The Waynesboro East and Waynesboro West Quadrangles comprise an area of approximately 117 square miles (304 sq km) in portions of Albemarle, Augusta, and Nelson counties in north-central Virginia. Included in the quadrangles are portions of the Piedmont, Blue Ridge, and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces and two major regional structures - the Blue Ridge anticlinoriurm and the Massanutten synclinorium.
The rocks of the Blue Ridge anticlorium are complexly folded and faulted and consist of five sequences, the oldest being the Precambrian gneisses that include the Lovingston and Pedlar formations. Unconformably overlying these rocks or in fault contact with them is a sequence of Precambrian(?) stratified rock units including the metamorphosed, fluvial, sedimentary, and basic volcanic strata of the Swift Run and Catoctin formations. These are overlain by a sequence of Cambrian clastic rocks that include the Weverton, Harpers, and Antietarn formations. The Massanutten synclinorium within the study area is formed from the overlying Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate sequence that includes the Shady, Waynesboro, Elbrook, Conococheague, Chepultepec, Beekmantown, New Market, and Lincolnshire formations. These carbonate rocks are overlain by the Ordovician clastic sequence of the Martinsburg Formation. Many of these rock units are locally intruded by diabase dikes of Triassic age and are IocalIy covered by alluvial Quaternary sediments.
The intensity of deformation increases from northwest to southeast with recumbent folds, thrust faults, and zones of cataclastic rocks present in the southeastern half of the area. All of the rocks are altered with the metamorphic rank being somewhat greater to the southeast.
Sources of agricultural limestone, limestone aggregate, and in limited quantities high-calcium Iimestone are present. Ceramic clay, crushed stone. sand and gravel, and iron and manganese have been produced in small quantities.
Fourteen environmental geologic units having similar geologic factors - bedrock, residuum, and soil properties - affecting land modification have been delineated. Each is briefly evaluated with respect to slope stability, erodibility, and response to excavation or other types of land modification. Rockfall, karst. cave areas, and floodprone regions have been delineated.
","largerWorkTitle":"Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication","publisher":"Commonwealth of Virginia, Dept. of Conservation and Economic Development, Division of Mineral Resources","publisherLocation":"Charlottesville, VA","usgsCitation":"Gathright, T.M., Henika, W.S., and Sullivan, J.L., 1977, Geology of the Waynesboro East and Waynesboro West Quadrangles, Virginia, v. 3, 53 p.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356748,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":356747,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commercedocs/PUB_3.pdf","text":"Document"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Albemarle County, Augusta County, Nelson County","city":"Waynesboro","otherGeospatial":"Waynesboro East quadrangle, Waynesboro West Quadrangle","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gathright, Thomas M. II","contributorId":207266,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gathright","given":"Thomas","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henika, William S.","contributorId":178188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henika","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sullivan, John L.","contributorId":207277,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30043,"text":"wri7761 - 1977 - The effect of the Faka Union Canal system on water levels in the Fakahatchee Strand, Collier County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T16:35:14.160273","indexId":"wri7761","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T21:30:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-61","title":"The effect of the Faka Union Canal system on water levels in the Fakahatchee Strand, Collier County, Florida","docAbstract":"The Faka Union Canal system, constructed in the western Big Cypress Swamp, Fla., in the early 1970's, lies about 3.5 miles west of the centerline of the Fakahatchee Strand, a forested water course which the State of Florida has designated as an Area of Critical State Concern in order to conserve natural resources. Between 1970 and 1975 the canal system annually discharged to the Gulf of Mexico from 143,200 to 275,600 acre-feet of freshwater. Discharge lowered ground-water levels as much as 4 feet near the eastern canal and created a water-level gradient that indicates water flowed from the Fakahatchee Strand west toward the canal during most of the year. In June 1975, water from early summer rains was impounded in the eastern canal upstream of the control structure at Janes Scenic Drive, and, as water levels rose in this reach, water flowed from the canal into the aquifer and around the control structure.
The annual low-water level in the center of the Fakahatchee Strand declined from nearly 3 feet above mean sea level in 1972 to 1 foot above mean sea level in 1974. (Woodard-USGS)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7761","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Swayze, L.J., and McPherson, B.F., 1977, The effect of the Faka Union Canal system on water levels in the Fakahatchee Strand, Collier County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-61, iii, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7761.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2477,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0061/wri7761.pdf","text":"Report","size":"885 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":159292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0061/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Collier County","otherGeospatial":"Fakahatchee Strand, Faka Union Canal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.25326538085938,\n 25.75413552707459\n ],\n [\n -81.20407104492188,\n 25.75413552707459\n ],\n [\n -81.20407104492188,\n 26.606946521203206\n ],\n [\n -82.25326538085938,\n 26.606946521203206\n ],\n [\n -82.25326538085938,\n 25.75413552707459\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
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Muscatine Island is a wide segment of the west bank of the Mississippi River flood plain that covers about 50 square miles in Muscatine and Louisa Counties; the project area encompasses the 30 square miles in Muscatine County. The flood plain is underlain by thick, permeable alluvial deposits that comprise a water-table aquifer that is developed extensively for water supplies in the area. The aquifer consists principally of sand and gravel, interbedded with lenses of silt and clay. Its saturated thickness ranges from about 40 to 140 feet. The transmissivity and storage coefficients of the aquifer range from about 20,000 ft.2/day and 0.15. respectively, in the western part of the Island to about 39,500 ft.2/day and 0.24 in the eastern part. The amount of water stored in the aquifer, under normal conditions, is about 100 billion gallons.
\nDischarge from the aquifer is principally by pumpage, which has increased from about 1 mgd (million gallons per day) in 1906 to about 37 mgd in 1970. About 2.5 mgd is normally lost to seepage and evapotranspiration along a 9-mile reach of Muscatine Slough in Muscatine County. About 0.9 mgd is discharged by evaporation from gravel pits.
\nRecharge to the aquifer is by induced infiltration from the Mississippi River, seepage from the river during major flood events, precipitation, and seepage from the underlying limestone bedrock. Induced infiltration provides about 80 to 85 percent of the water withdrawn from the principal pumping centers along the river and also replaces about 70 to 80 percent of the water that is evaporated from the gravel pits; this amounted to about 30 mgd in 1971. Additional significant recharge from the river occurs during major floods, when prolonged high stages provide the head for considerable underflow to the aquifer. Recharge from precipitation on the Island was calculated to average about 6inches per year or about 0.3 mgd per square mile. Seepage from bedrock is significant and is attributed to the increased head differential between the alluvial and bedrock aquifers in the areas of major pumping.
\nThe chemical constituents of water from the aquifer are generally within the recommended limits established by the U. S. Public Health Service for drinking water.
\nStresses on the hydrologic system have affected the position and configuration of the water table and the chemical quality of the ground water. The large-scale withdrawals, which began at the principal pumping centers in 1946, have caused the water table to decline from about 1 foot in the interior of the Island to about 5 feet near the edges of the main pumping centers; the decline was more than 8 feet under the pumping centers. A slight increase in hardness of water from riverward wells in the pumping centers is attributed to the induced infiltration of slightly harder river water; a noticeable increase in hardness and iron content in water from landward wells is attributed to seepage of water from the bedrock. In the central irrigated area, which is underlain by very permeable, highly drained soils that are mulched with organic fertilizers, the nitrate content of the ground water is as high as 46 mg/l (milligrams per liter). Land-use practices have had, and probably will continue to have, an impact on the quality and quantity of water available in the system.
\nThe hydrologic system in 1971 was in dynamic equilibrium or in near-equilibrium with the stresses imposed on it to that date. This equilibrium would be disturbed by any additional stresses on the system and water levels would change until a new equilibrium was established. The effects of future stresses can be reasonably predicted by developing a digital model of the system. The data to develop such a model are available in this report. Continued and expanded monitoring of water levels would provide data for better model verification. Periodic monitoring of nitrate and other chemical constituents would permit early detection of changes in concentration before the concentrations reached excessive levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"State of Iowa","publisherLocation":"Des Moines, IA","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Geological Survey, the United States Geological Survey, and the Board of Water and Light Trustees of the City of Muscatine, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Hansen, R., and Steinhilber, W.L., 1977, Geohydrology of Muscatine Island, Muscatine County, Iowa: Water Supply Bulletin 11, viii, 60 p.","productDescription":"viii, 60 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318299,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70168651.JPG"},{"id":493177,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70168651/IGS_wsb_11.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.95","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Muscatine","otherGeospatial":"Muscatine Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.23252868652344,\n 41.22773259388589\n ],\n [\n -91.23252868652344,\n 41.45199070565348\n ],\n [\n -90.98533630371094,\n 41.45199070565348\n ],\n [\n -90.98533630371094,\n 41.22773259388589\n ],\n [\n -91.23252868652344,\n 41.22773259388589\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56cc3fdce4b059daa47e45a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, R.E.","contributorId":57109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinhilber, W. L.","contributorId":79456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinhilber","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70119607,"text":"70119607 - 1977 - Winter bird populations in pine and pine-hardwood forest stands in East Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-07T16:07:46","indexId":"70119607","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T16:03:24","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Winter bird populations in pine and pine-hardwood forest stands in East Texas","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference, Southeast Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","publisherLocation":"Montgomery, AL","usgsCitation":"Dickson, J., and Segelquist, C., 1977, Winter bird populations in pine and pine-hardwood forest stands in East Texas.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291869,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.27,25.84 ], [ -100.27,36.5 ], [ -93.51,36.5 ], [ -93.51,25.84 ], [ -100.27,25.84 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e492d2e4b0fff40428a638","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickson, J.G.","contributorId":15537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickson","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Segelquist, C.A.","contributorId":108410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segelquist","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70236596,"text":"70236596 - 1977 - International training in remote sensing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-12T15:29:56.052665","indexId":"70236596","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T10:09:11","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"International training in remote sensing","docAbstract":"The training and assistance programme at the Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (United States of America), is designed to provide for the transfer of remote-sensing technology to land managers and resource specialists, both domestic and foreign. The programme does not emphasize research and development (i.e., sensor development, feasibility analysis, applications research etc.) nor does it provide services to operational remote-sensing applications projects. Instead, the objectives of the programme are to comprehend, interpret, assess and translate state-of-the-art remote-sensing techniques and transfer to users those techniques in such manner that they can be easily understood. The purpose of this paper is to describe briefly the user assistance programmes available at the EROS Data Center, with emphasis on the international activities.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eighth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"8th United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East","conferenceDate":"January 17-28, 1977","conferenceLocation":"Bangkok, Thailand","language":"English","publisher":"United Nations","usgsCitation":"Lauer, D.T., 1977, International training in remote sensing, in Eighth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, v. 2, Bangkok, Thailand, January 17-28, 1977, p. 424-425.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"424","endPage":"425","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) 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States\"}}]}","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lauer, Donald T.","contributorId":32211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauer","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":851468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169194,"text":"70169194 - 1977 - Earthquakes, October-November 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T16:08:23","indexId":"70169194","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes, October-November 1976","docAbstract":"October brought two damaging earthquakes to Ecuador and New Guinea. The Ecuador earthquake, although only magnitude 5.5, caused casualties and damage. The new Guinea earthquake, a major quake, caused a loss of life and damage. Two major earthquakes were experienced during November, in eastern Turkey on November 24 and in northern Chile on November 30. The Turkey earthquake was devastating as usual in that area. Other areas of the world experienced strong earthquakes-Iran, China, Solomon Islands, and the Philippine Islands; some caused death and damage.
\nThe United States experienced a number of moderate earthquakes, but no signigicant damage sustained.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1977, Earthquakes, October-November 1976: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 2, p. 32-36.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319304,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be39e4b0f59b85e02e0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2052,"text":"wsp2044 - 1977 - Modeling chloride movement in the alluvial aquifer at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-17T21:01:47.597359","indexId":"wsp2044","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2044","title":"Modeling chloride movement in the alluvial aquifer at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado","docAbstract":"A solute-transport model that can be used to predict the movement of dissolved chemicals in flowing ground water was applied to a problem of ground-water contamination at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, near Denver, Colo. The model couples a finite-difference solution to the ground-water flow equation with the method-of-characteristics solution to the solute-transport equation. \r\n\r\nFrom 1943 to 1956 liquid industrial wastes containing high chloride concentrations were disposed into unlined ponds at the Arsenal. Wastes seeped out of the unlined disposal ponds and spread for many square miles in the underlying shallow alluvial aquifer. Since 1956 disposal has been into an asphalt-lined reservoir, which contributed to a decline in ground-water contamination by 1972. The simulation model quantitatively integrated the effects of the major factors that controlled changes in chloride concentrations and accurately reproduced the 30-year history of chloride ground-water contamination. \r\n\r\nAnalysis of the simulation results indicates that the geologic framework of the area markedly restricted the transport and dispersion of dissolved chemicals in the alluvium. Dilution, from irrigation recharge and seepage from unlined canals, was an important factor in reducing the level of chloride concentrations downgradient from the Arsenal. Similarly, recharge of uncontaminated water from the unlined ponds since 1956 has helped to dilute and flush the contaminated ground water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2044","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1977, Modeling chloride movement in the alluvial aquifer at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2044, v, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2044.","productDescription":"v, 43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27579,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2044/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138443,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2044/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":415889,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25388.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain Arsenal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.7864619925063,\n 39.87200017342937\n ],\n [\n -104.90544337744733,\n 39.87200017342937\n ],\n [\n -104.90544337744733,\n 39.79752238121182\n ],\n [\n -104.7864619925063,\n 39.79752238121182\n ],\n [\n -104.7864619925063,\n 39.87200017342937\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69994b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162472,"text":"70162472 - 1977 - Earthquake history of Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T14:11:05","indexId":"70162472","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake history of Tennessee","docAbstract":"The western part of the State was shaken strongly by the New Madrid, Mo., earthquakes of 1811-12 and by earthquakes in 1843 and 1895. The area has also experienced minor shocks. Additional activity has occurred in the eastern part of the State, near the North Carolina border. Forty shocks of intensity V (Modified Mercalli scale) or greater have been cataloged as occurring within the State. Many other earthquakes centered in bordering States have affected points in Tennessee. The following summary covers only hose shocks of intensity VI or greater.
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A.","contributorId":7699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Hake","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011116,"text":"70011116 - 1977 - Heavy-mineral variability in bottom sediments of the lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T17:22:46.181232","indexId":"70011116","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy-mineral variability in bottom sediments of the lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia","docAbstract":"Heavy minerals in bottom-sediment samples of the lower Chesapeake Bay show distribution patterns and interrelationships that denote characteristic mineral suites associated with defined geographic provinces. The Baymouth province has a garnet-hornblende-pyroxene suite, which is largely attributed to the influx of littoral and shelf sediments; the Eastern Shore province has a similar suite, derived largely from coastal erosion of the Eastern Shore peninsula. The Northern and Combined River provinces have a zircon-tourmaline-staurolite assemblage, which reflects derivation from an Appalachian Piedmont-Atlantic Coastal Plain sourceland. The Western Shore province is associated with a zircon-epidote-staurolite assemblage, apparently derived jointly from tributary influx and coastal erosion of the western shore. Factor analysis identified two major factors that account for 63% of the total variation in the relative amounts of the seven most common heavy minerals. The dominant factor (44%) is based on a zircon-hornblende-staurolite-pyroxene relationship, which indicates that mineral stability, as influenced by sediment maturity, is a major contributing factor. The second factor (19%) based on a tourmaline-epidote-staurolite-garnet relationship indicates that provenance is another major cause of heavy-mineral variability within the lower bay.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(77)90020-2","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Firek, F., Shideler, G.L., and Fleischer, P., 1977, Heavy-mineral variability in bottom sediments of the lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia: Marine Geology, v. 23, no. 3, p. 217-235, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(77)90020-2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"235","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221647,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.89560298064909,\n 38.3912568748371\n ],\n [\n -76.89560298064909,\n 36.94229799680893\n ],\n [\n -75.59913425683538,\n 36.94229799680893\n ],\n [\n -75.59913425683538,\n 38.3912568748371\n ],\n [\n -76.89560298064909,\n 38.3912568748371\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a302ae4b0c8380cd5d412","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Firek, F.","contributorId":55576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Firek","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shideler, G. 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The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer is estimated to range from 1 to 130 feet per day, based on lithology and physical properties. The yield of wells penetrating this aquifer ranges from 100 to more than 1,000 gallons per minute. Water samples were collected from different depths throughout the county and analyzed for chemical constituents. Stiff diagrams illustrate the changes in types of water by depth and area. Water of suitable quality is in the eastern parts of the county. In this area the aquifer is the thickest and most permeable. The concentration of chemical constituents in the water increase in a westerly direction. The water in the western parts of the county is unsuitable for most purposes. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri76119","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Palm Beach County Board of Commissioners and South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Scott, W.B., 1977, Hydraulic conductivity and water quality of the shallow aquifer, Palm Beach County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-119, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri76119.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58463,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0119/wri-76-119.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":126484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0119/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Six multichannel seismic-reflection profiles taken across the Atlantic continental margin off the northeastern United States show an excess of 14 km of presumed Mesozoic and younger sedimentary rocks in the Baltimore Canyon trough and 8 km in the Georges Bank basin.
Beneath the continental rise, the sedimentary prism thickness exceeds 7 km south of New Jersey and Maryland, and it is 4.5 km thick south of Georges Bank. Stratigraphically, the continental slope–outer edge of the continental shelf is a transition zone of high-velocity sedimentary rock, probably carbonate, that covers deeply subsided basement.
Acoustically, the sedimentary sequence beneath the shelf is divided into three units which are correlated speculatively with the Cenozoic, the Cretaceous, and the Jurassic-Triassic sections. These units thicken offshore, and some have increased seismic velocities farther offshore. The uppermost unit thickens from a fraction of a kilometer to slightly more than a kilometer in a seaward direction, and velocity values range from 1.7 to 2.2 km/sec. The middle unit thickens from a fraction of a kilometer to as much as 5 km (northern Baltimore Canyon trough), and seismic velocity ranges from 2.2 to 5.4 km/sec. The lowest unit thickens to a maximum of 9 km (northern Baltimore Canyon), and velocities span the 3.9 to 5.9-km/sec interval.
The spatial separation of magnetic and gravity anomalies on line 2 (New Jersey) suggests that in the Baltimore Canyon region the magnetic-slope anomaly is due to edge effects and that the previously reported free-air and isostatic gravity anomalies over the outer shelf may be due in part to a lateral increase in sediment density (velocity) near the shelf edge. The East Coast magnetic anomaly and the free-air gravity high both coincide over the outer shelf edge on line 1 (Georges Bank) but are offset by 20 km from the ridge on the reflection profile. Because the magnetic-slope-anomaly wavelength is nearly 50 km across, a deep source is likely. In part, the positive free-air gravity anomaly likewise may represent the significant lateral density increase within the sedimentary section toward the outer edge of the shelf.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","doi":"10.1306/C1EA35E1-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Schlee, J., Behrendt, J.C., Grow, J., Robb, J.M., Mattick, R.E., Taylor, P.T., and Lawson, B.J., 1976, Regional geologic framework off northeastern United States: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 60, no. 6, p. 926-951, https://doi.org/10.1306/C1EA35E1-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"926","endPage":"951","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266431,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.57445495565841,\n 34.54201079036788\n ],\n [\n -67.00870217573663,\n 32.68969202501184\n ],\n [\n -64.4151885851629,\n 33.653394442107356\n ],\n [\n -58.9581858826422,\n 40.6927360683957\n ],\n [\n -68.50221203592804,\n 42.200234266771474\n ],\n [\n -70.993156429557,\n 40.57584686002005\n ],\n [\n -73.8834116106613,\n 39.16159111213017\n ],\n [\n -75.18467319036125,\n 36.48592421852297\n ],\n [\n -74.48849487074959,\n 34.39791504686983\n ],\n [\n -74.57445495565841,\n 34.54201079036788\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51026629e4b0d4f5ea817c51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlee, John","contributorId":16078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlee","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grow, John A.","contributorId":51739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grow","given":"John A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robb, James M.","contributorId":73272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robb","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mattick, Robert E.","contributorId":44130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattick","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taylor, P. 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J.","contributorId":11905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70042717,"text":"70042717 - 1976 - Digital-model analysis of the effects of water-use alternatives on spring discharges Gooding and Jerome Counties, Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15062,"text":"ofr75615 - 1975 - Digital-model analysis of the effects of water-use alternatives on spring discharges, Gooding and Jerome Counties, Idaho","indexId":"ofr75615","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Digital-model analysis of the effects of water-use alternatives on spring discharges, Gooding and Jerome Counties, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042717,"text":"70042717 - 1976 - Digital-model analysis of the effects of water-use alternatives on spring discharges Gooding and Jerome Counties, Idaho","indexId":"70042717","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Digital-model analysis of the effects of water-use alternatives on spring discharges Gooding and Jerome Counties, Idaho"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-18T14:10:29","indexId":"70042717","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":301,"text":"Water Information Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"42","title":"Digital-model analysis of the effects of water-use alternatives on spring discharges Gooding and Jerome Counties, Idaho","docAbstract":"Springs discharging from the Snake Plain aquifer contribute approximately 6,000 cubic feet per second (170 cubic metres per second) to flow in the Snake River between Milner and King Hill. Before irrigation began on the Snake River Plain north and east of the springs, total spring discharge was about 4,200 cubic feet per second (120 cubic meters per second). Increasing amounts of irrigated acreage from the early 1900's to the mid-1940's contributed more irrigation-return water to the aquifer resulting in increased discharge at the springs. Maximum discharge of about 6,800 cubic feet per second (190 cubic metres per second) occurred during the late 1940's and early 1950's. Increased use of pumped ground water for irrigation and changing irrigation practices have since resulted in a decline in spring discharge.","language":"English","publisher":"Idaho Department of Water Resources","publisherLocation":"Boise, ID","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Water Resources, Statehouse, Boise, Idaho","usgsCitation":"Moreland, J.A., 1976, Digital-model analysis of the effects of water-use alternatives on spring discharges Gooding and Jerome Counties, Idaho: Water Information Bulletin 42, vi, 46 p.; ill.; maps.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p.; ill.; maps","startPage":"i","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265963,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265962,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.idwr.idaho.gov/WaterInformation/Publications/wib/wib42-water-use_alternatives.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Gooding County;Jerome County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.0875,42.4981 ], [ -115.0875,43.2001 ], [ -113.9308,43.2001 ], [ -113.9308,42.4981 ], [ -115.0875,42.4981 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50fa7d53e4b061045bf9ac32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moreland, Joe A.","contributorId":48171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moreland","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70043279,"text":"70043279 - 1976 - Seepage study of the Rocky Point Canal and the Grey Mountain-Pleasant Valley Canal systems, Duchesne County, Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13217,"text":"ofr75215 - 1975 - Seepage study of the Rocky Point Canal and the Grey Mountain-Pleasant Valley Canal Systems, Duchesne County, Utah","indexId":"ofr75215","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Seepage study of the Rocky Point Canal and the Grey Mountain-Pleasant Valley Canal Systems, Duchesne County, Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70043279,"text":"70043279 - 1976 - Seepage study of the Rocky Point Canal and the Grey Mountain-Pleasant Valley Canal systems, Duchesne County, Utah","indexId":"70043279","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Seepage study of the Rocky Point Canal and the Grey Mountain-Pleasant Valley Canal systems, Duchesne County, Utah"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-12T13:36:59","indexId":"70043279","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"50","title":"Seepage study of the Rocky Point Canal and the Grey Mountain-Pleasant Valley Canal systems, Duchesne County, Utah","docAbstract":"This report describes the study of the Rocky Point Canal system in the vicinity of Duchesne and the Grey Mountain-Pleasant Valley Canal system between Duchesne and Myton, in the Uinta Basin, Duchesne County, Utah. The Rocky Point Canal diverts from the left bank of the Duchesne River about 4 mi north of Duchesne. This canal splits into the upper Rocky Point Canal and the lower Rocky Point Canal about 5.2 mi below its head. The Grey Mountain Canal diverts from the right bank of the Duchesne River about 6 mi east of Duchesne. At a point about 7.6 mi below the head, the Pleasant Valley Canal diverts from the right bank of the Grey Mountain Canal.","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United State Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Cruff, R., and Hood, J.W., 1976, Seepage study of the Rocky Point Canal and the Grey Mountain-Pleasant Valley Canal systems, Duchesne County, Utah: Technical Publication 50, vi, 53 p.","productDescription":"vi, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"64","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267164,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":331874,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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R.W.","contributorId":77510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cruff","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hood, J. W.","contributorId":87908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211398,"text":"5211398 - 1976 - Incidence of lead shot in canvasbacks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:26","indexId":"5211398","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:20","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Incidence of lead shot in canvasbacks","docAbstract":"During 1975 and 1976, 2,544 canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) from North Dakota, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Maryland were flouroscoped to determine the incidence of body shot. A significant increase from west to east was detected in the incidence of shot for immatures from the four states. The incidence of shot in immatures after the 1975-76 hunting season was 18 percent in Maryland and 20 percent in Illinois. In Wisconsin no difference in the incidence of shot could be detected between areas trapped or time periods when trapping was conducted. In Maryland a significant decrease in the incidence of body shot was detected in adults, but not immatures, between 1975 and 1976. shot was located throughout the body of canvasbacks. Frequency varied from one to nine shot per bird and averaged 2.0 for adults and 1.5 for immatures.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the Canvasback Workshop : April 6-7, 1976, Ramada Inn, Jamestown, North Dakota","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North Dakota Game and Fish Department","publisherLocation":"Bismark","collaboration":"Hosted by North Dakota Game and Fish Department and the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Sponsors, Central Mountains and Plains Section and North Dakota Chapter of the Wildlife Society.","usgsCitation":"Perry, M., 1976, Incidence of lead shot in canvasbacks, chap. of Transactions of the Canvasback Workshop : April 6-7, 1976, Ramada Inn, Jamestown, North Dakota, p. 46-47.","productDescription":"v, 63","startPage":"46","endPage":"47","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f57d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162512,"text":"70162512 - 1976 - Trace-metal variation in soils and sagebrush in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T18:37:07","indexId":"70162512","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T04:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace-metal variation in soils and sagebrush in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance study of 28 trace metals in samples of surface soil (0-2.5 cm deep), subsurface soil (15-20 cm deep), and big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) that were collected from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming and Montana indicates that little variation occurs in nature at scales greater than about 35 km. This general lack of broadscale variation suggests that simple summary statistics for these materials could provide basinwide geochemical baselines for use in monitoring secular changes in the local geochemical environment. Samples of big sagebrush near the Dave Johnston Power Plant at the southern edge of the basin exhibit statistically significant reductions of strontium, vanadium, uranium, and selenium eastward from the plant.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Connor, J.J., Keith, J.R., and Anderson, B.M., 1976, Trace-metal variation in soils and sagebrush in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 1, p. 49-59.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"59","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314839,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314838,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue1/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Powder River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -104.1,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -104.1,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 42\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a7556fe4b0b28f1184d89f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Connor, Jon J.","contributorId":21948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connor","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, John R. 0000-0002-4665-227X jkeith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4665-227X","contributorId":4252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"John","email":"jkeith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Barbara M.","contributorId":75155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162516,"text":"70162516 - 1976 - Age and tectonic significance of volcanic rocks on St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T18:59:17","indexId":"70162516","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and tectonic significance of volcanic rocks on St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea, Alaska","docAbstract":"Reconnaissance investigations of the heretofore little known volcanic assemblage on St Matthew Island provide significant information on the tectonic history of the Bering Sea shelf. St. Matthew Island is made up of approximately 500 m of subaerial calc-alkaline volcanic rocks ranging in composition from high-alumina basalt to rhyolite. Four K-Ar analyses of samples from this volcanic sequence give Late Cretaceous ages of 65-77 m.y., and intercalated carbonaceous tuff layers yield Cretaceous pollen assemblages. Along the northeast coast of St. Matthew Island, the volcanic rocks are intruded by granodiorite that gives an early Tertiary K-Ar age of 61 m.y. Correlations with on-land geology in northeast Siberia and marine geophysical data from the western Bering Sea strongly suggest that St. Matthew Island represents a southeastward extension of the Okhotsk-Chukotsk belt, a Cretaceous and early Tertiary volcanic arc that borders the Pacific margin of Siberia for nearly 3,000 km. The apparent continuation of this volcanic arc along the margin of the Bering shelf at least as far east as St. Matthew Island supports suggestions by Burk and by Scholl and others that in late Mesozoic time the Pacific plate margin coincided with the present Bering shelf margin and did not shift to the Aleutian trench until the end of Cretaceous or the beginning of Tertiary time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Patton, W.W., Lanphere, M.A., Miller, T.P., and Scott, R., 1976, Age and tectonic significance of volcanic rocks on St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea, Alaska: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 1, p. 67-73.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"73","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314843,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314842,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue1/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, St. Matthew Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -172.9083251953125,\n 60.56942751033994\n ],\n [\n -172.89459228515625,\n 60.58696734225869\n ],\n [\n -172.88909912109375,\n 60.604497655208455\n ],\n [\n -172.9412841796875,\n 60.61528081030649\n ],\n [\n -172.98797607421875,\n 60.59505943854488\n ],\n [\n -173.0291748046875,\n 60.58157148491742\n ],\n [\n -173.06488037109375,\n 60.56267888575776\n ],\n [\n -173.0731201171875,\n 60.534319275500465\n ],\n [\n -173.0841064453125,\n 60.508639153551826\n ],\n [\n -173.05389404296875,\n 60.48970392643919\n ],\n [\n -173.0126953125,\n 60.484291829879204\n ],\n [\n -172.97149658203125,\n 60.47346492719931\n ],\n [\n -172.93304443359375,\n 60.455863503213834\n ],\n [\n -172.85064697265625,\n 60.41656438628133\n ],\n [\n -172.760009765625,\n 60.36771313471161\n ],\n [\n -172.70233154296875,\n 60.34461900141174\n ],\n [\n -172.63916015625,\n 60.326947742998414\n ],\n [\n -172.6007080078125,\n 60.31334795477253\n ],\n [\n -172.55950927734375,\n 60.314708188485575\n ],\n [\n -172.50732421875,\n 60.32286840124156\n ],\n [\n -172.41668701171875,\n 60.329667021005825\n ],\n [\n -172.3699951171875,\n 60.32286840124156\n ],\n [\n -172.342529296875,\n 60.306545936453226\n ],\n [\n -172.298583984375,\n 60.28749274926003\n ],\n [\n -172.24090576171875,\n 60.292937650406586\n ],\n [\n -172.19146728515625,\n 60.314708188485575\n ],\n [\n -172.22991943359375,\n 60.326947742998414\n ],\n [\n -172.30682373046872,\n 60.34597793265678\n ],\n [\n -172.35351562499997,\n 60.37042901631508\n ],\n [\n -172.3974609375,\n 60.403001945865476\n ],\n [\n -172.44415283203125,\n 60.40707127161831\n ],\n [\n -172.4798583984375,\n 60.39757538658667\n ],\n [\n -172.55676269531247,\n 60.39757538658667\n ],\n [\n -172.65289306640625,\n 60.42198777960337\n ],\n [\n -172.85064697265625,\n 60.50187784207829\n ],\n [\n -172.89459228515625,\n 60.53837217051857\n ],\n [\n -172.9083251953125,\n 60.56942751033994\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a7553fe4b0b28f1184d7c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patton, William W. Jr.","contributorId":107355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":589741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Thomas P. tmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":4183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Thomas","email":"tmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":589742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scott, Richard A.","contributorId":14414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Richard A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011085,"text":"70011085 - 1976 - Holocene sedimentation history of the major fan valleys of Monterey fan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T15:28:53.173043","indexId":"70011085","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene sedimentation history of the major fan valleys of Monterey fan","docAbstract":"There are three major fan valleys on upper Monterey fan. Deep-tow geophysical profiles and 40 sediment cores provide the basis for evaluation of the sedimentation histories of these valleys. Monterey fan valley leads from Monterey canyon to a major suprafan and is bounded by levees that crest more than 400 m above the valley floor. The valley passes through a large z-bend or meander. Monterey East fan valley joins Monterey fan valley at the meander at about 150 m above the valley floor, and marks an earlier position of the lower Monterey fan valley. Ascension valley, a hanging contributary to the Monterey fan valley, appears to have once been the shoreward head of the lower part of the present Monterey fan valley. The relief of Monterey fan valley appears from deep-tow profiles to be erosional. The valley is floored with sand. Holocene turbidity currents do not overtop the levees 400 m above the valley floor, but do at times overflow and transport sand into Monterey East valley, producing a sandy floor. An 1100 m by 300 m dune field was observed on side scan sonar in Monterey East valley.
Ascension fan valley was floored with sand during glacial intervals of lowered sea level, then was cut off from its sand source as sea level rose. A narrow (500 m), erosional, meandering channel was incised into the flat valley floor; the relief features otherwise appear depositional, with a hummocky topography perhaps produced in the manner of a braided riverbed. The sand is mantled by about 6 m of probable Holocene mud. Hummocky relief on the back side of the northwestern levees of both Ascension and Monterey valleys is characteristic of many turbidite valleys in the northeast Pacific. The hummocky topography is produced by dune-like features that migrate toward levee crests during growth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(76)90063-3","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Hess, G., and Normark, W.R., 1976, Holocene sedimentation history of the major fan valleys of Monterey fan: Marine Geology, v. 22, no. 4, p. 233-251, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(76)90063-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"251","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221219,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Monterey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.97211248916773,\n 36.649615001075986\n ],\n [\n -121.97211248916773,\n 36.59389137442635\n ],\n [\n -121.86768635161255,\n 36.59389137442635\n ],\n [\n -121.86768635161255,\n 36.649615001075986\n ],\n [\n -121.97211248916773,\n 36.649615001075986\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31f3e4b0c8380cd5e3a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, G.R.","contributorId":17606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010915,"text":"70010915 - 1976 - Large sand waves on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf around Wilmington Canyon, off Eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T15:39:49.224639","indexId":"70010915","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large sand waves on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf around Wilmington Canyon, off Eastern United States","docAbstract":"New seismic-reflection data show that large sand waves near the head of Wilmington Canyon on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf have a spacing of 100-650 m and a relief of 2-9 m. The bedforms trend northwest and are asymmetrical, the steeper slopes being toward the south or west. Vibracore sediments indicate that the waves apparently have formed on a substrate of relict nearshore sediments. Although the age of the original bedforms is unknown, the asymmetry is consistent with the dominant westerly to southerly drift in this area which has been determined by other methods; the asymmetry, therefore, is probably modern. Observations in the sand-wave area from a submersible during August 1975, revealed weak bottom currents, sediment bioturbation, unrippled microtopography, and lack of scour. Thus, the asymmetry may be maintained by periodic water motion, possibly associated with storms or perhaps with flow in the canyon head.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(76)90003-7","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H., and Folger, D.W., 1976, Large sand waves on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf around Wilmington Canyon, off Eastern United States: Marine Geology, v. 22, no. 1, p. M7-M15, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(76)90003-7.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"M7","endPage":"M15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221629,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Wilmington Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.07922635000519,\n 40.354699173945505\n ],\n [\n -75.07922635000519,\n 37.06700454662226\n ],\n [\n -72.40892669843684,\n 37.06700454662226\n ],\n [\n -72.40892669843684,\n 40.354699173945505\n ],\n [\n -75.07922635000519,\n 40.354699173945505\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4482e4b0c8380cd66b83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Folger, D. W.","contributorId":97126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33386,"text":"b1385E - 1976 - Mineral resources of the Eagle Cap Wilderness and adjacent areas, Oregon","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21344,"text":"ofr71319 - 1971 - Mineral resources of ten areas proposed as additions to the Eagle Cap Wilderness, Oregon","indexId":"ofr71319","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of ten areas proposed as additions to the Eagle Cap Wilderness, Oregon"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":33386,"text":"b1385E - 1976 - Mineral resources of the Eagle Cap Wilderness and adjacent areas, Oregon","indexId":"b1385E","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Mineral resources of the Eagle Cap Wilderness and adjacent areas, Oregon"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-03T20:53:13.67728","indexId":"b1385E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1385","chapter":"E","title":"Mineral resources of the Eagle Cap Wilderness and adjacent areas, Oregon","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1385E","usgsCitation":"Weis, P., Gualtieri, J.L., Cannon, W.F., Tuchek, E.T., McMahan, A.B., and Federspiel, F.E., 1976, Mineral resources of the Eagle Cap Wilderness and adjacent areas, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1385, Report: ix, 100 p.; 2 Plates: 40.30 x 43.51 inches and 38.51 x 40.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1385E.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 100 p.; 2 Plates: 40.30 x 43.51 inches and 38.51 x 40.94 inches","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":61242,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1385e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":164237,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1385e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95971,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1385e/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95970,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1385e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":109713,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21496.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"21496"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Eagle Cap Wilderness","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.042,\n 45.517\n ],\n [\n -117.733,\n 45.517\n ],\n [\n -117.733,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -117.042,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -117.042,\n 45.517\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db657fa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weis, Paul L.","contributorId":102872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weis","given":"Paul L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gualtieri, J. L.","contributorId":106492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gualtieri","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cannon, William F. 0000-0002-2699-8118 wcannon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":1883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"William","email":"wcannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":210793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tuchek, Ernest T.","contributorId":62631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuchek","given":"Ernest","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McMahan, Arel B.","contributorId":107339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahan","given":"Arel","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Federspiel, Francis E.","contributorId":28290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Federspiel","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":68650,"text":"ha553 - 1976 - Water resources of the Des Moines River Watershed, southwestern Minnesota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44064,"text":"ofr74340 - 1974 - Water resources of the Des Moines River watershed, southwestern Minnesota","indexId":"ofr74340","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of the Des Moines River watershed, southwestern Minnesota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68650,"text":"ha553 - 1976 - Water resources of the Des Moines River Watershed, southwestern Minnesota","indexId":"ha553","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of the Des Moines River Watershed, southwestern Minnesota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-12T19:55:11.918985","indexId":"ha553","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"553","title":"Water resources of the Des Moines River Watershed, southwestern Minnesota","docAbstract":"The Des Moines River drains about 1,350 square miles (3,496 km2) of the north, west, and central parts of the watershed, and the East Fork Des Moines River along with several small creeks drain about 200 square miles (518 km2) in the east part. These tributaries join the Des Moines river in Iowa.
\nThe watershed is on the Coteau des Prairies, the most prominent upland in southern Minnesota. the Coteau rises to altitudes of more than 1,900 feet (579 m) within the watershed. The west boundary is along the crest of the Coteau and was formed by a terminal moraine during late Wisconsin Glaciation. This moraine forms part of the divide between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. The north and east boundaries are also formed by morainic highs which represent recessions of the Des Moines lobe during late Wisconsin Glaciation. Surficial materials consist mostly of clayey drift with a few surficial outwash (sand and gravel) areas near the streams.
\nTopographic quadrangle maps published by the U.S. Geological Survey are available for the entire watershed.
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