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018884,"text":"70018884 - 1995 - Crustal magnetic anomalies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T15:26:46.739887","indexId":"70018884","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal magnetic anomalies","docAbstract":"

This Quadrennial Report departs in format from its predecessors. Earlier reports provided brief descriptions of the entire range of topics on “crustal magnetic anomalies.” Following guidelines established by the AGU, we instead focus our discussion on only a few selected topics. Our abbreviated list of references reflects this restricted focus. A more comprehensive bibliography can be obtained from the authors as noted subsequently.

The past quadrennium was distinguished by a significant change in the scale and scope of crustal magnetic anomaly research. Advances in instrumentation, navigation, and data processing techniques resulted in increasing use of two-dimensional anomaly maps rather than profile data. Although maps are commonly used in aeromagnetic studies of continental areas, their use in the ocean basins has been limited until recently. The other important change has been a trend towards increased integration of magnetic anomaly data with gravity, seismic, geochemical, remote sensing, and geologic data to enhance the interpretation and reduce the ambiguity of magnetic field data.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95RG00444","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Raymond, C., and Blakely, R., 1995, Crustal magnetic anomalies: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, no. S1, p. 177-183, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00444.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"183","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226616,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce0e4b0c8380cd4e4a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raymond, C.A.","contributorId":50301,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raymond","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18954,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":381017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018831,"text":"70018831 - 1995 - Recent advances in simulation-optimization groundwater management modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T15:59:30.095647","indexId":"70018831","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent advances in simulation-optimization groundwater management modeling","docAbstract":"

In recent years, the aquifer simulation model has been combined with techniques of optimization to address important groundwater management problems. The combined simulation and optimization model accounts for the complex behavior of the groundwater system and identifies the best management strategy under consideration of the management objectives and constraints. Simulation-optimization groundwater management models have been developed for a variety of applications, such as restoration of contaminated groundwater, control of aquifer hydraulics, allocation of ground and surface water resources, and evaluation of groundwater policies [see reviews by Gorelick, 1983, 1990; Yeh, 1992; Ahlfeld and Heidari, 1994; Bredehoeft et al, 1994].

Gorelick [1983] divides groundwater management models into three categories: groundwater hydraulic management, groundwater quality management, and groundwater policy evaluation and allocation. This review focuses in detail on the recent advances made in groundwater hydraulic and groundwater quality management modeling, which encompasses most of the aquifer management work done in the past four years. For a review of recent research in groundwater policy evaluation and allocation, see Bredehoeft et al. [1994].


","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95RG00394","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Wagner, B., 1995, Recent advances in simulation-optimization groundwater management modeling: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, no. S2, p. 1021-1028, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00394.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1021","endPage":"1028","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226659,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"S2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95dee4b0c8380cd81c9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, B.J.","contributorId":18012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018863,"text":"70018863 - 1995 - Recent advances in statistical methods for the estimation of sediment and nutrient transport in rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T15:45:14.478315","indexId":"70018863","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent advances in statistical methods for the estimation of sediment and nutrient transport in rivers","docAbstract":"

This paper reviews advances in methods for estimating fluvial transport of suspended sediment and nutrients. Research from the past four years, mostly dealing with estimating monthly and annual loads, is emphasized. However, because this topic has not appeared in previous IUGG reports, some research prior to 1990 is included. The motivation for studying sediment transport has shifted during the past few decades. In addition to its role in filling reservoirs and channels, sediment is increasingly recognized as an important part of fluvial ecosystems and estuarine wetlands. Many groups want information about sediment transport [Bollman, 1992]: Scientists trying to understand benthic biology and catchment hydrology; citizens and policy-makers concerned about environmental impacts (e.g. impacts of logging [Beschta, 1978] or snow-fences [Sturges, 1992]); government regulators considering the effectiveness of programs to protect in-stream habitat and downstream waterbodies; and resource managers seeking to restore wetlands.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95RG00292","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Cohn, T., 1995, Recent advances in statistical methods for the estimation of sediment and nutrient transport in rivers: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, no. S2, p. 1117-1123, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00292.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1117","endPage":"1123","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"S2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95dfe4b0c8380cd81ca5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cohn, Timothy A. tacohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohn","given":"Timothy A.","email":"tacohn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018892,"text":"70018892 - 1995 - Earthquake geodesy and hazard monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T15:21:09.505352","indexId":"70018892","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake geodesy and hazard monitoring","docAbstract":"

Catastrophic events such as major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions result when the earth's crust fails in response to accumulated deformation. The accumulation of deformation results from ongoing processes such as aseismic deformation of subcrustal rock associated with relative plate motions, or the ascent of magma through a volcanic plumbing system. Geodetic measurements document the crustal deformation leading to these failures and the deformation resulting from them, providing unique insight into the physical processes involved. By virtue of the space and time domains of ground deformation detected with geodetic measurements, geodesy is a useful tool in monitoring active tectonic and volcanic regimes. For a wide range of natural events including earthquakes, aseismic fault motions, and volcanic events, geodetic measurements constrain physical models of the processes that cause such events. Because these geodetic studies probe the underlying processes leading to and culminating in catastrophic natural events, many such studies are directly applicable to earthquake and volcano hazard assessment.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95RG00406","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Hudnut, K., 1995, Earthquake geodesy and hazard monitoring: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, no. S1, p. 249-255, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00406.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"255","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226714,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.50332729251033,\n 42.09748191439178\n ],\n [\n -124.8732318050651,\n 39.600119615867676\n ],\n [\n -122.11999145419226,\n 35.64645342794469\n ],\n [\n -120.58244615074528,\n 34.21841728688121\n ],\n [\n -117.56479334706785,\n 32.65836544362098\n ],\n [\n -114.44075179687391,\n 32.78810645137939\n ],\n [\n -113.94694849349719,\n 33.99724657497322\n ],\n [\n -114.35652805380171,\n 35.059935071713184\n ],\n [\n -116.25817828706158,\n 36.2412561539867\n ],\n [\n -119.9775162524213,\n 39.186728375425865\n ],\n [\n -120.14403596391168,\n 41.90961885403314\n ],\n [\n -124.50332729251033,\n 42.09748191439178\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a04ede4b0c8380cd50b94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudnut, K.W.","contributorId":25179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018844,"text":"70018844 - 1995 - Modeling of multiphase multicontaminant transport in the subsurface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T15:49:15.859645","indexId":"70018844","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling of multiphase multicontaminant transport in the subsurface","docAbstract":"

This review addresses modeling of subsurface hydrological systems in which contaminants are transported in more than one fluid phase. The primary focus is on problems involving nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs), a dynamic gas phase, or both, so that the unsaturated and saturated zones are both discussed. Basic research in simpler settings is included if it develops concepts that could be applied in modeling of such problems.

Recent developments in practical models are reviewed, along with experimental work and theoretical issues related to the formulation of mathematical models. It will be seen that the extent of validity of the local equilibrium assumption (LEA) for component partitioning among phases is a major question influencing the direction of these formulations. Also emphasized are upscaling to macroscopic and grid lengths, and the choice and coupling of primary variables in multicomponent systems. Relations to and possible use of developments in petroleum reservoir simulation are discussed.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95RG00289","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Russell, T., 1995, Modeling of multiphase multicontaminant transport in the subsurface: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, no. S2, p. 1035-1047, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00289.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1035","endPage":"1047","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"S2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c16e4b0c8380cd6fa0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russell, T.F.","contributorId":86811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018755,"text":"70018755 - 1995 - Volcano seismology, hazards assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T16:04:10.051723","indexId":"70018755","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcano seismology, hazards assessment","docAbstract":"

The last few years have seen several impressive examples of seismic monitoring at volcanoes to provide warnings that have saved lives and property. Changes in the rates and character of volcanic earthquakes provided precursory signs to explosive eruptions of moderate size at Redoubt volcano (Alaska), Mount Unzen (Japan), Mount Spurr (Alaska), and Rabaul caldera (Papua New Guinea), as well as the large eruption at Mount Pinatubo (Philippines). In all these cases, information was successfully communicated and put to practical use through broadcasts of public warnings prior to the eruptions and evacuations were initiated for the volcanoes located in populated areas. At Mount Pinatubo, probably thousands and possibly tens of thousands of lives were saved.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95RG00442","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Mori, J., 1995, Volcano seismology, hazards assessment: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, no. S1, p. 263-267, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00442.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"267","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227048,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc336e4b08c986b32b00e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mori, J.","contributorId":24923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mori","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018907,"text":"70018907 - 1995 - Deep-crustal seismology of continental margins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T15:14:15.270795","indexId":"70018907","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep-crustal seismology of continental margins","docAbstract":"

This review discusses results from recent seismic experiments at continental margins conducted by U.S. investigators as well as those by non-U. S. investigators necessary to place the results of U.S. workers into context. Continental margins may be characterized as either rifted, transform, or convergent. Rifted (or passive) margins form where continents are torn apart during continental drift. Transform margins accommodate transform plate motions along strike-slip faults such as the San Andreas fault. At convergent margins oceanic crust is being thrust beneath (or subducted under) the continental crust. All three types of margins are found in North America.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95RG00109","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T., 1995, Deep-crustal seismology of continental margins: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, no. S1, p. 309-314, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00109.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"314","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226894,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe2de4b0c8380cd4eb83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018730,"text":"70018730 - 1995 - Interslab earthquakes and phase changes in subducting lithosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T16:10:01.958917","indexId":"70018730","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interslab earthquakes and phase changes in subducting lithosphere","docAbstract":"

At 0033 UT on 9 June 1994, a great deep earthquake occurred 635 km beneath the Amazonian rain forest of northern Bolivia. The deep rupture of this record-setting magnitude 8.3 shock lasted about a minute [Harvard University Centroid Moment Tensor Catalogue]. The seismic strain release of this single event, as indicated by its seismic moment, was greater than the total strain release for all deep earthquakes in the Harvard CMT catalogue during the previous 17 years of its coverage of global seismicity. Incredibly, ground motion was felt as far north as Seattle, Washington and Toronto, Canada. Evidently, it occurred within the subducting Nazca plate that is descending beneath South America. This earthquake reminds us of the sometimes grand scale of deep seismic failure and of the need to consider more closely the physical processes that accompany slab descent and, in particular, how such earthquakes may reflect the inner workings of slabs.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95RG00353","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Kirby, S., 1995, Interslab earthquakes and phase changes in subducting lithosphere: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, no. S1, p. 287-297, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00353.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"297","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227400,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3da8e4b0c8380cd6372c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, S.","contributorId":100553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018839,"text":"70018839 - 1995 - Magnetic records of climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T15:53:52.415097","indexId":"70018839","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetic records of climate change","docAbstract":"

Sediments deposited on the sea floor, on lake bottoms, as well as on land as accumulations of windblown silt (loess) and as ancient soils (paleosols) formed in the loess possess many different properties that record past changes in climate. Geologically recoverable information on paleoclimate includes changes in global temperature as it may affect global ice volume and thus temperature of sea water, net precipitation, storm intensity (wind speed) and frequency, as well as wind direction. Such information further contributes to interpretations about changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns. As such, the understanding of past climatic changes can provide baselines of natural climatic fluctuations as related to those that may be induced or influenced by human activities.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95RG00354","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, R.L., and King, J., 1995, Magnetic records of climate change: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, no. S1, p. 101-110, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00354.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"110","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492873,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs/1760","text":"External Repository"},{"id":226753,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b80e4b0c8380cd695ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, R. L. 0000-0002-4572-2942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":79885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, J.W.","contributorId":19265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70007019,"text":"70007019 - 1995 - Analysis of water level management on the upper Mississippi River (1980–1990)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T13:53:04","indexId":"70007019","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-19T09:53:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of water level management on the upper Mississippi River (1980–1990)","docAbstract":"

Management at 27 low-head dams affects water surface elevations for a 1050km stretch of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) between St Louis, Missouri and Minneapolis, Minnesota. A systemic overview is given of current operating plans at dams on the UMR and historical data are analysed to determine how well the operating plans are being met. Water level elevations at all 27 dams are regulated as a function of discharge, although plans are specific for each dam. The management objective is to maintain a target water level at specific locations (control point) in each impoundment over specific ranges of discharge. The target water level and control point may change as discharge changes in each impoundment. In some of the impoundments water regulation causes drawdowns below the elevation for which the dams were planned, and at other dams no drawdown occurs. During the navigation seasons of 1980 to 1990, water levels were within their target window for an average of 72·5% of the time for 25 dams analysed. Difficulties in meeting targets are caused by winds, local rainfall events, ice dams and rapidly fluctuating discharges from tributaries with upstream reservoirs used for peaking hydropower.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rrr.3450110213","usgsCitation":"Wlosinski, J.H., and Hill, L., 1995, Analysis of water level management on the upper Mississippi River (1980–1990): Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, v. 11, no. 2, p. 239-248, https://doi.org/10.1002/rrr.3450110213.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"248","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River","volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb4ae4b0c8380cd48d2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wlosinski, Joseph H.","contributorId":75488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wlosinski","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Lara","contributorId":7975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Lara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039575,"text":"70039575 - 1995 - Partnerships for progress at the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-14T01:01:44","indexId":"70039575","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T20:26:57","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":371,"text":"Monograph","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Partnerships for progress at the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"This is about opportunity for the private sector. It is about combining the research capabilities of Government scientists with the commercial development potential of private companies. It is, consequently, about partnerships leading to products and services to enhance the quality of life and strengthen the American economy.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039575","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995, Partnerships for progress at the U.S. Geological Survey: Monograph, 12 p.; col. ill.; map (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/70039575.","productDescription":"12 p.; col. ill.; map (col.)","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":580,"text":"Technology Transfer Office","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261093,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039575/report.pdf"},{"id":261094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039575/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a756ce4b0c8380cd77b38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039139,"text":"70039139 - 1995 - Proceedings of the second biennial conference on research in Colorado Plateau National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-25T14:21:41","indexId":"70039139","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T17:43:20","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":50,"text":"NPS/NRNAU/NRTP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"95-11","title":"Proceedings of the second biennial conference on research in Colorado Plateau National Parks","docAbstract":"On 25-28 October 1993 in Flagstaff, Arizona, the National Biological Service Colorado Plateau Research Station (formerly National Park Service Cooperative Park Studies Unit) and Northern Arizona University hosted the Second Biennial Conference of Research on the Colorado Plateau. The conference theme focused on research, inventory, and monitoring on the federal, state, and private lands in the Colorado Plateau biogeographic province.","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"1995, Proceedings of the second biennial conference on research in Colorado Plateau National Parks: NPS/NRNAU/NRTP 95-11, xv, 305 p.","productDescription":"xv, 305 p.","costCenters":[{"id":190,"text":"Colorado Plateau Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259041,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sbsc.wr.usgs.gov/cprs/news_info/meetings/biennial/proceedings/1993/1993.asp","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah;Colorado;Arizona;New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8d78e4b0c8380cd7ec3d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":509028,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}