Subsurface spills of gasoline and other petroleum products are a common environmental problem throughout the industrialized world. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has estimated that 40 percent of the more than 200,000 retail service stations in the United States have had accidental releases of petroleum hydrocarbons to the subsurface (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). Restoration of a contaminated aquifer to regulatory standards is a technically difficult problem even when best engineering strategies are applied.
Natural attenuation, a remediation strategy that relies on intrinsic physical, chemical, and biological processes to decrease contaminant concentrations, is gaining widespread acceptance in aquifer restoration efforts (Tremblay and others, 1995). The potential for successful remediation by natural attenuation depends on the fate of the organic constituents of the spilled product, which may include additives such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). These compounds can dissolve in ground water, adsorb to subsurface sediments, volatilize and diffuse through the unsaturated zone, or undergo chemical and biological reactions (fig. 1). Volatilization and biodegradation near the water table are two processes that can contribute significantly to the natural attenuation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in shallow ground water (McAllister and Chiang, 1994). To date, quantitative information on the rates at which these processes occur has been limited.
R-UNSAT, a computer model designed for quantifying rates of volatilization and biodegradation of organic compounds near the water table, was developed and documented by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and is now available to the public. R-UNSAT also can be applied, however, to other unsaturated-zone transport problems that involve gas diffusion, such as radon migration, and the deposition of compounds from the atmosphere to shallow ground water. This fact sheet describes the transport model and demonstrates its capabilities through applications to point- and nonpoint-source contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs01998","usgsCitation":"Lahvis, M.A., and Baehr, A.L., 1998, Simulating transport of volatile organic compounds in the unsaturated zone using the computer model R-UNSAT: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 019-98, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01998.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":431464,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-019-98/fs-019-98.pdf","text":"Report","size":"81.2 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 019-98 PDF"},{"id":120,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-019-98","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"FS 019-98 HTML"},{"id":121399,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-019-98/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f309e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahvis, Matthew A.","contributorId":104522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6869,"text":"fs13498 - 1998 - Herbicides in Midwestern reservoir outflows, 1992-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-04T19:08:26","indexId":"fs13498","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"134-98","displayTitle":"Herbicides in Midwestern Reservoir Outflows, 1992-93","title":"Herbicides in Midwestern reservoir outflows, 1992-93","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs13498","usgsCitation":"Stamer, J.K., Battaglin, W.A., and Goolsby, D.A., 1998, Herbicides in Midwestern reservoir outflows, 1992-93: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 134-98, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs13498.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34182,"rank":298,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1998/0134/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1998/0134/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635c87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamer, John K.","contributorId":104481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Battaglin, William A. 0000-0001-7287-7096 wbattagl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-7096","contributorId":1527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"William","email":"wbattagl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goolsby, Donald A.","contributorId":46083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22448,"text":"ofr98534 - 1998 - Concepts for monitoring water quality in the Spokane River Basin, northern Idaho and eastern Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-29T13:26:32","indexId":"ofr98534","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-534","title":"Concepts for monitoring water quality in the Spokane River Basin, northern Idaho and eastern Washington","docAbstract":"Numerous environmental studies have been\nconducted in the Spokane River Basin over the\npast several decades by government agencies,\nacademic institutions, and environmental engineering\nfirms. Most of these efforts have focused\non the environmental effects of more than a century\nof silver, lead, and zinc mining and oreprocessing\nactivities in the South Fork Coeur\nd'Alene River valley in northern Idaho. Several\nstudies also have assessed the water quality and\npotential for eutrophication of Coeur d'Alene and\nLong Lakes and the Coeur d'Alene, St. Joe, and\nSpokane Rivers. Because past investigations often\nwere limited in scope and employed different\napproaches and methods, an integrated understanding\nof hydrologic, water-quality, and\naquatic biological conditions still is lacking for\nthe basin as a whole. Substantial resources are\nbeing spent for water-quality and naturalresource\nmanagement, and for mitigating the\nadverse environmental effects of past mining\nactivities in the basin. A water-quality monitoring\nnetwork, integrated with the decision-making\nprocesses associated with these efforts, could be\nof considerable value. The purpose of such a\nmonitoring network is to produce high-quality\ninformation on which to base sound water-quality\nand natural-resource management decisions\nand to assess the effectiveness of those decisions.\nA streamflow- and water-quality monitoring\ninfrastructure already exists in the Spokane River\nBasin. This infrastructure consists of 20 lake-stage\nand streamflow-gaging stations, representing\nspecific drainages or subdrainages and, in many\ncases, specific stream reaches or subreaches.\nThese gaging stations are operated by the U.S.\nGeological Survey (USGS), several of them in\ncooperation with State and Federal agencies and\na private utility company. Extensive streamflow\ndata are available, some dating from the late\n1800s. Water-quality data are also available from\nrecent USGS cooperative studies in the Coeur\nd'Alene Lake watershed. A nutrient load/lake\nresponse (eutrophication) model has been developed\nfor Coeur d'Alene Lake. Hydraulic models\nfor estimating streamflow through the low-gradient\nreaches of the Coeur d'Alene and St. Joe\nRivers have been developed. Trace-element concentrations\nand distributions in sediments in the\nlower South Fork and main-stem Coeur d'Alene\nRiver flood plain and the bed of Coeur d'Alene\nLake have been assessed. Trace-element transport\nmodels have been developed for the lower\nCoeur d'Alene River system; estimates of annual\nload are available from the early 1990's to the\npresent (1998). The USGS is monitoring traceelement\nconcentrations and transport at seven\ngaging stations in the lower Coeur d'Alene River\nsystem and upper Spokane River, in cooperation\nwith the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Fish and macroinvertebrate community assessment\nand tissue contaminant analyses at four\nCoeur d'Alene and St. Joe River gaging stations\nwill begin in 1998, either as part of the Idaho Surface-\nWater Quality Ambient Monitoring Network\noperated by USGS in cooperation with the Idaho\nDivision of Environmental Quality, or for the\nNorthern Rockies Intermontane Basins (NROK)\nstudy of the USGS National Water-Quality\nAssessment (NAWQA) Program. Several gaging\nstations in the Spokane River Basin are being considered\nfor routine sampling sites for the NROK\nNAWQA study. Several other sites also will be\nsampled for contaminants in bed sediment and\nfish tissue for the NROK study.\nCombined with appropriate sampling and\ndata interpretation strategies, the existing USGS\ngaging-station network and data base could provide\nintegrated water-quality information needed\nfor sound environmental and resource-management\ndecisions throughout the Spokane River\nBasin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98534","isbn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Beckwith, M., 1998, Concepts for monitoring water quality in the Spokane River Basin, northern Idaho and eastern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-534, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98534.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0534/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51977,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0534/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Washington","otherGeospatial":"Couer D'alene River;Long Lake;St. Joe River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.429262,46.792472 ], [ -118.429262,48.100301 ], [ -114.927162,48.100301 ], [ -114.927162,46.792472 ], [ -118.429262,46.792472 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db63602e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beckwith, M.A.","contributorId":79503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckwith","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25674,"text":"wri974256 - 1998 - National water-quality assessment of the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York — Environmental and hydrologic setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T19:34:21.084711","indexId":"wri974256","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4256","title":"National water-quality assessment of the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York — Environmental and hydrologic setting","docAbstract":"The Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin covers approximately 22,300 mi2 (square miles) in parts of Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Situated in two major physiographic provinces, the Appalachian Plateaus and the Central Lowland, the basin includes varied topographic and geomorphic features that affect the hydrology. As of 1990, the basin was inhabited by approximately 10.4 million people.
Lake effect has a large influence on the temperature and precipitation of the basin, especially along the leeward southeast shore of Lake Erie. Mean annual precipitation generally increases from west to east, ranging from 31.8 inches at Detroit, Mich., to 43.8 inches at Erie, Pa.
The rocks that underlie the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin range in age from Cambrian through Pennsylvanian, but only Silurian through Pennsylvanian rocks are part of the shallow ground-water flow system. The position of the basin on the edge of the Michigan and Appalachian Basins is responsible for the large range in geologic time of the exposed rocks. Rock types range from shales, siltstones, and mudstones to coarse-grained sandstones and conglomerates. Carbonate rocks consisting of limestones, dolomites, and calcareous shales also underlie the basin. All the basin is overlain by Pleistocene deposits- till, fine-grained stratified sediments, and coarse-grained stratified sediments-most of Wisconsinan age. A system of buried river valleys filled with various lacustrine, alluvial, and coarse glacial deposits is present in the basin.
The soils of the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin consist of two dominant soil orders: Alfisols and Inceptisols. Four other soil orders in the basin (Mollisols, Histisols, Entisols, and Spodosols) are of minor significance, making up less than 8 percent of the total area.
The estimated water use for the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin for 1990 was 10,649 Mgal/d (million gallons per day). Power generation accounted for about 77 percent of total water withdrawals for the basin, whereas agriculture accounted for the least water-use withdrawals, at an estimated 38 Mgal/d. About 98 percent of the total water used in the basin was drawn from surface water; the remaining 2 percent was from ground water.
Agricultural and urban land are the predominant land covers in the basin. Agriculture makes up approximately 74.7 percent of the total basin area; urban land use accounts for 11.2 percent; forested areas constitute 10.5 percent; and water, wetlands, rangeland, and barren land constitute less than 4.0 percent.
The eight principal streams in the basin are the Clinton, Huron, and Raisin Rivers in Michigan, the Maumee, Sandusky, Cuyahoga, and Grand Rivers in Ohio, and Cattaraugus Creek in New York. The Maumee River, the largest stream in the basin, drains 6,609 mi2 and discharges just under 24 percent of the streamflow from the basin into Lake Erie. Combined, the eight principal streams discharge approximately 54 percent of the surface water from the basin to the Lake Erie system per year. Average runoff increases from west to east in the basin.
The glacial and recent deposits comprise the unconsolidated aquifers and confining units within the basin. Yields of wells completed in tills range from 0 to 20 gal/min (gallon per minute), but yields generally are near the lower part of this range. Fine-grained stratified deposits can be expected to yield from 0 to 3 gal/ min, and coarse-grained stratified deposits can yield 0.3 to 2,050 gal/min. Pennsylvanian sandstones can yield more than 25 gal/min, but they generally yield 10 to 25 gal/min. Mississippian sandstones in the basin generally yield 2 to 100 gal/min. The Mississippian and Devonian shales are considered to be confining units; in places, they produce small quantities of water from fractures at or near the bedrock surface. Wells completed in the Devonian and Silurian carbonates yield 25 to 500 gal/min, but higher yields have been reported in several zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974256","usgsCitation":"Casey, G.D., Myers, D.N., Finnegan, D.P., and Wieczorek, M., 1998, National water-quality assessment of the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York — Environmental and hydrologic setting: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4256, viii, 93 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974256.","productDescription":"viii, 93 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394116,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48862.htm"},{"id":54442,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4256/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4256/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Michigan, New York , Ohio, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Lake Erie - Lake St. Clair Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.3333,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -78.1667,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -78.1667,\n 43.6667\n ],\n [\n -85.3333,\n 43.6667\n ],\n [\n -85.3333,\n 40.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698341","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Casey, G. D.","contributorId":49819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Myers, Donna N.","contributorId":63027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finnegan, D. P.","contributorId":7736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finnegan","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wieczorek, Michael E. 0000-0003-0999-5457 mewieczo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0999-5457","contributorId":178736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"Michael E.","email":"mewieczo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25724,"text":"wri974225 - 1998 - Preliminary estimates of residence times and apparent ages of ground water in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and water-quality data from a survey of springs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T15:15:38","indexId":"wri974225","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4225","title":"Preliminary estimates of residence times and apparent ages of ground water in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and water-quality data from a survey of springs","docAbstract":" Knowledge of the residence times of the ground-water systems in Chesapeake Bay watershed helps resource managers anticipate potential delays between implementation of land-management practices and any improve-ments in river and estuary water quality. This report presents preliminary estimates of ground-water residence times and apparent ages of water in the shallow aquifers of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. A simple reservoir model, published data, and analyses of spring water were used to estimate residence times and apparent ages of ground-water discharge. Ranges of aquifer hydraulic characteristics throughout the Bay watershed were derived from published literature and were used to estimate ground-water residence times on the basis of a simple reservoir model. Simple combinations of rock type and physiographic province were used to delineate hydrogeomorphic regions (HGMR?s) for the study area. The HGMR?s are used to facilitate organization and display of the data and analyses. Illustrations depicting the relation of aquifer characteristics and associated residence times as a continuum for each HGMR were developed. In this way, the natural variation of aquifer characteristics can be seen graphically by use of data from selected representative studies. Water samples collected in September and November 1996, from 46 springs throughout the watershed were analyzed for chlorofluorocarbons (CFC?s) to estimate the apparent age of ground water. For comparison purposes, apparent ages of water from springs were calculated assuming piston flow. Additi-onal data are given to estimate apparent ages assuming an exponential distribution of ages in spring discharge. Additionally, results from previous studies of CFC-dating of ground water from other springs and wells in the watershed were compiled. The CFC data, and the data on major ions, nutrients, and nitrogen isotopes in the water collected from the 46 springs are included in this report. The apparent ages of water discharging from 30 of the 46 springs sampled were less than 20 years, including 5 that were 'modern' (0-4 years). Four samples had apparent ages of 22 to 34 years, and two others from thermal springs were 40 years or greater. The remaining ten samples were contaminated with local sources of CFC and could not be dated. Nitrate concentrations and nitrate delta 15 nitrogen (15N) values in water from many springs are similar to those in shallow ground water beneath fertilized fields, and some values are high enough to indicate a probable source from animal-waste components. The nitrogen data reported here highlight the significance of the springs sampled during this study as pathways for nutrient transport in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Ground-water samples were collected from springs during an unusually high flow period and thus may not be representative of low base-flow conditions. Residence times estimated from plausible ranges of aquifer properties and results of previous age-dating analyses generally corroborate the apparent-age analysis made in the current study and suggests that some residence times could be much longer. The shortest residence times tend to be in the Blue Ridge and northern carbonate areas; however, the data are preliminary and not appropriate for statistical tests of significance or variance. Because the age distributions in the aquifer discharging to the springs are not known, and because the apparent ages of water from the springs are based on various com-binations of CFC criteria, the apparent ages and calculated residence times are compared for illustrative purposes but are considered preliminary until further work is accomplished. ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri974225","usgsCitation":"Focazio, M.J., Plummer, N., Bohlke, J., Busenberg, E., Bachman, L.J., and Powars, D.S., 1998, Preliminary estimates of residence times and apparent ages of ground water in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and water-quality data from a survey of springs: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4225, vi, 75 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974225.","productDescription":"vi, 75 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1855,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri97-4225/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.0361328125,\n 36.8708321556463\n ],\n [\n -75.531005859375,\n 36.8708321556463\n ],\n [\n -75.531005859375,\n 39.73253798438173\n ],\n [\n -77.0361328125,\n 39.73253798438173\n ],\n [\n -77.0361328125,\n 36.8708321556463\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c471","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Focazio, Michael J. 0000-0003-0967-5576 mfocazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0967-5576","contributorId":1276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Focazio","given":"Michael","email":"mfocazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohlke, John K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":6894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"John K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bachman, L. Joseph","contributorId":33304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Powars, David S. 0000-0002-6787-8964 dspowars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-8964","contributorId":1181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powars","given":"David","email":"dspowars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":24579,"text":"ofr98460 - 1998 - Quaternary geology and liquefaction susceptibility, Napa, California 1:100,000 quadrangle: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-30T19:20:44.71193","indexId":"ofr98460","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-460","title":"Quaternary geology and liquefaction susceptibility, Napa, California 1:100,000 quadrangle: A digital database","docAbstract":"Earthquake-induced ground failures such as liquefaction have historically brought loss of life and damage to property and infrastructure. Observations of the effects of historical large-magnitude earthquakes show that the distribution of liquefaction phenomena is not random. Liquefaction is restricted to areas underlain by loose, cohesionless sands and silts that are saturated with water. \r\n\r\nThese areas can be delineated on the basis of thorough geologic, geomorphic, and hydrologic mapping and map analysis (Tinsley and Holzer, 1990; Youd and Perkins, 1987). Once potential liquefaction zones are delineated, appropriate public and private agencies can prepare for and mitigate seismic hazard in these zones.\r\n\r\nIn this study, we create a liquefaction susceptibility map of the Napa 1:100,000 quadrangle using Quaternary geologic mapping, analysis of historical liquefaction information, groundwater data, and data from other studies. The study is atterned after state-of-the-art studies by Youd (1973) Dupre and Tinsley (1980) and Dupre (1990) in the Monterey-Santa Cruz area, Tinsley and others (1985) in the Los Angeles area, and Youd and Perkins (1987) in San Mateo County, California. \r\n\r\nThe study area comprises the northern San Francisco Metropolitan Area, including the cities of Santa Rosa, Vallejo, Napa, Novato, Martinez, and Fairfield (Figure 1). Holocene estuarine deposits, Holocene stream deposits, eolian sands, and artificial fill are widely present in the region (Helley and Lajoie, 1979) and are the geologic materials of greatest concern. Six major faults capable of producing large earthquakes cross the study area, including the San Andreas, Rodgers Creek, Hayward, West Napa, Concord, and Green Valley faults (Figure 1).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98460","usgsCitation":"Sowers, J.M., Noller, J.S., and Lettis, W.R., 1998, Quaternary geology and liquefaction susceptibility, Napa, California 1:100,000 quadrangle: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-460, Report: 12 p.; 2 Plates: 42.0 x 34.0 inches; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98460.","productDescription":"Report: 12 p.; 2 Plates: 42.0 x 34.0 inches; Data Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402781,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17819.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8142,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-460/na_data.tar.gz"},{"id":8141,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-460/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"UTM Zone 10","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Napa quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123,38 ], [ -123,38.5 ], [ -122,38.5 ], [ -122,38 ], [ -123,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a2b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sowers, Janet M.","contributorId":51318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sowers","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noller, Jay S.","contributorId":56253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noller","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lettis, William R.","contributorId":85970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lettis","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25557,"text":"wri974234 - 1998 - Ground-water quality in three urban areas in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-08T14:21:21.243088","indexId":"wri974234","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4234","title":"Ground-water quality in three urban areas in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States, 1995","docAbstract":"Ground-water quality is generally good in three urban areas studied in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States涌cala and Tampa, Florida, and Virginia Beach, Virginia. The hydrology of these areas differs in that Ocala has many karst depressions but virtually no surface-water features, and Tampa and Virginia Beach have numerous surface-water features, including small lakes, streams, and swamps. Samples were collected in early 1995 from 15 wells in Ocala (8 in the surficial aquifer and 7 in the Upper Floridan aquifer), 17 wells in Tampa (8 in the surficial aquifer and 9 in the Upper Floridan aquifer), and in the summer of 1995 from 15 wells in Virginia Beach (all in the surficial aquifer).
In the surficial aquifer in Ocala, the major ion water type was calcium bicarbonate in five samples and mixed (no dominant ions) in three samples, with dissolved-solids concentrations ranging from 78 to 463 milligrams per liter. In Tampa, the water type was calcium bicarbonate in one sample and mixed in seven samples, with dissolved-solids concentrations ranging from 38 to 397 milligrams per liter. In Virginia Beach, water types were primarily calcium and sodium bicarbonate water, with dissolved-solids concentrations ranging from 89 to 740 milligrams per liter. The water types and dissolved-solids concentrations reflect the presence of carbonates in the surficial aquifer materials in the Ocala and Virginia Beach areas. The major ion water type was calcium bicarbonate for all 16 samples from the upper Floridan aquifer in both Florida cities. Dissolved-solids concentrations ranged from 210 to 551 milligrams per liter in Ocala, with a median of 287 milligrams per liter, and from 187 to 362 milligrams per liter in Tampa, with a median of 244 milligrams per liter.
Concentrations of nitrate nitrogen were highest in the surficial aquifer in Ocala, and one sample ex-ceeded 10 milligrams per liter, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level for drinking water. Median nitrate concentrations were 1.2 milligrams per liter in Ocala and only 0.06 and 0.05 milligram per liter in Tampa and Virginia Beach, respectively. In Florida, some background water-quality data were available for comparison. The median nitrate concentration in Ocala was much higher than the median nitrate concentration of 0.05 milligram per liter in the background data. Median nitrate concentrations were 0.33 and 0.05 milligram per liter in samples from the Upper Floridan aquifer in Ocala and Tampa, respectively, and 0.05 milligram per liter in background samples.
Of the 47 pesticides and 60 volatile organic compounds analyzed, only five pesticides and five volatile organic compounds were detected. The most commonly detected pesticide was prometon, a broad-scale herbicide, detected in samples from eight wells in Ocala (at concentrations ranging from 0.009 to 1.8 micrograms per liter), three wells in Virginia Beach (at concentrations ranging from 0.19 to 10 micrograms per liter), and from one well in Tampa (0.01 microgram per liter). The most commonly detected volatile organic compound was chloroform, which was d etected four times at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 2.2 micrograms per liter in Ocala and Tampa. Seven volatile organic compounds were detected in one sample in Virginia Beach; most were compounds associated with petroleum and coal tar.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974234","usgsCitation":"Berndt, M.P., Galeone, D., Spruill, T., and Crandall, C.A., 1998, Ground-water quality in three urban areas in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4234, iii, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974234.","productDescription":"iii, 25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125075,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4234.jpg"},{"id":1906,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974234","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465855,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48839.htm","text":"Ocala, Florida","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465856,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48840.htm","text":"Tampa, Florida","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465857,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48841.htm","text":"Virginia Beach, Virginia","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8ee4b07f02db6548fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berndt, M. P.","contributorId":74761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galeone, D.R.","contributorId":47410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galeone","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spruill, T.B.","contributorId":76747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spruill","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crandall, C. A.","contributorId":93943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24325,"text":"ofr98385 - 1998 - Hydrologic and water-quality data for the lower Bradley River, Alaska, November through April 1995-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"ofr98385","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-385","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data for the lower Bradley River, Alaska, November through April 1995-98","docAbstract":"A dam constructed at the outlet of Bradley Lake near Homer, Alaska has blocked natural flows to the lower Bradley River. To protect salmon egg incubation habitat during the period of November 2 to April 30, a fish-water bypass was incorporated into the design of the dam to ensure a minimum discharge of 40 cubic feet per second in the lower river. This minimum flow determination was based on an open-water instream flow study that did not take into account effects of ice formation. A study was begun in March 1993 to determine winter flow conditions in the lower Bradley River. As a part of this study, data were collected at sites in the lower Bradley River to measure discharge, wetted perimeter, water depth, flow velocity, and specific conductance, as well as temperature and dissolved oxygen from both surface water and intragravel water. This report presents data collected between November 1995 and April 1998.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr98385","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Rickman, R.L., 1998, Hydrologic and water-quality data for the lower Bradley River, Alaska, November through April 1995-98: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-385, iv, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 12 illus.; 2 plates; 2 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98385.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 12 illus.; 2 plates; 2 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0385/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53431,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0385/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6116ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rickman, Ronlad L.","contributorId":101284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rickman","given":"Ronlad","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":248,"text":"wsp2499 - 1998 - Summary of floods in the United States, January 1992 through September 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T19:33:17.207701","indexId":"wsp2499","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2499","title":"Summary of floods in the United States, January 1992 through September 1993","docAbstract":"This volume contains a summary of the flooding in the upper Mississippi River Basin during the spring and summer of 1993 and 36 articles describing severe, widespread, or unusual flooding in the United States from January 1, 1992, to the end of the 1993 water year, September 30, 1993. Each flood is described to an extent commensurate with its significance and the availability of data on the hydrology and the damages. Each article includes one or more maps showing the general area of flooding and the sites for which data are presented. Most articles include tables of data that allow the reader to compare the described flood with past floods at selected flood-determination sites. The articles generally do not attempt to analyze the floods or draw definitive conclusions, except for a few cases in which the author had sufficient information for an analysis to be made.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wsp2499","usgsCitation":"1998, Summary of floods in the United States, January 1992 through September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2499, x, 286 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2499.","productDescription":"x, 286 p.","numberOfPages":"300","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424803,"rank":39,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25258.htm","text":"Summary of floods of 1993 - September 22-26, 1993, in northwestern and central Missouri","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":424802,"rank":38,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25257.htm","text":"Summary of floods of 1993 - May-September 1993, in southeastern Kansas","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":424801,"rank":37,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25256.htm","text":"Summary of floods of 1993 - May 8-14 and September 25-27, 1993, in Oklahoma","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":424800,"rank":36,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25255.htm","text":"Summary of floods of 1993 - March 8-12, 1993, in east-central Nebraska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":424799,"rank":35,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25254.htm","text":"Summary of floods of 1993 - March 1993, in 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","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Estuary","usgsCitation":"Brown, C.L., and Luoma, S.N., 1998, Metal trends and effects in Potamocorbula amurensis in north San Francisco Bay: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 11, no. 2, p. 33-35.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"35","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308180,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3272705078125,\n 38.034030762875844\n ],\n [\n -122.3272705078125,\n 38.09241741843045\n ],\n [\n -121.87683105468749,\n 38.09241741843045\n ],\n [\n -121.87683105468749,\n 38.034030762875844\n ],\n [\n -122.3272705078125,\n 38.034030762875844\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55fa92c2e4b05d6c4e501aa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Cynthia L. clbrown@usgs.gov","contributorId":206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Cynthia","email":"clbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21917,"text":"ofr98205 - 1998 - Lithostratigraphy, petrography, biostratigraphy, and strontium-isotope stratigraphy of the surficial aquifer system of western Collier County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T17:26:13.234544","indexId":"ofr98205","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-31T21:50:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-205","title":"Lithostratigraphy, petrography, biostratigraphy, and strontium-isotope stratigraphy of the surficial aquifer system of western Collier County, Florida","docAbstract":"In 1996, seven cores were recovered in western Collier County, southwestern Florida, to acquire subsurface geologic and hydrologic data to support ground-water modeling efforts. This report presents the lithostratigraphy, X-ray diffraction analyses, petrography, biostratigraphy, and strontium-isotope stratigraphy of these cores. \r\n\r\nThe oldest unit encountered in the study cores is an unnamed formation that is late Miocene. At least four depositional sequences are present within this formation. Calculated age of the formation, based on strontium-isotope stratigraphy, ranges from 9.5 to 5.7 Ma (million years ago). An unconformity within this formation that represents a hiatus of at least 2 million years is indicated in the Old Pump Road core. In two cores, Collier-Seminole and Old Pump Road, the uppermost sediments of the unnamed formation are not dated by strontium isotopes, and, based on the fossils present, these sediments could be as young as Pliocene. In another core (Fakahatchee Strand-Ranger Station), the upper part of the unnamed formation is dated by mollusks as Pliocene. The Tamiami Formation overlies the unnamed formation throughout the study area and is represented by the Ochopee Limestone Member. The unit is Pliocene and probably includes the interval of time near the early/late Pliocene boundary. Strontium-isotope analysis indicates an early Pliocene age (calculated ages range from 5.1 to 3.5 Ma), but the margin of error includes the latest Miocene and the late Pliocene. The dinocyst assemblages in the Ochopee typically are not age-diagnostic, but, near the base of the unit in the Collier-Seminole, Jones Grade, and Fakahatchee Strand State Forest cores, they indicate an age of late Miocene or Pliocene. The molluscan assemblages indicate a Pliocene age for the Ochopee, and a distinctive assemblage of Carditimera arata and Chione cortinaria in several of the cores specifically indicates an age near the early/late Pliocene boundary. \r\n\r\nUndifferentiated sands overlie the Pliocene limestones in two cores in the southern part of the study area. Artificial fill occurs at the top of most of the cores. \r\n\r\nThe hydrologic confining units penetrated by these cores are different in different parts of the study area. To the west, a hard tightly cemented dolostone forms the first major confining unit below the water table. In the eastern part of the study area, confinement is more difficult to determine. A tightly cemented sandstone, much younger than the dolostones to the west and probably not laterally connected to them, forms a slight confining unit in one core. Thick zones of poorly sorted muddy unconsolidated sands form a slight confining unit in other cores; these probably are not correlative to either the sandstone or the dolostones to the west. The age and sedimentologic observations suggest a complex compartmentalization of the surficial aquifer system in southwestern Florida. The calibrations of dinocyst and molluscan occurrences with strontium-isotope stratigraphy allows us to expand and document the reported ranges of many taxa. \r\n\r\n\r\nThis report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98205","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., Weedman, S., Simmons, K., Scott, T., Brewster-Wingard, G., Ishman, S., and Carlin, N., 1998, Lithostratigraphy, petrography, biostratigraphy, and strontium-isotope stratigraphy of the surficial aquifer system of western Collier County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-205, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98205.","productDescription":"79 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0205/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51399,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0205/ofr98205.pdf","text":"Report","size":"893 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 98-205"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Collier County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.88110351562499,\n 25.06072125231416\n ],\n [\n -80.62042236328125,\n 25.06072125231416\n ],\n [\n -80.62042236328125,\n 26.27371402440643\n ],\n [\n -81.88110351562499,\n 26.27371402440643\n ],\n [\n -81.88110351562499,\n 25.06072125231416\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Reflection-mode borehole radar and transmission-mode radar tomograms image heterogeneity in the electromagnetic properties of rock. Heterogeneity may be produced by interfaces between different rock types, foliation, and fracturing. In crystalline rock, hydraulic flow is primarily through fracture networks rather than through the rock matrix. Borehole radar methods have been applied to help map flow paths in crystalline rock. Correlation of features identified in borehole radar reflection records and tomograms with hydraulic flow paths is generally uncertain because the records show responses to heterogeneity of all- kinds, not just to hydraulically permeable fractures. Even in lithologically uniform rock, it is often not possible to distinguish fractures of high hydraulic permeabilities from those with low permeabilities.
It is possible to “erase” signatures from lithologic interfaces and rock fabric to identify the signatures of hydraulically permeable fractures by using a saline tracer in fractured crystalline rock because the electrical properties of the rock, except for the fractures that are open to infiltration by the brine solution, remain the same after the injection of the brine and may be removed by examining differences. Saline tracer experiments were carried out in 1995, 1996, and 1997 in the FSE well field at the Mirror Lake fractured-rock hydrology research site in Grafton County, New Hampshire. Comparisons of results from directional radar reflection surveys to well-to-well difference attenuation tomography in the same pairs of wells show generally good correspondence between the location of radar reflections and attenuation anomalies. Our results demonstrate the advantage of using a saline tracer for before-and-after difference mapping of hydraulically permeable fractures in lithologically heterogeneous rock and the utility of the coordinated use of directional borehole radar and hole-to-hole radar tomography.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the symposium on the application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems","conferenceDate":"March 22-26, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Chicago, IL","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society","usgsCitation":"Wright, D.L., and Lane, J., 1998, Mapping hydraulically permeable fractures using directional borehole radar and hole-to-hole tomography with a saline tracer, in Proceedings of the symposium on the application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems, Chicago, IL, March 22-26, 1998, p. 379-388.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"388","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368811,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368810,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/SAGEEP98_040/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","county":"Grafton County","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.7026138305664,\n 43.9407373431014\n ],\n [\n -71.68905258178711,\n 43.9407373431014\n ],\n [\n -71.68905258178711,\n 43.94629935894505\n ],\n [\n -71.7026138305664,\n 43.94629935894505\n ],\n [\n -71.7026138305664,\n 43.9407373431014\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, David L. dwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":1132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"David","email":"dwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":774332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":210076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70196623,"text":"70196623 - 1998 - Erosion, weathering, and sedimentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-09T16:37:51.238597","indexId":"70196623","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"19","title":"Erosion, weathering, and sedimentation","docAbstract":"This chapter explains how a variety of nuclides have been applied to catchments throughout the world. One of the most exciting new approaches for quantifying the rate at which catchments erode is the measurement of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides. The commonly applied nuclides for erosion rate measurements are 3He, 10Be, 26A1, and 36C1. Use of such nuclides was restricted to determining denudation rates of exposed bedrock outcrops. It appears that samples have generally been collected from outcrops standing above the surrounding landscape. These protrusions of bedrock may erode more slowly because they shed water rapidly, thus reducing the efficacy of chemical weathering. Geomorphologists have used sediment deposits or suspended particle loads in rivers to evaluate erosive processes in catchments. Linking this approach to fluxes of anthropogenic radionuclides such as 137Cs or natural 210Pb opens up a new avenue for understanding processes such as particle formation via weathering, soil formation, denudation, transport, and sedimentation. There are some factors that must be considered when attempting to use Sr isotopes to identify solute sources or quantify mineral weathering rates or processes at the catchment scale. First, 87Sr/86Sr observed in streamflow probably does not reflect current weathering in the catchment but rather a partial integration of the weathering history and the evolution of the cation exchange pool. Second, Sr release must be distinguished from mineral dissolution as a bulk mass transfer process in cases where Sr may be preferentially lost from the mineral relative to more tightly bound cations. Third, an understanding of the emplacement history of catchment soil substrates, for example, moraine vs. alluvium; residuum vs. colluvium; fractured vs. massive bedrock, may be critical to confirming the weathering reactions inferred from the Sr isotopes.
","largerWorkTitle":"Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-444-81546-0.50026-4","usgsCitation":"Bierman, P.R., Albrecht, A., Bothner, M., Brown, E.T., Bullen, T.D., Gray, L., and Turpin, L., 1998, Erosion, weathering, and sedimentation, chap. 19 of Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology, p. 647-678, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-81546-0.50026-4.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"678","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353623,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff152ae4b0da30c1bfd3ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bierman, Paul R. 0000-0001-9627-4601","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9627-4601","contributorId":19041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bierman","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Albrecht, Achim","contributorId":204372,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Albrecht","given":"Achim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":733803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Erik Thorson","contributorId":171787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Erik","email":"","middleInitial":"Thorson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bullen, Thomas D. 0000-0003-2281-1691 tdbullen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-1691","contributorId":1969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"Thomas","email":"tdbullen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":733805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gray, Leda-Beth","contributorId":83142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Leda-Beth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Turpin, Laurent","contributorId":204373,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turpin","given":"Laurent","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":27876,"text":"wri984182 - 1998 - Continuous hydrologic simulation of runoff for the Middle Fork and South Fork of the Beargrass Creek basin in Jefferson County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T19:36:43.874324","indexId":"wri984182","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4182","title":"Continuous hydrologic simulation of runoff for the Middle Fork and South Fork of the Beargrass Creek basin in Jefferson County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The Hydrological Simulation Pro-gram-FORTRAN (HSPF) was applied to an urban drainage basin in Jefferson County, Ky to integrate the large amounts of information being collected on water quantity and quality into an analytical framework that could be used as a management and planning tool. Hydrologic response units were developed using geographic data and a K-means analysis to characterize important hydrologic and physical factors in the basin. The Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAN Expert System (HSPEXP) was used to calibrate the model parameters for the Middle Fork Beargrass Creek Basin for 3 years (June 1, 1991, to May 31, 1994) of 5-minute streamflow and precipitation time series, and 3 years of hourly pan-evaporation time series. The calibrated model parameters were applied to the South Fork Beargrass Creek Basin for confirmation. The model confirmation results indicated that the model simulated the system within acceptable tolerances. The coefficient of determination and coefficient of model-fit efficiency between simulated and observed daily flows were 0.91 and 0.82, respectively, for model calibration and 0.88 and 0.77, respectively, for model confirmation. The model is most sensitive to estimates of the area of effective impervious land in the basin; the spatial distribution of rain-fall; and the lower-zone evapotranspiration, lower-zone nominal storage, and infiltration-capacity parameters during recession and low-flow periods. The error contribution from these sources varies with season and antecedent conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984182","usgsCitation":"Jarrett, G.L., Downs, A.C., and Grace-Jarrett, P.A., 1998, Continuous hydrologic simulation of runoff for the Middle Fork and South Fork of the Beargrass Creek basin in Jefferson County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4182, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984182.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158897,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415458,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49024.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2174,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984182/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Middle Fork and South Fork of the Beargrass Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.75,\n 38.2833\n ],\n [\n -85.75,\n 38.1833\n ],\n [\n -85.5292,\n 38.1833\n ],\n [\n -85.5292,\n 38.2833\n ],\n [\n -85.75,\n 38.2833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691f6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarrett, G. Lynn","contributorId":75577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Aimee C. acdowns@usgs.gov","contributorId":929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Aimee","email":"acdowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":198828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grace-Jarrett, Patricia A.","contributorId":54633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace-Jarrett","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022044,"text":"70022044 - 1998 - In-situ alteration of minerals by acidic ground water resulting from mining activities: Preliminary evaluation of method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-01T16:49:29.57625","indexId":"70022044","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In-situ alteration of minerals by acidic ground water resulting from mining activities: Preliminary evaluation of method","docAbstract":"The chemical composition of the Cu-mining-related acidic ground water (pH ∼ 3.5 to near neutral) in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona has been monitored since 1980. In-situ experiments are planned using alluvial sediments placed in the ground-water flow path to measure changes in mineral and chemical composition and changes in dissolution rates of subsurface alluvial sediments. The test results should help refine developed models of predicted chemical changes in ground-water composition and models of streamflow. For the preliminary test, sediment from the depth of the well screen of a newly drilled well was installed in three wells, the source well (pH 4.96) and two up-gradient wells (pHs 4.27 and 4.00). The sediment was placed in woven macrofilters, fastened in series to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes, and hung at the screened level of each well. After interacting with the slowly moving ground water for 48 days, the test sediments were removed for analysis. There was no evidence that any of the materials used were biologically or chemically degraded or that the porosity of the filters was diminished by ferric hydroxide precipitation. These materials included 21-μm-pore (21PEMF) and 67-μm-pore polyester and the 174-μm-pore fluorocarbon Spectra/mesh macrofilters containing the in-situ sediment, the polypropylene (PP) macrofilter support structures, and the Nylon (NY) monofilament line used to attach the samples to the PVC pipe. Based on chemical and mineral composition and on particle-size distribution of the sediment before and after ground-water exposure, the 21PEMF macrofilter was chosen as the most suitable macrofilter for the long-term in-situ experiment. Tests also showed that the PP support structures and the NY monofilament line were sufficiently durable for this experiment.
Owens Lake, located at the eastern base of the central Sierra Nevada (Fig. 1), was the terminus of the Owens River prior to the lake's complete desiccation shortly after 1913 due to river diversion by the City of Los Angeles. During earlier wetter cycles, the lake overflowed to fill a series of downstream basins including China Lake Basin, Searles Valley, Panamint Valley, and ultimately, Death Valley (Smith and Street-Perrott, 1983). In 1992 the U.S. Geological Survey drilled a 323-m-deep core (OL-92) into Owens Lake sediments near the depocenter of the basin to obtain a continuous record of silty-clay sediment spanning the last 800,000 yrs. A multi-parameter reconnaissance study of the entire core (ca 7000-yr resolution), was reported in a 13-chapter summary volume (Smith and Bischoff, 1997). A document containing the numerical and other detailed forms of raw data collected by that volume's authors was prepared earlier (Smith and Bischoff, 1993). The reconnaissance study provided an approximate time-depth model for the entire core, based on radiocarbon dates from the top 31m, the Bishop Ash (759,000 yrs) at 304 m, ten within-Brunhes paleomagnetic excursions, and a compaction-corrected mass-accumulation rate of 51.4 g/cm/l000yr (Bischoff et al., 1997a). Application of this model to observed sediment parameters indicates that Owens Lake was saline, alkaline, and biologically productive at times of decreased water-flow, and was generally hydrologically flushed and relatively unproductive during times of increased water-flow. Grain size, abundance of CaCO3, organic carbon, clay mineralogy, cation-exchange capacity of the clay fraction, fossil pollen, fish, ostracodes, and diatoms (see summary by Smith et al., 1997) all show cyclic variation down the core. CaCO3 abundance, in particular, strongly reflects an approximately 100 ka dominant cycle, characteristic of global ice-volume indicated by the MIS δ18O record. Four of the last five marine isotope terminations are clearly shown in the OL-92 record.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98132","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"1998, The last interglaciation at Owens Lake, California; Core OL-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-132, 186 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98132.","productDescription":"186 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":51394,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0132/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154322,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0132/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Lake","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64b08d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":726167,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6887,"text":"fs09098 - 1998 - Somerset County Flood Information System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-08T10:18:50","indexId":"fs09098","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"090-98","title":"Somerset County Flood Information System","docAbstract":"The timely warning of a flood is crucial to the protection of lives and property. One has only to recall the flood of August 2, 1973, in Somerset County, New Jersey, in which six lives were lost and major property damage occurred, to realize how unexpected and costly, especially in terms of human life, a flood can be. Accurate forecasts and warnings cannot be made, however, without detailed information about precipitation and streamflow in the drainage basin.
Recognizing the need for detailed hydrologic information for Somerset County, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with Somerset County, installed the Somerset County Flood Information System (SCFIS) in 1990. The availability of data provided by this system will improve the flood forecasting ability of the National Weather Service (NWS), and has assisted Somerset County and municipal agencies in planning and execution of flood-preparation and emergency evacuation procedures in the county.
This fact sheet describes the Somerset County Flood Information System and identifies its benefits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs09098","usgsCitation":"Summer, W.M., 1998, Somerset County Flood Information System: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 090-98, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09098.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34192,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1998/0090/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":925,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1998/0090/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1998/0090/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Somerset 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New Jersey Water Science Center
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
609–771–3900
http://nj.usgs.gov/
Metal-mining related wastes in the Boulder River basin study area in northern Jefferson County, Montana have been implicated in their detrimental effects on water quality with regard to acid-generation and toxic-metal solubility. Sediments, fluvial tailings and water from High Ore Creek have been identified as significant contributors to water quality degradation of the Boulder River below Basin, Montana. A study of 42 fluvial tailings cores and 7 stream sediments from High Ore Creek was undertaken to determine the concentrations of environmentally sensitive elements (i.e. Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) present in these materials, and the mineral phases containing those elements. Two sites of fluvial deposition of mine-waste contaminated sediment on upper High Ore Creek were sampled using a one-inch soil probe. Forty-two core samples were taken producing 247 subsamples. The samples were analyzed by ICP-AES (inductively coupled-plasma atomic emission spectroscopy) using a total mixed-acid digestion. Results of the core analyses show that the elements described above are present at very high concentrations (to 22,000 ppm As, to 460 ppm Ag, to 900 ppm Cd, 4,300 ppm Cu, 46,000ppm Pb, and 50,000 ppm Zn). Seven stream-sediment samples were also analyzed by ICP-AES for total element content and for leachable element content. Results show that the sediment of High Ore Creek has elevated levels of ore-related metals throughout its length, down to the confluence with the Boulder River, and that the metals are, to a significant degree, contained in the leachable phase, namely the hydrous amorphous iron- and manganese-hydroxide coatings on detrital sediment particles.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98215","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Fey, D.L., and Church, S.E., 1998, Analytical results for forty-two fluvial tailings cores and seven stream sediment samples from High Ore Creek, northern Jefferson County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-215, Report: iii, 49 p.; 5 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98215.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 49 p.; 5 Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":102,"text":"Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340611,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0215/ofr19980215_table4.xls","text":"Table 4","size":"24 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 4","linkHelpText":"- Partial-digestion data following 2M HCL-1%H2O2 leach for major and trace elements for stream-sediment samples taken from High Ore Creek below Comet Mine, Boulder River Watershed, "},{"id":340608,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0215/ofr19980215_table1.xls","text":"Table 1","size":"75.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 1","linkHelpText":"- Total digestion data for major and trace elements for fluvial tailings cores taken from High Ore Creek below Comet Mine, Boulder River Watershed, Montana"},{"id":340610,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0215/ofr19980215_table3.xls","text":"Table 3","size":"24 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 3","linkHelpText":"- Total digestion data for major and trace elements for stream-sediment samples taken from High Ore Creek below Comet Mine, Boulder River Watershed, Montana"},{"id":340609,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0215/ofr19980215_table2.xls","text":"Table 2","size":"41.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 2","linkHelpText":"-Total digestion data for major and trace elements for fluvial tailings cores taken from High Ore Creek below Comet Mine, Boulder River Watershed, Montana"},{"id":340612,"rank":7,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0215/ofr19980215_table5.xls","text":"Table 5","size":"24.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 5","linkHelpText":"- Total digestion data from residues following the 2M HCl -1%H2O2 extraction from stream-sediment samples, High Ore Creek, Montana"},{"id":155157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0215/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":339882,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0215/ofr-98-0215.pdf","text":"Report","size":"716 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1998-0215"},{"id":341935,"rank":8,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0215/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Boulder River Watershed, High Ore Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.375,\n 46.25\n ],\n [\n -112.125,\n 46.25\n ],\n [\n -112.125,\n 46.37\n ],\n [\n -112.375,\n 46.37\n ],\n [\n -112.375,\n 46.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Center Director, Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 973
Denver, CO 80225
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and benzene have been measured since 1993 in a shallow, sandy aquifer contaminated by a mid-1980s release of gasoline containing fuel oxygenates. In wells downgradient of the release area, MTBK was detected before benzene, reflecting a chromatographic-like separation of these compounds in the direction of ground water flow. Higher concentrations of MTBE and benzene were measured in the deeper sampling ports of multilevel sampling wells located near the release area, and also up to 10 feet (3 m) below the water table surface in nested wells located farther from the release area. This distribution of higher concentrations at depth is caused by recharge events that deflect originally horizontal ground water flowlines. In the laboratory, microcosms containing aquifer material incubated with uniformly labeled 14C-MTBE under aerobic and anaerobic. Fe(III)-reducing conditions indicated a low but measurable biodegradation potential (<3%14C-MTBW as 14CO2) after a seven-month incubation period, Tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), a proposed microbial-MTBE transformation intermediate, was detected in MTBE-contaminated wells, but TBA was also measured in unsaturated release area sediments. This suggests that TBA may have been present in the original fuel spilled and does not necessarily reflect microbial degradation of MTBE. Combined, these data suggest that milligram per liter to microgram per liter decreases in MTBE concentrations relative to benzene are caused by the natural attenuation processes of dilution and dispersion with less-contaminated ground water in the direction of flow rather than biodegradation at this point source gasoline release site.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1998.tb00168.x","usgsCitation":"Landmeyer, J., Chapelle, F.H., Bradley, P.M., Pankow, J.F., Church, C.D., and Tratnyek, P.G., 1998, Fate of MTBE relative to benzene in a gasoline-contaminated aquifer (1993-98): : Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, v. 18, no. 4, p. 93-102, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1998.tb00168.x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"93","endPage":"102","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338412,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da253be4b0543bf7fda869","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landmeyer, James 0000-0002-5640-3816 jlandmey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5640-3816","contributorId":3257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"James","email":"jlandmey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pankow, James F.","contributorId":72253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pankow","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Church, Clinton D.","contributorId":8189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Clinton","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tratnyek, Paul G.","contributorId":189883,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tratnyek","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185697,"text":"70185697 - 1998 - Design for a packer/vacuum slug test system for estimating hydraulic conductivity in wells with LNAPLs, casing leaks, or water tables intersecting the screens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T09:38:14","indexId":"70185697","displayToPublicDate":"1998-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1866,"text":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Design for a packer/vacuum slug test system for estimating hydraulic conductivity in wells with LNAPLs, casing leaks, or water tables intersecting the screens","docAbstract":"“Results indicate that the packer/vacuum system is an adequate method for obtaining values of hydraulic conductivity.”
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1998.tb00167.x","usgsCitation":"Strobel, M.L., Strobel, C.J., and Delin, G.N., 1998, Design for a packer/vacuum slug test system for estimating hydraulic conductivity in wells with LNAPLs, casing leaks, or water tables intersecting the screens: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, v. 18, no. 4, p. 77-80, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1998.tb00167.x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"80","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338425,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da253be4b0543bf7fda867","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strobel, Michael L.","contributorId":189898,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strobel","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strobel, Carissa J.","contributorId":189899,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strobel","given":"Carissa","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Delin, Geoffrey N. 0000-0001-7991-6158 delin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7991-6158","contributorId":2610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"Geoffrey","email":"delin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":5063,"text":"Central Water Science Field Team","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}