Abundant water resources have been an important part of the economic development of the Chicago area for more than a century. The city of Chicago, Ill., and other lakefront towns have used Lake Michigan as a water supply. Where water from Lake Michigan was not available or a need for supplemental water supplies was present, deep wells (generally greater than 700 feet) provided a clean, reliable, and abundant water supply from the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer. Public water suppliers withdraw the most ground water in the eight-county Chicago area (Cook, Du Page, Grundy, Kane, Kendall, Lake, McHenry, and Will Counties). This report describes a reversal in the trend of declining ground-water levels in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer in the Chicago area as public water suppliers have converted from the withdrawal of ground water from wells to the withdrawal of surface water from Lake Michigan.
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405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
Mercury has been well known as an environmental pollutant for several decades. As early as the 1950's it was established that emissions of mercury to the environment could have serious effects on human health. These early studies demonstrated that fish and other wildlife from various ecosystems commonly attain mercury levels of toxicological concern when directly affected by mercury-containing emissions from human-related activities. Human health concerns arise when fish and wildlife from these ecosystems are consumed by humans. During the past decade, a new trend has emerged with regard to mercury pollution. Investigations initiated in the late 1980's in the northern-tier states of the U.S., Canada, and Nordic countries found that fish, mainly from nutrient-poor lakes and often in very remote areas, commonly have high levels of mercury. More recent fish sampling surveys in other regions of the U.S. have shown widespread mercury contamination in streams, wet-lands, reservoirs, and lakes. To date, 33 states have issued fish consumption advisories because of mercury contamination. These continental to global scale occurrences of mercury contamination cannot be linked to individual emissions of mercury, but instead are due to widespread air pollution. When scientists measure mercury levels in air and surface water, however, the observed levels are extraordinarily low. In fact, scientists have to take extreme precautions to avoid direct contact with water samples or sample containers, to avert sample contamination (Fig 3). Herein lies an apparent discrepancy: Why do fish from some remote areas have elevated mercury concentrations, when contamination levels in the environment are so low?
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1991-93","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic and climatic data that describe the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data are presented from January 1991 through December 1993. This report concentrates on data from fourth quarter 1993, and references historic data from 1991 and 1992. Total rainfall for 1993 was 95 inches which is 10 percent below the mean annual rainfall of 106 inches. In comparison, total rainfalls in 1992 and 1991 were 93 inches and 130 inches, respectively. Ground-water withdrawal has averaged 954,000 gallons per day during 1993, while with- drawals in 1992 and 1991 averaged 936,000 gallons per day and 927,000 gallons per day, respectively. In each of the five areas of ground-water produc- tion, withdrawals have remained steady since 1991. At the end of December 1993, the chloride concen- tration of the composite water supply was 36 milligrams per liter, well below the 250 milligrams per liter secondary drinking water standard established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chloride concentrations of the composite water supply during the last quarter (October through December 1993) ranged between 35 and 75 milligrams per liter. Chloride concentrations in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations decreased during the last quarter (October through December 1993) after having risen progressively during the previous quarter (July through September 1993). There has been a general trend of increasing chloride concentrations in the deeper monitoring wells since the 1992 dry season, which began in March 1992. A fuel spill at Air Operations caused the shutdown of ten wells in May 1991. Four of the wells resumed pumping for water supply purposes in April 1992. The remaining six wells are being used to hydraulically contain and divert fuel migration.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94480","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1995, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, 1991-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-480, v, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94480.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0480/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53726,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0480/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de895","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24937,"text":"ofr95800 - 1995 - Preliminary geologic map of the Newhall 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: a digital database","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":24937,"text":"ofr95800 - 1995 - Preliminary geologic map of the Newhall 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: a digital database","indexId":"ofr95800","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Newhall 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: a digital database"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70015,"text":"ofr20051019 - 2005 - Preliminary geologic map of the Los Angeles 30' x 60' quadrangle, Southern California","indexId":"ofr20051019","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Los Angeles 30' x 60' quadrangle, Southern California"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70015,"text":"ofr20051019 - 2005 - Preliminary geologic map of the Los Angeles 30' x 60' quadrangle, Southern California","indexId":"ofr20051019","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Los Angeles 30' x 60' quadrangle, Southern California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:23","indexId":"ofr95800","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-800","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Newhall 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: a digital database","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95800","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R., and Campbell, R., 1995, Preliminary geologic map of the Newhall 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: a digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-800, 8 p.; map database, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95800.","productDescription":"8 p.; map database","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7896,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-800/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67aed2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R.F.","contributorId":105752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Russell H.","contributorId":91074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Russell H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24661,"text":"ofr95148 - 1995 - Biological and associated water-quality data for lower Olmos Creek and upper San Antonio River, San Antonio, Texas, April - September 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T11:26:09","indexId":"ofr95148","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-148","title":"Biological and associated water-quality data for lower Olmos Creek and upper San Antonio River, San Antonio, Texas, April - September 1989","docAbstract":"Biological and associated water-quality data were collected from lower Olmos Creek and upper San Antonio River in San Antonio, Texas, during April-September 1989. Benthic macroinvertebrate, periphyton, and phytoplankton communities were sampled at three sites along the Olmos Creek/San Antonio River system. Total mean densities of benthic macroinvertebrates for the three sites ranged from 670 to 10,000 organisms per square meter. The most abundant macroinvertebrates were the class Insecta (insects). Total densities of periphyton ranged from 2,900 to 110,000 cells per square millimeter. Cyanophyta (blue-green algae) and Bacillariophyta (diatoms) were the predominant periphyton organisms. Total densities of phyto- plankton ranged from 5,000 to 47,000 cells per square milliliter. Blue-green algae accounted for more than one- half of the phytoplankton in each sample. Hardness ranged from 160 to 250 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate, and alkalinity ranged from 130 to 220 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate. The largest dissolved nitrite concentration was 0.038 milligram per liter. The largest total phosphorus concentration was 0.150 milligram per liter, over one-half of which was dissolved orthophosphate. Total aluminum and total iron were the only trace elements in water to exceed the reporting threshold by large concen- trations. Total aluminum concentrations ranged from 70 to 280 micrograms per liter, and total iron concentrations ranged from 70 to 340 micrograms per liter. Lead was the most prominent trace element in bottom-material samples, with concentrations ranging from 30 to 230 micrograms per gram.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95148","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Taylor, R.L., and Ferreira, R.F., 1995, Biological and associated water-quality data for lower Olmos Creek and upper San Antonio River, San Antonio, Texas, April - September 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-148, v, 68 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95148.","productDescription":"v, 68 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0148/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53690,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0148/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629e3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, R. Lynn","contributorId":85616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferreira, Rodger F.","contributorId":13976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferreira","given":"Rodger","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24695,"text":"ofr94479 - 1995 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1992 through June 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"ofr94479","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-479","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1992 through June 1994","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic and climatic data that describe the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data are presented from January 1992 through June 1994. This report concentrates on data from 1994, and references historic data from 1992 and 1993. Total rainfall for the first half of 1994 was 51 inches which is 48 percent of the mean annual rainfall of 106 inches. In comparison, total rainfall for the first six months of 1993 and 1992 was 56 inches and 51 inches, respectively. Annual rainfall totals in 1993 and 1992 were 95 inches and 93 inches, respectively. Ground-water withdrawal has averaged 975,000 gallons per day through June 1994, while withdrawals in 1993 and 1992 averaged 954,000 gallons per day and 936,000 gallons per day, respectively. In each of the five areas of ground- water production, withdrawals have remained steady since 1991. At the end of June 1994, the chloride concentration of the composite water supply was 68 milligrams per liter, well below the 250 milligrams per liter secondary drinking water standard established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chloride concentrations of the composite water supply from January through June 1994 ranged between 37 and 90 milligrams per liter. Chloride concentration of ground water in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations have increased very slightly since March 1994 coinciding with the start of the dry season. There has been a general trend of increasing chloride concentrations in the deeper monitoring wells since the 1992 dry season, which began in March 1992. A fuel spill at Air Operations caused the shutdown of ten wells in May 1991. Four of the wells resumed pumping for water-supply purposes in April 1992. The remaining six wells are being used to hydraulically contain and divert fuel migration.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94479","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1995, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1992 through June 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-479, v, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94479.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0479/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53728,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0479/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69764b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24692,"text":"ofr94306 - 1995 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data through September 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"ofr94306","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-306","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data through September 1993","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic and climatic data that describe the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data are presented through September 1993, one month into the annual wet season. At the end of September 1993, the chloride concentration of the composite water supply was 66 milligrams per liter, well below the 250 milligrams per liter secondary drinking water standard established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Most of the production wells appeared to be operating at levels consistent with past operations. Several wells at Air Operations remain out of service while they are being used to hydraulically divert the nearby fuel spill. Rainfall thus far in 1993 is 8 percent below the mean annual rainfall of 106 inches. This follows a year when rainfall was 12 percent below the mean annual rainfall. Withdrawal has averaged 856,000 gallons per day during 1993, a decrease from the 1992 average of 936,000 gallons per day. The chloride concentration of pumped water rose during the current quarter (July through September 1993) in most areas, coincident with the annual dry season (March through August). This continues a general trend of increasing chloride concentration that has persisted for more than a year, beginning in the 1992 dry season. Chloride concentration rose progressively during the current quarter in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations. Chloride concentrations in the deeper monitoring wells have generally been increasing since 1992. A fuel spill at Air Operations caused the shutdown of ten wells in May 1991. Four of the wells have resumed pumping to the water supply, but water from the remaining six wells is being used to hydraulically contain and divert fuel migration.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94306","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1995, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data through September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-306, v, 51 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94306.","productDescription":"v, 51 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0306/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53725,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0306/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df2b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24699,"text":"ofr95473 - 1995 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through March 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"ofr95473","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-473","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through March 1995","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic and climatic data that describe the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data presented are from January 1993 through March 1995, although the report focuses on hydrologic events from January through March 1995. Cumulative rainfall for January through March 1995 was about 42 inches which is higher than the mean cumulative rainfall of about 33 inches for the same 3 months in a year. January and February are part of the annual wet season and March is the start of the annual dry season. Rainfall for each month was above average from the respective mean monthly rainfall. Ground- water withdrawal during January through March 1995 averaged 894,600 gallons per day. Withdrawal for the same 3 months in 1994 averaged 999,600 gallons per day. At the end of March 1995, the chloride concentration of the composite water supply was 26 milligrams per liter, well below the 250 milligrams per liter secondary drinking-water standard established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chloride concentrations of the composite water supply from January through March 1995 ranged between 19 and 49 milligrams per liter. Chloride concentration of ground water in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations decreased since November 1994. The deepest monitoring wells show declines in chloride concentration by as much as 4,000 milligrams per liter. A fuel leak at Air Operations caused the shutdown of ten wells in May 1991. Four of the wells resumed pumping for water- supply purposes in April 1992. The remaining six wells are being used to hydraulically contain and divert fuel migration by recirculating about 150,000 gallons of water each day.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95473","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1995, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through March 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-473, v, 42 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95473.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0473/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53732,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0473/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e483be4b07f02db4f12d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25841,"text":"wri954045 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Major and trace elements in water, sediment, and biota, 1978-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T22:03:56.080954","indexId":"wri954045","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4045","title":"Water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Major and trace elements in water, sediment, and biota, 1978-90","docAbstract":"The distribution of 22 major and trace elements was examined in water, sediment, and biota in the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin as part of a pilot National Water-Quality Assessment project done by the U.S. Geological Survey from 1987 through 1990. The 22 elements are aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, selenium, silver, strontium, vanadium, and zinc.
Concentrations of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority pollutants among the 22 elements were elevated in the Chicago area in all three aquatic components (water, sediment, and biota). Further, some of the priority pollutants also were found at elevated concentrations in biota in agricultural areas in the basin. Cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc concentrations in water exceeded USEPA acute or chronic water-quality criteria at several sites in the Chicago area. Correlations among concentrations of elements in water, sediment, and biota were found, but the correlation analysis was hindered by the large proportion of observations less than the minimum reporting level in water. Those sites where water-quality criteria were sometimes exceeded were not always the same sites where concentrations in biota were the largest. This relation indicates that accumulation of these pollutants in biota is confounded by complex geochemical and biological processes that differ throughout the upper Illinois River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954045","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F.A., Eikenberry, B., Crawford, J.K., Schmidt, A.R., and Sieverling, J.B., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Major and trace elements in water, sediment, and biota, 1978-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4045, viii, 245 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954045.","productDescription":"viii, 245 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393480,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48161.htm"},{"id":54586,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4045/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158504,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4045/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eikenberry, Barbara C. Scudder 0000-0001-8058-1201 beikenberry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8058-1201","contributorId":172148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eikenberry","given":"Barbara C. Scudder","email":"beikenberry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crawford, J. Kent","contributorId":54176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, Arthur R.","contributorId":105709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sieverling, Jennifer B. jbsiever@usgs.gov","contributorId":4806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sieverling","given":"Jennifer","email":"jbsiever@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":25832,"text":"wri954163 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Results of investigations of surface-water quality, 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T21:37:05.905512","indexId":"wri954163","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4163","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Results of investigations of surface-water quality, 1987-90","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey investigated the water quality of the Kentucky River Basin in Kentucky as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment program. Data collected during 1987-90 were used to describe the spatial and temporal variability of water-quality constituents including metals and trace elements, nutrients, sediments, pesticides, dissolved oxygen, and fecal-coliform bacteria. Oil-production activities were the source of barium, bromide, chloride, magnesium, and sodium in several watersheds. High concentrations of aluminum, iron, and zinc were related to surface mining in the Eastern Coal Field Region. High concentrations of lead and zinc occurred in streambed sediments in urban areas, whereas concentrations of arsenic, strontium, and uranium were associated with natural geologic sources. Concentrations of phosphorus were significantly correlated with urban and agricultural land use. The high phosphorus content of Bluegrass Region soils was an important source of phosphorus in streams. At many sites in urban areas, most of the stream nitrogen load was attributable to wastewater-treatment-plant effluent. Average suspended-sediment concentrations were positively correlated with discharge. There was a downward trend in suspended-sediment concentrations downstream in the Kentucky River main stem during the study. The most frequently detected herbicides in water samples were atrazine, 2,4-D, alachlor, metolachlor, and dicamba. Diazinon, malathion, and parathion were the most frequently detected organophosphate insecticides in water samples. Detectable concentrations of aldrin, chlordane, DDT, DDE, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan, heptachlor, and lindane were found in streambed-sediment samples. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations were sometimes below the minimum concentration needed to sustain aquatic life. At some sites, high concentrations of fecal-indicator bacteria were found and water samples did not meet sanitary water-quality criteria.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954163","usgsCitation":"Haag, K.H., Garcia, R., Jarrett, G., and Porter, S.D., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Results of investigations of surface-water quality, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4163, viii, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954163.","productDescription":"viii, 70 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393476,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48258.htm"},{"id":54580,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4163/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123681,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4163/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Kentucky River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.1667,\n 36.9\n ],\n [\n -82.6667,\n 36.9\n ],\n [\n -82.6667,\n 38.733\n ],\n [\n -85.1667,\n 38.733\n ],\n [\n -85.1667,\n 36.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67adf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haag, K. H.","contributorId":67925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haag","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garcia, Rene","contributorId":106089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"Rene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jarrett, G. L.","contributorId":83963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Porter, S. D.","contributorId":8882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24698,"text":"ofr95722 - 1995 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through June 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"ofr95722","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-722","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through June 1995","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic and climatic data that describe the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data presented are from January 1993 through June 1995, although the report focuses on hydrologic events from April through June 1995. Cumulative rainfall for April through June 1995 was about 14 inches which is 70 percent of the mean cumulative rainfall of about 20 inches for the same 3 months in a year. April through June is within the annual dry season. Rainfall for each month was below average from the respective mean monthly rainfall. All mean rainfall values are calculated for the fixed base period 1951-90. Ground-water withdrawal during April through June 1995 averaged 833,700 gallons per day. Withdrawal for the same 3 months in 1994 averaged 950,000 gallons per day. At the end of June 1995, the chloride concentration of the composite water supply was 57 milligrams per liter, well below the 250 milligrams per liter secondary drinking-water standard established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chloride concentrations of the composite water supply from April through June 1995 ranged between 26 and 62 milligrams per liter. Chloride concentration of ground water in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations increased since April 1995, with water from the deepest monitoring wells increasing in chloride concentra- tion by about 1000 milligrams per liter. A fuel leak at Air Operations caused the shutdown of ten wells in May 1991. Four of the wells resumed pumping for water-supply purposes in April 1992. The remaining six wells are being used to hydraulically contain and divert fuel migration away from water-supply wells by recirculating about 150,000 gallons of water each day.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95722","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1995, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through June 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-722, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95722.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0722/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53731,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0722/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bf31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24938,"text":"ofr95801 - 1995 - Preliminary geologic map of the Piru 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-08T13:35:13.636878","indexId":"ofr95801","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-801","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Piru 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","docAbstract":"This Open-File report is a digital geologic map database. This pamphlet serves to introduce and describe the digital data. There is no paper map included in the Open-File report.\n\nThis digital map database is compiled from previously published sources combined with some new mapping and modifications in nomenclature. The geologic map database delineates map units that are identified by general age and lithology following the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U. S. Geological Survey. For detailed descriptions of the units, their stratigraphic relations and sources of geologic mapping consult Yerkes and Campbell (1995). More specific information about the units may be available in the original sources.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95801","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R.F., and Campbell, R., 1995, Preliminary geologic map of the Piru 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-801, Readme; Database: .GZ files; Geology: 1 .GZ file; Structure: 1 .GZ file; Wells: 1 .GZ file; Composite base map: 1 .GZ file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95801.","productDescription":"Readme; Database: .GZ files; Geology: 1 .GZ file; Structure: 1 .GZ file; Wells: 1 .GZ file; Composite base map: 1 .GZ file","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284133,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0801/pi-topo.e00.gz"},{"id":157549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0801/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53905,"rank":8,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0801/pdf/of95-801.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1912,"rank":7,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0801/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284128,"rank":6,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0801/piru.tar.gz"},{"id":284129,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0801/pi-geol.e00.gz"},{"id":284131,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0801/pi-strc.e00.gz"},{"id":284132,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0801/pi-wells.e00.gz"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.875,34.375 ], [ -118.875,34.500 ], [ -118.750,34.500 ], [ -118.750,34.375 ], [ -118.875,34.375 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67adc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R. F.","contributorId":24754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Russell H.","contributorId":91074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Russell H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25516,"text":"wri954200 - 1995 - Geochemical processes and the effects of natural organic solutes on the solubility of selenium in coal-mine backfill samples from the Powder River basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:20","indexId":"wri954200","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4200","title":"Geochemical processes and the effects of natural organic solutes on the solubility of selenium in coal-mine backfill samples from the Powder River basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Geochemical processes and the effects of natural organic solutes on the solubility of selenium in coal-mine backfill aquifers were investigated. Backfill and ground-water samples were collected at coal mines in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. Backfill was generally dominated by aluminum (14,400 to 49,000 mg/kg (milligrams per kilogram)), iron (3,330 to 23,200 mg/kg), and potassium (7,950 to 18,000 mg/kg). Backfill saturated-paste selenium concentrations ranged from 1 to 156 mg/kg (microsiemens per kilogram). Ground-water total selenium concentrations ranged from 3 to 125 mg/L. Dissolved organic carbon in all ground-water samples was dominated by hydrophobic and hydrophilic acids (38 to 84 percent). Selenite sorption/desorption experiments were conducted using background solutions of distilled-deionized water, 0.1 molar calcium chloride, and isolated hydrophobic and hydrophilic acids. Selenite sorption was larger when 0.1 molar calcium chloride was used. The addition of hydrophilic acid decreased selenite sorption more than the addition of hydrophobic acids. Geochemical modelling was used to predict the solid phases controlling dissolved selenium concentrations and to evaluate the effects of dissolved organic carbon on selenium solubility. Results suggested that 55 to 90 percent of selenium in backfill precipitation/dissolution extracts was dominated by magnesium selenate ion pairs. Dissolved organic carbon had little effect on selenium speciation. A redox chamber was constructed to control Eh and pH in water and backfill-core sample suspensions. The response of selenite and selenate in water samples to redox conditions did not follow thermodynamic predictions. Reduction of selenate in water samples did not occur at any of the redox levels tested.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954200","usgsCitation":"See, R., Reddy, K., Vance, G., Fadlelmawla, A., and Blaylock, M., 1995, Geochemical processes and the effects of natural organic solutes on the solubility of selenium in coal-mine backfill samples from the Powder River basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4200, v, 55 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954200.","productDescription":"v, 55 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4200/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54233,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4200/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adef8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"See, R.B.","contributorId":67910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"See","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reddy, K.J.","contributorId":74035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vance, G.F.","contributorId":95915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vance","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fadlelmawla, A.A.","contributorId":67126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fadlelmawla","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blaylock, M.J.","contributorId":13657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blaylock","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":22131,"text":"ofr95446 - 1995 - Sand-storage changes in the Colorado River downstream from the Paria and Little Colorado Rivers, June 1992 to February 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:01","indexId":"ofr95446","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-446","title":"Sand-storage changes in the Colorado River downstream from the Paria and Little Colorado Rivers, June 1992 to February 1994","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ; Denver, CO :\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95446","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Graf, J., Marlow, J.E., Fisk, G.G., and Jansen, S., 1995, Sand-storage changes in the Colorado River downstream from the Paria and Little Colorado Rivers, June 1992 to February 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-446, v, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95446.","productDescription":"v, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0446/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51580,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0446/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c261","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graf, J.B.","contributorId":75928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graf","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marlow, J. E.","contributorId":43018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisk, G. G.","contributorId":27027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisk","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jansen, S.M.","contributorId":47237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jansen","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":31917,"text":"ofr95592 - 1995 - Topographic map showing historic features of the Lees Ferry area, Marble Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:13","indexId":"ofr95592","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-592","title":"Topographic map showing historic features of the Lees Ferry area, Marble Canyon, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr95592","usgsCitation":"Thompson, K.S., Hereford, R., and Burke, K.J., 1995, Topographic map showing historic features of the Lees Ferry area, Marble Canyon, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-592, 1 over-size sheet, scale 1:2,000 (1 inch = 167 feet). , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95592.","productDescription":"1 over-size sheet, scale 1:2,000 (1 inch = 167 feet). ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19566,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0592/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"2000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629ba2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, K. S.","contributorId":106142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burke, K. J.","contributorId":52599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27150,"text":"wri954135 - 1995 - Characteristics, transport, and yield of sediment in Juday Creek, St. Joseph County, Indiana, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-16T13:06:53","indexId":"wri954135","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4135","title":"Characteristics, transport, and yield of sediment in Juday Creek, St. Joseph County, Indiana, 1993-94","docAbstract":"Juday Creek is a tributary of the St. Joseph River in St. Joseph County, north-central Indiana. The creek has been identified as one of the few streams in the State that can support a naturally reproducing brown trout population. A recent study of benthic invertebrates shows a decline in the production rate of insect species and suggests that this decline may be caused by increased sedimen- tation. This report presents the results of a study of the sediment conditions in Juday Creek from April 1993 through June 1994. Measurements of streamflow, suspended sediment, and bedload were made at six sampling sites during three storms and a period of low flow. A total of 11 samples were collected during storms, and 1 sample was collected during low flow at each site. Bed-material samples were collected at the six sites. Sediment cores were collected from the delta of an instream pond and at a sediment trap near the mouth of the stream. Scour and fill at the six sites were monitored by means of scour chains and surveyed cross sections. The instream pond was surveyed twice, and the volume weight of the sediment was determined to estimate the yield of sediment for the upper reach of Juday Creek.
\nParticle-size distributions indicate that the bed material is predominantly sand and gravel and that very little of the bed material is silt or finer (less than 0.062 millimeter). Analysis of sediment cores showed that most of the sediment deposited in the sediment trap and instream pond was sand.
\nSediment sampling during a period of low flow detected only minimal concentrations of suspended sediment; the maximum concentration was 6 milligrams per liter, equivalent to a daily load of 0.32 ton. Bedload ranged from 5.2 to 76.7 grams per cross- channel sampling, equivalent to 0.11 to 1.70 tons per day.
\nSediment sampling during the storms indicates that bedload discharge is the primary mode of sediment transport. Suspended-sediment concentration ranged from 4 to 67 milligrams per liter; the median was 17 milligrams per liter. Bedload ranged from 3.4 to 862 grams per cross- channel sampling; the median was 109 grams. Only 15 percent of the samples were less than 50 grams.
\nScour chains and surveyed cross sections documented some scour and fill at most of the sites.Scour and fill tended to balance out; after a 1-year period, the net change in the streambed altitude was minimal. Some infilling was the net result at most of the sites.
\nSurveys of the instream pond determined that the volume of sediment delivered to the pond from April 1993 to April 1994 was approximately 26,500 cubic feet. The average volume weight of the sediment was determined to be 102 pounds per cubic foot. The sediment yield for the upper reach of Juday Creek from April 1993 to April 1994 was estimated to be 48 tons per square mile.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri954135","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, and the St. Joseph County Drainage Board","usgsCitation":"Fowler, K.K., and Wilson, J., 1995, Characteristics, transport, and yield of sediment in Juday Creek, St. Joseph County, Indiana, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4135, v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954135.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4135/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56031,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4135/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Saint Joseph","otherGeospatial":"Juday Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {\n \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n \"stroke-width\": 2,\n \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n \"fill-opacity\": 0.5\n },\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.19426727294922,\n 41.668808555620586\n ],\n [\n -86.29262924194336,\n 41.66906501728199\n ],\n [\n -86.29262924194336,\n 41.73225164878485\n ],\n [\n -86.10071182250977,\n 41.73276406529474\n ],\n [\n -86.09933853149414,\n 41.67034731026393\n ],\n [\n -86.19426727294922,\n 41.668808555620586\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ea6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fowler, K. K. 0000-0002-0107-3848","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-3848","contributorId":40633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowler","given":"K.","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, J.T.","contributorId":97489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27410,"text":"wri944110 - 1995 - Water levels in the Calumet aquifer and their relation to surface-water levels in northern Lake County, Indiana, 1985-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-24T10:55:16","indexId":"wri944110","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4110","title":"Water levels in the Calumet aquifer and their relation to surface-water levels in northern Lake County, Indiana, 1985-92","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey made 2,328 water-level measurements at a total of 96 ground-water and surface-water sites in northern Lake County, Indiana, from August 1985 through September 1992. This report lists and summarizes the significance of the measurements. Northern Lake County is on the southern shore of Lake Michigan and includes the cities of East Chicago, Gary, Hammond, and Whiting. The study area is underlain by the unconfined Calumet aquifer and receives about 36 inches of precipitation per year.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey investigated ground-water levels and flow in the Calumet aquifer and the effect of Lake Michigan levels on ground-water and surface-water levels throughout the study area. Summary statistics of the water-level data were computed for each site.
\nGround-water levels annually reach a maximum in June or July and a minimum in September or October. Measured groundwater fluctuations in the Calumet aquifer during the study period ranged from 0.40 to 5.01 feet, and the mean ground-water fluctuation was about 2.3 feet The largest surface-water fluctuations were affected by record setting Lake Michigan levels. Midmonth daily averages for the data-collection period show that Lake Michigan fluctuated 4.14 feet Water-level fluctuations on the Grand Calumet River were from 1.06 to 2.45 feet.
\nAnalysis of water-level data indicates that the 1988 drought did not substantially affect water levels in the Calumet aquifer, but the deficit in precipitation reversed vertical flow gradients in ground water at three paired deep and shallow wells. High water levels in Lake Michigan during 1985-87 created long-term backwater effects on the Grand Calumet River as far as 11.0 miles upstream from Lake Michigan.
\nAnalysis of water-level data from the data-collection network indicates that the water table normally slopes toward streams, ditches, sewers, the Indiana Harbor Canal, and Lake Michigan. The slope of the water table toward the Grand Calumet River is greatest in the winter and can decrease to being almost horizontal in the summer. Wells near streams respond quickly to nearby surface-water-level changes. Water-table maps indicate that sewers and dewatering systems are lowering ground-water levels in large areas. Ditches, the Grand Calumet River, and the Indiana Harbor Canal connect the Lake Michigan water level to large parts of the study area. The surface-water stage in the Indiana Harbor Canal, which functions as a ditch, can equal Lake Michigan's stage up to 3.75 miles inland from the lakeshore. Human activity, the stage of Lake Michigan, and the storage capacity of the Calumet aquifer combine to reduce vertical changes in the water table in the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri944110","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Greeman, T.K., 1995, Water levels in the Calumet aquifer and their relation to surface-water levels in northern Lake County, Indiana, 1985-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4110, v, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944110.","productDescription":"v, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"61","numberOfPages":"67","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4110/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56269,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Lake","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-87.2223,41.6248],[-87.2222,41.6152],[-87.2221,41.6039],[-87.2218,41.5698],[-87.22,41.4632],[-87.2198,41.3747],[-87.2196,41.3601],[-87.22,41.3388],[-87.2198,41.3188],[-87.2197,41.3043],[-87.2189,41.2893],[-87.2187,41.2744],[-87.2193,41.2671],[-87.219,41.2426],[-87.2184,41.2417],[-87.2263,41.2353],[-87.2762,41.2187],[-87.2859,41.2154],[-87.3241,41.1862],[-87.3313,41.1829],[-87.3405,41.1824],[-87.3448,41.1824],[-87.38,41.1726],[-87.394,41.1625],[-87.4,41.1625],[-87.4055,41.1625],[-87.4147,41.1619],[-87.4411,41.1731],[-87.4466,41.174],[-87.4484,41.1744],[-87.4587,41.1702],[-87.4801,41.1701],[-87.5263,41.1661],[-87.5261,41.267],[-87.5265,41.2983],[-87.527,41.4086],[-87.5265,41.4712],[-87.5255,41.5516],[-87.5239,41.6941],[-87.524,41.7135],[-87.5234,41.7131],[-87.5134,41.7054],[-87.5158,41.7027],[-87.5133,41.7004],[-87.4997,41.6914],[-87.4922,41.6865],[-87.4848,41.6843],[-87.4829,41.6811],[-87.4768,41.6789],[-87.4712,41.6753],[-87.4613,41.6718],[-87.4503,41.6741],[-87.4397,41.6647],[-87.436,41.6656],[-87.4355,41.6729],[-87.4245,41.6802],[-87.4177,41.6753],[-87.4396,41.6565],[-87.4228,41.6439],[-87.4167,41.6439],[-87.4099,41.644],[-87.4087,41.644],[-87.4044,41.6413],[-87.392,41.6382],[-87.3748,41.6329],[-87.3711,41.6315],[-87.3538,41.6285],[-87.3384,41.6259],[-87.3274,41.6259],[-87.3218,41.6219],[-87.315,41.6201],[-87.3101,41.6201],[-87.3058,41.6202],[-87.3003,41.6202],[-87.296,41.6198],[-87.2831,41.6203],[-87.2702,41.6208],[-87.2223,41.6248]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Lake\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9d21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greeman, Theodore K.","contributorId":30655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeman","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23280,"text":"ofr94704 - 1995 - Ground-water data for the Suck Creek area of Walden Ridge, southern Cumberland Plateau, Marion County, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-08T15:36:03.854238","indexId":"ofr94704","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-704","title":"Ground-water data for the Suck Creek area of Walden Ridge, southern Cumberland Plateau, Marion County, Tennessee","docAbstract":"An investigation was made of the ground-water resources of the Suck Creek area, Marion County, Tennessee, 1990-91. Suck Creek is located on the Walden Ridge section of the Cumberland Plateau, and is about 16 miles northwest of Chattanooga. Eight wells were drilled into bedrock of Pennsylvania age. Drilling sites were chosen at or near fracture traces. Yields of the eight wells ranged from less than 1 to as much as 80 gallons of water per minute. Three wells had yields of 50 gallons per minute or more; two of these had estimated yields of 75 to 80 gallons per minute. These three wells produced water from a well- developed fracture within the Sewanee Conglomerate. Specific capacities for these three wells were 1.1, 1.3, 2.2 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown. Samples of water from six test wells and three domestic wells were analyzed for major inorganic constituents, nurients, major metals, trace elements, and bacteria. In addition, water samples from two of the test wells were analyzed for volatile organic compounds and scanned for the presence of semi-volatile organic compounds. Iron exceeded 300 micrograms per liter in five of the nine samples, and manganese exceeded 50 micrograms per liter in seven of the nine water samples. Toluene, a volatile organic compound, was detected in a concentration slightly above the reporting level; no other volatile organic compounds were detected.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94704","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hanchar, D., 1995, Ground-water data for the Suck Creek area of Walden Ridge, southern Cumberland Plateau, Marion County, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-704, iv, 15 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94704.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156090,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1367,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/ofr_94-704/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","county":"Marion County","otherGeospatial":"Cumberland 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W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23539,"text":"ofr95322 - 1995 - Vertical hydraulic conductivity of soil and potentiometric surface of the Missouri River alluvial aquifer at Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas — August 1992 and January 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-30T20:32:31.733962","indexId":"ofr95322","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-322","title":"Vertical hydraulic conductivity of soil and potentiometric surface of the Missouri River alluvial aquifer at Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas — August 1992 and January 1993","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95322","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kelly, B.P., and Blevins, D.W., 1995, Vertical hydraulic conductivity of soil and potentiometric surface of the Missouri River alluvial aquifer at Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas — August 1992 and January 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-322, Report: v, 19 p.; 5 Plates: 41.00 × 23.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95322.","productDescription":"Report: v, 19 p.; 5 Plates: 41.00 × 23.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393699,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18452.htm"},{"id":52827,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0322/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19475,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0322/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19474,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0322/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19473,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0322/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19472,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0322/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19471,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0322/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0322/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River alluvial aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.899,\n 39.0590\n ],\n [\n -94.126,\n 39.0590\n ],\n [\n -94.126,\n 39.274\n ],\n [\n -94.899,\n 39.274\n ],\n [\n -94.899,\n 39.0590\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6020c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, B. P.","contributorId":30653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blevins, D. W.","contributorId":75940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blevins","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23277,"text":"ofr95386 - 1995 - Hydrogeologic and water-quality data for the explosive experimental area, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Site, Dahlgren, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-20T19:54:53.940777","indexId":"ofr95386","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-386","title":"Hydrogeologic and water-quality data for the explosive experimental area, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Site, Dahlgren, Virginia","docAbstract":"Hydrogeologic and water-quality data were collected at the Explosive Experimental Area, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Site at Dahlgren, Virginia, as part of a hydrogeologic assessment of the shallow aquifer system begun in 1993. The U.S. Geological Survey conducted this study to provide the U.S. Navy with hydrogeologic data to aid in the evaluation of the effects from remediation of contaminated sites and to protect against additional contamination. This report describes the ground-water observation- well network, hydrogeologic, and water-quality data collected between October 1993 and April 1995. The report includes a description of the locations and construction of 28 observation wells on the Explosive Experimental Area. Hydrogeologic data include lithologic logs, geophysical logs, and vertical hydraulic conductivity measurements of selected core intervals. Hydrologic data include synoptic and hourly measurements of ground-water levels, and observation-well slug tests to determine horizontal hydraulic conductivity. Water-quality data include analyses of major dissolved constituents in ground water and surface water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95386","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Hammond, E.C., and Bell, C.F., 1995, Hydrogeologic and water-quality data for the explosive experimental area, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Site, Dahlgren, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-386, Report: iv, 68 p.; 1 Plate: 19.00 × 17.00 inches; Application Site, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95386.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 68 p.; 1 Plate: 19.00 × 17.00 inches; Application Site","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404158,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18470.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":277684,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0386/application.zip"},{"id":52564,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0386/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19444,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0386/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0386/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","city":"Dahlgren","otherGeospatial":"Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.070,\n 38.284\n ],\n [\n -77.009,\n 38.284\n ],\n [\n -77.009,\n 38.319\n ],\n [\n -77.070,\n 38.319\n ],\n [\n -77.070,\n 38.284\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628caf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammond, E. C.","contributorId":34544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bell, C. F.","contributorId":14449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23762,"text":"ofr95423 - 1995 - Water-resources activities in Arkansas, 1992-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr95423","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-423","title":"Water-resources activities in Arkansas, 1992-94","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Report Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95423","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Louthian, B.L., 1995, Water-resources activities in Arkansas, 1992-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-423, iv, 44 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95423.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0423/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52992,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0423/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa147","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Louthian, Bobbie L. louthian@usgs.gov","contributorId":737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Louthian","given":"Bobbie","email":"louthian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":190673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23780,"text":"ofr95465 - 1995 - Design of monitor wells, hydrogeology, and ground-water quality beneath Country Pond, Kingston, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"ofr95465","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-465","title":"Design of monitor wells, hydrogeology, and ground-water quality beneath Country Pond, Kingston, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Ten monitoring well were installed in May 1993 to collect data on the hydrogeology and ground-water quality beneath Country Pond, in Kingston, New Hampshire. Monitoring wells were installed 4 to 48 feet beneath the pond surface in stratified drift that was up to 40 feet thick. The stratified drift is overlain by up to 35 feet of fine-grained, predominantly organic, lake-bottom sediment. The potentiometric head in the aquifer was at or above the pond surface and up to 0.8 foot above the pond surface at one location. Water-quality analyses detected numerous volatile organic compounds including chloroethane, benzene, dichlorobenzenes, and 1,1-dichloroethane at maximum concentrations of 110, 43, 54, and 92 mg/L, respectively. The maximum concentration of total volatile organic compounds detected in ground water from a monitoring well was 550 mg/L in November 1993. Ground-water samples with high concentrations of volatile organic compounds also had elevated specific conductances indicating the presence of other non-organic contaminants. Water-quality analyses indicate that a plume of contaminated ground water extends at least 300 feet in a northeast direction beneath the pond.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95465","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Mack, T.J., 1995, Design of monitor wells, hydrogeology, and ground-water quality beneath Country Pond, Kingston, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-465, iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95465.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0465/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53010,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0465/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667dc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":39814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25523,"text":"wri944237 - 1995 - Geohydrology and water quality of the Durham Center Area, Durham, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T06:53:59","indexId":"wri944237","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4237","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of the Durham Center Area, Durham, Connecticut","docAbstract":"Contaminated ground water is widespread and persistent beneath the Durham Center area in the town of Durham, Conn. Most of the contaminants are organic halides, usually trichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and tetrachloroethene. Less extensive chemical contamination of surface water, soil, and glacial sediments also has been detected. Two manufacturing companies, located at the northern and southern ends of this largely residential area, are believed to be the principal sources of the organic compounds detected in ground water. The contamination of water in the bedrock, the primary source of drinking water throughout the area, is the major environmental concern. Maximum concentrations of trichloroethene in three bed- rock wells range from 4,500 to about 5,500 mg/L (micrograms per liter). Concentrations of trichloroethene greater than 5 mg/L, the maximum contaminant level established for drinking water by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency, have regularly been detected in water samples from many other bedrock wells for at least 9 years. The geohydrology of the area is highly complex. Compact lodgment till that is up to 30 feet thick and probably fractured, overlies the bedrock. The bedrock is lithologically heterogeneous, and con- sists mostly of red fluvial sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate; it is locally interbedded with black lacustrine shales and gray sandstones. Lithology and stratigraphy interpreted from borehole-geophysical logs at Durham Center are consistent with the Portland Formation subfacies described in earlier geologic studies. Beds strike nearly north-south and dip gently eastward. At least one high-angle normal fault transects the bedrock; it strikes northeast and dips northwest. Acoustic televiewer logs, measurements at out-crops, and azimuthal, square-array, resistivity data indicate a dominance of northeast-striking fractures that dip steeply northwest and southeast. Less prevalent strike directions are north to east-north-east. The till and sedimentary bedrock are dual-porosity, dual-permeability media. The hydraulic conductivity of the bulk mass of till is believed to be on the order of tenths of a foot per day to about 2.5 feet per day, with a total porosity of about 25 percent and an estimated average fracture porosity of less than 1 percent. The reported transmissivities of the bedrock range from less than 1 to about 17,000 feet squared per day and storativity is generally about 10-4, but the accuracy of these values is uncertain. The intergranular porosity of the sandstone units is estimated to average 5 percent, and estimates of fracture porosity from square-array, resistivity soundings at two sites were 1.1 and 2.7 percent. The bedrock has characteristics of both a single aquifer and a multi-unit, artesian or leaky aquifer system. A local ground-water-flow system that includes the upper part of the bedrock is unconfined. A large- scale flow system in deeper parts of the bedrock has transported organic compounds across topographic drainage divides. Borehole-geophysical logs and head measurements indicate that the natural ground- water-flow system in the bedrock has been altered by drilled wells that connect fractures and by with- drawals from wells. A conceptual model of the movement and fate of organic contaminants suggests that (1) nonaqueous phase organic halides are retained near their source; (2) flow is primarily through fractures in the till and through fractures and bedding-plane openings in the sedimentary rocks; (3) retardation of contaminants occurs primarily by diffusion from fractures into the aquifer matrix; and (4) transport directions of dissolved organic halides are controlled by a combination of natural hydraulic gradients, hydraulic gradients produced by the cyclical pumping of wells, and by the strike directions of bedrock faults, fractures, and bedding planes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944237","usgsCitation":"Melvin, R., Stone, J.R., Craft, P.A., Lane, J., and Davies, B., 1995, Geohydrology and water quality of the Durham Center Area, Durham, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4237, v, 97 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944237.","productDescription":"v, 97 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4237/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54239,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4237/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","county":"Middlesex 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