Resident sandhill cranes formed a continuous population in Georgia and Florida and widely separated populations along the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama (Figure). The Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla) was one of the widely separated populations on the Coastal Plain that bred in pine savannas in southeastern Mississippi, just east of the Pascagoula River to areas just west of the Jackson County line, south to Simmons Bayou, and north to an east-west line 8-16 km (5-10 mi) north of VanCleave.
Agricultural and industrial development including World War II ship building, fire suppression, and forestry practices destroyed much of the sandhill crane's habitat in Jackson County, Mississippi. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) added the Mississippi sandhill crane to the endangered species list in 1973 and established the Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge in 1974. The USFWS began captive breeding at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (PWRC) in 1965 to protect the subspecies during habitat restoration and to provide stock for reintroduction.
Morphological, physiological, and genetic differences exist among crane subspecies (Aldrich 1972). Mississippi birds mature earlier and begin egg production about 6 weeks later than Florida sandhill cranes. Genetic studies (Dessauer et al. 1992; Jarvi et al. 1994) show a level of heterozygosity (see glossary) in the wild Mississippi population about half that in other sandhill cranes. As in other small populations, cranes seem to have genetic weaknesses. In the captive population, for example, 17% of all birds die from detectable heart murmurs and when released to the wild, 36% with heart murmur and 83% without heart murmurs survive for 1 year after release.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Gee, G.F., and Hereford, S.G., 1995, Mississippi sandhill cranes, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 75-77.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"77","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339888,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b93","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506568,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506571,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":506569,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506570,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506567,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Gee, George F.","contributorId":113443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hereford, Scott G.","contributorId":100792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210518,"text":"5210518 - 1995 - Gray wolves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:19","indexId":"5210518","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Gray wolves","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our Living Resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","collaboration":"OCLC: 32999628. ","usgsCitation":"Mech, L., Pletscher, D., and Martinka, C., 1995, Gray wolves, chap. of Our Living Resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 98-100.","productDescription":"xi, 530","startPage":"98","endPage":"100","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671f3f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, E.T.","contributorId":103766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506603,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, G.S.","contributorId":113471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506606,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, C.E.","contributorId":113305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506604,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, P.D.","contributorId":113343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506605,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, M. J.","contributorId":44492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"M. 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Recently, debate was rekindled with renewed interest in wolf control to bolster two populations of caribou (Rangifer tarandus). Our research in Denali National Park provides insights into the declines in caribou numbers over the last few years that are the basis of recent wolf control proposals. Our observations of fluctuating populations also illustrate the complexity of managing these predator-prey systems to meet a diverse array of public interests.
Wolves and caribou are two components of the large mammal community of Denali National Park that also includes grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), moose (Alces alces), and Dall sheep (Ovis dalli). With the 1980 park expansion to more than 18,800 km2 (7,300 mi2) of central Alaska, this large mammal system became the only one of its kind that is virtually unaffected by human harvest. Therefore, Denali provides a unique opportunity to understand the natural interactions of these species and serves as a baseline for comparison with areas where hunting or other active wildlife management occurs.
We have studied Denali's wolves and caribou since 1986 to determine their numbers and status and understand their natural interactions in this protected subarctic ecosystem. Our studies began near the end of more than a decade of mostly light winter snowfalls of around 100 cm (39 in)/yr. Since winter 1988-89, we have experienced five consecutive winters with above-average snowfalls, including two record-setting years. During winters 1990-91 and 1992-93, more than 390 cm (154 in) of snow fell, four times as much as in the early years of our study. This change in snowfall had profound effects on the wildlife in central Alaska. The population trends of Denali's caribou and wolves are strong evidence of the natural fluctuations to be expected in species inhabiting such dynamic and variable environments.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Adams, L., and Mech, L.D., 1995, Wolves and caribou in Denali National Park, Alaska, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 347-348.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"348","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339927,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Denali National Park","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d9e4b07f02db5df978","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506611,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506610,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":506607,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506609,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506608,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Adams, Layne G. 0000-0001-6212-2896 ladams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-2896","contributorId":2776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Layne G.","email":"ladams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":328601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":328600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210544,"text":"5210544 - 1995 - A primer for wood duck nest box management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:20","indexId":"5210544","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"A primer for wood duck nest box management","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterfowl Habitat Restoration, Enhancement and Management in the Atlantic Flyway","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Management Committee, Atlantic Flyway Council Technical Section, and Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife","publisherLocation":"Dover, DE.","usgsCitation":"Haramis, G., 1995, A primer for wood duck nest box management, chap. of Waterfowl Habitat Restoration, Enhancement and Management in the Atlantic Flyway, p. C66-C85.","productDescription":"xiv, 1114","startPage":"C66","endPage":"C85","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"3rd","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9a4d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Whitman, W.R.","contributorId":114010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506651,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strange, T.","contributorId":112458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strange","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506648,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Widjeskog, L.","contributorId":114011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Widjeskog","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506652,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whittemore, R.","contributorId":112807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whittemore","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506649,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kehoe, P.","contributorId":13911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kehoe","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506647,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Roberts, L.","contributorId":113146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506650,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6}],"authors":[{"text":"Haramis, G.M.","contributorId":101212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haramis","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":328663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210511,"text":"5210511 - 1995 - Non-native birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:16","indexId":"5210511","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Non-native birds","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our Living Resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1995, Non-native birds, chap. of Our Living Resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 437-440.","productDescription":"xi, 530","startPage":"437","endPage":"440","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db6970b7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, E.T.","contributorId":103766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506593,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, G.S.","contributorId":113471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506596,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, C.E.","contributorId":113305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506594,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, P.D.","contributorId":113343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506595,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, M. J.","contributorId":44492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506592,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210505,"text":"5210505 - 1995 - California condors","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210505,"text":"5210505 - 1995 - California condors","indexId":"5210505","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"California condors"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:53:36","indexId":"5210505","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"California condors","docAbstract":"The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a member of the vulture family. With a wingspan of about 3 m (9 ft) and weighing about 9 kg (20 lb), it spends much of its time in soaring flight visually seeking dead animals as food. The California condor has always been rare (Wilbur 1978; Pattee and Wilbur 1989). Although probably numbering in the thousands during the Pleistocene epoch in North America, its numbers likely declined dramatically with the extinction of most of North America's large mammals 10,000 years ago. Condors probably numbered in the hundreds and were nesting residents in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, and Baja California around 1800. In 1939 the condor population was estimated at 60-100 birds, and its home range was reduced to the mountains and foothills of California, south of San Francisco and north of Los Angeles.
Conservation to halt the condor's decline included establishing the Sisquoc (1937) and Sespe (1947) condor sanctuaries within the Los Padres National Forest, obtaining fully protected status under California Fish and Game Code (1953), placement on California's first state endangered species list (1971), and, finally, being listed by the federal government under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (Wilbur 1978). The success of these efforts could not be judged, however, because verifiable status and trends data did not become available until 1982. By using these data, we confirmed the decline in condor numbers over the past 50 years was even greater than thought.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Pattee, O.H., and Mesta, R., 1995, California condors, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 80-81.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"81","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339889,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8eae","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506563,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506566,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":506564,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506565,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506562,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Pattee, Oliver H.","contributorId":45412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pattee","given":"Oliver","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mesta, Robert","contributorId":95988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesta","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210580,"text":"5210580 - 1995 - Acidic deposition: A review of biological effects","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210580,"text":"5210580 - 1995 - Acidic deposition: A review of biological effects","indexId":"5210580","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"14","title":"Acidic deposition: A review of biological effects"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T14:46:30","indexId":"5210580","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"14","title":"Acidic deposition: A review of biological effects","docAbstract":"The problem of acidic deposition and its possible effects on habitats, organisms, materials, and human health has been recognized for centuries. Earliest accounts date to Cicero (about 100 B.C.), who linked structural damage to buildings and statues in Rome to the smokey rains of wood and charcoal burning.3 Based on estimated of human demographics and centers of population, problems caused by acidic deposition may extend back to 400 to 500 B.C., but were not fully manifested until the mid-1800s with the rise of the Industrial revolution. the term \"acid rain\" was apparently first coined by R.A. Smith in 1972.4
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of ecotoxicology ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"0873715853","usgsCitation":"Sparling, D.W., 1995, Acidic deposition: A review of biological effects, chap. 14 of Handbook of ecotoxicology , p. 301-329.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"329","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200399,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0be4b07f02db69d9bb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506732,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506735,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506734,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cairns, John Jr.","contributorId":111897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cairns","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506733,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Sparling, Donald W.","contributorId":7220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210578,"text":"5210578 - 1995 - Environmental factors affecting contaminant toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210578,"text":"5210578 - 1995 - Environmental factors affecting contaminant toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates","indexId":"5210578","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"22","title":"Environmental factors affecting contaminant toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T15:05:44","indexId":"5210578","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"22","title":"Environmental factors affecting contaminant toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates","docAbstract":"Environmental factors have long been demonstrated to influence the toxicity of pollutants to vertebrates. The vast majority of data has been derived from studies on fish, highly inbred laboratory rodents, and man.1,2 The magnitude and significance of these factors on toxicity has almost exclusively been elucidated in controlled experiments conducted in a laboratory setting. The significance of such effects to free-ranging vertebrate wildlife is frequently overlooked. Drawing upon controlled experiments and observational science, we overview environmental factors that influence pollutant toxicity in fish and wildlife, and attempt to present some perspective on their ecotoxicological significance.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of ecotoxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"0873715853","usgsCitation":"Rattner, B.A., and Heath, A.G., 1995, Environmental factors affecting contaminant toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates, chap. 22 of Handbook of ecotoxicology, p. 519-535.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"519","endPage":"535","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6023f2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506725,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506724,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506726,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cairns, John Jr.","contributorId":111897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cairns","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506727,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":328738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heath, Alan G.","contributorId":86073,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heath","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210574,"text":"5210574 - 1995 - Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210574,"text":"5210574 - 1995 - Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania","indexId":"5210574","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"27","title":"Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T15:23:52","indexId":"5210574","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"27","title":"Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The two zinc smelters at Palmerton, PA emitted huge amounts of contaminants ( 260,000 t of Zn, 3,300 t of Cd, 6,800 t of Pb) to the air and severely damaged the forest on Blue Mountain. The high Zn concentrations in soil killed tree seedlings by inhibiting root elongation. The result was a forest with too few young trees. When natural stresses such as fire challenged the forest, the forest failed to regenerate, and the exposed soil eroded down the steep slopes. Tree species that could sprout were favored over those that developed from seeds. As a result of high zinc concentrations, the lichen and moss communities were depauperate for at least 20 km along Blue Mountain. The denuded areas are in the process of being reclaimed with the addition of a mixture of fly ash and sewage sludge, which is seeded with grasses tolerant to the harsh conditions. In preliminary experiments, the fly ash and sewage sludge mixture was stable, despite the steepness of the slopes of the reclaimed sites on Blue Mountain. Zinc emissions reduced the decomposition rate of plant material on Blue Mountain. The partially decomposed litter, in particular, accumulated on the surface of the mineral soil. The populations of both microorganisms and arthropods were greatly reduced in soils near the smelters. Samples of litter collected from sites spanning 30 km were toxic to woodlice, and Zn was shown to be the toxic factor. A white-tailed deer examined had a very high renal Zn concentration and an articular lesion in one of its hind legs that closely resembled the lesions reported in Zn-poisoned horses. Zinc concentrations were regulated in wildlife tissues and were not reliable indicators of exposure, except in extreme cases. Two songbirds, a shrew, and several rabbits contained Pb concentrations that were suggested to be toxic. Shrews and ground-feeding songbirds accumulated relatively high concentrations of Pb. Exposure to Pb seemed to be related to the amount of soil that an animal ingests. Some white-tailed deer and cottontails had renal Cd concentrations near 600 ppm w.w., which is associated with renal damage in other mammals. The accumulation of Cd was greatest in wildlife that lived longest. The destruction of the habitat for wildlife on Blue Mountain decreased wildlife populations. Populations of insectivorous birds, however, were depressed well beyond the area of obvious damage to the forest. Forest-floor salamanders were completely absent from study sites spanning 18 km along Blue Mountain. Actual reductions in wildlife populations were much greater than would have been predicted from habitat suitability models alone.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of ecotoxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"0873715853","usgsCitation":"Beyer, W.N., and Storm, G.L., 1995, Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania, chap. 27 of Handbook of ecotoxicology, p. 596-608.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"596","endPage":"608","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625953","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506709,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506708,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506710,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cairns, John Jr.","contributorId":111897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cairns","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506711,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Beyer, W. Nelson 0000-0002-8911-9141 nbeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9141","contributorId":3301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"W.","email":"nbeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Nelson","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":328731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Storm, Gerald L.","contributorId":73657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storm","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210575,"text":"5210575 - 1995 - Agricultural drainwater effects on wildlife in central California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210575,"text":"5210575 - 1995 - Agricultural drainwater effects on wildlife in central California","indexId":"5210575","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"26","title":"Agricultural drainwater effects on wildlife in central California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T14:09:23","indexId":"5210575","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"26","title":"Agricultural drainwater effects on wildlife in central California","docAbstract":"In California's San Joaquin Valley and in numerous other agricultural areas in the western U.S., irrigation wastewater may accumulate in confined shallow aquifers, eventually rising to levels that adversely affect crops. To sustain long-term agricultural productivity in these regions, systems for the drainage and disposal of this subsurface wastewater must be installed.1,2 the drained water may contain an array of soluble chemicals that have been applied to the crops, as well as those that have been leached from native soils. Agricultural drainwater is frequently disposed of by discharging it to surface aquatic systems where these constituents may be directly toxic to aquatic organisms, or they may bioaccumulate through the aquatic food webs upon which birds and other wildlife feed. The focus of this chapter is research conducted since 1983 to assess the effects of wildlife exposure to subsurface agricultural drainwater in the San Joaquin Valley.
Agricultural drainwater is discharged primarily to tributaries and wetlands of the San Joaquin River system or, especially in the southern San Joaquin Valley, to evaporation ponds.3 Because of high nutrient content in the drainwater, evaporation ponds have high levels of biological productivity and provide an abundant food supply for aquatic birds. Aquatic birds (primarily waterfowl and shorebirds) have been the main focus of wildlife research at the evaporation ponds, and at managed wetlands (primarily hunting clubs) within the San Joaquin River system, but mammals, snakes, and frogs have also been studied. Findings of those studies are summarized in this chapter. Other studies have been conducted on fish and aquatic invertebrates in areas receiving agricultural drainwater, but in this review those findings are described only as they relate to dietary exposure of wildlife.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of ecotoxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"0873715853","usgsCitation":"Ohlendorf, H.M., and Hothem, R.L., 1995, Agricultural drainwater effects on wildlife in central California, chap. 26 of Handbook of ecotoxicology, p. 577-595.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"577","endPage":"595","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6890f5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506713,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506712,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506714,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cairns, John Jr.","contributorId":111897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cairns","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506715,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Ohlendorf, Harry M.","contributorId":60291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlendorf","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hothem, Roger L. roger_hothem@usgs.gov","contributorId":1721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"Roger","email":"roger_hothem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":328734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210530,"text":"5210530 - 1995 - Oil, biological communities and contingency planning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:14","indexId":"5210530","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Oil, biological communities and contingency planning","docAbstract":"The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 mandates the inclusion of a fish and wildlife response plan in the National Contingency Plan (NCP) and the creation of Area Committees that must develop an Area Contingency Plan (ACP). Area Contingency Plans must include a detailed annex containing a Fish and Wildlife and Sensitive Environments Plan. Tank vessels, offshore facilities, and certain onshore facilities must have response plans consistent with the requirements of the NCP and the ACP. New regulations to supersede the Type A and B procedures of the Natural Resources Damage Assessment Regulations are being developed for oil spills. Currently, four assessment methods have been proposed: (1) Type A, (2) comprehensive (Type B), (3) intermediate (between types A and B), and (4) compensation tables. The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund is approaching its ceiling of $1 billion, but only $50 million has been appropriated. Effective biological contingency planning requires extensive knowledge of (1) the environmental fate of petroleum, (2) the effects of petroleum on organisms, (3) the existing biological resources, and (4) the establishment of a system of biological priorities. The characteristics and fate of petroleum and the biological effects of petroleum are reviewed. Assessment of biological resources includes plant and animal distributions, important habitat, endangered or threatened species, and economic considerations. The establishment by Area Committees of priorities for environmental protection, injury assessment, and restoration will promote efficient spill response. Three special issues are discussed: (1) improving our ability to restore natural resources, (2) the potential role of biological diversity in spill response planning, and (3) planning for animal rehabilitation.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife and Oil Spills: Response, Research, and Contingency Planning","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Tri-State Bird Rescue & Research Inc.","publisherLocation":"Newark, DE.","collaboration":"OCLC: 35020379","usgsCitation":"Albers, P., 1995, Oil, biological communities and contingency planning, chap. of Wildlife and Oil Spills: Response, Research, and Contingency Planning, p. 1-9.","productDescription":"182","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"182","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691e29","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Frink, Lynne","contributorId":113094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frink","given":"Lynne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506625,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ball-Weir, Katherine","contributorId":113277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball-Weir","given":"Katherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506626,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Charlotte","contributorId":111469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Charlotte","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506624,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Albers, P.H.","contributorId":26646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210509,"text":"5210509 - 1995 - Breeding bird survey: Population trends 1966-92","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210509,"text":"5210509 - 1995 - Breeding bird survey: Population trends 1966-92","indexId":"5210509","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Breeding bird survey: Population trends 1966-92"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T14:52:51","indexId":"5210509","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Breeding bird survey: Population trends 1966-92","docAbstract":"The North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) was begun in 1966 to collect standardized data on bird populations along more than 3,400 survey routes across the continental United States and southern Canada. The BBS has been used to document distributions and establish continental, regional, and local population trends for more than 250 species.
We summarize here survey-wide patterns in the 1966-92 population trend estimates for 245 species of birds observed on a minimum of 40 routes with a mean relative abundance of 1.0 bird per route. Survey-wide trend estimates are also summarized for six groupings of birds, providing insight into broad geographical patterns of population trends of North American birds.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Peterjohn, B.G., Sauer, J.R., and Orsillo, S., 1995, Breeding bird survey: Population trends 1966-92, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 17-21.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"21","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339871,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fce52","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506583,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506586,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":506584,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506585,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506582,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Peterjohn, Bruce G. bpeterjohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":4493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterjohn","given":"Bruce","email":"bpeterjohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":328568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":138949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":328569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orsillo, Sandra","contributorId":106224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orsillo","given":"Sandra","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210510,"text":"5210510 - 1995 - Puerto Rican parrots","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210510,"text":"5210510 - 1995 - Puerto Rican parrots","indexId":"5210510","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Puerto Rican parrots"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:56:17","indexId":"5210510","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Puerto Rican parrots","docAbstract":"Since the arrival of Columbus in Puerto Rico, the Taino Indian has disappeared and the parrot has just barely survived (Wadsworth 1949; Snyder et al. 1987). The Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata) had shared its habitat with the peaceful Taino Indians for centuries before the arrival of European settlers in the Caribbean.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Meyers, J.M., 1995, Puerto Rican parrots, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 83-85.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"85","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339890,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rican","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a90e4b07f02db655da9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506588,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506591,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":506589,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506590,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506587,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Meyers, J. Michael","contributorId":38658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210527,"text":"5210527 - 1995 - Net photosynthesis and respiration of sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus) exposed to herbicides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:14","indexId":"5210527","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"1218","title":"Net photosynthesis and respiration of sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus) exposed to herbicides","docAbstract":"We determined net photosynthesis and respiration rates for sago pondweed (potamogeton pectinatus) exposed to various concentrations of 11 herbicides widely used in Maryland during the past decade. Net photosynthesis and respiration were determined by measuring changes in the. oxygen content of solutions containing dilutions of technical grade herbicides. At 20-22? C and 58 umol/m2/sec of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), oxygen production of undosed plants averaged 0.72-2.03 mg/g fresh wt/h. Respiration rates of undosed plants averaged 0.46-0.60 mg O2/g fresh wt/h. Nominal herbicide concentrations (ng/L) that reduced net photosynthesis by 5O percent (IC5O) were: metribuzin, 8; atrazine, 29; cyanazine, 32; linuron, 70; simazine, 164; and paraquat, 240. IC5O values for 2,4-D, acifluorfen, glyphosate and metolachlor exceeded the maximum test concentration of 10,000 ng/L. The IC5O value for alachlor was estimated to be between 1,000 and 10,000 ng/L. None of the herbicides tested had a significant effect on dark respiration.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Third Volume","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Testing and Materials","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, Pa.","collaboration":"OCLC 32305016; papers from a symposium of the same name, April 26-29, 1993. ","usgsCitation":"Fleming, W.J., Ailstock, M., and Momot, J., 1995, Net photosynthesis and respiration of sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus) exposed to herbicides, chap. of Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Third Volume, p. 303-317.","productDescription":"413","startPage":"303","endPage":"317","numberOfPages":"413","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697ae3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hughes, Jane S.","contributorId":112329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506620,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biddinger, Gregory R.","contributorId":111662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biddinger","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506618,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mones, Eugene","contributorId":111930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mones","given":"Eugene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506619,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, W. James","contributorId":85279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ailstock, M.S.","contributorId":71288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ailstock","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Momot, J.J.","contributorId":44255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Momot","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210585,"text":"5210585 - 1995 - Wildlife toxicity testing","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210585,"text":"5210585 - 1995 - Wildlife toxicity testing","indexId":"5210585","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"4","title":"Wildlife toxicity testing"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T15:41:19","indexId":"5210585","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"4","title":"Wildlife toxicity testing","docAbstract":"Reports of anthropogenic environmental contaminants affecting free-ranging wildlife first began to accumulate during the Industrial Revolution of the 1850s. early reports included cases of arsenic and lead shot ingestion, and industrial smokestack emission toxicity. One early report described the death of fallow deer (Dama dama) due to arsenic emissions from a silver foundry in Germany in 1887, whereas another report described hydrogen sulfide fumes in the vicinity of a Texas oil field that resulted in a large die-off of both wild birds and mammals.1 Mortality in waterfowl and ring-necked pheasants (Phaisanus colchicus) due to the ingestion of spent lead shot was recognized at least as early as 1874 when lead-poisoned birds were reported in Texas and North Carolina.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of ecotoxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"0873715853","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., 1995, Wildlife toxicity testing, chap. 4 of Handbook of ecotoxicology, p. 47-69.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"69","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ad2b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506753,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506752,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506754,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cairns, John Jr.","contributorId":111897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cairns","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506755,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":328746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210584,"text":"5210584 - 1995 - Making sense of soil ecotoxicology","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210584,"text":"5210584 - 1995 - Making sense of soil ecotoxicology","indexId":"5210584","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"6","title":"Making sense of soil ecotoxicology"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T14:18:58","indexId":"5210584","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"6","title":"Making sense of soil ecotoxicology","docAbstract":"The toxicity of pesticides and environmental contaminants to soil organisms has been measured in studies on earthworms,1 soil arthropods,3-6 soil microorganisms,7 and other soil organisms.8 Toxicity data on earthworms produced in the pesticide registration procedure required by the OECD (Organization for economic cooperation and Development) will provide data on many additional chemicals.9 Deciding how to use the data generated is troublesome. In 1965, Edwards10 suggested that the effects of soil insecticides on soils may remain long after the pesticides have disappeared, and that it was clear that pesticides could drastically change the populations of soil organisms; Edwards noted, however, that the effects did not seem to be serious when compared with the benefits to crop production of using pesticides. Since 1965, many studies have been conducted on changes in soil ecosystems caused by environmental contaminants, but we still know little about what the toxicity to particular groups of soil organisms means to the functioning of the soil ecosystem. the problem was illustrated in discussions at the International Conference on Earthworm Ecotoxicology in Sheffield, England, in 1991. there was general agreement that earthworms ahould be taken into account when evaluating pesticides. However, it was unclear what level of reduction in earthworm populations would reduce soil quality or crop yeild. Because populations of earthworms naturally fluctuate greatly even in the absence of pesticides, and because some soils are fertile without any earthworms, it is difficult to equate their population decreases with damage to the soil ecosystem. Broadbent and Tomlin found that the insecticide carbofuran caused fluctuations in the populations of some microarthropods in a cornfield but, in comparing the effects to those of cultivation or adding compost, they concluded that it was unlikely that litter decomposition was significantly affected.3
There are many different types of contaminants present in the environment ranging from synthetic chemicals, which would not be present in the environment without man's intervention, to trace metals that are required for life. Concerns range from possible harmful effects on flora and fauna to possible harm to humans consuming such organisms. The complete chemical analysis for all possible environmental contaminants in sediments, water, air, and every species and sample of interest would not only be excessively costly, but the facilities to handle do many samples do not exist. Such chemical analysis would only establish the presence of contaminants, without revealing how available or active they were within the organism.
Bioindicators, sometimes called biomarkers, are responses in living organisms that may simply signify exposure to contaminants, may predict future harm, or may themselves be harmful effects. In this chapter, a bioindicator will be interpreted to mean the same as a biomarker (a biochemical, physiological, or morphological response), but not a population or ecosystem bioindicator such as a sentinel species, genetic variability, or species richness. thus, a bioindicator (biomarker) may be studied in a particular species to assess the status of that species, or in a sentinel species to assess habitat status. Individuals of the sentinel species might be those already residing at the site of interest or might be pristine organisms brought to the site and maintained in cages (fish) or released and recovered (birds).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of ecotoxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"0873715853","usgsCitation":"Melancon, M.J., 1995, Bioindicators used in aquatic and terrestrial monitoring, chap. 11 of Handbook of ecotoxicology, p. 220-240.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"220","endPage":"240","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db62361c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506745,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506744,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506746,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cairns, John Jr.","contributorId":111897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cairns","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506747,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Melancon, Mark J.","contributorId":21918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melancon","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210582,"text":"5210582 - 1995 - Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210582,"text":"5210582 - 1995 - Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides","indexId":"5210582","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"12","title":"Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-12T14:14:14","indexId":"5210582","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"12","title":"Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides","docAbstract":"Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides are used throughout the world to control a large variety of insects and other invertebrates, fungi, birds, mammals, and herbaceous plants. Over 100 different organophosphorus and carbamate chemicals are registered in the U.S. alone for use in thousands of products applied to widely diverse habitats including agricultural crops, forests, rangelands, wetlands, towns, and cities. These applications are estimated to be nearly 200 million acre-treatments (i.e., number of acres treated corrected for number of treatments) per year to control nuisance, depradating, and disease-bearing invertebrates and vertebrates, and to maintain landscape aesthetics. Except for mosquito control, most applications target terrestrial habitat. Due to drift or run-off, pesticide and degrades are inevitably detected in soils and water that are fundamental to the primary productivity of ecosystems. Thus, critical life-giving systems are frequently contaminated with organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides, however briefly, each year.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of Ecotoxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, Florida","usgsCitation":"Hill, E.F., 1995, Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides, chap. 12 of Handbook of Ecotoxicology, p. 243-273.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"273","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a68f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506741,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506740,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506742,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cairns, John Jr.","contributorId":111897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cairns","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506743,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Elwood F.","contributorId":27115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Elwood","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210526,"text":"5210526 - 1995 - Avian reproductive physiology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:14","indexId":"5210526","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Avian reproductive physiology","docAbstract":"Knowledge of the many physiological factors associated with egg production , fertility, incubation, and brooding in nondomestic birds is limited. Science knows even less about reproduction in most of the 238 endangered or threatened birds. This discussion uses studies of nondomestic and, when necessary, domestic birds to describe physiological control of reproduction. Studies of the few nondomestic avian species show large variation in physiological control of reproduction. Aviculturists, in order to successfully propagate an endangered bird, must understand the bird's reproductive peculiarities. First, investigators can do studies with carefully chosen surrogate species, but eventually they need to confirm the results in the target endangered bird. Studies of reproduction in nondomestic birds increased in the last decade. Still, scientists need to do more comparative studies to understand the mechanisms that control reproduction in birds. New technologies are making it possible to study reproductive physiology of nondomestic species in less limiting ways. These technologies include telemetry to collect information without inducing stress on captives (Howey et al., 1987; Klugman, 1987), new tests for most of the humoral factors associated with reproduction, and the skill to collect small samples and manipulate birds without disrupting the physiological mechanisms (Bercovitz et al., 1985). Managers are using knowledge from these studies to improve propagation in zoological parks, private and public propagation facilities, and research institutions. Researchers need to study the control of ovulation, egg formation, and oviposition in the species of nondomestic birds that lay very few eggs in a season, hold eggs in the oviduct for longer intervals, or differ in other ways from the more thoroughly studied domestic birds. Other techniques that would enhance propagation for nondomestlc birds include tissue culture of cloned embryonic cells, cryopreservation of embryos and gametes, embryo transplant, DNA analysis and manipulation, disease screening and control, and improved release conditioning methods.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation of Endangered Species in Captivity: An Interdisciplinary Approach","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"State University of New York Press","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","collaboration":"OCLC 29219655","usgsCitation":"Gee, G., 1995, Avian reproductive physiology, chap. of Conservation of Endangered Species in Captivity: An Interdisciplinary Approach, p. 241-262.","productDescription":"xiv, 810","startPage":"241","endPage":"262","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db5464c2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gibbons, Edward F. = = Jr.","contributorId":113488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbons","given":"Edward","suffix":"= Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. =","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506616,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Durrant, Barbara S.","contributorId":113522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durrant","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506617,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Demarest, Jack","contributorId":113358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demarest","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506615,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Gee, G.F.","contributorId":70335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210514,"text":"5210514 - 1995 - Puerto Rican parrots and potential limitations of the metapopulation approach to species conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:19","indexId":"5210514","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Puerto Rican parrots and potential limitations of the metapopulation approach to species conservation","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Genes, Populations, and Species. 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Readings from Conservation Biology, p. 94-103.","productDescription":"243","startPage":"94","endPage":"103","numberOfPages":"243","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a90e4b07f02db655daa","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ehrenfeld, David","contributorId":111550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehrenfeld","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506599,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, M.H.","contributorId":17713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kepler, C. B.","contributorId":62548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kepler","given":"C.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snyder, N.F.R.","contributorId":59383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"N.F.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Derrickson, S.R.","contributorId":28927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derrickson","given":"S.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dein, F. J.","contributorId":97030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dein","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wiley, J. W.","contributorId":51399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wunderle, J.M. Jr.","contributorId":90837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wunderle","given":"J.M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lugo, A.E.","contributorId":10761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lugo","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Graham, D.L.","contributorId":70075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Toone, W.D.","contributorId":41537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toone","given":"W.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":5210557,"text":"5210557 - 1995 - Waterfowl population trends in the Chesapeake Bay area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:16","indexId":"5210557","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Waterfowl population trends in the Chesapeake Bay area","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 Chesapeake Research Conference. 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Toward a Sustainable Watershed: The Chesapeake Experiment, p. 490-504.","productDescription":"iv, 724","startPage":"490","endPage":"504","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4c3c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hill, Paula","contributorId":113447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Paula","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506678,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Steve","contributorId":36590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506677,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deller, A.S.","contributorId":38677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deller","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210581,"text":"5210581 - 1995 - Organochlorine pesticides","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210581,"text":"5210581 - 1995 - Organochlorine pesticides","indexId":"5210581","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"13","title":"Organochlorine pesticides"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T15:33:32","indexId":"5210581","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"13","title":"Organochlorine pesticides","docAbstract":"the discovery of the insecticidal properties of DDT, which led to its subsequent use in pest control,w as hailed as a tremendous scientiffic achievement. Initial success with DDT in controlling human health pests during World War II, and subsequent success in agricultural pest control, stimulated the synthesis and development of related organochlorine pestidices; their use increased exponentially following the war.1 At first, evidence slowly accumulated that nearly all of these compounds were having widespread adverse effects on nontarget organisms. Later, a veritable mountain of evidence was amassed relating to their toxicity, persistence, and lipophilic characteristics, which resulted in accumulation of residues, mortality, lowered reproductive success, and decline - even extirpation - of certain populations of wildlife.2,3 Ecotoxicological data for organochlorine pesticides are limited in much of the world because most research has been conducted in relatively few countries. It is likely that no other group of contaminants of anthropogenic origin has exacted such a heavy toll on the environment as have the organochlorine pesticide.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of ecotoxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"0873715853","usgsCitation":"Blus, L.J., 1995, Organochlorine pesticides, chap. 13 of Handbook of ecotoxicology, p. 275-300.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"300","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a88d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506737,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506736,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506738,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cairns, John Jr.","contributorId":111897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cairns","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506739,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Blus, Lawrence J.","contributorId":35199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210579,"text":"5210579 - 1995 - Petroleum and individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210579,"text":"5210579 - 1995 - Petroleum and individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","indexId":"5210579","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"15","title":"Petroleum and individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T14:50:40","indexId":"5210579","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"15","title":"Petroleum and individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","docAbstract":"Crude petroleum, refined-petroleum products, and individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained within petroleum are found throughout the world. their presence has been detected in living and nonliving components of ecosystems. Petroleum can be an environmental hazard for wild animals and plants. Individual PAHs are also hazardous to wildlife, but they are most commonly associated with human illnesses. Because petroleum is a major environmental source of these PAHs, petroleum and PAHs are jointly presented in this chapter. Composition, sources, environmental fate, and toxic effects on all living components of aquatic and terrestrial environments are addessed.
All U.S. Navy electroplating and metal-finishing wastes are now required to pass through industrial-wastewater treatment plants and other treatment facilities for the removal of heavy metals and other potentially hazardous materials. In 1984 a total of 235,191 metric tons (t) of electroplating and metal-finishing wastes from 70 U.S. Navy installations - primarily shipyards, aviation depots, air stations, and weapons plants - were treated.1 Electroplating wastes were not always fully treated.
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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of ecotoxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"0873715853","usgsCitation":"Eisler, R., 1995, Ecological and toxicological aspects of the partial meltdown of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant reactor, chap. 24 of Handbook of ecotoxicology, p. 549-564.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"549","endPage":"564","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627fcb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506717,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506716,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506718,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cairns, John Jr.","contributorId":111897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cairns","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506719,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Eisler, Ronald","contributorId":101303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eisler","given":"Ronald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}