Ground water was sampled in a 900-square-mile agricultural area in the Pasco Basin, which includes parts of eastern Benton County and western Franklin County, Washington, to determine distributions of nitrate and fluoride. Additional data were obtained to determine if fertilizers, irrigation water, septic systems, and naturally occurring nitrate are sources of nitrate in ground water. Limited sampling also was done to determine if pesticides were present in the ground water.
Nitrate concentrations in ground water ranged from less than 0.1 to 100 milligrams per liter as nitrogen, and median concentrations of nitrate nitrogen in ground water were 3.2 and 6.7 milligrams per liter for Benton and Franklin Counties, respectively. In Franklin County, where a large percentage of the land is used for irrigated agriculture, nitrate nitrogen concentrations in water from 31 percent of sampled wells were equal to or greater than the maximum contaminant level for drinking water of 10 milligrams per liter. In Benton County, nitrate concentrations in water from about 10 percent of the sampled wells exceeded the maximum contaminant level.
Nitrate concentrations in ground water at some locations in Franklin County have increased by as much as two orders of magnitude since the early 1950's. Historical data generally were not available to evaluate changes of nitrate concentrations in ground water in Benton County, except for the area around the town of Finley. A comparison of data collected during this study with data collected during 1976-77 indicate that nitrate concentrations in ground water of the Finley area probably have not changed over the intervening period.
Applied nitrogen fertilizers are a major source of nitrate in ground water at many locations in the study area. Surface water used for irrigation does not contain sufficient nitrate to cause elevated concentrations in ground water. Instead, canal seepage, which makes up about 50 percent of the ground-water recharge in the study area, tends to dilute the nitrate present in ground water.
Septic systems in the Finley area of Benton County are a source of nitrate in ground water, but analyses of data and results of a numerical model analysis of nitrate concentrations in the unconfmed ground-water system indicate that they are not the primary source of nitrate in ground water in this area.
Naturally occurring nitrate may be a source of nitrate in ground water underlying Badger Coulee in Benton County. Average masses of natural nitrate per unit volume of sediment in two boreholes in Badger Coulee were equivalent to 2,590 and 964 pounds of nitrogen, respectively, in a block of sediments 50 feet thick underlying an acre of land. At most other locations in the study area, the amount of natural nitrate in ground water is probably small compared with nitrate from anthropogenic sources.
Fluoride concentrations in ground water in the study area ranged from less than 0.1 to 4.7 milligrams per liter; the median concentration was 0.5 milligram per liter. The concentration of fluoride in water from only two of 143 wells equalled or exceeded 2.0 milligrams per liter, which is the secondary maximum contaminant level for drinking water. Both are deep wells open to the Saddle Mountains Basalt in Franklin County. Large concentrations of fluoride in deep ground waters of the Pasco Basin are apparently the result of natural conditions in the deeper basalt aquifers.
One or more pesticide compounds were detected in 10 of 29 ground-water samples, which were analyzed for selected chlorophenoxy acid herbicides, triazine herbicides, carbamate insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides, and a few other types of pesticides. The sampling locations did not represent a random distribution, but instead, most were wells open to unconfined, shallow ground water in irrigated areas. The pesticides found include the herbicides atrazine, dicamba, metribuzin, picloram, and 2,4,5-T. Also present were aldicarb sulfone and aldicarb sulfoxide, which are degradation products of the insecticide aldicarb. Except for metribuzin, pesticide concentrations were at or near the analytical reporting limits. In all instances, the concentrations of pesticides detected were below the health advisory levels that are issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934197","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Ebbert, J., Cox, S., Drost, B., and Schurr, K., 1995, Distribution and sources of nitrate, and presence of fluoride and pesticides, in parts of the Pasco Basin, Washington, 1986-88: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4197, Report: vii, 173 p.; 3 Plates: 48.32 x 35.45 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934197.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 173 p.; 3 Plates: 48.32 x 35.45 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424442,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47890.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":351279,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4197/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351278,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4197/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351277,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4197/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118815,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4197/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54184,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4197/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Pasco Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.44859231635866,\n 47.54198150754928\n ],\n [\n -119.84390781849129,\n 47.54198150754928\n ],\n [\n -119.84390781849129,\n 46.0060605168527\n ],\n [\n -118.44859231635866,\n 46.0060605168527\n ],\n [\n -118.44859231635866,\n 47.54198150754928\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db6348c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ebbert, J.C.","contributorId":57451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebbert","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, S.E.","contributorId":66663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drost, B. W.","contributorId":38526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drost","given":"B. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schurr, K.M.","contributorId":36102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schurr","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":29140,"text":"wri954108 - 1995 - Water budgets, water quality, and analysis of nutrient loading of the Winter Park Chain of Lakes, central Florida, 1989-92, with a section on littoral vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-23T16:16:35.832282","indexId":"wri954108","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4108","title":"Water budgets, water quality, and analysis of nutrient loading of the Winter Park Chain of Lakes, central Florida, 1989-92, with a section on littoral vegetation","docAbstract":"The Winter Park chain of lakes (Lakes Maitland, Virginia, Osceola, and Mizell) has a combined area of about 900 acres, an immediate drainage area of about 3,100 acres, and mean depths ranging from 11 to 15 feet. The lakes are an important recreational resource for the surrounding communities, but there is concern about the possible effects of stormwater runoff and seepage of nutrient-enriched ground water on the quality of water in the lakes.
The lakes receive water from several sources: rainfall on lake surfaces, inflow from other surface-water bodies, stormflow that enters the lakes through storm drains or by direct runoff from land adjacent to the lakes, and ground-water seepage. Water leaves the lakes by evaporation, surface outflow, and ground-water outflow. Of the three, only surface outflow can be measured directly. Rainfall, surface inflow and outflow, and lake-stage data were collected from October 1, 1989, to September 30, 1992. Stormflow, evaporation and ground-water inflow and outflow were estimated for the 3 years of the study. Ground-water outflow was calculated by evaluating the rate of lake-stage decline during dry periods. Estimated ground-water outflow was compared to downward leakage rates estimated by ground-water flow models. Lateral ground-water inflow from surficial sediments was calculated as the residual of the flow budget.
Flow budgets were calculated for the 3 years of the study. In water year 1992 (a year with about average rainfall), inflow consisted of rainfall, 48 inches; stormflow, 15 inches; surface inflow, 67 inches; and ground water, 40 inches. The calculated outflows were evaporation, 47 inches; surface outflow, 90 inches; and ground water, 33 inches.
Water-quality data also were used to calculate nutrient budgets for the lakes. Bimonthly water samples were collected from the lakes and at surface inflow and outflow sites, and were analyzed for physical characteristics, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, major ions, the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus, and chlorophyll (collected at lake sites only). Specific conductance ranged from about 190 to 230 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius in Lakes Maitland, Virginia and Osceola and from about 226 to 260 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius in Lake Mizell. The median concentrations of total ammonia-plus-organic nitrogen in all the lakes ranged from 0.79 to 0.99 milligrams per liter. Median total phosphorus concentrations ranged from less than 0.02 to 0.20 milligrams per liter. Stormwater samples were collected for 17 storms at one storm-drain site and 16 storms at another storm-drain site on Lake Osceola. Median total nitrogen concentrations at the sites were 2.23 and 3.06 milligrams per liter and median total phosphorus concentrations were 0.34 and 0.40 milligrams per liter.
The water quality in the Winter Park lakes generally is fair to good, based on a trophic-state index used by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection for assessing the tropic state of Florida lakes. This index was determined from median total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a concentrations, and median Secchi-disk transparency for all lakes for the period September 1989 to June 1992.
Based on a one-time sampling of 20 sites around the lakes, surficial ground-water quality is highly variable. Nutrient concentrations were highly variable and could not be correlated to the proximity of septic tanks. Fertilizer probably is the primary source of nutrients in the surficial ground water.
Nutrient budgets were calculated for the lakes for the 3 years of the study. The most variable source of nutrient loading to the lakes is stormwater. Nutrient-loading modeling indicates that reduction of nutrients in stormflow probably would improve lake-water quality. However, even with complete removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from stormwater, the lakes might still be mesotrophic with respect to both nutrients during periods of below average rainfall because of the input from the other sources of inflow to the lakes.
Littoral vegetation in the lakes was surveyed in March 1992. The length of shoreline containing vegetation was 44 percent in Lake Maitland, 62 percent in Lake Virginia, 46 percent in Lake Osceola, and 76 percent in Lake Mizell. The types of vegetation present generally were similar for all four lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954108","usgsCitation":"Phelps, G.G., German, E.R., Beckage, B., and Gain, W.S., 1995, Water budgets, water quality, and analysis of nutrient loading of the Winter Park Chain of Lakes, central Florida, 1989-92, with a section on littoral vegetation: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4108, vi, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954108.","productDescription":"vi, 96 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422857,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48211.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2332,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954108","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159383,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Winter Park Chain of Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.4167,\n 28.6667\n ],\n [\n -81.4167,\n 28.53\n ],\n [\n -81.3,\n 28.53\n ],\n [\n -81.3,\n 28.6667\n ],\n [\n -81.4167,\n 28.6667\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67aeb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelps, G. G.","contributorId":82346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"German, E. R.","contributorId":86315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"German","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beckage, Brian","contributorId":289256,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beckage","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":62082,"text":"Department of Plant Biology & Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":888594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gain, W. Scott wsgain@usgs.gov","contributorId":346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gain","given":"W.","email":"wsgain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":888595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":29434,"text":"wri954060 - 1995 - Water Levels In Major Artesian Aquifers Of The New Jersey Coastal Plain, 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:56","indexId":"wri954060","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4060","title":"Water Levels In Major Artesian Aquifers Of The New Jersey Coastal Plain, 1988","docAbstract":"Water levels in 1,251 wells in the New Jersey Coastal Plain, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, and Kent and New Castle Counties, Delaware, were measured from October 1988 to February 1989 and compared with 1,071 water levels measured from September 1983 to May 1984. Water levels in 916 of the wells measured in the 1983 study were remeasured in the 1988 study. Alternate wells were selected to replace wells used in 1983 that were inaccessible at the time of the water-level measurements in 1988 or had been destroyed. New well sites were added in strategic locations to increase coverage where possible. Large cones of depression have formed or expanded in the nine major artesian aquifers that underlie the New Jersey Coastal Plain. Water levels are shown on nine potentiometric-surface maps. Hydrographs for observation wells typically show water-level declines for 1983, through 1989. In the confined Cohansey aquifer, the lowest water level, 20 feet below sea level, was measured in a well located at Cape May City Water Department, Cape May County. Water levels in the Atlantic City 800-foot sand declined as much as 21 feet at Ventnor, Atlantic County, over the 6-year period from the 1983 study to this study for 1988. Water levels in the Piney Point aquifer were as low as 56 feet below sea level at Seaside Park, Ocean County; 45 feet below sea level in southern Cumberland County; and 28 feet below sea level at Margate, Atlantic County. Water levels in the Vincentown aquifer did not change over the 6-year period. The lowest water levels in the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer and the Englishtown aquifer system were 218 feet and 256 feet below sea level, respectively. Large cones of depression in the Potomac- Raritan-Magothy aquifer system are centered in the Camden County area and the Middlesex and Monmouth County area. Water levels declined as much as 46 feet in these areas over the 6-year period.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri954060","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Rosman, R., Lacombe, P., and Storck, D.A., 1995, Water Levels In Major Artesian Aquifers Of The New Jersey Coastal Plain, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4060, Report: vi, 74 p.; 8 Plates: each 36 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954060.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 74 p.; 8 Plates: each 36 x 36 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1988-10-01","temporalEnd":"1989-02-28","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4060/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":11742,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri95-4060/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":91733,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4060/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4d6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosman, Robert 0000-0001-5042-1872 rrosman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5042-1872","contributorId":2846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosman","given":"Robert","email":"rrosman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacombe, Pierre J. placombe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacombe","given":"Pierre J.","email":"placombe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":201520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Storck, Donald A. dstorck@usgs.gov","contributorId":4311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storck","given":"Donald","email":"dstorck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":201522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30015,"text":"wri954211A - 1995 - Environmental setting of fixed sites in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Michigan and Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:03","indexId":"wri954211A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4211","chapter":"A","title":"Environmental setting of fixed sites in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Michigan and Wisconsin","docAbstract":"This report describes selected environmental- setting features for 11 fixed surface-water sites in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Pro- gram. The study unit, which includes 10 major river systems draining to Lake Michigan, is bounded on the south by the Illinois State line and extends north to about 31 miles north of Escanaba, Mich. The fixed sites are on the following streams: Peshekee River, Popple River, Menominee River, Pensaukee River, Duck Creek, Tomorrow River, East River, Fox River, North Branch Milwaukee River, Lincoln Creek, and Milwaukee River. Drainage basins above these sites receive runoff from land uses and land covers, bedrock types, and surficial deposits representative of the main types of each of these characteristics in the study unit. Data types collected at the fixed sites include water chemistry; organic compounds and trace elements in streambed sediment and biological tissues; algal, benthic-invertebrate, and fish communities; and aquatic habitat. Field measurements include water temperature, pH, specific conductance, alkalinity, and dissolved oxygen. Results of water- quality field measurements indicate little variation in temperature among the fixed sites. Specific conductance and alkalinity were generally higher at sites underlain by carbonate bedrock than at sites underlain by igneous/metamorphic bedrock. Differences in pH among the fixed sites were less than those for specific conductance and alkalinity, but pH seemed to increase slightly from north to south. Dissolved-oxygen concentration varied more at agricultural sites than at forested and urban sites, perhaps because of higher nutrient inputs at agricultural sites. The information included in this report has been assembled as reference material for ongoing studies at the fixed sites.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954211A","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, D.J., Peterson, E.M., and Richards, K., 1995, Environmental setting of fixed sites in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Michigan and Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4211, v, 30 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954211A.","productDescription":"v, 30 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4211a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58821,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4211a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db67259a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, D. J.","contributorId":94693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, E. M.","contributorId":70805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richards, K.D.","contributorId":28635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23374,"text":"ofr95732 - 1995 - Water-quality, discharge, and biologic data for streams and springs in the Highland Rim Escarpment of southeastern Bedford County, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-08T18:54:18.89668","indexId":"ofr95732","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-732","title":"Water-quality, discharge, and biologic data for streams and springs in the Highland Rim Escarpment of southeastern Bedford County, Tennessee","docAbstract":"From November 1994 through April 1995, streams and springs in 9 drainage basins were observed and sampled at 176 sites to obtain information on environmental quality near the Quail Hollow landfill, Bedford County, Tennessee. Reconnaissance data were collected to establish a regional pattern. Water samples from 26 seepage sites were analyzed to determine water-quality conditions. During the reconnaissance, conductivity ranged regionally from 17 to 617 microsiemens per centimeter. The greatest biologic diversity was in Bennett Branch, followed by Daniel Hollow, Prince, Powell and Renegar, County Line, and Anthony Branches, Hurricane Creek, and Anderton Branch, respectively. In general, conductivity was less than 50 microsiemens per centimeter at and upstream of the Chattanooga Shale but increased downstream to between 200 and 300 microsiemens per centimeter. Of the constituents and properties analyzed, only pH and four metals at six sites had values that were not within the limits set by the State of Tennessee for drinking water. Chloride and dissolved manganese concentrations were highest for a spring and a seep adjacent to the landfill. Scans indicated the presence of about 37 unidentified organic compounds at these same two sites.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95732","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hollyday, E., and Byl, T., 1995, Water-quality, discharge, and biologic data for streams and springs in the Highland Rim Escarpment of southeastern Bedford County, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-732, iv, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95732.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156960,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1710,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/ofr95-732/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","county":"Bedford 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Parts of this watershed had been partly cut within eight years prior to the fire or had been clear-cut immediately prior to the fire. Precipitation during the two-year study period was about normal (86 percent of normal in the first wet season and 143 percent in second season). There were only minor effects from the wildfire in terms of development of hydrophobic soil conditions, and infiltration rates remained very high in relation to rainfall intensities. Average hillslope lowering rates computed from two erosion plots, reconnaissance measurements of ravel rates, and photograph comparisons are less than 0.001 meters per year, below the detection limits of these measurement techniques. Channel incision rates into gravelly alluvium during the first wet season were less than 0.001 meters per year and may not be related to wildfire occurrence. The negligible geomorphic response to this dramatic destruction of vegetation suggests that the geomorphic role of wildfires in the Pacific Northwest is not necessarily of large scale or magnitude. High infiltration rates, absence of widespread soil hydrophobicity, and low rainfall intensities mitigate erosional tendencies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory","publisherLocation":"Vancouver, WA","doi":"10.3133/wri944122","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Schmidt, J.C., 1995, Geomorphic response to wildfire following timber harvest of a small watershed in southern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4122, iv, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944122.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278459,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri944122.GIF"},{"id":279870,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4122/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","county":"Douglas County;Jackson County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.034945,42.719777 ], [ -123.034945,42.765288 ], [ -122.974949,42.765288 ], [ -122.974949,42.719777 ], [ -123.034945,42.719777 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"526b9306e4b058918d0acc06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmidt, John C. 0000-0002-2988-3869 jcschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2988-3869","contributorId":1983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"John","email":"jcschmidt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38227,"text":"pp1406D - 1995 - Simulation of ground-water flow in alluvial basins in south-central Arizona and parts of adjacent states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-10T13:01:12","indexId":"pp1406D","displayToPublicDate":"1996-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1406","chapter":"D","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in alluvial basins in south-central Arizona and parts of adjacent states","docAbstract":"Numerical modeling was used to examine the character of aquifer systems in alluvial basins in south-central Arizona. The report documents the modeling approach, design and calibration procedures, and results of simulations made by using specific and general models. Transferability of geohydrologic information among basins was tested and generally proved successful. Extensive sensitivity testing was done on all models. Sensitivity to specific properties is related to geologic environment and the magnitude of predevelopment flow quantities.
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Segment 1 is a region of pronounced physiographic and climatic contrasts. From the Cascade Mountains and the Sierra Nevada of northern California, where precipitation is abundant, to the Great Basin in Nevada and the deserts of southern California, which have the most arid environments in the United States, few regions exhibit such a diversity of topography or environment.
Since the discovery of gold in the mid-1800's, California has experienced a population, industrial, and agricultural boom unrivaled by that of any other State. Water needs in California are very large, and the State leads the United States in agricultural and municipal water use. The demand for water exceeds the natural water supply in many agricultural and nearly all urban areas. As a result, water is impounded by reservoirs in areas of surplus and transported to areas of scarcity by an extensive network of aqueducts.
Unlike California, which has a relative abundance of water, development in Nevada has been limited by a scarcity of recoverable freshwater. The Truckee, the Carson, the Walker, the Humboldt, and the Colorado Rivers are the only perennial streams of significance in the State. The individual basin-fill aquifers, which together compose the largest known ground-water reserves, receive little annual recharge and are easily depleted. Nevada is sparsely populated, except for the Las Vegas, the Reno-Sparks, and the Carson City areas, which rely heavily on imported water for public supplies. Although important to the economy of Nevada, agriculture has not been developed to the same degree as in California due, in large part, to a scarcity of water. Some additional ground-water development might be possible in Nevada through prudent management of the basin-fill aquifers and increased utilization of ground water in the little-developed carbonate-rock aquifers that underlie the eastern one-half of the State. The potential problem of withdrawals in excess of natural recharge, however, will require careful management of ground-water withdrawals.
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Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","chapter":"C","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 2, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","docAbstract":"This chapter of the Ground Water Atlas of the United States describes the aquifers in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. These four States, which comprise Segment 2 of this Atlas, are located in the Southwestern United States and extend from the rolling grasslands of the Great Plains on the east across the Rocky Mountains and Continental Divide to the desert basins of the Southwest. The 425,000-square-mile area ranges in altitude from about 14,400 feet above sea level in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to about 100 feet near the lower Colorado River in southwestern Arizona. All the ground water in Segment 2 ultimately is derived from infiltration of precipitation, which varies considerably with the altitude and topography of the area.
The Great Plains Physiographic Province of the Central United States extends into eastern Colorado and New Mexico (fig. 1), where flat to rolling prairie (fig. 2) with scattered hills and bluffs gradually rises westward to 5,000 to 7,000 feet above sea level and abruptly gives way to the frontal ranges of the Rocky Mountains in the Southern Rocky Mountain and Basin and Range Physiographic Provinces. West of the frontal ranges in Colorado and northern New Mexico are additional and higher mountain ranges generally oriented north-south but with many spurs and extensions oriented in other directions. The many ranges of the Rocky Mountains are separated by valleys and high mountain parks (fig. 3). Colorado contains about three-fourths of the Nation's land area above 10,000 feet and has 53 mountain peaks higher than 14,000 feet. Most of these high peaks are located near the Continental Divide (fig. 1), which extends approximately north-south through central Colorado and western New Mexico. The altitude of the divide decreases in southern New Mexico to less than 4,500 feet in a few areas.
Farther westward, the mountains are less prevalent and are interspersed with broad structural basins. These basins and the broad valleys of the middle Colorado River and its tributaries form the irregular intermontane topography of the Colorado Plateaus Physiographic Province (fig. 4). Plateaus and high mesas are formed where the surface has been dissected by rugged canyons carved by the Colorado River and its tributaries (fig. 5). The largest of these canyons-the Grand Canyon-extends about 220 miles southwestward from the mouth of the Little Colorado River in Arizona and ranges from 4 to 18 miles in width and from 2,700 to 5,700 feet in depth below the rim.
Small mountain ranges and intervening broad desert valleys of the Basin and Range Physiographic Province are prevalent to the west and south of the Colorado Plateaus in western Utah, southern Arizona, and southern New Mexico (fig. 1). These mountain ranges generally protrude 3,000 to 6,000 feet above the surrounding valley floor (fig. 6) and commonly extend from 20 to 50 miles in a north or northwesterly direction.
Small parts of the Middle Rocky Mountains and Wyoming Basin Physiographic Provinces extend into northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah (fig. 1). The topography, geology, and hydrology of the two areas are described in Chapter 1 of this Atlas.
Four of the Nation's major river systems have headwaters in the mountainous areas of Segment 2. The South Platte River of the Missouri River system drains the eastern slope of northern Colorado; the Arkansas River and its tributary, the Canadian River, drain southeastern Colorado and northeastern New Mexico; the Rio Grande and its tributary, the Pecos River, drain south-central Colorado and central New Mexico; and the Colorado River and its tributaries drain Arizona, eastern Utah, Northwestern New Mexico, and western Colorado (fig. 1). Western Utah is drained by numerous streams that terminate in local desert basins, the Great Salt Lake, or other local lakes and reservoirs. Because the Great Salt Lake lies in the Great Basin, which is the largest closed basin in North America, it has no outlet to the sea. The salinity of the lake water is about 20 percent or about 6 times the salinity of seawater.
Most of Segment 2 is sparsely populated. The average population density of counties is less than 8 persons per square mile in about 65 percent of the four-State area (fig. 7). Population densities range from less than 0.5 person per square mile in a few rural counties to more than 4 ,000 persons per square mile in populous urban areas. The 1990 population of the four States was about 10 million; almost 70 percent of this population was in Arizona and Colorado. Most land in Segment 2 is undeveloped forest grassland, or desert shrubland, much of which is used for livestock grazing. Land used for production of commercial crops primarily is in eastern Colorado and eastern New Mexico.
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The July 1993 flood is compared with the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) 100- and 500-year flood profiles. This report is one of a series of U.S. Geological Survey reports to document the flooding within the upper Mississippi River Basin in 1993 and to improve the technical base on which flood-plain management decisions can be made by other agencies.
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G.","contributorId":15234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middlemis-Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44890,"text":"wri954134 - 1995 - Development of a 14-digit hydrologic coding scheme and boundary data set for New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-27T14:34:50","indexId":"wri954134","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4134","title":"Development of a 14-digit hydrologic coding scheme and boundary data set for New Jersey","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri954134","usgsCitation":"Ellis, W.H., and Price, C.V., 1995, Development of a 14-digit hydrologic coding scheme and boundary data set for New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4134, 1 map : col. ; 113 x 67 cm., folded in envelope 31 x 23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954134.","productDescription":"1 map : col. ; 113 x 67 cm., folded in envelope 31 x 23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268448,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4134/plate-1.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667151","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, William H. wellis@usgs.gov","contributorId":179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"William","email":"wellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Price, Curtis V. 0000-0002-4315-3539 cprice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-3539","contributorId":983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Curtis","email":"cprice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27279,"text":"wri944232 - 1995 - Bathymetry of Stevens Creek and Neal Shoals reservoirs, South Carolina, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-04T18:38:39.756225","indexId":"wri944232","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4232","title":"Bathymetry of Stevens Creek and Neal Shoals reservoirs, South Carolina, 1990","docAbstract":"Stevens Creek Reservoir and Neal Shoals Reservoir are located in the Piedmont Province of South Carolina (fig. 1). The primary purposes for the reservoirs are hydroelectric power generation and recreational activities. Because there has been no bottom surveys of these reservoirs since they were formed in the early 1900's, there is concern about the decrease in reservoir volumes due to sedimen- tation. An investigation was begun in 1990 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Water Resources Division to provide information on present water depths, on areas of rapid-sediment deposition, and on changes in lake volume. This report documents the bathymetric surveys made of Stevens Creek and Neal Shoals Reservoirs during 1990 and provides maps that depict the depth of each reservoir. This report documents the bathymetric surveys made of Stevens Creek and Neal Shoals Reservoirs during 1990 and provides maps that depict the depth of each reservoir.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944232","usgsCitation":"Stringfield, W.J., 1995, Bathymetry of Stevens Creek and Neal Shoals reservoirs, South Carolina, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4232, 3 Sheets, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944232.","productDescription":"3 Sheets","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159029,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4232/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":466032,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48098.htm","text":"Neal Shoals Reservoir","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466033,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48099.htm","text":"Stevens Creek Reservoir","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481674,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4232/sheet-1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":481675,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4232/sheet-2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":481676,"rank":6,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4232/sheet-3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Neal Shoals Reservoir, Stevens Creek Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.46656259921218,\n 34.70160280280656\n ],\n [\n -81.46656259921218,\n 34.65052936380087\n ],\n [\n -81.43440086320075,\n 34.65052936380087\n ],\n [\n -81.43440086320075,\n 34.70160280280656\n ],\n [\n -81.46656259921218,\n 34.70160280280656\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.02000644506542,\n 33.61528988054788\n ],\n [\n -82.05272988360167,\n 33.61528988054788\n ],\n [\n -82.05272988360167,\n 33.5725891961568\n ],\n [\n -82.02000644506542,\n 33.5725891961568\n ],\n [\n -82.02000644506542,\n 33.61528988054788\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e550","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stringfield, W. J.","contributorId":73236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44780,"text":"wri924128 - 1995 - Hydrology of the unconfined aquifer system in the upper Maurice River basin and adjacent areas in Gloucester County, New Jersey, 1986-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T21:54:43.42017","indexId":"wri924128","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4128","title":"Hydrology of the unconfined aquifer system in the upper Maurice River basin and adjacent areas in Gloucester County, New Jersey, 1986-87","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924128","usgsCitation":"Lacombe, P., and Rosman, R., 1995, Hydrology of the unconfined aquifer system in the upper Maurice River basin and adjacent areas in Gloucester County, New Jersey, 1986-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4128, 5 Plates: 54.00 x 40.59 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924128.","productDescription":"5 Plates: 54.00 x 40.59 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170688,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82111,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4128/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82110,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4128/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82107,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4128/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":414396,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47682.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":82109,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4128/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82108,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4128/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United states","state":"New Jersey","county":"Gloucester County","otherGeospatial":"upper Maurice River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.3225,\n 39.8014\n ],\n [\n -75.3225,\n 39.4917\n ],\n [\n -74.8814,\n 39.4917\n ],\n [\n -74.8814,\n 39.8014\n ],\n [\n -75.3225,\n 39.8014\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc78e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lacombe, Pierre J. placombe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacombe","given":"Pierre J.","email":"placombe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosman, Robert 0000-0001-5042-1872 rrosman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5042-1872","contributorId":2846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosman","given":"Robert","email":"rrosman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28697,"text":"wri954103 - 1995 - Discharge of ground water along the Ozark escarpment in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri954103","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4103","title":"Discharge of ground water along the Ozark escarpment in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954103","usgsCitation":"Mesko, T.O., and Imes, J.L., 1995, Discharge of ground water along the Ozark escarpment in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4103, iv, 12 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954103.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4103/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57538,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4103/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aad0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesko, Thomas O.","contributorId":81498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesko","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Imes, Jeffrey L. jimes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imes","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jimes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27455,"text":"wri954125 - 1995 - Water quality in the Withers Swash Basin, with emphasis on enteric bacteria, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, 1991-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T11:38:00","indexId":"wri954125","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4125","title":"Water quality in the Withers Swash Basin, with emphasis on enteric bacteria, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, 1991-93","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected in 1991-93 from Withers Swash and its two tributaries (the Mainstem and KOA Branches) in Myrtle Beach, S.C., and analyzed for physical properties, organic and inorganic constituents, and fecal coliform and streptococcus bacteria. Samples were collected during wet- and dry-weather conditions to assess the water quality of the streams before and after storm runoff. Water samples were analyzed for over 200 separate physical, chemical, and biological constituents. Concentrations of 11 constituents violated State criteria for shellfish harvesting waters, and State Human Health Criteria. The 11 constituents included concentrations of dissolved oxygen, arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chlordane, dieldrin, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and fecal coliform bacteria. Water samples were examined for the presence of enteric bacteria (fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus) at 46 sites throughout the Withers Swash Basin and 5 sites on the beach and in the Atlantic Ocean. Water samples were collected just upstream from all confluences in order to determine sources of bacterial contamination. Temporally and spatially high concentrations of enteric bacteria were detected throughout the Withers Swash Basin; however, these sporadic bacteria concentrations made it difficult to determine a single source of the contamination. These enteric bacteria concentrations are probably derived from a number of sources in the basin including septic tanks, garbage containers, and the feces of waterfowl and domestic animals.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954125","usgsCitation":"Guimaraes, W., 1995, Water quality in the Withers Swash Basin, with emphasis on enteric bacteria, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, 1991-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4125, ix, 102 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954125.","productDescription":"ix, 102 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4125/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56316,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4125/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Myrtle Beach","otherGeospatial":"Withers Swash Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.97109985351562,\n 33.5184992376561\n ],\n [\n -79.22927856445312,\n 33.704920213014425\n ],\n [\n -78.97247314453124,\n 33.95247360616282\n ],\n [\n -78.848876953125,\n 34.05607276338367\n ],\n [\n -78.59756469726562,\n 33.8339199536547\n ],\n [\n -78.97109985351562,\n 33.5184992376561\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d6e4b07f02db5491ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guimaraes, W.B.","contributorId":14020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guimaraes","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27958,"text":"wri954158 - 1995 - Agricultural chemicals in ground and surface water in a small watershed in Clayton County, Iowa, 1988-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T13:35:11","indexId":"wri954158","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4158","title":"Agricultural chemicals in ground and surface water in a small watershed in Clayton County, Iowa, 1988-91","docAbstract":"An investigation was conducted from October 1988 through September 1991 to (1) describe the quality of water in shallow, unconsolidated materials in the 1.09-square-mile Deer Creek watershed in Clayton County, Iowa, and to (2) define the quantity and seasonal distribution of selected agricultural chemicals in water from this watershed. Surficial unconsolidated aquifer materials that discharge water to Deer Creek include alluvium, loess, and glacial till. More than 80 percent of the watershed is used for row and cover crops. Median nitrate concentrations ranged from 16 mg/L (milligrams per liter) in water from the top of the 10-foot thick alluvial aquifer to less than 0.10 mg/L near the bottom. Atrazine was detected in more than 85 percent of the ground-water samples collected at or less than 5.5 feet below land surface. Only one sample collected at 7.0 feet below land surface in the alluvial aquifer had an atrazine concentration greater than the detection limit of 0.10 ug/L (micrograms per liter). Nitrogen and herbicide concentrations were largest in late spring and early summer. Sources of agricultural chemicals in the alluvial aquifer include vertical infiltration through the soil and lateral transport from upslope unconsolidated materials.
\nNitrogen was present in all water samples from Deer Creek. Nitrate concentrations ranged from 0.70 to 17 mg/L. Alachlor was detected in 11 percent of the samples, atrazine in 69 percent, cyanazine in 19 percent, and metolachlor in 33 percent. Alachlor concentrations ranged from less than 0.10 to 0.53 ug/L, atrazine ranged from less than 0.10 to 55 ug/L, cyanazine ranged from less than 0.10 to 12 ug/L, and metolachlor ranged from less than 0.10 to 69 ug/L. Herbicide detections occurred most frequently in late spring and early summer during or just following chemical application. Overland flow is an important source of nitrogen and herbicides to Deer Creek. Substantial amounts of agricultural chemicals are transported from the watershed. As much as 4,700 pounds, or 6.7 pounds per acre, of nitrogen were estimated to be transported from the watershed in 1 year. Nitrogen loads transported from the Deer Creek watershed were less during dry years than during years with average or greater than average rainfall.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri954158","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Iowa Department of Natural Resources (Geological Survey Bureau)","usgsCitation":"Kalkhoff, S., and Schaap, B., 1995, Agricultural chemicals in ground and surface water in a small watershed in Clayton County, Iowa, 1988-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4158, vi, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954158.","productDescription":"vi, 38 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4158/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56774,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4158/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Clayton County","otherGeospatial":"Deer Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.579166666666666,\n 43.02888888888889\n ],\n [\n -91.579166666666666,\n 43.00361111111111\n ],\n [\n -91.545833333333333,\n 43.00361111111111\n ],\n [\n -91.545833333333333,\n 43.02888888888889\n ],\n [\n -91.579166666666666,\n 43.02888888888889\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688df4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhoff, S. J.","contributorId":28967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaap, B.D.","contributorId":56249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaap","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}