Migratory white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) were exposed to acephate (acetylphosphoramidothioic acid O, S-dimethyl ester), an organophosphorus pesticide, to determine its effects on migratory orientation and behavior. Birds were also exposed to polarizer sheets to determine the mechanism by which acephate may affect migratory orientation. Adult birds exposed to 256 ppm acephate a.i. were not able to establish a preferred migratory orientation and exhibited random activity. All juvenile treatment groups displayed a seasonally correct southward migratory orientation. We hypothesize that acephate may have produced aberrant migratory behavior by affecting the memory of the migratory route and wintering ground. This experiment reveals that an environmentally relevant concentration of a common organophosphorus pesticide can alter migratory orientation, but its effect is markedly different between adult and juvenile sparrows. Results suggest that the survival of free-flying adult passerine migrants may be compromised following organophosphorus pesticide exposure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620141118","usgsCitation":"Vyas, N., Hill, E.F., Sauer, J., and Kuenzel, W.J., 1995, Acephate affects migratory orientation of the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis): Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 14, no. 11, p. 1961-1965, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620141118.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1961","endPage":"1965","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698458","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vyas, N.B. 0000-0003-0191-1319","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-1319","contributorId":65567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vyas","given":"N.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, E. F.","contributorId":14362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kuenzel, Wayne J.","contributorId":15723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuenzel","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223067,"text":"5223067 - 1995 - Application of brain cholinesterase reactivation to differentiate between organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide exposure in wild birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-09T11:22:51.594385","indexId":"5223067","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:43","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of brain cholinesterase reactivation to differentiate between organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide exposure in wild birds","docAbstract":"Brain cholinesterase activity was measured to evaluate pesticide exposure in wild birds. Thermal reactivation of brain cholinesterase was used to differentiate between carbamate and organophosphorus pesticide exposure. Brain cholinesterase activity was compared with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of stomach contents. Pesticides were identified and confirmed in 86 of 102 incidents of mortality from 29 states within the USA from 1986 through 1991. Thermal reactivation of cholinesterase activity was used to correctly predict carbamates in 22 incidents and organophosphates in 59 incidents. Agreement (P < 0.001) between predictions based on cholinesterase activities and GC/MS results was significant.
In 1987, an epizootic in cranes at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, USA, caused illness in 80% of 300 captive whooping cranes (Grus americana) and sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) and death of 15 of these cranes. Gross pathology findings were inconclusive and consisted of dehydration, atrophy of fat, renal insufficiency, and small spleens. Extensive testing resulted in isolation of Fusarium sp. mold from constituents of the grain-based diet. Low levels of two mycotoxins, T2 (1-2 ppm) and deoxynivalenol (0.4 ppm), were isolated from the pelleted feed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","usgsCitation":"Olsen, G.H., Carpenter, J.W., Gee, G., Thomas, N., and Dein, F., 1995, Mycotoxin-induced disease in captive whooping cranes (Grus americana) and sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis): Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v. 26, no. 4, p. 569-576.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"569","endPage":"576","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.8215560913086,\n 39.01211473926839\n ],\n [\n -76.8112564086914,\n 39.006779213995024\n ],\n [\n -76.7973518371582,\n 39.01024735120522\n ],\n [\n -76.7892837524414,\n 39.0111810513999\n ],\n [\n -76.78773880004883,\n 39.021717670472995\n ],\n [\n -76.78018569946289,\n 39.02091747601645\n ],\n [\n -76.77452087402342,\n 39.025318433450245\n ],\n [\n -76.7702293395996,\n 39.02878566149626\n ],\n [\n -76.761474609375,\n 39.033052785617514\n ],\n [\n -76.75048828125,\n 39.034786231200506\n ],\n [\n -76.7398452758789,\n 39.0446527269137\n ],\n [\n -76.7281723022461,\n 39.06584769863456\n ],\n [\n -76.71976089477539,\n 39.07424394651966\n ],\n [\n -76.72199249267578,\n 39.08783575382141\n ],\n [\n -76.75580978393555,\n 39.090500507014646\n ],\n [\n -76.76971435546875,\n 39.092632237079165\n ],\n [\n -76.78876876831055,\n 39.094230992341096\n ],\n [\n -76.80473327636719,\n 39.09742839412634\n ],\n [\n -76.83511734008789,\n 39.066380823434486\n ],\n [\n -76.8303108215332,\n 39.058650119748236\n ],\n [\n -76.82722091674805,\n 39.050785259521625\n ],\n [\n -76.83425903320312,\n 39.042919523376106\n ],\n [\n -76.83528900146484,\n 39.03945298873317\n ],\n [\n -76.82104110717773,\n 39.03438620907069\n ],\n [\n -76.8156337738037,\n 39.01704974180402\n ],\n [\n -76.81503295898438,\n 39.01478235097201\n ],\n [\n -76.8215560913086,\n 39.01211473926839\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4912","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olsen, Glenn H. 0000-0002-7188-6203 golsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-6203","contributorId":40918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Glenn","email":"golsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, J. W.","contributorId":81854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gee, G.F.","contributorId":70335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, N. J. 0000-0002-0161-0391","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-0391","contributorId":49731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"N. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dein, F. J.","contributorId":97030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dein","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5223082,"text":"5223082 - 1995 - Responses of amphibian populations to water and soil factors in experimentally-treated aquatic macrocosms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-05T16:50:19.200964","indexId":"5223082","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:43","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Responses of amphibian populations to water and soil factors in experimentally-treated aquatic macrocosms","docAbstract":"Survival of anuran embryos and tadpoles is reduced in acidic (pH<5.0) waters under laboratory conditions. However, field data on the presence-absence of amphibian species and acidity are equivocal. This study attempts to reconcile some of this discrepancy by using macrocosms to examine the interaction of soil type and water acidification on free-ranging tadpole populations. Tadpoles were caught with activity traps in 24 aquatic macrocosms experimentally treated with H2SO4 and Al2(SO4)3 and lined with either comparatively high metal, low organic matter clay soils or lower metal, higher organic matter loams. Northern cricket frog (Acris crepitans) tadpole abundance was less in acidified macrocosms than in circumneutral ones (p<0.05) and less in those with loam soils than in macrocosms with clay soils (p<0.04). Gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) abundance was affected by an interaction between soil and acidification (p<0.07) in that treatment effects were only observed in macrocosms with clay soils (p<0.01). No differences were observed among treatments for green frog (Rana clamitans) or southern leopard frog (R. utricularia) tadpoles. The study shows that soil type may interact with water conditions to affect amphibian populations in acidified waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00208374","usgsCitation":"Sparling, D.W., Lowe, T., Day, D., and Dolan, K., 1995, Responses of amphibian populations to water and soil factors in experimentally-treated aquatic macrocosms: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 29, no. 4, p. 455-461, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00208374.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"455","endPage":"461","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196451,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629b0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sparling, D. W.","contributorId":78675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowe, T. P.","contributorId":26028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowe","given":"T. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Day, Daniel D. 0000-0001-9070-7170","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9070-7170","contributorId":20298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Daniel","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dolan, K.","contributorId":48664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223057,"text":"5223057 - 1995 - Accumulation and loss of arsenic and boron, alone and in combination, in mallard ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T16:57:46.831524","indexId":"5223057","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:43","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accumulation and loss of arsenic and boron, alone and in combination, in mallard ducks","docAbstract":"Arsenic and boron are common in the environment, and wildlife can be exposed to toxic concentrations through both natural and human-influenced processes. We exposed adult male mallard ducks to dietary concentrations of 300 ppm arsenic as sodium arsenate, 1,600 ppm boron as boric acid, or both and estimated the tissue accumulation and loss rates when the ducks were returned to uncontaminated food. Both elements were accumulated rapidly; equilibrium levels were reached for arsenic in 10 to 30 d and for boron in 2 to 15 d. Accumulation of each element was slowed by the presence of the other in the diet. Boron was eliminated by mallards very rapidly, with few detectable residues ≥ 1 d after removal of boron from the diet; arsenic was also rapidly lost with half-lives of 1 to 3 d (half-lives were not constant throughout the loss period). Arsenic loss rate was not affected by the presence of boron. Arsenic accumulated to the highest level in liver tissue, with blood and brain levels lower; concentrations in the liver and blood were proportional but affected by the presence of boron. Boron concentrations were highest in the blood, followed by the brain and liver; concentrations in the blood and liver were proportional.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620140811","usgsCitation":"Pendleton, G., Whitworth, M., and Olsen, G.H., 1995, Accumulation and loss of arsenic and boron, alone and in combination, in mallard ducks: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 14, no. 8, p. 1357-1364, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620140811.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1357","endPage":"1364","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199773,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48c8e4b07f02db541616","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pendleton, G.W.","contributorId":51688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pendleton","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitworth, M.R.","contributorId":63119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitworth","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olsen, Glenn H. 0000-0002-7188-6203 golsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-6203","contributorId":40918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Glenn","email":"golsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223108,"text":"5223108 - 1995 - The ninety-fifth Christmas bird count. Georgia/Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:40","indexId":"5223108","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:43","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2811,"text":"National Audubon Society Field Notes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The ninety-fifth Christmas bird count. Georgia/Florida","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"National Audubon Society Field Notes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Sykes, P., 1995, The ninety-fifth Christmas bird count. Georgia/Florida: National Audubon Society Field Notes, v. 49, no. 4, p. 347-349.","productDescription":"347-349","startPage":"347","endPage":"349","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6498cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sykes, P.W. Jr.","contributorId":107385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"P.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223074,"text":"5223074 - 1995 - A 24-hour remote surveillance system for terrestrial wildlife studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:03","indexId":"5223074","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:43","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A 24-hour remote surveillance system for terrestrial wildlife studies","docAbstract":"The configuration, components, specifications and costs of a state-of-the-art closed-circuit television system with wide application for wildlife research and management are described. The principal system components consist of color CCTV camera with zoom lens, pan/tilt system, infrared illuminator, heavy duty tripod, coaxial cable, coaxitron system, half-duplex equalizing video/control amplifier, timelapse video cassette recorder, color video monitor, VHS video cassettes, portable generator, fuel tank and power cable. This system was developed and used in a study of Mississippi sandhiIl Crane (Grus canadensis pratensis) behaviors during incubation, hatching and fledging. The main advantages of the system are minimal downtime where a complete record of every event, its time of occurrence and duration, are permanently recorded and can be replayed as many times as necessary thereafter to retrieve the data. The system is particularly applicable for studies of behavior and predation, for counting individuals, or recording difficult to observe activities. The system can be run continuously for several weeks by two people, reducing personnel costs. This paper is intended to provide biologists who have litte knowledge of electronics with a system that might be useful to their specific needs. The disadvantages of this system are the initial costs (about $9800 basic, 1990-1991 U.S. dollars) and the time required to playback video cassette tapes for data retrieval, but the playback can be sped up when litte or no activity of interest is taking place. In our study, the positive aspects of the system far outweighed the negative.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Sykes, P., Ryman, W., Kepler, C.B., and Hardy, J., 1995, A 24-hour remote surveillance system for terrestrial wildlife studies: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 66, no. 2, p. 199-211.","productDescription":"199-211","startPage":"199","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15956,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/JFO/v066n02/p0199-p0211.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b42ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sykes, P.W. Jr.","contributorId":107385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"P.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryman, W.E.","contributorId":90848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryman","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kepler, C. B.","contributorId":62548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kepler","given":"C.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hardy, J.W.","contributorId":93153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardy","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222613,"text":"5222613 - 1995 - How can I see a wolf?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:37","indexId":"5222613","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:43","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2093,"text":"International Wolf","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How can I see a wolf?","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Wolf","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Mech, L., 1995, How can I see a wolf?: International Wolf, v. 5, no. 1, p. 8-11.","productDescription":"8-11","startPage":"8","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bee7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222610,"text":"5222610 - 1995 - Successful nesting behavior of Puerto Rican parrots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:37","indexId":"5222610","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:43","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Successful nesting behavior of Puerto Rican parrots","docAbstract":"We analyzed nesting behavior of five pairs of the endangered Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata) during eight successful nesting attempts. Each stage of the nesting cycle (egg laying, incubation, early chick rearing, and late chick rearing) was characterized by distinct trends or levels of behavior. During egg laying, female attentiveness to tile nest increased, and male attentiveness decreased. Throughout incubation and the first several days of early chick rearing, females were highly attentive to their nests, whereas males rarely entered the nest cavities. Female attentiveness then began to decline. Male attentiveness to the nest was sporadic until chicks were 10-12 days old. when all males began to enter their nests at least once each day. During late chick rearing, both male and female attentiveness were erratic and highly variable. Biologists may be able to use these results to identify nest problems and the need for management intervention when patterns of nest attentiveness deviate from the limits described in this study..","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Wilson, K., Field, R., and Wilson, M., 1995, Successful nesting behavior of Puerto Rican parrots: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 107, no. 3, p. 518-529.","productDescription":"518-529","startPage":"518","endPage":"529","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15961,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v107n03/p0518-p0529.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"107","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699950","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, K.A.","contributorId":45021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, R.","contributorId":105813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, M.H.","contributorId":17713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223050,"text":"5223050 - 1995 - Partnerships: Innovative strategies for wildlife conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:07","indexId":"5223050","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:43","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Partnerships: Innovative strategies for wildlife conservation","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Trauger, D., Tilt, W., and Hatcher, C., 1995, Partnerships: Innovative strategies for wildlife conservation: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 23, no. 1, p. 114-119.","productDescription":"114-119","startPage":"114","endPage":"119","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201900,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15959,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783208","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688e55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trauger, D.L.","contributorId":69091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trauger","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tilt, W.C.","contributorId":40296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilt","given":"W.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatcher, C.B.","contributorId":86880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223122,"text":"5223122 - 1995 - The role of the white-eyed vireo in the dispersal of Bursera fruit on the Yucatan Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-14T16:46:55.06832","indexId":"5223122","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2487,"text":"Journal of Tropical Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of the white-eyed vireo in the dispersal of Bursera fruit on the Yucatan Peninsula","docAbstract":"White-eyed vireos (Vireo griseus) winter in the forests and secondary growth of the Yucatan Peninsula where Bursera simaruba (Burseraceae) is an abundant tree. Twenty-five per cent of all white-eyed vireos observed foraging visited Bursera trees. In addition, presence and abundance of territorial white-eyed vireos in small forest patches were correlated with the size of the Bursera crop. Vireos were the most reliable dispersers of Bursera seeds. These birds visited 32 of 35 trees observed for at least three hours. They accounted for approximately half of all bird visits, and two-thirds of the seeds dispersed. Most of the other species rarely visited (<5% of visits) or failed to remove seeds from the tree.
Peculiarities of phenology and fruit structure may contribute to the tendency of Bursera to be dispersed by relatively few species. The capsules of Bursera fruits do not open when the fruit ripens; birds apparently locate ripe fruit using visual cues, although these are few. In addition, only a small portion of the crop ripens daily over a 7- or 8-month period. The vireo-Bursera simaruba relationship, found regionally on the Yucatan Peninsula, may result from the prolonged fruit ripening period (October-March), the relatively depauperate frugivore community and the relatively high density of small Bursera trees in the hurricane-disturbed dry forests.
Small trees at all times, and all trees from October to February, depend upon territorial vireos for continuous, highly efficient local dispersal of a small number of fruits. In March and April residual fruits ripen rapidly and synchronously, attracting a greater variety of visitors for broad spectrum dispersal during a period of food scarcity. Thus, Bursera has an unusual two-phase phenological pattern, perhaps alternately to take advantage of both specialized and opportunistic dispersers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0266467400009184","usgsCitation":"Greenberg, R., Foster, M., and Marquez-Valdelamar, L., 1995, The role of the white-eyed vireo in the dispersal of Bursera fruit on the Yucatan Peninsula: Journal of Tropical Ecology, v. 11, no. 4, p. 619-639, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400009184.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"619","endPage":"639","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195869,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640df9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greenberg, R.","contributorId":26778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenberg","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foster, M.S. 0000-0001-8272-4608","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-4608","contributorId":10116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marquez-Valdelamar, L.","contributorId":38668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marquez-Valdelamar","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223095,"text":"5223095 - 1995 - Assessing ground-based counts of nestling bald eagles in northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:08","indexId":"5223095","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing ground-based counts of nestling bald eagles in northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"We present evidence that the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) productivity survey in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness of northeastern Minnesota may have underestimated the number of nestlings during 1986-1988. Recommendations are provided to achieve more accurate ground-based counts. By conducting ground-based observations for up to 1 hour/nest, an accurate count of the number of bald eagle nestlings can be obtained. If nests are only observed for up to 30 minutes/nest, an accurate determination of nest success can be made. The effort that managers put into counts should be based on the intended use of the productivity data. If small changes in mean productivity would trigger management action, the less acurate ground-based counts should be conducted with caution. Prior to implementing ground-based counts, a study like ours should estimate bias associated with different survey procedures and the observation time needed to achieve accurate results.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Fuller, M., Hatfield, J., and Lindquist, E.L., 1995, Assessing ground-based counts of nestling bald eagles in northeastern Minnesota: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 23, no. 2, p. 169-174.","productDescription":"169-174","startPage":"169","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15917,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782784","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":199843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672ada","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, M.R.","contributorId":71278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lindquist, E. L.","contributorId":60342,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindquist","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223058,"text":"5223058 - 1995 - DNA fingerprint similarity between female and juvenile brown-headed cowbirds trapped together","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:07","indexId":"5223058","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":770,"text":"Animal Behaviour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"DNA fingerprint similarity between female and juvenile brown-headed cowbirds trapped together","docAbstract":"This DNA fingerprinting study investigates whether females of the brood parasite brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater, associate with their own juvenile offspring at feeding sites more often than would be expected by chance. Cowbirds lay their eggs in the nests of a variety of host species and, as far as is known, leave them to the care of foster parents. Using baited walk-in funnel traps, 36 adult female-juvenile pairs (or trios) of cowbirds were trapped. Blood samples were collected from these individuals to conduct DNA fingerprinting analyses, calculate similarity indices, and to compare S-values for the 11 comparisons of juveniles and the females with which they were caught with S-values of random pairings of juveniles and the females in adjacent gel lanes with which they were not caught. Overall band-sharing was significantly higher for the individuals trapped together than for the random pairings. These associations between juvenile cowbirds and their mothers could occur as a result of female cowbirds monitoring the development of their young in the nests where they have laid. Alternatively, nestling cowbirds in the nest could become familiar visually and locally with a female parent that is frequently in their territory and could follow her when she departs for feeding grounds. In either case these data suggest that adult cowbirds associate with juveniles, in some cases their own offspring, and that offspring may learn to function as cowbirds in part from this association. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Animal Behaviour","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0003-3472(95)90079-9","collaboration":"4751_Hahn.pdf","usgsCitation":"Hahn, D., and Fleischer, R., 1995, DNA fingerprint similarity between female and juvenile brown-headed cowbirds trapped together: Animal Behaviour, v. 49, no. 6, p. 1577-1580, https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)90079-9.","productDescription":"1577-1580","startPage":"1577","endPage":"1580","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15920,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)90079-9","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":196408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e9d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hahn, D.C. 0000-0002-5242-2059","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2059","contributorId":46447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hahn","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleischer, R.C.","contributorId":82259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleischer","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223069,"text":"5223069 - 1995 - A complex alloantigen system in Florida sandhill cranes, Grus canadensis pratensis: Evidence for the major histocompatibility (B) system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T13:40:27.309975","indexId":"5223069","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2333,"text":"Journal of Heredity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A complex alloantigen system in Florida sandhill cranes, Grus canadensis pratensis: Evidence for the major histocompatibility (B) system","docAbstract":"The B blood group system constitutes the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) in birds. The Mhc is a cluster of genes largely devoted to the processing and presentation of antigen. The Mhc is highly polymorphic in many species and, thus, useful in the evaluation of genetic diversity for fitness traits within populations of a variety of animals. Correlations found between particular Mhc haplotypes and resistance to certain diseases emphasize the importance of understanding the functional significance of diversity of the Mhc, particularly in species threatened with extinction. As part of studies focused on genetic diversity in wild birds, serological techniques were used to define a highly polymorphic alloantigen system in seven families of Florida sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pratensis). The results of analyses with antisera produced within the crane families and with chicken Mhc antigen-specific reagents revealed a single major alloantigen system that is likely the Mhc of the Florida sandhill crane. Preliminary experiments indicate that these crane alloantisera will provide a means of defining the Mhc in other species of cranes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111602","usgsCitation":"Jarvi, S., Gee, G., Miller, M., and Briles, W., 1995, A complex alloantigen system in Florida sandhill cranes, Grus canadensis pratensis: Evidence for the major histocompatibility (B) system: Journal of Heredity, v. 86, no. 5, p. 348-353, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111602.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"348","endPage":"353","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196043,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0ce9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarvi, S.I.","contributorId":60341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvi","given":"S.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gee, G.F.","contributorId":70335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, M.M.","contributorId":24048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Briles, W.E.","contributorId":34614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briles","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222681,"text":"5222681 - 1995 - Heavy metals in seaducks and mussels from Misty Fjords National Monument in southeast Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T14:00:36","indexId":"5222681","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy metals in seaducks and mussels from Misty Fjords National Monument in southeast Alaska","docAbstract":"Quartz Hill, in Misty Fjords National Monument near Ketchikan, Alaska, is the site of a proposed molybdenum-producing mine. To provide baseline data for use in post-development comparisons, we analyzed tissues of Barrow's goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica), common mergansers (Mergus merganser), and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) for seven heavy metals that could potentially be released into the environment as a result of mining operations. Specimens were collected in 1980, 1981, and 1982 from two fjords likely to be used for discharge of tailings from the proposed mine and from two control fjords. Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, chromium, molybdenum, lead, and zinc were measured in soft tissues of mussels and in kidney, liver, and muscle of birds. The highest mean concentrations of metals found in bird tissues were 55.7 ppm dry weight cadmium in kidneys and 154 ppm dry weight zinc in livers of Barrow's goldeneyes. Concentrations of several metals in blue mussels differed among seasons and locations, but the most significant finding in mussels was a maximum mean cadmium concentration of 9.6 ppm dry weight, a level higher than normally found in undisturbed areas. With the exception of 104 ppm dry weight cadmium in the kidney of one common merganser and 12.7 ppm dry weight lead in the kidney of another, concentrations of other metals in seaduck and mussel tissues were low, consistent with what would be expected for a pre-development environment. Molybdenum was found in low concentrations ( 10 ppm dry weight) in all avian kidney samples and most liver samples, but was not detected in blue mussels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00546787","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., Koehl, P., Derksen, D., Rothe, T., Bunck, C., and Moore, J.F., 1995, Heavy metals in seaducks and mussels from Misty Fjords National Monument in southeast Alaska: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 36, no. 2, p. 149-167, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00546787.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -131.83868408203125,\n 56.173081072076165\n ],\n [\n -131.7645263671875,\n 55.773483422605516\n ],\n [\n -131.9403076171875,\n 55.46017083861817\n ],\n [\n -131.67938232421875,\n 55.27442182695317\n ],\n [\n -131.53106689453125,\n 55.19768334019969\n ],\n [\n -131.220703125,\n 55.101944719793146\n ],\n [\n -131.011962890625,\n 54.983918190363234\n ],\n [\n -130.5889892578125,\n 54.97288463122323\n ],\n [\n -130.83068847656247,\n 56.22197738278634\n ],\n [\n -131.59423828124997,\n 56.21281407174654\n ],\n [\n -131.83868408203125,\n 56.173081072076165\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ae4b07f02db63c6bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. 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This report discusses empirical Bayes estimation of an EMD, with emphasis on the construction of interval estimates. Estimation of the EMD is accomplished by substitution of estimates of prior parameters in the posterior mean of the EMD. This procedure is examined in a parametric model (the normal-normal mixture) and in a semi-parametric model. In both cases, the empirical Bayes bootstrap of Laird and Louis (1987, Journal of the American Statistical Association 82, 739-757) is used to assess the variability of the estimated EMD arising from the estimation of prior parameters. The proposed methods are applied to a meta-analysis of population trend estimates for groups of birds.","language":"English","publisher":"International Biometric Society","doi":"10.2307/2532983","usgsCitation":"Link, W., and Sauer, J., 1995, Estimation and confidence intervals for empirical mixing distributions: Biometrics, v. 51, no. 3, p. 810-821, https://doi.org/10.2307/2532983.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"810","endPage":"821","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201621,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbd8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222620,"text":"5222620 - 1995 - What is Falco Altaicus Menzbier?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:37","indexId":"5222620","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"What is Falco Altaicus Menzbier?","docAbstract":"The systematics of the Altay falcon (Falco altaicus/lorenzi) remains enigmatic. First reported in 1811, it has been treated as a gyrfalcon (F. rusticolus), a saker (F. cherrug), and two separate species (F. lorenzi and F. altaicus). Of 53 'altaicus' specimens examined, at least two are misidentified gyrfalcons, many are typical sakers, but 34 (the core group) are considered to be the true Altay falcon type. Adults have red, brown, and gray color morphs. The red (backed) morph closely resembles some eastern sakers; the chocolate and gray morphs resemble respective gyrfalcon morphs. While the true affinities of the Altay falcon will be resolved by molecular genetics, the ecological, geographical, and morphological information suggest that the core group represents a gyrfalcon-saker cross that is being swamped through back crosses with the saker. The breeding range of the core group (i.e., the Altay and Sayan Mountains) is much smaller than previously reported.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., 1995, What is Falco Altaicus Menzbier?: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 29, no. 1, p. 15-25.","productDescription":"15-25","startPage":"15","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15913,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/jrr/v029n01/p00015-p00025.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":194224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48f3e4b07f02db55ab12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222663,"text":"5222663 - 1995 - A new tether system for captive raptors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:52","indexId":"5222663","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new tether system for captive raptors","docAbstract":"Several types of jesses are used to restrain captive raptors. The Hollywood jess described here has been tested on six species during two decades. Like the Aylmeri jess now in common use in North America, the Hollywood jess consists of a removable rolled button jess and an anklet. Unlike the Aylmeri anklet, however, the Hollywood anklet can be removed and reattached without restraining the bird. This anklet makes the Hollywood jess the safest of all jesses. It can also be used repeatedly on different individuals and allows for the bird to be released in its pen or to the wild without encumbrances.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., 1995, A new tether system for captive raptors: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 66, no. 4, p. 609-611.","productDescription":"609-611","startPage":"609","endPage":"611","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15912,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/JFO/v066n04/p0609-p0611.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":199357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6aba37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222604,"text":"5222604 - 1995 - Habitat selection by Cryptobepharus poecilopleurus (Scincidae) in the Mariana Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:43","indexId":"5222604","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2734,"text":"Micronesica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat selection by Cryptobepharus poecilopleurus (Scincidae) in the Mariana Islands","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Micronesica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"skink","usgsCitation":"McCoid, M.J., Rodda, G., Hensley, R., and Fritts, T.H., 1995, Habitat selection by Cryptobepharus poecilopleurus (Scincidae) in the Mariana Islands: Micronesica, v. 28, no. 1, p. 103-108.","productDescription":"103-108","startPage":"103","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6486fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCoid, M. J.","contributorId":49077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCoid","given":"M.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodda, G.H.","contributorId":103998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodda","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hensley, R.A.","contributorId":40702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hensley","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fritts, T. H.","contributorId":40147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritts","given":"T.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222633,"text":"5222633 - 1995 - The challenge and opportunity of recovering wolf populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T11:54:19.361891","indexId":"5222633","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The challenge and opportunity of recovering wolf populations","docAbstract":"The gray wolf once inhabited a wide variety of habitats throughout most of the northern hemisphere north of 20°N latitude. Because the animal preyed on livestock and competed with humans for wild prey, it was extirpated from much of its range outside of wilderness areas. Environmental awareness in the late 1960s brought for the wolf legal protection, increased research, and favorable media coverage. The species has increased in both Europe and North America, is beginning to reoccupy semiwilderness and agricultural land, and is causing increased damage to livestock. Because of the wolf's high reproductive rate and long dispersal tendencies, the animal can recolonize many more areas. In most such areas control will be necessary, but the same public sentiments that promoted wolf recovery reject control. If wolf advocates could accept control by the public rather than by the government, wolves could live in far more places. Insistence on government control discourages some officials and government agencies from promoting recovery. The use of large- or small-scale zoning for wolf management may help resolve the issue. Public education is probably the most effective way to minimize the problem and maximize wolf recovery, but the effort must begin immediately.
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,"publicationDate":"2003-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db6693aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223446,"text":"5223446 - 1995 - Changes in total body calcium and diet of breeding house sparrows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:01","indexId":"5223446","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2190,"text":"Journal of Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in total body calcium and diet of breeding house sparrows","docAbstract":"We collected House Sparrows Passer domesticus around London, Ontario, estimated their total body calcium masses, food habits and egg production to test for the effects of endogenous calcium levels on control of clutch size. Before egg production began, calcium levels increased significantly and remained high through the end of egg laying, and then declined significantly after egg laying. We found no evidence that clutch size was related to endogenous calcium levels. Upon first ovulation, House Sparrows greatly increased consumption of calciferous materials such as snail shells, bird eggshells and calciferous grit. Their diet returned to normal after the final egg was ovulated. Daily calcium intake was sufficient to meet eggshell calcium needs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Avian Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Krementz, D., and Ankney, C., 1995, Changes in total body calcium and diet of breeding house sparrows: Journal of Avian Biology, v. 26, no. 2, p. 162-167.","productDescription":"162-167","startPage":"162","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15932,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3677065","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":197761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6901","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krementz, D.G.","contributorId":74332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krementz","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ankney, C.D.","contributorId":48904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ankney","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223350,"text":"5223350 - 1995 - Movements by two small fishes in a large stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-01T01:24:56.758367","indexId":"5223350","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movements by two small fishes in a large stream","docAbstract":"Movements by adult Percina nigrojasciata and juvenile Lepomis auritus were examined in a large Coastal Plain stream in the southeastern United States. I marked fishes with subcutaneous injections of acrylic paints to indicate capture location within a 550-m long study site. Recaptures over an 18-month period primarily occurred within 33m of the original capture location, suggesting long-term residence in relatively small areas. However, 11 Percina and three Lepomis moved at least 100 m (maximum distance moved = 200 m for Lepomis, 420 m for Percina), and individuals of both species shifted between distinctly different mesohabitats (boulder riffle, sand pool, and gravel riffle). Distance moved did not strongly relate to time between captures. Long-distance movements (> 33 m) by Percina mostly occurred from Nov. through June. The winter and springtime movements by darters occurred in upstream and downstream directions and into all three mesohabitats, and at least 40% of these movements were unassociated with periods of extreme high flow. Periodic long-range movements may allow small fishes to respond to variation in resources over a large area and across a variety of stream habitats.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH)","doi":"10.2307/1446899","usgsCitation":"Freeman, M.C., 1995, Movements by two small fishes in a large stream: Copeia, v. 1995, no. 2, p. 361-367, https://doi.org/10.2307/1446899.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"367","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199344,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1995","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b482b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freeman, Mary C. 0000-0001-7615-6923","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":99659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223258,"text":"5223258 - 1995 - Environmental auditing: Capabilities and management utility of recreation impact monitoring programs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T15:47:41.404219","indexId":"5223258","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental auditing: Capabilities and management utility of recreation impact monitoring programs","docAbstract":"A recreation impact monitoring system was developed and applied in 1984?1986 and in 1991 to all backcountry river-accessed campsites within Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Results suggest that actions implemented by park managers in response to problems identified by the initial survey were highly effective in reducing resource degradation caused by camping. In particular, the elimination of some designated campsites and installation of anchored firegrates reduced the total area of disturbance by 50%. Firegrate installation provided a focal point that increased the concentration of camping activities, allowing peripheral areas to recover. As suggested by predictive models, additional resource degradation caused by increased camping intensities is more than offset by improvements in the condition of areas where use is eliminated. The capabilities and management utility of recreation impact monitoring programs, illustrated by the Delaware Water Gap monitoring program, are also presented and discussed.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02471958","usgsCitation":"Marion, J., 1995, Environmental auditing: Capabilities and management utility of recreation impact monitoring programs: Environmental Management, v. 19, no. 5, p. 763-771, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02471958.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"763","endPage":"771","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193900,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667446","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marion, J. L. 0000-0003-2226-689X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-689X","contributorId":10888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222731,"text":"5222731 - 1995 - The value and vulnerability of small estuarine islands for conserving metapopulations of breeding waterbirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-14T15:49:24.11816","indexId":"5222731","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The value and vulnerability of small estuarine islands for conserving metapopulations of breeding waterbirds","docAbstract":"Compelling arguments for preserving large habitat ‘islands’ have been made for a number of animal groups, but most commonly for terrestrial birds. We argue that, for many species of waterbirds nesting in coastal estuaries, maintaining numerous small islands may be a more effective management strategy than maintaining larger islands or reserves. In this study, the number of great white heron Ardea herodias nests over a 5-year period (1986–91) was negatively correlated with island area in the Florida Keys, USA. Nest densities were highest in the 2–10 ha island size range and lowest for islands larger than 100 ha. These small islands also attract nesting black skimmers Rynchops niger, brown pelicans Pelecanus occidentalis, and several species of terns and gulls. Small estuarine islands are vulnerable to sea level rise, erosion from watercraft, and, for dredge material islands, lack of sufficient maintenance because of competing needs for beach nourishment. Managers need to enforce more buffering and protection of these islands and argue for more dredged material allocations in some areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0006-3207(94)00045-R","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., Hatfield, J., and Wilmers, T., 1995, The value and vulnerability of small estuarine islands for conserving metapopulations of breeding waterbirds: Biological Conservation, v. 71, no. 2, p. 187-191, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)00045-R.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"191","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194238,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys, National Key Deer Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.52877223672752,\n 24.821368496971203\n ],\n [\n -81.52877223672752,\n 24.623208238675673\n ],\n [\n -81.21610665764695,\n 24.623208238675673\n ],\n [\n -81.21610665764695,\n 24.821368496971203\n ],\n [\n -81.52877223672752,\n 24.821368496971203\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"71","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f074","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilmers, T.J.","contributorId":41538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilmers","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}